Space-Time Twists, Cosmic Questions & Asteroid Mysteries: A Q&A Journey Through the Universe |...

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Language: en

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hi there thanks for joining us this is


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Space Nuts andrew Dunley here great to


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have your company this is a Q&A edition


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which means we don't have to do anything


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because the audience provides all the


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content we just have to try and figure


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out what they want to know uh we have a


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follow-up from RK in Sweden about space


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and time apparently we tried to tackle


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this question at the end of last year we


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promised to review it in January it's


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now almost April


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we forgot but uh he sent us a gentle


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reminder so we'll see if we can handle


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that one uh John uh is looking at the


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inherent direction of object movement in


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space david has some thoughts on the


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Osiris mix Rex mission beloo has a


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hypothetical for you Fred and if we got


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anything else we can throw into the mix


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we will do so on this episode of Space


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Nuts 15 seconds guidance is internal 10


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9 Ignition sequence start space nuts 5 4


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3 2 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 Space Nuts


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astronauts report it feels good as much


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as he hates it he's back again professor


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Fred Watson astronomer at large hello


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Fred hello Andrew yes I am here well the


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bits bits of me are Yeah you know that's


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left i know you love it especially the


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Q&A um it it's always good actually some


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of these questions are incredible today


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so we'll um we'll enjoy those and Heidi


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Campo is with us on on a very steep


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learning curve into a black hole called


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Space Nuts and uh welcome Heidi thank


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you so much actually what I just said


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probably does relate to the very first


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question uh which has come from RKN


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Sweden he said this is a very long read


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so sit back relax get comfortable uh in


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episode 408 in December I asked a


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question about if space and time can


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switch roles inside the event horizon of


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our black hole in brackets uh more


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specifically does time and space switch


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roles the moment uh you pass the event


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horizon if so does that mean that the um


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that space can go in only one direction


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uh towards the center of a black hole


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hence the reason why nothing can get out


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does it also mean that time can go in


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any uh direction inside the event


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horizon uh in episode 504 you also


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mentioned that arrows of time might be


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might not be what we previously have


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thought uh you didn't have an answer


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straight out in December's episode and


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promised to come back to me mid


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January uh otherwise um you asked me to


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remind you then I guess space and time


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got switched for Fred and instead of


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replying in January he physically ended


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up in the northern hemisphere not far


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from where I live i almost expected him


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to personally deliver the answer uh that


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would have been nice anyway great show


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and I hope you'll continue until the end


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of time or space uh clear skies okay um


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Fred you sent me this amazing video


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which was on Reddit explaining spaceime


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and I it's it's about 12 minutes i


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watched the whole thing and I got off to


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a great start and then my brain just


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sort of imploded and melted down um but


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um what I got out of it was that space


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and time operate


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uh in in zero gravity as you would


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expect but as big objects start to


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disturb them things change uh and then


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you get to a black hole and that's where


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everything goes upside down so ARK is


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probably kind of on the money there


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um yes yes that that's correct uh the um


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I mean his question was well formulated


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there's never any doubt about that


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because we do know that um the roles of


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space and


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time they interchange within the black


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hole the question that RK was asking was


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why why is it so why does this happen


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and I sort of knew the the physics I


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guess in in a handwaving way but uh I


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looked for something that would explain


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it in as what I thought was as concise a


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way as possible and came across this


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video which you've watched and I'm sorry


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you it lost you halfway through uh but


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keep watching because it is very clear


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as to what's happening yeah uh and I we


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should credit the author of this video


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whose name is Aleandro Rousel uh and um


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you can find it it was the Reddit


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discussion is is where exactly as you


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said where it turned up um RK have a


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look at this uh it's called Why Time and


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Space Flip Inside a Black Hole as Andrew


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said it's a 12minute video it is very


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very well done yeah it's on the uh just


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so I can get it through to him quick


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before I forget uh it's on the physics


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subreddit so okay


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right okay i'm I'm not a Reddit person


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so I wasn't aware of that but I did see


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physics there


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um so and and it comes about because of


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this relativistic concept of light cones


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um the fact that uh if you look at a


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fourdimensional space you in order to


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get this into your head you've got to


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collapse it to three dimensions so that


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uh the three dimensions of space are


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squashed into a plane and the other


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dimension is time um then um it's part


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and parcel of the way relativity works


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that um there's what's called a light


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cone which is effectively a 45 degree


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angle cone uh which is on the inside of


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the cone are things that you can see


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because their light will reach you as an


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observer on the outside of the cone the


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stuff that you'll never see because it's


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light will never get to you and that's


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the bottom line i'm not really


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explaining this very well um it needs a


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diagram and the video is replete with


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moving diagrams which I think explain it


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uh the the bottom line of this is that


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as you approach a black hole you are in


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a regime where the space is highly


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highly curved uh I'm sorry uh there's


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something going on outside my window


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which sounded like a cockatu it's it was


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three cocker passing over a scrap of


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meat and then they were dispersed by


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young Jordy there who decided to come


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and join in so um if anything really


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exciting happens I'll turn my laptop


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around and you can watch it live but


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it's not that good at the moment um so


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sorry uh so so that the as you get near


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a black hole you are because of the fact


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that we know space distorts in the


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presence of mass with a black hole that


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distortion is extreme uh the theory of


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relativity uh is what allows us to


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understand the distortion of space but


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the particular case of a very small uh


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singularity in fact a point with zero uh


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dimensions distorting space that was


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analyzed not by Einstein but by his


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colleague Schvat just after Einstein


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published his relativity theory uh and


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that tells you that the space is highly


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curved around a black hole m and what


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that means is your light cur your your


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light cone gets bent basically uh it


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bends towards the black hole and the


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time dimension of the light cone


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actually becomes space effectively


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because it's pointing towards the black


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hole it's it's the the twisting of space


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and time that results in that


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interchange between space and time uh I


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haven't explained it well uh that little


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video um Alessandro's video I think is


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is pretty well as good as it gets in


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trying to explain this without immersing


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yourself in some horrendous mathematics


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yeah the video gives an example of an


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astronaut falling into a black hole and


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once you pass the event horizon


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everything turns upside down and you're


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just being sort of drawn to the center


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of the um the black hole space and time


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flip basically that That's right it's a


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it's an angle almost an angle thing yeah


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um um Alessandro did resist the


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temptation to depict the astronaut being


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spaghettified would have probably not


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been it's almost like uh depicting


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falling into the upside down in the TV


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show Stranger Things


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yeah more or less uh that would Yeah I'


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I've seen that series and I know what


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you're talking about so yes um Fred


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probably hasn't


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uh I haven't no


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no he he has much more eclectic taste


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than I have but um uh we often share


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notes on TV shows and movies and um of


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course your podcasts about science


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fiction whether or not it could happen


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in real life uh is is a great listen and


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I've love listen to a couple of episodes


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and the people you get on there are


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fantastic Heidi and um yeah it's


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interesting how sci-fi has kind of um


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worked its way into real life and not


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the other way around sometimes so um


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yeah it it's it's a really interesting


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sort of a pseudocience type of thing


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here's a side tangent with that um I was


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interviewing some uh spacuit engineer


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recently and she was telling me an


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interesting factoid that the first model


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spaceuits they painted them silver not


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for any benefit to the astronauts but


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because that's what sci-fi depicted


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space suits as


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so they thought well we need to make it


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look like a space suit and so there are


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so many cases where science fiction


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influences the science that we're


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actually doing and that's just one funny


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example yeah that's I didn't know that


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that's an absolute ripper that would


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have made a great radio question back


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when I was on the radio yeah used to


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love doing all that sort of stuff um but


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yeah that that's um what I might do for


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AR is um if I can find his email I'll


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email him the link to the video that


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would be great in fact uh Hugh if he


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hears this part of the podcast might


00:10:48.720 --> 00:10:51.670
want to put that on the show notes so I


00:10:51.680 --> 00:10:54.710
can um that might be a way around it as


00:10:54.720 --> 00:10:57.269
well but Ary thanks for the question


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hopefully adequately answered it we we


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strive for adequacy here on Space


00:11:05.079 --> 00:11:09.910
Nuts and I feel space nuts uh now to an


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audio question here's John this is John


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from Foster and I have a question


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regarding the movement of objects in the


00:11:21.399 --> 00:11:23.910
universe it appears to me that most


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objects in the universe have some form


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of rotation or movement either the


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rotation of a planet or a moon on its


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axis or the orbit of the moon around its


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planet the orbit of a planet around a


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star and the rotation of galaxies


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now save


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for those circumstances


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where an object is tightly locked due to


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gravity and some


00:12:03.640 --> 00:12:06.310
exceptions for certain reasons which you


00:12:06.320 --> 00:12:08.870
might be able to explain


00:12:08.880 --> 00:12:13.470
my question is is there an


00:12:13.480 --> 00:12:16.509
inherent direction of movement and


00:12:16.519 --> 00:12:19.750
rotation much like the corololis effect


00:12:19.760 --> 00:12:23.910
on weather and water on Earth that


00:12:23.920 --> 00:12:27.910
applies to celestial bodies in other


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words do bodies inherently spin in a


00:12:31.839 --> 00:12:35.430
certain direction do planets inherently


00:12:35.440 --> 00:12:38.829
orbit in a certain direction


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and do galaxies spin in a certain


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direction and if so why and if not why


00:12:47.760 --> 00:12:49.269
not


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thank you okay thank you John um hope


00:12:52.079 --> 00:12:54.790
you're well in Foster heidi Foster is


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one of the most horrible places in the


00:12:56.320 --> 00:12:59.030
world that I would never live horri


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dreadful dreadful no it's beautiful


00:13:01.120 --> 00:13:02.470
absolutely beautiful up there on the


00:13:02.480 --> 00:13:05.750
midn north coast of uh New South Wales


00:13:05.760 --> 00:13:09.590
yeah uh very popular holiday spot um is


00:13:09.600 --> 00:13:11.590
there an inherent direction that objects


00:13:11.600 --> 00:13:15.590
move in space if so why uh and the


00:13:15.600 --> 00:13:17.190
direction I think he's talking about is


00:13:17.200 --> 00:13:20.550
that away that away would be the simple


00:13:20.560 --> 00:13:22.230
answer but I think you probably know a


00:13:22.240 --> 00:13:24.389
bit more about it than I do fred if you


00:13:24.399 --> 00:13:28.069
were pointing uh east Andrew I wasn't no


00:13:28.079 --> 00:13:30.629
I am now right that's the way you're


00:13:30.639 --> 00:13:32.509
moving because the Earth's


00:13:32.519 --> 00:13:35.670
rotation and you're doing roughly 1400


00:13:35.680 --> 00:13:38.710
kilometer an hour eastwards so hang on


00:13:38.720 --> 00:13:41.910
and look at my hair it's not even moving


00:13:41.920 --> 00:13:44.150
anyway uh look there's there's a number


00:13:44.160 --> 00:13:46.150
of layers to this question it's a great


00:13:46.160 --> 00:13:48.790
question John and um I you've actually


00:13:48.800 --> 00:13:50.150
touched on something that's right at the


00:13:50.160 --> 00:13:52.389
cutting edge of research but the one


00:13:52.399 --> 00:13:53.910
thing that's not really at the cutting


00:13:53.920 --> 00:13:56.870
edge of research is why planets in a


00:13:56.880 --> 00:13:59.670
solar system like ours all do have a


00:13:59.680 --> 00:14:01.829
preferred direction of not just


00:14:01.839 --> 00:14:05.110
revolution around the sun but uh um


00:14:05.120 --> 00:14:08.389
rotation about their axes uh so if you


00:14:08.399 --> 00:14:11.430
sit at the above the north pole of the


00:14:11.440 --> 00:14:14.310
earth and look down at the earth and the


00:14:14.320 --> 00:14:16.870
whole solar system virtually everything


00:14:16.880 --> 00:14:18.189
is rotating


00:14:18.199 --> 00:14:20.949
anticlockwise uh not everything there


00:14:20.959 --> 00:14:22.710
are one or two things that don't fit the


00:14:22.720 --> 00:14:25.750
picture but when you generalize it the


00:14:25.760 --> 00:14:27.310
planets are all moving


00:14:27.320 --> 00:14:29.430
anticlockwise they most of them are


00:14:29.440 --> 00:14:31.670
rotating anticlockwise their moons are


00:14:31.680 --> 00:14:34.389
going around in orbit anticlockwise uh


00:14:34.399 --> 00:14:36.230
the whole thing is you know it's an


00:14:36.240 --> 00:14:38.710
anticlockwise do dominated um


00:14:38.720 --> 00:14:40.790
environment and that's because of the


00:14:40.800 --> 00:14:43.110
way all this stuff has been formed


00:14:43.120 --> 00:14:45.590
because originally it was part of a disc


00:14:45.600 --> 00:14:47.629
of material that was going guess what


00:14:47.639 --> 00:14:51.509
anticlockwise around the baby sun uh the


00:14:51.519 --> 00:14:54.470
sun's formation involved the collapse of


00:14:54.480 --> 00:14:57.670
a cloud of gas and dust the central part


00:14:57.680 --> 00:15:00.790
got hot enough to start nuclear fusion


00:15:00.800 --> 00:15:03.269
reactions uh and the rest of it formed


00:15:03.279 --> 00:15:05.430
into this disc the pro protolanetary


00:15:05.440 --> 00:15:08.069
disc we talked about in the last episode


00:15:08.079 --> 00:15:10.069
and the moons there are moons forming in


00:15:10.079 --> 00:15:11.910
that as well and certainly in the case


00:15:11.920 --> 00:15:13.430
of the solar system everything's going


00:15:13.440 --> 00:15:15.910
anticlockwise so that's to do with the


00:15:15.920 --> 00:15:19.030
way it was way it was formed and it's


00:15:19.040 --> 00:15:22.310
likely that the rotation of galaxies is


00:15:22.320 --> 00:15:25.829
like that too that you might well find


00:15:25.839 --> 00:15:28.710
that a galaxy uh originally collapsed


00:15:28.720 --> 00:15:31.990
from a very much larger cloud of gas


00:15:32.000 --> 00:15:34.150
probably gas cuz these happened earlier


00:15:34.160 --> 00:15:35.750
there would probably not be that much


00:15:35.760 --> 00:15:37.670
dust around at the time although there's


00:15:37.680 --> 00:15:40.710
some there um that gas cloud would have


00:15:40.720 --> 00:15:44.629
an inherent rotation um which probably


00:15:44.639 --> 00:15:46.629
would have come just from a prevalence


00:15:46.639 --> 00:15:48.470
there would have been in a static gas


00:15:48.480 --> 00:15:49.590
cloud there are going to be eddies


00:15:49.600 --> 00:15:52.790
forming and it as this thing collapses


00:15:52.800 --> 00:15:55.749
those eddies kind of basically you know


00:15:55.759 --> 00:15:57.670
there's an election and the the most


00:15:57.680 --> 00:16:00.230
common direction of eddying is what ends


00:16:00.240 --> 00:16:03.430
up being the rotation of the gas cloud


00:16:03.440 --> 00:16:06.069
as a whole and so that's why probably


00:16:06.079 --> 00:16:08.550
why galaxies are rotating uh but the


00:16:08.560 --> 00:16:09.829
reason why I think you've put your


00:16:09.839 --> 00:16:11.910
finger on something very new John is


00:16:11.920 --> 00:16:13.990
that um there was a study I read I


00:16:14.000 --> 00:16:15.910
didn't really read it in detail and I've


00:16:15.920 --> 00:16:17.829
yet to go back to it but it was some


00:16:17.839 --> 00:16:19.430
results that came out I think about a


00:16:19.440 --> 00:16:22.069
fortnight ago that suggests that when


00:16:22.079 --> 00:16:23.990
you look at the very distant universe


00:16:24.000 --> 00:16:25.829
there is a prevalent direction of


00:16:25.839 --> 00:16:29.430
rotation of galaxies uh and it's you


00:16:29.440 --> 00:16:32.470
know they're all at different angles but


00:16:32.480 --> 00:16:35.829
uh it looked as though uh from our


00:16:35.839 --> 00:16:38.150
perspective an anticlockwise rotation


00:16:38.160 --> 00:16:39.910
was more prevalent than a clockwise


00:16:39.920 --> 00:16:41.509
rotation i think that's right rather


00:16:41.519 --> 00:16:43.110
than the other way around can't remember


00:16:43.120 --> 00:16:44.150
might might have been the other way


00:16:44.160 --> 00:16:46.629
around doesn't matter um the the bottom


00:16:46.639 --> 00:16:47.910
line is that there seems to be a


00:16:47.920 --> 00:16:50.230
preferred direction of rotation and that


00:16:50.240 --> 00:16:51.990
flies in the face of what we understand


00:16:52.000 --> 00:16:54.230
about the way galaxies form we think


00:16:54.240 --> 00:16:56.629
there should be no preferred direction


00:16:56.639 --> 00:16:58.710
of rotation and so there may be new


00:16:58.720 --> 00:17:01.189
results coming from that too and I


00:17:01.199 --> 00:17:02.790
should have read it in more detail if


00:17:02.800 --> 00:17:04.870
I'd known John's question was coming uh


00:17:04.880 --> 00:17:07.110
but I will uh have a look at it and see


00:17:07.120 --> 00:17:08.710
if there's anything more to add to that


00:17:08.720 --> 00:17:12.270
story m we we do see


00:17:12.280 --> 00:17:14.870
variations which are circumstantial even


00:17:14.880 --> 00:17:17.270
in our solar system when you got you got


00:17:17.280 --> 00:17:19.829
Venus is it Venus that spins the wrong


00:17:19.839 --> 00:17:22.710
way and yeah and and Uranus is on its


00:17:22.720 --> 00:17:24.710
side and spins the wrong way and all


00:17:24.720 --> 00:17:26.789
that and and there are few moons that go


00:17:26.799 --> 00:17:27.909
the wrong way around because they've


00:17:27.919 --> 00:17:29.909
been captured rather than you know


00:17:29.919 --> 00:17:32.630
formed in situ so there are yes you're


00:17:32.640 --> 00:17:34.390
you're absolutely right there are


00:17:34.400 --> 00:17:36.870
misfits but we can understand the reason


00:17:36.880 --> 00:17:39.590
why they're there the rotation but the


00:17:39.600 --> 00:17:41.350
big picture everything's pretty well


00:17:41.360 --> 00:17:44.390
doing the same kind of thing quite so


00:17:44.400 --> 00:17:48.150
and did we figure out why yes we did


00:17:48.160 --> 00:17:50.070
good i was listen I I was always


00:17:50.080 --> 00:17:52.630
listening yeah we It's the rotation of


00:17:52.640 --> 00:17:54.710
the protoplanetary disc Andrew yes


00:17:54.720 --> 00:17:56.789
that's it i knew that i heard you say


00:17:56.799 --> 00:18:00.470
that it just It just went like you know


00:18:00.480 --> 00:18:03.190
straight through went clockwise right


00:18:03.200 --> 00:18:05.190
through your head my head's in my head's


00:18:05.200 --> 00:18:06.950
in vacation mode that's what's going on


00:18:06.960 --> 00:18:11.110
i can tell i can tell yeah yeah um so


00:18:11.120 --> 00:18:14.549
the answer is yes because John


00:18:14.559 --> 00:18:16.950
but but it may be yes because we don't


00:18:16.960 --> 00:18:21.990
know as well with big picture stuff so


00:18:22.000 --> 00:18:24.710
thanks John hope all is well in that


00:18:24.720 --> 00:18:26.750
dreadful corner of the world called


00:18:26.760 --> 00:18:29.270
Foster uh this is Space Nuts andrew


00:18:29.280 --> 00:18:31.430
Dunley here with Fred Watson and Heidi


00:18:31.440 --> 00:18:35.029
Campo


00:18:35.039 --> 00:18:40.470
3 2 1 space nuts and our next question


00:18:40.480 --> 00:18:43.909
comes from David david's in Indiana uh


00:18:43.919 --> 00:18:46.150
NASA's Osiris Rex mission returned with


00:18:46.160 --> 00:18:49.590
a sample of the asteroid Bennu uh the


00:18:49.600 --> 00:18:51.750
announced testing results just released


00:18:51.760 --> 00:18:54.630
are in are interesting uh or


00:18:54.640 --> 00:18:56.549
interestingly close to our planet's


00:18:56.559 --> 00:18:58.470
makeup it starts me wondering with


00:18:58.480 --> 00:19:02.029
Beno's proximity or Beno's Benu's


00:19:02.039 --> 00:19:05.270
proximity so close to to Earth could it


00:19:05.280 --> 00:19:08.470
have been a satellite of ours or


00:19:08.480 --> 00:19:10.470
possibly ejector from a collision with


00:19:10.480 --> 00:19:13.110
another solar object like Thea which


00:19:13.120 --> 00:19:14.390
you've already mentioned greatly enjoy


00:19:14.400 --> 00:19:17.990
the podcast Dave in Westfield Indiana uh


00:19:18.000 --> 00:19:19.350
Dave if you were in Westfield in


00:19:19.360 --> 00:19:20.789
Australia you'd be living in a shopping


00:19:20.799 --> 00:19:23.830
mall but um that's a different story


00:19:23.840 --> 00:19:26.789
there's uh Westfields all over the world


00:19:26.799 --> 00:19:28.870
yeah maybe so


00:19:28.880 --> 00:19:34.950
um it's uh probably not uh is the answer


00:19:34.960 --> 00:19:37.830
to that i you know probably didn't form


00:19:37.840 --> 00:19:39.590
as as something that was knocked off the


00:19:39.600 --> 00:19:42.870
earth uh because it's composition yes


00:19:42.880 --> 00:19:46.390
there's a lot of similarities but um I


00:19:46.400 --> 00:19:47.750
think people who know much more about


00:19:47.760 --> 00:19:49.950
asteroid origins than I


00:19:49.960 --> 00:19:53.669
do bye Heidi yeah she dropped out


00:19:53.679 --> 00:19:55.270
something must have happened but yeah I


00:19:55.280 --> 00:20:00.310
think so um uh would would say um the


00:20:00.320 --> 00:20:03.350
evidence seems to be that there was um


00:20:03.360 --> 00:20:05.029
there was a collision but it wasn't


00:20:05.039 --> 00:20:07.630
involving the Earth it was a much larger


00:20:07.640 --> 00:20:11.669
asteroid carbonri probably like Bennu is


00:20:11.679 --> 00:20:16.470
um and that it it was it's probably that


00:20:16.480 --> 00:20:18.789
probably happened you know within the


00:20:18.799 --> 00:20:21.270
last hund uh within the last billion to


00:20:21.280 --> 00:20:24.870
two billion years um and it formed in


00:20:24.880 --> 00:20:27.590
the main asteroid belt and probably that


00:20:27.600 --> 00:20:30.950
collision is what sent it uh to interact


00:20:30.960 --> 00:20:33.830
much more closely with our own planet so


00:20:33.840 --> 00:20:35.750
it seems unlikely despite the


00:20:35.760 --> 00:20:37.590
similarities which I agree with you


00:20:37.600 --> 00:20:39.830
there are similarities in composition


00:20:39.840 --> 00:20:43.110
but it may well be that that's just you


00:20:43.120 --> 00:20:45.270
know circumstantial and it may might be


00:20:45.280 --> 00:20:46.950
because the earth basically came from


00:20:46.960 --> 00:20:49.110
the asteroid belt or at least it came


00:20:49.120 --> 00:20:51.750
from the same protolanetary cloud yeah


00:20:51.760 --> 00:20:54.470
absolutely um and yet we do see


00:20:54.480 --> 00:20:57.350
variations like uh like fear hit the


00:20:57.360 --> 00:21:00.710
earth and and we've got the moon but


00:21:00.720 --> 00:21:02.710
there's stuff on the moon that you can't


00:21:02.720 --> 00:21:04.950
find easily on Earth and there's more of


00:21:04.960 --> 00:21:07.990
it and you know there are differences


00:21:08.000 --> 00:21:09.669
some of that stuff's more recent though


00:21:09.679 --> 00:21:11.590
that you know it's because of the the


00:21:11.600 --> 00:21:14.070
interaction between the moon and the uh


00:21:14.080 --> 00:21:16.950
and the the solar radiation things like


00:21:16.960 --> 00:21:19.110
helium 3 which is much more common on


00:21:19.120 --> 00:21:21.190
the moon than it is on Earth but the but


00:21:21.200 --> 00:21:23.430
the the rocks of the moon are basically


00:21:23.440 --> 00:21:25.029
the same as the rocks of the earth with


00:21:25.039 --> 00:21:27.350
a similar isotopic composition just


00:21:27.360 --> 00:21:31.470
boring old bassalt a lot of it is yeah


00:21:31.480 --> 00:21:34.390
yeah but you find that stuff everywhere


00:21:34.400 --> 00:21:38.310
oh yes yeah um okay so there you are


00:21:38.320 --> 00:21:42.230
David probably not is the answer our


00:21:42.240 --> 00:21:44.870
final well sort of question um yeah it's


00:21:44.880 --> 00:21:47.029
a question uh from Belaloo who's uh sent


00:21:47.039 --> 00:21:50.070
questions in before um this is a


00:21:50.080 --> 00:21:53.430
hypothetical for you Freddy you ready


00:21:53.440 --> 00:21:56.630
are you ready Freddy here we go


00:21:56.640 --> 00:21:58.870
lou here again from Fyville North


00:21:58.880 --> 00:22:03.590
Carolina would you rather be a scientist


00:22:03.600 --> 00:22:05.990
with nothing left to solve nothing left


00:22:06.000 --> 00:22:10.070
to discover or a scientist and


00:22:10.080 --> 00:22:12.549
everything that you try to invent


00:22:12.559 --> 00:22:15.590
discover figure out is wrong you It's


00:22:15.600 --> 00:22:17.350
just always wrong you never get any


00:22:17.360 --> 00:22:19.830
headway thanks hope to hear y'all's


00:22:19.840 --> 00:22:22.549
answers may the force be with y'all have


00:22:22.559 --> 00:22:25.110
a great Thanks Belaloo um I think most


00:22:25.120 --> 00:22:27.270
scientists are option two aren't they


00:22:27.280 --> 00:22:31.430
yeah well I certainly am yes yeah yeah


00:22:31.440 --> 00:22:33.830
and um to be honest I'd rather be one


00:22:33.840 --> 00:22:36.390
you know if if it I'd rather be that


00:22:36.400 --> 00:22:39.350
than than somebody who solved everything


00:22:39.360 --> 00:22:40.789
because the odds are if you thought


00:22:40.799 --> 00:22:42.950
you'd solved everything you haven't


00:22:42.960 --> 00:22:45.830
because most science actually digs up


00:22:45.840 --> 00:22:48.870
more science it's all about uh you know


00:22:48.880 --> 00:22:51.990
discovery raises always raises more


00:22:52.000 --> 00:22:55.750
questions than it answers uh and so uh


00:22:55.760 --> 00:22:58.549
it looks as though all knowledge is not


00:22:58.559 --> 00:23:01.270
something we will ever achieve uh and


00:23:01.280 --> 00:23:02.750
that there's


00:23:02.760 --> 00:23:06.630
um trying to think uh there is that


00:23:06.640 --> 00:23:09.029
girdle's theorem that uh we can never


00:23:09.039 --> 00:23:10.630
know everything i can't remember the the


00:23:10.640 --> 00:23:11.909
details i think it is I think it's


00:23:11.919 --> 00:23:14.310
Girdle's theorem theorem that whatever


00:23:14.320 --> 00:23:16.070
we discover there'll be something else


00:23:16.080 --> 00:23:18.669
left to discover it's a mathematical


00:23:18.679 --> 00:23:23.510
hypothesis um so yes we we may well uh


00:23:23.520 --> 00:23:25.990
never know the answer to everything uh


00:23:26.000 --> 00:23:27.430
and that's good because it means


00:23:27.440 --> 00:23:29.990
scientists will always have a job yeah


00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:32.710
girdle's incompleteness theorems two


00:23:32.720 --> 00:23:35.830
theorems of mathematical logic that are


00:23:35.840 --> 00:23:38.590
concerned with the limits of um


00:23:38.600 --> 00:23:43.990
probability in formal axiomatic theories


00:23:44.000 --> 00:23:47.909
yep that's that's right yeah just as you


00:23:47.919 --> 00:23:51.190
said um it says there widely but not


00:23:51.200 --> 00:23:53.510
universally interpreted as showing that


00:23:53.520 --> 00:23:56.470
uh Hilbert's program to find a complete


00:23:56.480 --> 00:23:58.590
and consistent set of axioms for all


00:23:58.600 --> 00:24:00.710
mathematical all mathematics is


00:24:00.720 --> 00:24:02.390
impossible


00:24:02.400 --> 00:24:05.590
there you go yeah um that that's another


00:24:05.600 --> 00:24:07.950
one that makes your head hurt but like


00:24:07.960 --> 00:24:10.149
look when you get down to the bottom


00:24:10.159 --> 00:24:12.710
line it makes sense that we could never


00:24:12.720 --> 00:24:14.630
solve everything and once you solve


00:24:14.640 --> 00:24:17.510
something it's it's like astronomy um


00:24:17.520 --> 00:24:20.070
once you've found something that answers


00:24:20.080 --> 00:24:24.149
a question you you find yourself with


00:24:24.159 --> 00:24:25.870
another array of


00:24:25.880 --> 00:24:29.350
questions um it just it's just ongoing


00:24:29.360 --> 00:24:32.070
and and look what would humans be


00:24:32.080 --> 00:24:34.630
without the need to discover if


00:24:34.640 --> 00:24:37.430
everything was solved we'd get bored


00:24:37.440 --> 00:24:41.350
real quick i think we would yes I think


00:24:41.360 --> 00:24:43.350
we would you're right yeah it wouldn't


00:24:43.360 --> 00:24:46.470
be fun anymore uh and mysteries are good


00:24:46.480 --> 00:24:48.950
to have because it just keeps you


00:24:48.960 --> 00:24:53.590
motivated to try and solve problems and


00:24:53.600 --> 00:24:54.950
yeah we we don't want to solve


00:24:54.960 --> 00:24:56.390
everything well I suppose we do but


00:24:56.400 --> 00:24:57.549
that's what drives


00:24:57.559 --> 00:25:01.350
us I would suggest um have you got time


00:25:01.360 --> 00:25:03.750
for one more without notice Fred yeah


00:25:03.760 --> 00:25:06.269
yeah yeah let's do it uh this one comes


00:25:06.279 --> 00:25:09.830
from Robert hello Fred Andrew this is


00:25:09.840 --> 00:25:12.390
Robert from the Nethers i have a


00:25:12.400 --> 00:25:14.870
question for the professor about the


00:25:14.880 --> 00:25:16.430
discover your


00:25:16.440 --> 00:25:18.950
exoplanets because I'm not sure if the


00:25:18.960 --> 00:25:20.789
same configuration is our own solar


00:25:20.799 --> 00:25:23.430
system and what for inner rocky planets


00:25:23.440 --> 00:25:26.630
and for our gas giants if that


00:25:26.640 --> 00:25:29.430
configuration is unique or not as you


00:25:29.440 --> 00:25:31.269
know there's been a lot of discoveries


00:25:31.279 --> 00:25:34.070
of these planetary systems not to insane


00:25:34.080 --> 00:25:37.269
details the solar system of course I was


00:25:37.279 --> 00:25:41.510
just curious if we are very unique or


00:25:41.520 --> 00:25:43.190
Not


00:25:43.200 --> 00:25:45.269
thank you so much for taking time


00:25:45.279 --> 00:25:48.310
bye-bye thank you Robert um this is a


00:25:48.320 --> 00:25:50.870
question we've um had previously but


00:25:50.880 --> 00:25:52.630
it's it's good one to revisit i think we


00:25:52.640 --> 00:25:55.669
did talk about it fairly recently but um


00:25:55.679 --> 00:25:57.990
uh is our solar system the way it's set


00:25:58.000 --> 00:26:01.789
up rocky rocky rocky gas gas gas gas um


00:26:01.799 --> 00:26:06.310
unique and the answer is mostly yes


00:26:06.320 --> 00:26:09.110
isn't it well it's it's unique in the


00:26:09.120 --> 00:26:12.470
sense that um so far yes so far that's


00:26:12.480 --> 00:26:18.070
right uh and it it it is unlike um it's


00:26:18.080 --> 00:26:20.590
unlike most of the other things that we


00:26:20.600 --> 00:26:23.510
find but some of that might be due to


00:26:23.520 --> 00:26:26.230
the fact that we've got what we call


00:26:26.240 --> 00:26:28.310
selection effects you know that you


00:26:28.320 --> 00:26:31.070
can't um really


00:26:31.080 --> 00:26:34.390
see everything when we look out at the


00:26:34.400 --> 00:26:36.789
exoplanet so there may well be systems


00:26:36.799 --> 00:26:38.950
where there are planets you know four


00:26:38.960 --> 00:26:41.190
rocky planets at the sort of distance


00:26:41.200 --> 00:26:44.230
that ours has which are actually really


00:26:44.240 --> 00:26:47.110
hard to discover they're the really that


00:26:47.120 --> 00:26:48.470
they're the ones that are the most


00:26:48.480 --> 00:26:50.470
difficult to discover so the the easiest


00:26:50.480 --> 00:26:51.909
things to discover are massive things


00:26:51.919 --> 00:26:54.470
like Jupiter or bigger than Jupiter uh


00:26:54.480 --> 00:26:57.269
we are pushing down the mass spectrum


00:26:57.279 --> 00:26:59.470
towards the


00:26:59.480 --> 00:27:02.710
more you know the smaller bodies of uh


00:27:02.720 --> 00:27:04.549
equivalent to the the rocky planets in


00:27:04.559 --> 00:27:06.870
our solar system but it's still


00:27:06.880 --> 00:27:08.350
nevertheless


00:27:08.360 --> 00:27:11.510
um ours is a very special case because


00:27:11.520 --> 00:27:14.950
we could see it in detail uh and we


00:27:14.960 --> 00:27:17.430
haven't really seen anything like it but


00:27:17.440 --> 00:27:19.110
it doesn't necessarily mean that there


00:27:19.120 --> 00:27:21.269
isn't anything out there that's like it


00:27:21.279 --> 00:27:24.230
so it may not be unique we might just be


00:27:24.240 --> 00:27:26.470
unique in in as much as what's been


00:27:26.480 --> 00:27:28.950
discovered so far yeah that that makes


00:27:28.960 --> 00:27:31.510
sense and given how many systems exist


00:27:31.520 --> 00:27:33.750
out there I'd be very surprised if we


00:27:33.760 --> 00:27:37.350
don't find multiple solar systems like


00:27:37.360 --> 00:27:40.830
ours in time to come so


00:27:40.840 --> 00:27:43.669
uh at the moment Robert it looks that


00:27:43.679 --> 00:27:46.870
way but ultimately probably not I think


00:27:46.880 --> 00:27:49.350
would be the short answer uh thanks


00:27:49.360 --> 00:27:52.310
Robert thanks Beloo David John Aki uh


00:27:52.320 --> 00:27:54.630
for sending in your questions uh much


00:27:54.640 --> 00:27:56.230
appreciated of course if you have a


00:27:56.240 --> 00:27:59.110
question for us please send it in to


00:27:59.120 --> 00:28:01.750
Spacenuts uh via our website just click


00:28:01.760 --> 00:28:04.430
on the AMA link at the top uh


00:28:04.440 --> 00:28:07.070
spaceodcast.com


00:28:07.080 --> 00:28:10.149
spacenuts.io uh and that's it for me for


00:28:10.159 --> 00:28:12.950
probably the next eight or so episodes


00:28:12.960 --> 00:28:15.590
judy and I are taking a little sojourn


00:28:15.600 --> 00:28:17.830
uh we're going to um cruise the Panama


00:28:17.840 --> 00:28:19.350
Canal and visit a few countries along


00:28:19.360 --> 00:28:23.029
the way uh I'll be back late April but


00:28:23.039 --> 00:28:25.350
uh Fred will be in the capable of hands


00:28:25.360 --> 00:28:27.990
of Heidi Campo who had to exit early i


00:28:28.000 --> 00:28:30.230
think her dog was getting hungry and you


00:28:30.240 --> 00:28:33.269
never say no to a dog um but uh yeah


00:28:33.279 --> 00:28:35.430
Heidi will be looking after everything


00:28:35.440 --> 00:28:39.669
with the uh cooperation of one Hugh in


00:28:39.679 --> 00:28:42.950
the studio uh and Fred thank you so much


00:28:42.960 --> 00:28:45.590
uh I um I really appreciate it and I


00:28:45.600 --> 00:28:47.590
I'll see you in about a month i'll look


00:28:47.600 --> 00:28:49.269
forward to that Andrew i hope you have a


00:28:49.279 --> 00:28:51.350
great time um just watch out for the


00:28:51.360 --> 00:28:54.630
Panama Canal it's not very wide yeah um


00:28:54.640 --> 00:28:56.950
well I don't know if we're I don't know


00:28:56.960 --> 00:28:58.950
which way we're going into it but we we


00:28:58.960 --> 00:29:02.149
end up I think we end up in Panama City


00:29:02.159 --> 00:29:03.990
for a couple of days uh which we're


00:29:04.000 --> 00:29:05.269
going to enjoy but we're actually going


00:29:05.279 --> 00:29:08.230
to do a a full-on proper Panama Canal


00:29:08.240 --> 00:29:11.430
tour cuz I I want to understand it more


00:29:11.440 --> 00:29:13.510
i I've heard so much about it through my


00:29:13.520 --> 00:29:16.470
entire life and um yeah I think I think


00:29:16.480 --> 00:29:17.909
it's going to be really interesting to


00:29:17.919 --> 00:29:22.230
to just understand it more and find out


00:29:22.240 --> 00:29:24.470
uh all everything about it but yeah


00:29:24.480 --> 00:29:27.590
that'll be fun um so thanks uh Fred


00:29:27.600 --> 00:29:29.669
we'll see you soon and uh thanks to


00:29:29.679 --> 00:29:31.909
Heidi for stepping in thanks to Hugh in


00:29:31.919 --> 00:29:33.750
the studio who couldn't be with us today


00:29:33.760 --> 00:29:36.950
because he's hypothetical and from me


00:29:36.960 --> 00:29:38.789
Andrew Dunley thanks for your company


00:29:38.799 --> 00:29:41.110
see you real soon on another episode of


00:29:41.120 --> 00:29:44.389
Space Nuts bye-bye space nuts you'll be


00:29:44.399 --> 00:29:48.149
listening to the Space Nuts podcast


00:29:48.159 --> 00:29:51.110
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00:29:51.120 --> 00:29:53.750
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00:29:53.760 --> 00:29:56.590
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00:29:59.120 --> 00:30:03.640
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