Ryugu’s Salty Past, Solar Orbiter’s Encounter with Venus, and NASA’s Ice Mining Experiment: S28E26

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is spacetime series 28 episode 26


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for broadcast on the 28th of February


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2025 coming up on space time samples


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from the asteroid ryugu provide more


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evidence of salty water in the outer


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solar system Europe's solar orbit of


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spacecraft about to undertake a close


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encounter with Venus and NASA's polar


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ice experiment paves the way for future


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man missions to the Moon all that and


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more coming up on


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SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with


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steuart


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[Music]


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Gary following the recent discovery of


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salts and samples from the asteroid benu


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scientists have now also detected signs


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of salt water or at least the remnant


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left by it on the asteroid ryugu well


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bonu was the target of n Osiris Rex


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sample return Mission the 900 M wide


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ryugo asteroid was visited by Japan's


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hyabusa 2 sample return Mission like


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benu rayu is a near Earth Apollo group


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asteroid scientists at Kyoto University


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have found evidence of mineral salts and


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the samples they recovered from ryugu


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during the initial phase of the HOSA 2


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mission the discovery includes deposits


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containing sodium carbonate halite and


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sodium sulfates suggesting that liquid


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Seline water once existed with within


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apparent body from which ryugo emerged


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the authors expected that the grains


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returned from the asteroid might contain


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substances not generally found in


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meteorites they anticipated that these


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could be highly water soluble minerals


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which readily react with moisture in


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Earth atmosphere and are therefore


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difficult to detect unless examined in


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their pristine State as preserved in the


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vacuum of space one of the study's


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authors turu masamoto says careful


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handling allowed researchers to identify


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the delicate salt minerals providing a


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unique glimpse into ryu's chemical


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history mamoto says the asteroid may


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have once been part of a larger parent


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body that probably existed around 4 and


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a half billion years ago shortly after


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the formation of the solar system and


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that parent body would have been he by


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radioactive decay creating an


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environment where hot water could exist


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while ryugo and its grains didn't


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actually contain any moisture questions


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remain about how the liquid water would


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have been lost mamoto says these


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crystals are showing how liquid water


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disappeared from ryu's parent body the


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salt crystals dissolved easily in water


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suggesting they could only have


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precipitated within a highly saline


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water solution and in conditions with a


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limited amount of liquid mamoto and


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colleages hypothesize that it fractures


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exposed the salt water to space or as


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the parent body cooled the liquid could


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have either evaporated sublimated or


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froze and the mineral salts are the


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crystallized remains of that water the


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deposits could prove crucial in


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comparing the evolved water water on the


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dwarf planet series located in the main


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asteroid belt and on the moons of


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Jupiter and Saturn since cus believe


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these icy bodies Harbor subsurface


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oceans or liquid reservoirs they expect


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sodium carbonate and Hite will be found


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in surface deposits on Series in water


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plumes from the saturnian ice moon


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Enceladus and on the surfaces of the


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Jovian Galilean moons Europa and


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ganim since salt production is closely


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linked to the geological settings and


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brine chemistry in these aquous bodies


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the discovery of sodium salts in the


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ryugu samples provide new insights for


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comparing the role water has played in


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the development of planets and moons


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throughout the outer solar system this


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is spacetime still to come Europe's


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solar orbit of spacecraft undertaking a


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close encounter with Venus and NASA's


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polar ice experiment Paving the way for


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future man missions to the Moon all that


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and more still to come on SpaceTime


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[Music]


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European Space Agency is now guiding its


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solar orbit of spacecraft through its


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closest ever encounter with the planet


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Venus the fly bite will be the first to


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significantly tilt the spacecraft's


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orbit allowing it to see the sun's polar


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regions for the first time you see the


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sun's poles are not visible from the


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earth and studying these polar regions


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of our nearest star will improve our


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understanding of solar activity space


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weather and the sun earth connection


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since it's launched back in 2020 solar


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orbit has carried out a number of


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gravity assist flybys using both the


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Earth and Venus to gradually shrink its


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orbit bringing it closer and closer to


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the Sun during this encounter the


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spacecraft will fly just 379 km above


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Venus's surface Isa flight Dynamics


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expert Julia Schwarz says getting so


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close to Venus allows scientists to use


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its gravity to significantly change the


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spacecraft's orbit without using lots of


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fuel our planets all orbit the sun on


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roughly the same flat plane called the


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ecliptic and for a spacecraft to get


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away from that ecliptic requires a great


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deal of fuel solar Orbiter will get


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around that problem by using Venus as a


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gravity assist slingshotting itself into


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a slightly different angle with respect


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to the ecliptic and that will eventually


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give the probe a much better view of the


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sun's polar regions future Venus flybys


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such as one slated for December 2026


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will further tilt the spacecraft's orbit


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enabling high resolution imaging of the


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sun's entire polar regions from this


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unique orbit the mission will help


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scientists refine their understanding of


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solar activity and improve their ability


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to safeguard technology on Earth from


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powerful solar storms and erratic space


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weather


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events but passing so close to Venus in


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order to get this gravity assist


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presents a number of challenges for


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Mission managers at E's European space


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operations center in damad Germany


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precise calculations and minor course


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Corrections will be necessary before and


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after each flyby in order to keep the


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spacecraft on track the flyby is been


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carefully planned to get as close to


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Venus as possible in order to get the


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most out of the encounter but at the


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same time keeping the spacecraft safely


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above the planet's atmosphere in order


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to avoid experiencing atmospheric drag


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but solar orbital will still be bathed


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in thermal radiation emitted by the


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planet as it swings past mission


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managers are expecting the spacecraft to


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hit up significantly during the fly


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and to prepare for this they've carried


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out a detailed simulation of the heating


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effect of Venus's gravity assist


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maneuver well it shows that several


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parts of the spacecraft will experience


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a significant temperature increase all


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components should stay well within the


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design limits during the maneuver solar


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orbital will continue to point its


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instruments and more importantly its


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heat shield towards the sun to keep the


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spacecraft safe of course this means it


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won't be able to point any of its


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cameras towards Venus and its Cloud tops


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during the flyby but it will still have


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an opportunity to gather some scientific


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data see unlike the Earth Venus lacks a


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global magnetic field to interact with


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the charged particles flowing from the


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Sun and the solar wind but there's a


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layer of the venusian atmosphere known


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as the ionosphere which interacts with


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the solar wind in rather unique ways


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solar Orbit's magnetometer and radio and


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plasma wave sensors will be switched on


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as the spacecraft passes Venus allowing


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it to record the planet's magnetic and


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plasma environment the data they collect


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will contribute to ongoing research on


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how the solar wind affects planetary


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atmospheres beyond Earth mind you solar


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Orbiter isn't the only EA Mission


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visiting Venus this year isa's juice


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spacecraft which is on its way to


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Jupiter to explore its icy moons will


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also fly past the planet in August solar


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Orbiter and Juice will pass Venus just


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194 days apart that's less than one


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venutian day which lasts 243 Earth days


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the frequent visits highlight the


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planet's important role as a wayo for


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is's interplanetary voyages


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however while solar Orbiter and juice


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and making just brief visits to Earth's


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neighboring planet for some EA missions


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Venus is the final destination from


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arrival in 2006 until the end of the


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mission in 2014 is's Venus Express


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spacecraft studied the planet's


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atmosphere and clouds in detail and also


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mapped its surface temperatures looking


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ahead isa's Envision mission is set to


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launch in the early 2030s Invision will


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be the first mission to provide a


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comprehensive view of Venus from its


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inner core right through upper


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atmosphere in doing so it will help


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scientists determine how and why despite


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starting off similar Venus and Earth


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have evolved in such different ways this


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is spacetime still to come NASA's polar


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ice experiment paves the way for future


00:08:45.920 --> 00:08:47.870
man missions to the moon and later in


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the science report claims that nouss


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have a higher likelihood of developing


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type 2 diabetes all that and more still


00:08:55.200 --> 00:08:57.490
to come on SpaceTime


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[Music]




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nessa's polar resources ice mining


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experiment one or prime one Mission will


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explore the moon's subsurface and


00:09:18.360 --> 00:09:21.430
analyze where lunar resources May reside


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the experiment's two key instruments


00:09:23.399 --> 00:09:25.630
will extract and analyze lunar soil in


00:09:25.640 --> 00:09:27.230
order to better understand the lunar


00:09:27.240 --> 00:09:29.630
environment and subsurface resources in


00:09:29.640 --> 00:09:31.470
the process Paving the way for


00:09:31.480 --> 00:09:33.630
sustainable human exploration under the


00:09:33.640 --> 00:09:36.590
agency's emis campaign the scientific


00:09:36.600 --> 00:09:38.670
instruments will work in tandem the


00:09:38.680 --> 00:09:40.829
rigth and Ice drill for exploring new


00:09:40.839 --> 00:09:42.750
terrains or Trident instrument will


00:09:42.760 --> 00:09:44.389
drill deep into the moon's surface in


00:09:44.399 --> 00:09:46.710
order to collect samples while the mass


00:09:46.720 --> 00:09:48.910
spectrometer observing lunar operations


00:09:48.920 --> 00:09:50.910
package will analyze these samples to


00:09:50.920 --> 00:09:52.829
determine the gas composition released


00:09:52.839 --> 00:09:55.430
across the sampling depth prime one


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project manager Jackie quinnn from Nas's


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Kennedy Space Center in Florida says the


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ability to drill and analyze samples at


00:10:01.720 --> 00:10:03.910
the same time allows scientist to gather


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new insights into what will shape the


00:10:05.880 --> 00:10:08.670
future of lunar resource utilization you


00:10:08.680 --> 00:10:10.630
see human exploration of the Moon and


00:10:10.640 --> 00:10:12.790
deep space will depend on making good


00:10:12.800 --> 00:10:14.870
use of local resources in order to


00:10:14.880 --> 00:10:17.030
produce the life staing supplies needed


00:10:17.040 --> 00:10:19.230
to live and work for periods of time on


00:10:19.240 --> 00:10:22.269
other planetary bodies the prime one


00:10:22.279 --> 00:10:24.069
experiment is one of NASA's payloads


00:10:24.079 --> 00:10:25.790
aboard the next lunar delivery through


00:10:25.800 --> 00:10:27.430
nessa's commercial lunar payload


00:10:27.440 --> 00:10:29.389
Services initiative which is set to a


00:10:29.399 --> 00:10:30.910
launch from the agency's Kennedy Space


00:10:30.920 --> 00:10:32.630
Center this week aboard the intuitive


00:10:32.640 --> 00:10:34.790
machines Athena Luna Lander which will


00:10:34.800 --> 00:10:37.550
explore the Luna soil in mans Mutan Al


00:10:37.560 --> 00:10:40.430
Luna Plateau near the Moon South Pole


00:10:40.440 --> 00:10:42.670
developed by Blue origin Trident is a


00:10:42.680 --> 00:10:44.870
rotary percussive drill designed to


00:10:44.880 --> 00:10:46.910
excavate lunar regl and subsurface


00:10:46.920 --> 00:10:49.509
material up to a meter deep the drill


00:10:49.519 --> 00:10:52.230
will extract samples each about 10 cm in


00:10:52.240 --> 00:10:54.430
length allowing scientist to analyze how


00:10:54.440 --> 00:10:56.350
trapped and Frozen gases are distributed


00:10:56.360 --> 00:10:58.590
at different depths below the surface


00:10:58.600 --> 00:11:00.509
the trident drills equipped with carbide


00:11:00.519 --> 00:11:02.509
cutting teeth designed to penetrate even


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the toughest lunar materials unlike


00:11:05.200 --> 00:11:06.629
previous lunar drills used by the


00:11:06.639 --> 00:11:08.230
astronauts during the Apollo missions


00:11:08.240 --> 00:11:10.470
Trident will be controlled from Earth


00:11:10.480 --> 00:11:12.150
the drill May provide key information


00:11:12.160 --> 00:11:14.310
about subsurface soil temperatures as


00:11:14.320 --> 00:11:16.430
well as gain inside into the mechanical


00:11:16.440 --> 00:11:18.990
properties of the lunar South Pole soil


00:11:19.000 --> 00:11:20.550
learning more about the reg's


00:11:20.560 --> 00:11:22.030
temperatures and properties should


00:11:22.040 --> 00:11:23.990
greatly improve science's understanding


00:11:24.000 --> 00:11:25.990
of the local environment and where lunar


00:11:26.000 --> 00:11:28.470
resources may be stable in the process


00:11:28.480 --> 00:11:30.190
revealing what resources may be


00:11:30.200 --> 00:11:32.509
available for future missions a


00:11:32.519 --> 00:11:34.230
commercial offthe shelf spectrometer


00:11:34.240 --> 00:11:36.150
will then analyze any gas release from


00:11:36.160 --> 00:11:37.990
the Trident drill samples looking for


00:11:38.000 --> 00:11:39.829
the potential presence of water ice and


00:11:39.839 --> 00:11:42.430
gases trapped beneath the surface Quinn


00:11:42.440 --> 00:11:43.750
says these measurements will help


00:11:43.760 --> 00:11:45.470
scientists better understand the moon's


00:11:45.480 --> 00:11:47.790
potential for resource utilization when


00:11:47.800 --> 00:11:51.470
we eventually build infrastructure to


00:11:51.480 --> 00:11:54.069
enable sustained human presence on the


00:11:54.079 --> 00:11:55.590
moon we're going to need some of the


00:11:55.600 --> 00:11:58.069
engineering data that Prime 1 will


00:11:58.079 --> 00:12:00.430
provide Prime 1 stands for Polar


00:12:00.440 --> 00:12:02.829
resource ice mining experiment one and


00:12:02.839 --> 00:12:05.350
prime one is a payload that's manifested


00:12:05.360 --> 00:12:07.590
and integrated onto the intuitive


00:12:07.600 --> 00:12:10.670
machine second lunar lander Athena prime


00:12:10.680 --> 00:12:13.750
one is comprised of two instruments a


00:12:13.760 --> 00:12:16.430
drill and a mass spectrometer the drill


00:12:16.440 --> 00:12:18.990
is called Trident the Trident drill has


00:12:19.000 --> 00:12:21.509
the ability to take a sample from depth


00:12:21.519 --> 00:12:23.030
and bring it to the surface for


00:12:23.040 --> 00:12:25.310
evaluation by the companying instrument


00:12:25.320 --> 00:12:29.150
M solo M solo is a commercially Manu


00:12:29.160 --> 00:12:30.990
ufactured Mass spectrometer that has


00:12:31.000 --> 00:12:32.949
been ruggedized for space flight


00:12:32.959 --> 00:12:35.910
collectively these two instruments will


00:12:35.920 --> 00:12:38.910
analyze across discrete depths lunar


00:12:38.920 --> 00:12:42.550
soil and tell us what gases are located


00:12:42.560 --> 00:12:45.030
at depth down to 1 meter we're also


00:12:45.040 --> 00:12:46.550
going to get some very interesting


00:12:46.560 --> 00:12:49.310
geotechnical data from the Trident drill


00:12:49.320 --> 00:12:51.150
all of the data that's gleaned from


00:12:51.160 --> 00:12:53.750
either M Solo or Trident will inform


00:12:53.760 --> 00:12:56.550
future emis missions as they look to


00:12:56.560 --> 00:13:00.069
design habitation capability long-term


00:13:00.079 --> 00:13:02.269
sustained presence on the lunar surface


00:13:02.279 --> 00:13:04.350
that's NASA's prime one project manager


00:13:04.360 --> 00:13:07.190
Jackie Quinn and this is


00:13:07.200 --> 00:13:16.210
[Music]




00:13:22.760 --> 00:13:24.949
spacetime and time now to take another


00:13:24.959 --> 00:13:26.189
brief look at some of the other stories


00:13:26.199 --> 00:13:27.990
making us in science this week with a


00:13:28.000 --> 00:13:30.949
science report new research presented at


00:13:30.959 --> 00:13:32.350
the annual meeting of the European


00:13:32.360 --> 00:13:34.629
Association for the study of diabetes


00:13:34.639 --> 00:13:36.949
suggests that being a nightow could put


00:13:36.959 --> 00:13:38.949
you at a higher likelihood of developing


00:13:38.959 --> 00:13:41.829
type 2 diabetes and it's not because of


00:13:41.839 --> 00:13:44.350
an unhealthy Lifestyle the authors


00:13:44.360 --> 00:13:46.829
looked into Data of over 5,000 people


00:13:46.839 --> 00:13:48.710
and found night hols had higher body


00:13:48.720 --> 00:13:51.430
mass indexes larger wastes more hidden


00:13:51.440 --> 00:13:54.110
body fat and were almost 50% more likely


00:13:54.120 --> 00:13:57.110
to develop type 2 diabetes the authors


00:13:57.120 --> 00:13:59.150
separated participants into three bed


00:13:59.160 --> 00:14:00.990
time categories and find those who had


00:14:01.000 --> 00:14:03.949
the latest bed times were most at


00:14:03.959 --> 00:14:06.629
risk a new study warns that glaciers


00:14:06.639 --> 00:14:09.189
worldwide are now losing ice at a faster


00:14:09.199 --> 00:14:12.069
rate with ice loss increasing 36% over


00:14:12.079 --> 00:14:13.710
the last 10 years compared to the


00:14:13.720 --> 00:14:16.389
previous decade the findings reported in


00:14:16.399 --> 00:14:18.430
the journal Nature are based on a huge


00:14:18.440 --> 00:14:21.150
Global effort to track glacial melting


00:14:21.160 --> 00:14:22.749
the study found that since the year


00:14:22.759 --> 00:14:25.150
200000 glaciers globally have lost


00:14:25.160 --> 00:14:27.550
around 5% of their ice but in some


00:14:27.560 --> 00:14:29.110
regions the ice loss has been as much


00:14:29.120 --> 00:14:32.230
much as 39% in New Zealand glaciers have


00:14:32.240 --> 00:14:35.710
lost an average of 29% of glacial Mass


00:14:35.720 --> 00:14:37.150
the authors said that this Global


00:14:37.160 --> 00:14:39.790
Glacier Mass loss is around 18% larger


00:14:39.800 --> 00:14:41.230
than the total loss of ice from the


00:14:41.240 --> 00:14:43.110
Greenland ice sheet and more than twice


00:14:43.120 --> 00:14:45.269
that of the Antarctic ice sheet they


00:14:45.279 --> 00:14:46.990
warned that the planets now facing


00:14:47.000 --> 00:14:48.990
continued and possibly accelerated Mass


00:14:49.000 --> 00:14:50.629
loss from glaciers until the end of the


00:14:50.639 --> 00:14:53.189
century and that underpins the call for


00:14:53.199 --> 00:14:55.470
Urgent concrete actions to reduce


00:14:55.480 --> 00:14:57.550
greenhouse gas


00:14:57.560 --> 00:15:00.069
emissions a new study has found that


00:15:00.079 --> 00:15:02.069
dogs trained to use soundboards to talk


00:15:02.079 --> 00:15:04.110
to people are capable of making two-word


00:15:04.120 --> 00:15:05.949
button combinations that go beyond


00:15:05.959 --> 00:15:08.230
random Behavior or simple imitation of


00:15:08.240 --> 00:15:10.470
their owners the findings published in


00:15:10.480 --> 00:15:12.590
the journal scientific reports analyze


00:15:12.600 --> 00:15:15.829
data from 152 dogs over 21 months


00:15:15.839 --> 00:15:18.350
capturing more than 260,000 button


00:15:18.360 --> 00:15:21.790
presses 195 of which were made by dogs


00:15:21.800 --> 00:15:23.910
themselves the findings revealed that


00:15:23.920 --> 00:15:25.870
the dogs were pressing buttons purposely


00:15:25.880 --> 00:15:27.910
to express their desires and needs and


00:15:27.920 --> 00:15:29.350
not just imitating what their owners


00:15:29.360 --> 00:15:31.430
were doing and it seems when dogs


00:15:31.440 --> 00:15:33.110
combine two buttons the sequences


00:15:33.120 --> 00:15:35.550
weren't random but were instead designed


00:15:35.560 --> 00:15:38.389
to reflect a specific request the study


00:15:38.399 --> 00:15:40.110
observed that the buttons most commonly


00:15:40.120 --> 00:15:42.470
used were related to essential needs


00:15:42.480 --> 00:15:45.269
with words such as outside treat play


00:15:45.279 --> 00:15:48.430
and potty notably combinations of words


00:15:48.440 --> 00:15:50.749
like outside plus potty or food and


00:15:50.759 --> 00:15:53.069
water were used in meaningful ways


00:15:53.079 --> 00:15:54.829
occurring much more frequently than what


00:15:54.839 --> 00:15:56.710
would be expected simply by random


00:15:56.720 --> 00:15:59.030
chance


00:15:59.040 --> 00:16:00.990
the Australian Medical Association has


00:16:01.000 --> 00:16:02.949
urged local councils to reintroduce


00:16:02.959 --> 00:16:05.590
fluide to Water Supplies amid Rising


00:16:05.600 --> 00:16:08.629
incidents of oral disease fluides been


00:16:08.639 --> 00:16:10.509
shown to help prevent cavities by making


00:16:10.519 --> 00:16:12.430
tooth enamel more resistant to acids


00:16:12.440 --> 00:16:14.710
from bacteria in your mouth the


00:16:14.720 --> 00:16:16.430
Australian drinking water guidelines


00:16:16.440 --> 00:16:17.749
recommend three compounds for


00:16:17.759 --> 00:16:20.030
fluoridating water sodium fluoride


00:16:20.040 --> 00:16:22.749
sodium fluos silicates and fluosilicic


00:16:22.759 --> 00:16:25.189
acid usually one of these compounds is


00:16:25.199 --> 00:16:26.790
added under carefully monitored


00:16:26.800 --> 00:16:28.150
conditions during drinking water


00:16:28.160 --> 00:16:30.670
treatment before for it sent to the tab


00:16:30.680 --> 00:16:33.150
today around 90% of Australians access


00:16:33.160 --> 00:16:35.910
fluorated water at levels of between 0.6


00:16:35.920 --> 00:16:39.189
and 1.1 migr per liter and this is


00:16:39.199 --> 00:16:41.230
estimated to have reduced tooth decay in


00:16:41.240 --> 00:16:43.030
Australia by up to


00:16:43.040 --> 00:16:45.710
44% but it really depends on where you


00:16:45.720 --> 00:16:47.749
live as there are different policies in


00:16:47.759 --> 00:16:50.069
different states and territories for


00:16:50.079 --> 00:16:52.389
example around 28% of queenslanders do


00:16:52.399 --> 00:16:55.069
not have access to fluoridated water Tim


00:16:55.079 --> 00:16:57.069
menum from Australian skeptic says its


00:16:57.079 --> 00:16:58.430
benefits for oral health have been


00:16:58.440 --> 00:17:00.189
scientific if Al proven and it's


00:17:00.199 --> 00:17:01.910
concerning that some local government


00:17:01.920 --> 00:17:04.309
bodies seem to be bowing to uninformed


00:17:04.319 --> 00:17:06.390
pressure groups all the evidence points


00:17:06.400 --> 00:17:08.710
to that fluide being useful cutting down


00:17:08.720 --> 00:17:10.789
on tooth decay Etc I mean you only need


00:17:10.799 --> 00:17:13.309
to look at kids in modern society in


00:17:13.319 --> 00:17:15.669
places where the water is fluid to know


00:17:15.679 --> 00:17:17.189
that they have a lot less feelings the


00:17:17.199 --> 00:17:18.990
thing is fluide can be very natural it's


00:17:19.000 --> 00:17:20.549
in rocks which water goes through and


00:17:20.559 --> 00:17:22.150
they can be naturally fluoridated and


00:17:22.160 --> 00:17:25.069
therefore when your water authority


00:17:25.079 --> 00:17:26.829
fluides water they have to assess how


00:17:26.839 --> 00:17:28.390
much is there already and you don't want


00:17:28.400 --> 00:17:30.390
to overdose on fluide it can have a


00:17:30.400 --> 00:17:31.990
discoloring effect sometimes it has a


00:17:32.000 --> 00:17:34.070
scraping effect Etc but in most cases


00:17:34.080 --> 00:17:35.830
it's that's not doing that it's not sort


00:17:35.840 --> 00:17:37.390
of at that level the good side is a lot


00:17:37.400 --> 00:17:38.830
better than any sort of downside but


00:17:38.840 --> 00:17:40.270
that hasn't stop people sort of claiming


00:17:40.280 --> 00:17:41.830
the fluide is an evil thing it's going


00:17:41.840 --> 00:17:43.270
to sort of build up in your body and


00:17:43.280 --> 00:17:44.590
it's going to sort of cause you all sort


00:17:44.600 --> 00:17:47.549
ofar there was a study in 2019 claiming


00:17:47.559 --> 00:17:50.669
it was uh affecting the IQ of kids yeah


00:17:50.679 --> 00:17:52.350
and that was actually one study that was


00:17:52.360 --> 00:17:53.950
looked at very closely and it was found


00:17:53.960 --> 00:17:55.710
to be pretty poor other people looked at


00:17:55.720 --> 00:17:57.549
it and said no there is no truth behind


00:17:57.559 --> 00:17:59.310
this thing is just a bad reason that's


00:17:59.320 --> 00:18:00.230
what you're supposed to do you're


00:18:00.240 --> 00:18:01.710
supposed to assess other people's


00:18:01.720 --> 00:18:03.190
research you put them up in the in the


00:18:03.200 --> 00:18:05.470
marketplace of scientific Endeavor and


00:18:05.480 --> 00:18:07.350
people then say yeah doesn't work does


00:18:07.360 --> 00:18:09.350
it not work let's look at what you did


00:18:09.360 --> 00:18:10.750
and in this particular case they found


00:18:10.760 --> 00:18:12.190
out it wasn't very good where always


00:18:12.200 --> 00:18:14.950
been added since the' 40s in America and


00:18:14.960 --> 00:18:16.270
you know ever since then in a lot of


00:18:16.280 --> 00:18:18.029
other places some places it's taken a


00:18:18.039 --> 00:18:20.870
long time to do it other times it's


00:18:20.880 --> 00:18:23.470
stopped because of fear tactics by the


00:18:23.480 --> 00:18:25.789
anti fluide Brigade with some towns not


00:18:25.799 --> 00:18:28.070
doing it and as soon as they sto doing


00:18:28.080 --> 00:18:30.510
it the incidence of dental decay


00:18:30.520 --> 00:18:32.789
increases bit like vaccination that that


00:18:32.799 --> 00:18:34.310
you stop doing vaccinating people


00:18:34.320 --> 00:18:35.750
suddenly these diseases that should


00:18:35.760 --> 00:18:38.230
never exist anymore rise up again so the


00:18:38.240 --> 00:18:40.110
same thing with tooth decay you stop the


00:18:40.120 --> 00:18:42.549
flu fluide works as simple as that it


00:18:42.559 --> 00:18:44.630
works and nothing is if you have too


00:18:44.640 --> 00:18:45.950
much fluoride is not good for you


00:18:45.960 --> 00:18:48.110
anything in it's a dosage which is the


00:18:48.120 --> 00:18:50.110
issue and in fluides a very low dosage


00:18:50.120 --> 00:18:51.549
but it has an effect everything is a


00:18:51.559 --> 00:18:53.149
drug it just depends on the amount you


00:18:53.159 --> 00:18:55.110
take that's right yeah Dr Carl told me


00:18:55.120 --> 00:18:57.350
that it is true it's AB true I mean if


00:18:57.360 --> 00:19:00.070
you overd on was it hydrogen no hydrogen


00:19:00.080 --> 00:19:02.310
dioxide dihydrogen monoxide yeah


00:19:02.320 --> 00:19:03.950
dihydrogen monoxide thank you and you


00:19:03.960 --> 00:19:06.110
can overdose on dihydrogen monoxide


00:19:06.120 --> 00:19:07.510
people say oh yeah it's a chemicals and


00:19:07.520 --> 00:19:09.470
it's water so yeah you count it in


00:19:09.480 --> 00:19:11.230
particularly sort of scary terms and


00:19:11.240 --> 00:19:12.510
anyone can believe it but in this


00:19:12.520 --> 00:19:14.270
particular case it's unfounded scary


00:19:14.280 --> 00:19:16.230
tactic but it still exists it's a simple


00:19:16.240 --> 00:19:17.870
thing to put in unfortunately it's just


00:19:17.880 --> 00:19:20.390
a simple to stop that's timum from


00:19:20.400 --> 00:19:23.210
Australian Skeptics


00:19:23.220 --> 00:19:37.110
[Music]


00:19:37.120 --> 00:19:39.990
and that's the show for now SpaceTime is


00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:41.830
available every Monday Wednesday and


00:19:41.840 --> 00:19:44.390
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with Stewart gar.com


00:19:58.720 --> 00:20:00.510
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Stewart gary. for full details you've


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been listening to SpaceTime with Stuart


00:20:33.200 --> 00:20:35.710
Gary this has been another quality


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