Pluto-Charon Impact Insights, BepiColombo’s Final Flyby, and the Year in Astronomy: S28E06

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Language: en

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this is spacetime series 28 episode 6


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for broadcast on the 13th of January


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2025 coming up on SpaceTime how the


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Pluto Sharon dwarf planet binary system


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was formed Bey Columbus spacecraft


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swooped slow over the planet Mercury for


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the last time and taking a look at the


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year ahead in astronomy all that and


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more coming up on


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SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with


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Stuart


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car A new study suggest that the


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formation of the Pluto Sharon dwarf


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planet binary system May well parallel


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that of the Earth Moon system the


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findings reported in the journal Nature


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geoscience points out that both systems


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include a secondary body that's actually


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a large fraction of the size of the


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primary body and that's unlike other


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moons in our solar system which are


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alwayss just tiny fractions of the mass


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of their host planets the study lead


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author Aden Denton from the University


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of Arizona says the Earth Moon system


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was created when a mass-size planet hit


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the early Proto Earth causing both


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bodies to melt into a magma ocean and


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that eventually coales to form the


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planet Earth with debris ejector flung


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to orbit around the newly created


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created Planet by the impact eventually


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ACC creting to form the moon sometime


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later Denton says this same scenario


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could also have happened for the Pluto


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system and it supports observations of


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Pluto's active geology and suspected


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subsurface ocean despite its location at


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the Frozen edge of the solar system back


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in 2005 citus performed simulation


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showing that the Pluto Sharon binary


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system could have originated through a


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giant Collision the problem is those


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were very simplified early models and


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they treated the colliding material


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pretty much as strengthless fluids in


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The Last 5 Years advancements in Impact


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formation models have included material


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strength properties and integrating this


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information into the simulations results


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in Pluto behaving a lot more like a


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rocky core covered in ice which changes


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the overall outcome quite significantly


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Denton says in previous models when


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Proto Sharon hit Proto Pluto you end up


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with massive shearing effects of fluids


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looking a lot like two blobs in a lava


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lamp bending and swirling around each


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other but by adding structural strength


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properties it allows friction to


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distribute impact momentum leading to a


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more kiss and capture regime when Pluto


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and Sharon Collide under this new model


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they stick together looking a lot like a


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Snowman and they rotate for a while as a


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single body until Pluto eventually


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pushes Sharon out into a stable orbit


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Denton says that most Cosmic collisions


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are hit and run impacts where the


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impactor hits the planet but keeps on


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going or Al alternatively the impactor


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hits a planet and they merge that's


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called a grazin merge but she says for


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the Pluto Sharon system we have a new


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paradigm where the two bodies hit and


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stick together but do not merge because


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they're behaving like rock and Ice Pluto


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and Sharon likely exchanged some


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material between each other but didn't


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lose an awful lot of their material


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Pluto is bigger and started up and also


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ended with much more rock than ice on


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the other hand Sharon's a lot smaller


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and ended up with about a 50 50 split


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between Rock and Ice the two celestial


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bodies maintain their structural


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integrity and eventually separated


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likely preserving the ancient structures


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of both bodies which they initially had


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when they formed in the Kyer Bel the icy


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ring of Frozen world's debris and comets


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which Circle the sun beyond the orbit of


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Neptune this means the internal


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structures of both Pluto and Sharon


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should be quite ancient now this new


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model tells us how the impact may have


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happened but not when which is


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significant especially as Pluto is


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thought to be geologically active and


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may have a liquid ocean under its icy


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surface see even if Pluto starts out


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really cold and that makes more sense


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from a solar system Evolution


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perspective the giant impact and


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subsequent gravitational tidal forces


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following separation would result in


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internal Heating and consequently the


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formation of an ocean later and that has


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some pretty big implications for the ker


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build as a whole that's because eight of


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the 10 largest ker build objects are


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very similar from what we can tell to


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Pluto and Sharon it's a fascinating


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Prospect this is spacetime still to come


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the pepy Columbus spacecraft swoops slow


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over the planet Mercury for the last


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time and we take a look at the year


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ahead in astronomy all that and more


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coming up on SpaceTime


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the biy Columbus spacecrafts just taken


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a close flyby of mercury swooping down


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to within 295 kilm of the sunscorch


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planet's gray crater covered surface the


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pass on January the 8th was the sixth


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and Final Gravity assist maneuver needed


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to steer The Joint European Space Agency


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in Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency


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Mission into its Mercury orbit insertion


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trajectory the space craft will enter


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orbit around the planet nearest the sun


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late next year during this final flyby


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Bey Columbo flew over Mercury's North


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Pole providing scientists with stunning


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close-up images of the vast sunlet


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Northern Plains and what could be the


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icy floors of deep craters which are in


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permanent Shadow the probe made its


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Final Approach swooping above the


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planet's Dark Night side around 7


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minutes later it passed directly over


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the Mercury and North Pole before


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getting a clear view of the planet Sun


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bake North the flyby marked the last


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time the missions mcams get their


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closeup view of mercury that's because


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they're attached to the spacecraft's


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cruise module which will soon be


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jettisoned allowing the mission's two


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orbiters asa's Mercury planetary Orbiter


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and Jax's Mercury magnetospheric Orbiter


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to separate and move on into their own


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individual orbits beby Columbo was


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launched aboard an Aran 5 rocket on


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October the 20th 2018 from the European


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space agency's k Spaceport in French


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Guana the spacecraft consists of four


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sections that will detach its specific


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points along the mission's journey Jax's


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Mercury magnetus feric Orbit's main


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science goals are provide a detailed


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study of the magnetic environment of


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mercury the interaction of the solar


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wind with the planet and the diverse


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chemical species present in the


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exosphere the planet's extremely tenuous


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atmosphere on the other hand E's Mercury


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planetary Orbiter will focus more on the


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planet's surface and composition and


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together with the Mercury magnetospheric


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orbit will help piece together a full


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picture of the interaction of the solar


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wind on the planet's


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environment together they'll watch how


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this interaction at the surface feeds


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back into what's observed from the


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exosphere and how that varies both in


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time and location something that can


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only be achieved using two spacecraft in


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such complimentary orbits a third


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section the Mercury transfer module is


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located at the base of the stack and IT


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Supplies the power and support systems


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for the two orbiters as well as


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propulsion during the cruise phase of


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the mission it also protects the


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orbiters from the extreme temperatures


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they get being so close to Mercury in


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the sun there's also a magnetospheric


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orbit of sun shield and interface


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structure it's fitted between the two


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orbiters and provides additional


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protection for the Mercury


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magnetospheric Orbiter before it enters


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orbit beby Columbo undertook a total of


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nine gravity assist Maneuvers during its


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7year journey to reach mercury in order


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not to get overwhelmed by the sun's


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enormous gravitational field as well as


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the six Mercury flybys there are also


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two flybys around Venus and one around


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the earth these flybys utilize the


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gravitational pull of the planets to


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help alter the speed and direction of


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the spacecraft and together with the


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spacecraft solar electric propulsion


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system helped the probe steer into


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Mercury orbit against the strong


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gravitational pull of the sun when babby


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Columbo finally achieves Mercury orbit


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insertion in November 2026 it'll endure


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temperatures in excess of 350° C


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Gathering data during what's an initial


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oneyear nominal Mission with a possible


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one-year extension scientists want to


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understand how planets can form and


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evolve so close to their host Stars


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beepy columber therefore will study the


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planet's interior structure its


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composition and the characteristics and


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origin of its internal magnetic field


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all in the hope of finding out why


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mercury has such a huge core in relation


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to its mantle they also want to


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understand surface processes such as


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cratering tectonics polar deposits and


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volcanism and they also want to


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determine whether the planet really is


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shrinking as it cools another key area


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of exploration will be a better


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understanding of the characteristic


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structure composition Origins and


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dynamics of Mercury's exosphere and


00:09:15.920 --> 00:09:18.069
magnetosphere and finally the mission


00:09:18.079 --> 00:09:20.269
will also allow scientists to test


00:09:20.279 --> 00:09:22.710
Einstein's theory of general relativity


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by making the most precise measurements


00:09:24.880 --> 00:09:27.230
yet of the spacecraft's orbit and


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position this is spacetime


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still to come we take a look at the year


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ahead in astronomy and later in the


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science report a new study shows that


00:09:36.760 --> 00:09:38.790
people who drink coffee in the mornings


00:09:38.800 --> 00:09:41.190
have a far lower risk of dying from any


00:09:41.200 --> 00:09:44.310
cause all that and more still to come on


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SpaceTime


00:10:00.959 --> 00:10:03.110
well 2025 hopes to be another big year


00:10:03.120 --> 00:10:05.030
in astronomy and space Sciences with the


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sun's 11year solar cycle destined to


00:10:07.560 --> 00:10:09.790
reach its peak at solar Max that's


00:10:09.800 --> 00:10:11.949
assuming it hasn't already happened


00:10:11.959 --> 00:10:14.069
there's a rare Edge on view of satin


00:10:14.079 --> 00:10:16.310
spectacular Rings happening in March


00:10:16.320 --> 00:10:17.790
that's something that only happens once


00:10:17.800 --> 00:10:20.990
every 15 earth years the comet G3 Atlas


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could flare up as it swoops around the


00:10:22.800 --> 00:10:24.870
Sun this month that could make it one of


00:10:24.880 --> 00:10:26.910
the brightest objects in the sky


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there'll be two lunar eclipses for the


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Year One one in March another in


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September there'll also be lunar


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occultations of the star Spiker regulus


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and anaris and the ples open star


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cluster messia 45 with the details of


00:10:40.880 --> 00:10:42.389
these and more we're joined by the


00:10:42.399 --> 00:10:44.990
author of The 2025 austral Asian sky


00:10:45.000 --> 00:10:48.389
guide astronomer Dr Nick LOM mid January


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will be a very interesting time to look


00:10:50.519 --> 00:10:52.829
at the night sky in the northern sky we


00:10:52.839 --> 00:10:56.269
have a whole range of bright planets all


00:10:56.279 --> 00:10:58.590
fact all the naked ey planets apart from


00:10:58.600 --> 00:11:00.910
Mercury can be seen as we move from the


00:11:00.920 --> 00:11:03.150
West to the North and then towards the


00:11:03.160 --> 00:11:05.710
east we have in the Western sky we have


00:11:05.720 --> 00:11:08.269
Venus just above it and towards the


00:11:08.279 --> 00:11:11.670
north we have Saturn and its rings are


00:11:11.680 --> 00:11:14.470
very much tilted so seeed them at a very


00:11:14.480 --> 00:11:16.590
shallow angle and in the north we can


00:11:16.600 --> 00:11:18.870
see the bright planet Jupiter and it's


00:11:18.880 --> 00:11:21.430
near the bright star aler BR bright


00:11:21.440 --> 00:11:24.069
redish star Alder BR which is in the


00:11:24.079 --> 00:11:26.910
constellation of tourist the B above


00:11:26.920 --> 00:11:28.790
them you have the constellation of a


00:11:28.800 --> 00:11:31.190
ride which is a favorite constellation


00:11:31.200 --> 00:11:33.470
in the Australian Summer Sky again it's


00:11:33.480 --> 00:11:36.269
a worthwh to be famili with orine


00:11:36.279 --> 00:11:39.269
because it can be used to sign post and


00:11:39.279 --> 00:11:42.030
extend various imaginary LS either


00:11:42.040 --> 00:11:44.509
towards east or west and we can find


00:11:44.519 --> 00:11:46.310
different interesting objects in the


00:11:46.320 --> 00:11:49.030
night sky in the north we have Jupiter


00:11:49.040 --> 00:11:53.069
and all the BR and then in the Northeast


00:11:53.079 --> 00:11:55.470
we have the planet Mars and that's the


00:11:55.480 --> 00:11:58.350
reddish planet opposition it's an


00:11:58.360 --> 00:12:00.110
opposition this year unfortunately it's


00:12:00.120 --> 00:12:02.750
not a favorable opposition it's it's a


00:12:02.760 --> 00:12:04.829
time really worthwhile to look at the


00:12:04.839 --> 00:12:06.509
sky and it's all happening in the


00:12:06.519 --> 00:12:08.670
evenings after the dark so you don't


00:12:08.680 --> 00:12:10.509
have to get up early to see them


00:12:10.519 --> 00:12:12.150
unfortunately it's not the most


00:12:12.160 --> 00:12:14.629
favorable opposition of masss because


00:12:14.639 --> 00:12:17.430
marass is a fairly oval shaped pass


00:12:17.440 --> 00:12:19.670
around the Sun and this time at the


00:12:19.680 --> 00:12:21.629
opposition when it's on the opposite


00:12:21.639 --> 00:12:24.550
side of the sun to to the Earth it's at


00:12:24.560 --> 00:12:27.069
its most distant spot or one of its most


00:12:27.079 --> 00:12:29.870
distant bots in its orbit oppos I take


00:12:29.880 --> 00:12:31.870
place every 2 years or so but there's


00:12:31.880 --> 00:12:33.910
not going to be a favorable opposition


00:12:33.920 --> 00:12:34.790
until


00:12:34.800 --> 00:12:37.750
2033 so it's quite a long time to wait


00:12:37.760 --> 00:12:40.389
before we get a favorable opposition of


00:12:40.399 --> 00:12:42.629
mass when it is starting to be at a


00:12:42.639 --> 00:12:44.790
close Point probably a good time to do a


00:12:44.800 --> 00:12:48.629
man mission of M all missions to m m or


00:12:48.639 --> 00:12:50.509
otherwise I mean so far there hasn't


00:12:50.519 --> 00:12:52.670
been a man mission that place of


00:12:52.680 --> 00:12:54.750
opposition sort of being launched a few


00:12:54.760 --> 00:12:57.829
months before opposition and so to diing


00:12:57.839 --> 00:13:00.829
it to reach MS opposition when it at a


00:13:00.839 --> 00:13:03.470
close point to Earth and so it saves a


00:13:03.480 --> 00:13:05.829
lot of fuel and time to get there there


00:13:05.839 --> 00:13:07.710
are two big highlights in March one is


00:13:07.720 --> 00:13:09.550
the eclipse of the moon the other is


00:13:09.560 --> 00:13:11.629
crossing the rings of Saturn eclipse of


00:13:11.639 --> 00:13:14.750
the moon now is a total eclipse however


00:13:14.760 --> 00:13:17.949
from Australia we only get a glimpse of


00:13:17.959 --> 00:13:20.150
the ending of the eclipse and that's


00:13:20.160 --> 00:13:23.069
only for people on the Eastern Coastline


00:13:23.079 --> 00:13:26.150
so for people in say in Sydney they had


00:13:26.160 --> 00:13:28.430
half an hour after moon rise that they


00:13:28.440 --> 00:13:30.829
can see the eclipse before it ends


00:13:30.839 --> 00:13:33.829
people in Brisbane 43 minutes before the


00:13:33.839 --> 00:13:35.990
eclipse ends so they might get a little


00:13:36.000 --> 00:13:38.629
bit of thread on the moon and that will


00:13:38.639 --> 00:13:41.470
be interesting to see as it rises but it


00:13:41.480 --> 00:13:43.550
is near the end of the eclipse people


00:13:43.560 --> 00:13:46.069
from New Zealand can see almost all the


00:13:46.079 --> 00:13:47.790
eclipse the other big event of course is


00:13:47.800 --> 00:13:49.509
the crossing of the Rings of Saturn it


00:13:49.519 --> 00:13:50.910
seems like that just happened the other


00:13:50.920 --> 00:13:53.910
day it was 15 years ago wow that's right


00:13:53.920 --> 00:13:56.509
because Saturn takes 29 years to go


00:13:56.519 --> 00:13:59.350
around the Sun and twice in its all bit


00:13:59.360 --> 00:14:01.749
and its path around the Sun the Earth


00:14:01.759 --> 00:14:04.389
crosses the ring plane of Saturn


00:14:04.399 --> 00:14:07.189
Saturn's rinks of course look extremely


00:14:07.199 --> 00:14:09.590
spectacular in a small telescope that's


00:14:09.600 --> 00:14:11.990
a favorite thing to look at and it's


00:14:12.000 --> 00:14:14.509
exciting for anybody whether they've


00:14:14.519 --> 00:14:17.269
seen it before or not but in March of


00:14:17.279 --> 00:14:20.389
this year the Rings will disappear place


00:14:20.399 --> 00:14:22.590
as we go through the ring plane


00:14:22.600 --> 00:14:24.949
unfortunately on the day that it


00:14:24.959 --> 00:14:27.230
actually happens which is the 24th of


00:14:27.240 --> 00:14:29.550
March we cannot see Saturn it's too


00:14:29.560 --> 00:14:31.430
close to the Sun but we'll be able to


00:14:31.440 --> 00:14:33.629
see it just a few days later in the


00:14:33.639 --> 00:14:35.829
early morning by the end of the month


00:14:35.839 --> 00:14:38.470
we'll be able to see Saturn as it rises


00:14:38.480 --> 00:14:40.110
and if you look at it through a small


00:14:40.120 --> 00:14:42.430
telescope you will see that the Rings


00:14:42.440 --> 00:14:45.430
are at a very shallow angle and for


00:14:45.440 --> 00:14:47.430
those people who obviously don't want to


00:14:47.440 --> 00:14:49.670
get up early in the morning they can see


00:14:49.680 --> 00:14:52.990
see Saturn from now until mid February


00:14:53.000 --> 00:14:55.110
you can see Saturn and we can see the


00:14:55.120 --> 00:14:57.829
Rings at this very shallow angle I


00:14:57.839 --> 00:14:59.790
should say that you do we need a small


00:14:59.800 --> 00:15:02.470
telescope to be able to to see Saturn


00:15:02.480 --> 00:15:04.110
but those who do not have a small


00:15:04.120 --> 00:15:06.150
telescope then they should contact their


00:15:06.160 --> 00:15:08.389
local estron me group they often have


00:15:08.399 --> 00:15:10.710
viewing sessions or go to a place like


00:15:10.720 --> 00:15:12.310
public Observatory like Sydney


00:15:12.320 --> 00:15:15.350
Observatory and groups could be T


00:15:15.360 --> 00:15:17.550
Society Victoria they have hwings the


00:15:17.560 --> 00:15:21.590
norn observatory Brest Society has hings


00:15:21.600 --> 00:15:23.949
so there is all everybody has a chance


00:15:23.959 --> 00:15:26.030
to look through a telescope and it is a


00:15:26.040 --> 00:15:27.749
first while to look at that now the


00:15:27.759 --> 00:15:30.350
planets align nicely in April there's a


00:15:30.360 --> 00:15:32.749
very nice alignment of the planets or


00:15:32.759 --> 00:15:35.949
grouping of the planets in early April


00:15:35.959 --> 00:15:38.230
first half of April you need to get up


00:15:38.240 --> 00:15:40.509
early to be able to see but Mercury


00:15:40.519 --> 00:15:43.470
Venus and Saturn form a nice bunch and


00:15:43.480 --> 00:15:46.509
they change as the the days go on in


00:15:46.519 --> 00:15:49.389
early April they form different patterns


00:15:49.399 --> 00:15:52.030
triangles and different configurations


00:15:52.040 --> 00:15:54.470
which are very will be easy to pick up


00:15:54.480 --> 00:15:57.150
if you to watch them continuously in May


00:15:57.160 --> 00:15:59.670
there's the ETA aquates meteor shower


00:15:59.680 --> 00:16:01.910
that's tried this year it's quite


00:16:01.920 --> 00:16:05.470
favorable now e Mee your shower is


00:16:05.480 --> 00:16:08.069
connected with a Le Comet as st's Comet


00:16:08.079 --> 00:16:11.509
moves around the Sun taking 76 years it


00:16:11.519 --> 00:16:14.509
throws of dust and that dust spreads


00:16:14.519 --> 00:16:16.870
around it orbit or it's pass around the


00:16:16.880 --> 00:16:20.069
Sun and every year in early may it bump


00:16:20.079 --> 00:16:22.710
into that stream of dust and as the dust


00:16:22.720 --> 00:16:25.309
particles H the Earth's atmosphere they


00:16:25.319 --> 00:16:27.829
burn off they leaving streaks of light


00:16:27.839 --> 00:16:30.389
that are meteors um in the past people


00:16:30.399 --> 00:16:33.230
used to refer to them as Falling Stars


00:16:33.240 --> 00:16:36.030
this year it's a fairly favorable meteor


00:16:36.040 --> 00:16:38.470
share or favorable opportunity to see


00:16:38.480 --> 00:16:40.710
the sh because there's no bright moon in


00:16:40.720 --> 00:16:43.350
the sky so the Moon that will not hide


00:16:43.360 --> 00:16:45.749
the faint as meteors by brightening the


00:16:45.759 --> 00:16:49.150
sky but that said it is important to try


00:16:49.160 --> 00:16:52.430
and find it as darker spot as possible


00:16:52.440 --> 00:16:54.590
see them basically they can be all over


00:16:54.600 --> 00:16:56.949
the sky but the point from which they


00:16:56.959 --> 00:16:59.430
seem to originate is near the


00:16:59.440 --> 00:17:02.110
constellation of Gemini which is also


00:17:02.120 --> 00:17:04.350
near constellation of heran now speaking


00:17:04.360 --> 00:17:06.470
of constellations the southern crosses


00:17:06.480 --> 00:17:08.870
will positioned during the month of June


00:17:08.880 --> 00:17:11.470
that's right sou crosses for some people


00:17:11.480 --> 00:17:14.429
in Australia for most people in the sou


00:17:14.439 --> 00:17:16.829
parts of the country it's always above


00:17:16.839 --> 00:17:20.309
the Horizon of what's referred to a suum


00:17:20.319 --> 00:17:23.710
PO constellation however it is very hard


00:17:23.720 --> 00:17:25.909
to see early in the year January


00:17:25.919 --> 00:17:28.110
February because it's very low down in


00:17:28.120 --> 00:17:31.789
the sky so if any trees or houses would


00:17:31.799 --> 00:17:34.110
block it from our view I remember once


00:17:34.120 --> 00:17:36.270
being at the opera house and hearing


00:17:36.280 --> 00:17:38.590
foreign tourists wanting to see the sou


00:17:38.600 --> 00:17:41.029
cross in January but there was no chance


00:17:41.039 --> 00:17:43.510
of seeing it then certainly not from the


00:17:43.520 --> 00:17:45.789
middle of Sydney in June it's a much


00:17:45.799 --> 00:17:48.270
higher Place High up in the sky in the


00:17:48.280 --> 00:17:50.590
early evenings and then of course it's a


00:17:50.600 --> 00:17:52.870
lovely object to look at and people


00:17:52.880 --> 00:17:55.190
should be familiar with it because then


00:17:55.200 --> 00:17:57.710
you can use it to find other objects in


00:17:57.720 --> 00:18:00.430
the night sky you can extend various


00:18:00.440 --> 00:18:02.350
lines from the stars of the Southern


00:18:02.360 --> 00:18:04.870
Cross and find other stars for example


00:18:04.880 --> 00:18:07.029
canopus can be reached by here


00:18:07.039 --> 00:18:09.630
projecting an imaginary line from two of


00:18:09.640 --> 00:18:12.430
the stars of the sun CRS also of course


00:18:12.440 --> 00:18:14.190
tells you if you're lost in the bush


00:18:14.200 --> 00:18:16.870
tells you there South Fire extending a


00:18:16.880 --> 00:18:19.669
line from the Southern Cross down 4 and


00:18:19.679 --> 00:18:21.669
a half times at the vids of the Southern


00:18:21.679 --> 00:18:24.190
Cross they reach a point about between


00:18:24.200 --> 00:18:26.669
the stars and the sky revolve and below


00:18:26.679 --> 00:18:29.549
that is South so it's always useful to


00:18:29.559 --> 00:18:31.710
be a to notice it and of course it's


00:18:31.720 --> 00:18:34.310
easy to find because the do pointer


00:18:34.320 --> 00:18:37.390
Stars Alpha and be centor Point towards


00:18:37.400 --> 00:18:39.870
the cross now moving to August and uh we


00:18:39.880 --> 00:18:41.669
were talking about the planets earlier


00:18:41.679 --> 00:18:43.549
we go back to the planets Venus and


00:18:43.559 --> 00:18:45.270
Jupiter the two brightest planets in the


00:18:45.280 --> 00:18:47.110
night sky and they're very close


00:18:47.120 --> 00:18:48.710
together that's right that's a great


00:18:48.720 --> 00:18:51.029
sight when you have two planets close


00:18:51.039 --> 00:18:53.270
together especially the two brightest


00:18:53.280 --> 00:18:55.549
ones Venus is the brightest object in


00:18:55.559 --> 00:18:57.789
the night sky are from the Moon and


00:18:57.799 --> 00:19:00.149
Jupiter is the second brightest after


00:19:00.159 --> 00:19:02.190
Venus or the third brightest after the


00:19:02.200 --> 00:19:04.870
moon and Venus in the night sky and


00:19:04.880 --> 00:19:07.549
that's really the T them close together


00:19:07.559 --> 00:19:09.990
and separate they only separated by two


00:19:10.000 --> 00:19:12.470
moon VDS or twice the vits of the full


00:19:12.480 --> 00:19:14.789
moon so they're very close together


00:19:14.799 --> 00:19:17.029
that's one degree in the sky also in


00:19:17.039 --> 00:19:18.870
August it's a great time to have a look


00:19:18.880 --> 00:19:20.750
at Sagittarius and when you look at the


00:19:20.760 --> 00:19:22.549
constellation Sagittarius you are of


00:19:22.559 --> 00:19:24.029
course looking towards the very center


00:19:24.039 --> 00:19:26.430
of our galaxy Sagittarius is a very


00:19:26.440 --> 00:19:28.710
important constellation to you


00:19:28.720 --> 00:19:31.149
Australian astronomers because they do


00:19:31.159 --> 00:19:33.990
spend a lot of time studying the region


00:19:34.000 --> 00:19:36.789
of the center parts of our galaxy of


00:19:36.799 --> 00:19:38.909
course you can't see the center of that


00:19:38.919 --> 00:19:41.669
Galaxy very well because there is just


00:19:41.679 --> 00:19:44.510
too much gas and dust in the way so not


00:19:44.520 --> 00:19:46.669
in not real lighted but with radio


00:19:46.679 --> 00:19:48.789
telescopes you can look right towards


00:19:48.799 --> 00:19:51.110
the center and what is the center of the


00:19:51.120 --> 00:19:55.110
mer what's referred to a Sagittarius AAR


00:19:55.120 --> 00:19:58.149
which is where the central black hole


00:19:58.159 --> 00:20:01.510
with mass of 4 million times mess of sun


00:20:01.520 --> 00:20:04.029
LS there in the center of the Galaxy as


00:20:04.039 --> 00:20:07.190
I set called Sagittarius A star and it


00:20:07.200 --> 00:20:10.029
can be observed using radio telescope


00:20:10.039 --> 00:20:12.270
Sagittarius is a constellation also


00:20:12.280 --> 00:20:14.510
known as the teapot and this is because


00:20:14.520 --> 00:20:16.830
if you sort of join up the stars of


00:20:16.840 --> 00:20:18.789
Sagittarius or the bright stars of


00:20:18.799 --> 00:20:21.390
Sagittarius and it looks like a teapot


00:20:21.400 --> 00:20:24.190
with a handle and once you see that and


00:20:24.200 --> 00:20:26.310
you you sort of point it out to you I


00:20:26.320 --> 00:20:28.750
think it's impossible not to see as a te


00:20:28.760 --> 00:20:31.310
pot so it's a very nice constellation to


00:20:31.320 --> 00:20:33.669
observe either with the naked eye or


00:20:33.679 --> 00:20:35.950
through giant radio telescopes now we


00:20:35.960 --> 00:20:37.909
were talking earlier about the total


00:20:37.919 --> 00:20:39.870
eclipse of the moon in March there's


00:20:39.880 --> 00:20:41.470
another one in September that's right


00:20:41.480 --> 00:20:43.909
and this is much better for us in


00:20:43.919 --> 00:20:46.149
Australia because it's visible through


00:20:46.159 --> 00:20:48.430
the whole country the whole country is a


00:20:48.440 --> 00:20:50.669
total eclipse and that's happening on


00:20:50.679 --> 00:20:53.070
the early morning of Monday 8th of


00:20:53.080 --> 00:20:55.510
September a total eclipse of the Moon


00:20:55.520 --> 00:20:57.750
occurs then the moon moves into the


00:20:57.760 --> 00:21:00.590
Earth shadow and you'd imagine that if


00:21:00.600 --> 00:21:02.270
it's in your Shadow it would be


00:21:02.280 --> 00:21:04.669
completely dark but in fact it takes on


00:21:04.679 --> 00:21:07.470
a red of coppery color often in the


00:21:07.480 --> 00:21:09.830
media it's referred to as a blood moon


00:21:09.840 --> 00:21:11.950
but I really hate that expression


00:21:11.960 --> 00:21:13.950
because that sort of sounds terribly


00:21:13.960 --> 00:21:16.310
Sinister and it's not um it's just a


00:21:16.320 --> 00:21:18.909
very spectacular event for this well to


00:21:18.919 --> 00:21:22.269
watch the reason it turns red is because


00:21:22.279 --> 00:21:25.549
sunlight is Bent by the US atmosphere


00:21:25.559 --> 00:21:28.870
onto the moon and as the sunlight is and


00:21:28.880 --> 00:21:31.390
it goes through the regions of the earth


00:21:31.400 --> 00:21:34.310
whether it's either sunrise or Sunset


00:21:34.320 --> 00:21:36.630
and for the same reason that Sunrise is


00:21:36.640 --> 00:21:39.430
and sunsets are red the blue light


00:21:39.440 --> 00:21:42.149
scattered away the same reason Red Light


00:21:42.159 --> 00:21:45.390
reaches to moon and we see it as a red


00:21:45.400 --> 00:21:48.909
moon exactly how red it becomes we don't


00:21:48.919 --> 00:21:51.190
really know in advance it depends on the


00:21:51.200 --> 00:21:53.110
state of Earth atmosphere if there's


00:21:53.120 --> 00:21:55.750
been a volcanic explosion in the weeks


00:21:55.760 --> 00:21:57.950
or months beforehand then there was a


00:21:57.960 --> 00:22:00.390
lot of dust in the earth atmosphere and


00:22:00.400 --> 00:22:03.510
that makes the Moon much darker and less


00:22:03.520 --> 00:22:05.909
likely to appear red we were talking


00:22:05.919 --> 00:22:08.110
about the at aquarids meteor shower


00:22:08.120 --> 00:22:09.990
earlier towards the end of the year we


00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:11.750
have the Geminids meteor shower which


00:22:11.760 --> 00:22:13.710
are especially good this year the gemin


00:22:13.720 --> 00:22:16.190
can be a very spectacular meteor show


00:22:16.200 --> 00:22:18.310
and this year we're fortunate because


00:22:18.320 --> 00:22:20.350
there's no moon or bright moon in the


00:22:20.360 --> 00:22:22.789
sky and we can see the fainted meteors


00:22:22.799 --> 00:22:25.710
that again as with ether quit the darker


00:22:25.720 --> 00:22:28.549
the sky you can find to observe them to


00:22:28.559 --> 00:22:30.990
better they occur in the early morning


00:22:31.000 --> 00:22:34.269
they're um unusual medeia sh because the


00:22:34.279 --> 00:22:37.750
gines are associated with a rocky


00:22:37.760 --> 00:22:40.870
asteroid called faton and that is not a


00:22:40.880 --> 00:22:43.789
comet most media show say Associated


00:22:43.799 --> 00:22:46.029
comets but for some reason this one the


00:22:46.039 --> 00:22:48.630
gines are associated with this Rocky


00:22:48.640 --> 00:22:50.310
asteroid it's often referred to as a


00:22:50.320 --> 00:22:52.190
rock Comet isn't it that's correct


00:22:52.200 --> 00:22:54.510
that's right so to see the show looking


00:22:54.520 --> 00:22:56.350
towards the north seas in the early


00:22:56.360 --> 00:22:58.830
morning they appear to come from the


00:22:58.840 --> 00:23:01.510
constellation of Gemini they can appear


00:23:01.520 --> 00:23:03.950
all over the sky but you can trace them


00:23:03.960 --> 00:23:06.110
backward to Constellation of Gemini now


00:23:06.120 --> 00:23:07.350
of course everything you've been talking


00:23:07.360 --> 00:23:10.269
about here is located in the 2025


00:23:10.279 --> 00:23:12.470
edition of the austral Asian sky guide


00:23:12.480 --> 00:23:14.830
which we use as a source of information


00:23:14.840 --> 00:23:16.710
here at SpaceTime on our monthly


00:23:16.720 --> 00:23:19.190
Skywatch programs and the new edition's


00:23:19.200 --> 00:23:20.750
just been released tell me about it it's


00:23:20.760 --> 00:23:23.510
a 30th edition of the sky guide it's


00:23:23.520 --> 00:23:25.789
been going for quite a number of years


00:23:25.799 --> 00:23:28.230
this here is a very spectacular cover


00:23:28.240 --> 00:23:31.070
it's a photograph of an aurora seen from


00:23:31.080 --> 00:23:33.789
the grand Pian National Park and of


00:23:33.799 --> 00:23:35.950
course lately we've been having lots of


00:23:35.960 --> 00:23:39.510
auroras because the sun is very active


00:23:39.520 --> 00:23:42.710
near is near very lucky you see Aurora


00:23:42.720 --> 00:23:44.269
more frequently than we do here in


00:23:44.279 --> 00:23:45.870
Sydney but we actually got to see one in


00:23:45.880 --> 00:23:47.669
Sydney last week so that was pretty


00:23:47.679 --> 00:23:50.430
exciting it is very spectacular it's a


00:23:50.440 --> 00:23:52.830
magnificent shot a magnificent photogra


00:23:52.840 --> 00:23:56.310
from NOA and the Sun is near its maximum


00:23:56.320 --> 00:23:57.909
it might have already reached it


00:23:57.919 --> 00:23:59.029
sometime in


00:23:59.039 --> 00:24:01.990
2024 solar maximum is something that we


00:24:02.000 --> 00:24:04.310
can't really know that it's happening


00:24:04.320 --> 00:24:06.830
until after it has happened but it did


00:24:06.840 --> 00:24:08.789
seem to have a bit of a peak in the


00:24:08.799 --> 00:24:12.950
middle of 2024 the sky guard always aims


00:24:12.960 --> 00:24:15.950
to give people all the basic information


00:24:15.960 --> 00:24:18.470
they need to be familiar with the night


00:24:18.480 --> 00:24:21.390
sky there are maps these are recently


00:24:21.400 --> 00:24:23.310
redrawn I what's the easiest way to get


00:24:23.320 --> 00:24:25.870
the sky guide sky guide is available in


00:24:25.880 --> 00:24:28.710
award bookshops it's available online


00:24:28.720 --> 00:24:31.269
and of course you can buy directly from


00:24:31.279 --> 00:24:34.470
pous Museum online from P House Museum


00:24:34.480 --> 00:24:37.230
or from us house publishing which


00:24:37.240 --> 00:24:40.430
jointly publishes the astran sky guide


00:24:40.440 --> 00:24:42.750
with bhouse publishing that's Dr Nick


00:24:42.760 --> 00:24:44.669
LOM curator of astronomy with the


00:24:44.679 --> 00:24:47.830
PowerHouse Museum Sydney Observatory and


00:24:47.840 --> 00:25:04.909
this SpaceTime


00:25:04.919 --> 00:25:06.350
and time now to take a brief look at


00:25:06.360 --> 00:25:07.990
some of the other stories making news in


00:25:08.000 --> 00:25:09.750
science this week with the science


00:25:09.760 --> 00:25:11.909
report the World Meteorological


00:25:11.919 --> 00:25:14.950
organization has confirmed that 2024 was


00:25:14.960 --> 00:25:17.870
the warmest Jon record the findings


00:25:17.880 --> 00:25:20.389
based on six international data sets


00:25:20.399 --> 00:25:22.750
also showed that the past 10 years were


00:25:22.760 --> 00:25:25.269
the 10 warmest years on record and that


00:25:25.279 --> 00:25:27.990
2024 was likely the first calendar year


00:25:28.000 --> 00:25:29.750
with a global average or mean


00:25:29.760 --> 00:25:34.590
temperature of 1.55 de C above the 1850


00:25:34.600 --> 00:25:38.149
to 1900 average the wo's temperature


00:25:38.159 --> 00:25:40.430
assessment is based on multiple sources


00:25:40.440 --> 00:25:42.669
of data including the European Center


00:25:42.679 --> 00:25:45.070
for medium-range weather forecasting the


00:25:45.080 --> 00:25:47.870
Japan meteorological agency NASA the


00:25:47.880 --> 00:25:49.870
United States national oceanographic and


00:25:49.880 --> 00:25:52.350
Atmospheric Administration Noah the UK


00:25:52.360 --> 00:25:55.350
Met Office the University of East Anglia


00:25:55.360 --> 00:25:57.950
and Berkeley Earth meanwhile a separate


00:25:57.960 --> 00:25:59.710
state published in the Journal of


00:25:59.720 --> 00:26:01.789
advances in atmospheric sciences has


00:26:01.799 --> 00:26:04.870
found that ocean warming in 2024 also


00:26:04.880 --> 00:26:07.110
played a key role in the record high


00:26:07.120 --> 00:26:09.630
temperatures the report found the ocean


00:26:09.640 --> 00:26:11.669
is the warmest that's ever been as


00:26:11.679 --> 00:26:14.029
recorded by humans not only on the


00:26:14.039 --> 00:26:16.389
surface but also down to a depth of


00:26:16.399 --> 00:26:19.230
2,000 M the World Meteorological


00:26:19.240 --> 00:26:21.510
organization says China Remains the


00:26:21.520 --> 00:26:23.990
world's biggest carbon dioxide polluter


00:26:24.000 --> 00:26:26.269
producing a third of the total Global


00:26:26.279 --> 00:26:29.350
output amounting to more than 72 million


00:26:29.360 --> 00:26:31.190
tons


00:26:31.200 --> 00:26:33.549
annually a new study has found that


00:26:33.559 --> 00:26:35.269
people who drink coffee in the mornings


00:26:35.279 --> 00:26:37.389
have a lower risk of dying from heart


00:26:37.399 --> 00:26:39.510
disease and a lower overall risk of


00:26:39.520 --> 00:26:41.549
dying from any cause compared to both


00:26:41.559 --> 00:26:43.310
people who drink coffee all day and


00:26:43.320 --> 00:26:45.510
those who don't drink coffee at all a


00:26:45.520 --> 00:26:47.350
report in the European heart Journal


00:26:47.360 --> 00:26:49.950
used survey data from over 40,000 us


00:26:49.960 --> 00:26:53.310
adults between 1999 and 2018 were asked


00:26:53.320 --> 00:26:54.789
about all the food and drink they


00:26:54.799 --> 00:26:57.350
consumed on at least one day including


00:26:57.360 --> 00:26:59.430
whether they drank coffee how much of it


00:26:59.440 --> 00:27:01.789
they drank and when they drank it the


00:27:01.799 --> 00:27:03.870
information was then linked with records


00:27:03.880 --> 00:27:06.590
of deaths and causes of deaths over 90


00:27:06.600 --> 00:27:09.389
years the authors found that about 36%


00:27:09.399 --> 00:27:10.990
of people in the study were morning


00:27:11.000 --> 00:27:13.190
coffee drinkers primarily drinking their


00:27:13.200 --> 00:27:16.870
cup of joe before midday another 16% of


00:27:16.880 --> 00:27:18.870
people drank coffee throughout the day


00:27:18.880 --> 00:27:22.350
and 48% were non- coffee drinkers now


00:27:22.360 --> 00:27:23.909
compared to people who didn't drink


00:27:23.919 --> 00:27:26.389
coffee morning coffee drinkers were 16%


00:27:26.399 --> 00:27:29.310
less likely to die of any cause and 31%


00:27:29.320 --> 00:27:31.870
less likely to die of heart disease now


00:27:31.880 --> 00:27:33.870
interestingly there was no reduction in


00:27:33.880 --> 00:27:35.789
the risk for all day coffee drinkers


00:27:35.799 --> 00:27:38.310
compared to non-coffee drinkers now an


00:27:38.320 --> 00:27:40.350
accompanying editorial suggest that it's


00:27:40.360 --> 00:27:41.870
possible that coffee drinking in the


00:27:41.880 --> 00:27:43.630
afternoon and evenings disrupts the


00:27:43.640 --> 00:27:46.269
Cadian Rhythm that helps with sleep


00:27:46.279 --> 00:27:47.909
that's due to its suppressing effect on


00:27:47.919 --> 00:27:50.190
melatonin and important sleep inducing


00:27:50.200 --> 00:27:52.190
mediator in the


00:27:52.200 --> 00:27:54.870
brain new computer modeling suggest


00:27:54.880 --> 00:27:56.909
indoor vertical farming could help


00:27:56.919 --> 00:27:59.350
future proofing food demands the


00:27:59.360 --> 00:28:00.710
findings reported in the journal


00:28:00.720 --> 00:28:03.110
frontiers of science based on studies


00:28:03.120 --> 00:28:05.389
using both sensors and experimentation


00:28:05.399 --> 00:28:06.950
to make this type of farming more


00:28:06.960 --> 00:28:09.269
efficient scientists created a model for


00:28:09.279 --> 00:28:11.389
testing smart lighting that aims to keep


00:28:11.399 --> 00:28:13.389
plant's ability to photosynthesize


00:28:13.399 --> 00:28:15.870
steadying constant over a full day while


00:28:15.880 --> 00:28:18.430
still lowering electricity costs the


00:28:18.440 --> 00:28:20.230
authors found that an optimization


00:28:20.240 --> 00:28:22.310
algorithm could cut electricity costs by


00:28:22.320 --> 00:28:24.950
12% without compromising plant's carbon


00:28:24.960 --> 00:28:27.830
fixation by just fairing light intensity


00:28:27.840 --> 00:28:30.149
this study comes about because food


00:28:30.159 --> 00:28:31.950
production May well need to be increased


00:28:31.960 --> 00:28:35.430
by as much as 70% by 2050 the authors


00:28:35.440 --> 00:28:37.350
say vertical farming systems therefore


00:28:37.360 --> 00:28:39.070
could help provide intensive food


00:28:39.080 --> 00:28:40.990
production while sensor systems could


00:28:41.000 --> 00:28:43.389
help reduce energy


00:28:43.399 --> 00:28:45.190
demands scientists have been


00:28:45.200 --> 00:28:46.950
investigating the genetics of a rare


00:28:46.960 --> 00:28:49.750
mupu mole to find out more about one of


00:28:49.760 --> 00:28:53.190
Australia's most enigmatic species mupi


00:28:53.200 --> 00:28:56.750
moles are small just 14 to 18 cm long


00:28:56.760 --> 00:28:59.149
and they're hard to find with just two


00:28:59.159 --> 00:29:01.310
types known to exist one living in the


00:29:01.320 --> 00:29:03.110
Northwestern desert the other in the


00:29:03.120 --> 00:29:04.990
central Australian desert the


00:29:05.000 --> 00:29:06.750
researchers sequenced the Genome of a


00:29:06.760 --> 00:29:08.149
female specimen from the south


00:29:08.159 --> 00:29:09.990
Australian Museum and found that these


00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:12.149
mupi are most closely related to


00:29:12.159 --> 00:29:14.789
bandicut and bil bees the findings


00:29:14.799 --> 00:29:16.789
reported in the journal science advances


00:29:16.799 --> 00:29:18.830
show evidence that the mupi M's


00:29:18.840 --> 00:29:20.870
population was once far greater than


00:29:20.880 --> 00:29:23.870
what it is now the population decline


00:29:23.880 --> 00:29:26.430
most likely driven by changes in climate


00:29:26.440 --> 00:29:28.430
rather than human intervention although


00:29:28.440 --> 00:29:30.070
the animals may now often be falling


00:29:30.080 --> 00:29:33.310
prey to introduce species such as


00:29:33.320 --> 00:29:36.230
foxes it's claimed that the Hexum heads


00:29:36.240 --> 00:29:38.350
two allegedly Celtic stone heads found


00:29:38.360 --> 00:29:40.470
in a garden the Hadrian's Wall are


00:29:40.480 --> 00:29:42.310
apparently cursed and could turn you


00:29:42.320 --> 00:29:44.750
into a werewolf or is it just that they


00:29:44.760 --> 00:29:47.590
simply look like werewolves or does it


00:29:47.600 --> 00:29:49.669
all really depend on what you want to


00:29:49.679 --> 00:29:52.389
believe Tim menum from a strand skeptic


00:29:52.399 --> 00:29:54.230
says people have been haunted for years


00:29:54.240 --> 00:29:56.870
by this paranormal Holy Grail it's just


00:29:56.880 --> 00:29:59.389
goes to show the power AR of suggestion


00:29:59.399 --> 00:30:01.909
story recently uh which cuts to the


00:30:01.919 --> 00:30:05.070
extreme um Hexum heads now these were


00:30:05.080 --> 00:30:08.110
two small size Celtic stone head heads


00:30:08.120 --> 00:30:09.789
presumably Celtic about the size each


00:30:09.799 --> 00:30:11.269
one about the size of a plum so it's not


00:30:11.279 --> 00:30:12.950
big heads not head size heads it's a


00:30:12.960 --> 00:30:14.630
sort of like little size heads the size


00:30:14.640 --> 00:30:16.509
of a plum perap a large Plum two of them


00:30:16.519 --> 00:30:18.950
found in a garden near Hadrian's Wall in


00:30:18.960 --> 00:30:21.990
1971 course a lot of f all very exciting


00:30:22.000 --> 00:30:24.110
BBC did a documentary about them some


00:30:24.120 --> 00:30:25.950
academics got involved and looked at


00:30:25.960 --> 00:30:28.029
them and said oh yeah this someone did


00:30:28.039 --> 00:30:30.509
analysis and said it's Sandstone Etc


00:30:30.519 --> 00:30:32.549
ancient Celtic Remnant Etc but then


00:30:32.559 --> 00:30:33.830
people started sort of thinking well


00:30:33.840 --> 00:30:35.509
perhaps they cursed why would you come


00:30:35.519 --> 00:30:37.909
up with that conclusion just because you


00:30:37.919 --> 00:30:40.190
found some an archeological artifacts


00:30:40.200 --> 00:30:42.269
evidence one of the neighbors next door


00:30:42.279 --> 00:30:43.990
said they saw some strange shapes so


00:30:44.000 --> 00:30:45.389
perhaps that's because of the heads


00:30:45.399 --> 00:30:47.630
nearby an academic took them home very


00:30:47.640 --> 00:30:49.830
sober academic normally suddenly started


00:30:49.840 --> 00:30:51.950
seeing strange shapes so you know a


00:30:51.960 --> 00:30:53.990
werewolf type shape wandering around the


00:30:54.000 --> 00:30:55.750
house where she had them and her her


00:30:55.760 --> 00:30:57.990
daughter had the same vision of uh


00:30:58.000 --> 00:30:59.789
werewolf type shapes wandering around


00:30:59.799 --> 00:31:01.110
the house and then disappearing don't


00:31:01.120 --> 00:31:02.789
tell me they had mushroom soup the night


00:31:02.799 --> 00:31:05.549
before yeah I know and and they got rid


00:31:05.559 --> 00:31:06.909
of them and supposedly the werewolves


00:31:06.919 --> 00:31:09.389
went away okay now I thought you had to


00:31:09.399 --> 00:31:12.310
be bitten by a werewolf to become a


00:31:12.320 --> 00:31:14.669
werewolf that's a good question actually


00:31:14.679 --> 00:31:16.830
um never having been bitten by werewolf


00:31:16.840 --> 00:31:18.230
I'm not quite sure yes I would have


00:31:18.240 --> 00:31:20.149
thought that um like zombies you become


00:31:20.159 --> 00:31:21.990
a zombie if you're bitten by a zombie if


00:31:22.000 --> 00:31:23.990
you're bitten by a vampire you become a


00:31:24.000 --> 00:31:25.070
vampire and if you get bitten by


00:31:25.080 --> 00:31:26.789
werewolves that's it for you you know


00:31:26.799 --> 00:31:29.230
you soon start spr in hair and your face


00:31:29.240 --> 00:31:30.789
goes all weird what's the difference


00:31:30.799 --> 00:31:33.230
between a werewolf and a wolf


00:31:33.240 --> 00:31:36.710
man here's another one there were two


00:31:36.720 --> 00:31:38.950
different analyses done of these um


00:31:38.960 --> 00:31:40.590
heads trying to scrape a little bit off


00:31:40.600 --> 00:31:42.149
to see what sort of they're made of one


00:31:42.159 --> 00:31:43.909
person said it's Sandstone the other one


00:31:43.919 --> 00:31:45.029
said it's cement it doesn't look


00:31:45.039 --> 00:31:46.990
anything like Sandstone seemly sort of


00:31:47.000 --> 00:31:48.950
molded cement with a bit of you scraping


00:31:48.960 --> 00:31:50.509
away to give it a face they're pretty


00:31:50.519 --> 00:31:52.710
rough faces they're not exactly um great


00:31:52.720 --> 00:31:55.070
sculpture Michelangelo worthy as ancient


00:31:55.080 --> 00:31:57.350
Celtic so one person came forward


00:31:57.360 --> 00:32:00.470
whether or not named Desmond craigy who


00:32:00.480 --> 00:32:02.789
said that he made him in 1956 for his


00:32:02.799 --> 00:32:04.549
kids or his daughter anyway to play with


00:32:04.559 --> 00:32:05.710
him he said he actually made three but


00:32:05.720 --> 00:32:06.870
one of them wasn't very good so they


00:32:06.880 --> 00:32:08.430
threw it out so they got buried in the


00:32:08.440 --> 00:32:10.509
backyard and 15 years later some other


00:32:10.519 --> 00:32:12.190
kids who you moved into the house dug


00:32:12.200 --> 00:32:13.870
them up whether that's true or not but


00:32:13.880 --> 00:32:15.269
what happened was that various people


00:32:15.279 --> 00:32:17.070
had a look at these heads it went from


00:32:17.080 --> 00:32:18.990
hand to hand to researcher to researcher


00:32:19.000 --> 00:32:20.789
until finally someone actually lent them


00:32:20.799 --> 00:32:23.750
to a a divver what a divver and they'll


00:32:23.760 --> 00:32:26.110
never see it again so BBC documentary


00:32:26.120 --> 00:32:28.549
came out of the mid '70s looking at the


00:32:28.559 --> 00:32:30.590
over the years they lost half the audio


00:32:30.600 --> 00:32:32.269
they recently replayed them which is why


00:32:32.279 --> 00:32:33.990
these Hexum heads would pop up again as


00:32:34.000 --> 00:32:35.950
an interest they tried to fabricate or


00:32:35.960 --> 00:32:37.389
someone just gave a voice over of what


00:32:37.399 --> 00:32:38.750
the audio would have been for the first


00:32:38.760 --> 00:32:40.350
half of the documentary second half was


00:32:40.360 --> 00:32:43.110
okay all the suggestions are it's


00:32:43.120 --> 00:32:44.789
unlikely to be curs they're not even


00:32:44.799 --> 00:32:46.549
certain that they're act Celtic they


00:32:46.559 --> 00:32:48.190
might be modern someone just carved them


00:32:48.200 --> 00:32:49.389
that looked like an ancient head


00:32:49.399 --> 00:32:51.029
certainly some other heads that appeared


00:32:51.039 --> 00:32:53.990
not long before they supposedly 1950s


00:32:54.000 --> 00:32:55.789
creation of these things so someone


00:32:55.799 --> 00:32:57.269
might have seen pictures in the in the


00:32:57.279 --> 00:32:58.830
in the paper of these other heads that I


00:32:58.840 --> 00:33:00.149
found and said I can do some of those


00:33:00.159 --> 00:33:01.669
the fell used to work at a cement


00:33:01.679 --> 00:33:03.990
factory this is Luke yeah aam's Razer


00:33:04.000 --> 00:33:05.549
the simplest explanation is usually


00:33:05.559 --> 00:33:07.909
correct yes and that these were made


00:33:07.919 --> 00:33:09.269
they might be Celtic very well might be


00:33:09.279 --> 00:33:10.430
Celtic who knows this guy might have


00:33:10.440 --> 00:33:11.909
been you having a joke himself but


00:33:11.919 --> 00:33:13.549
they're not very good and as being


00:33:13.559 --> 00:33:14.990
cursed there's absolutely no evidence of


00:33:15.000 --> 00:33:17.070
that at all apart from one or two people


00:33:17.080 --> 00:33:19.029
having anecdotal stories which of course


00:33:19.039 --> 00:33:20.750
if they believe in their curse they'll


00:33:20.760 --> 00:33:23.389
see curs type of thing that's Tim mum


00:33:23.399 --> 00:33:40.629
from Australian Skeptics


00:33:40.639 --> 00:33:43.430
and that's the show for now SpaceTime is


00:33:43.440 --> 00:33:45.350
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