NASA’s Lucy Spacecraft Zooms Past Asteroid Donaldjohanson, Neutrino Mass Limit Set

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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This is Spaceime Series 28, episode 49


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for broadcast to the 23rd of April,


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2025. Coming up on Spaceime, NASA's Lucy


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spacecraft takes a closer look at the


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asteroid Donald Johansson, the discovery


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of a new upper limit for the mass of the


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neutrino, and intriguing Martian rocky


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outcrops discovered on the rim of Jezro


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Crater. All that and more coming up on


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Spaceime.


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Welcome to SpaceTime with Stuart


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[Music]




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Garry. NASA's Lucy mission to explore


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Jupiter's Trojan asteroids is about to


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undertake a close flyby of the main belt


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asteroid Hansen. Lucy is passing within


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960 kilometers of the 3 km wide space


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rock located between Mars and Jupiter.


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About 30 minutes before closest


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approach, Lucy will orient itself to


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track the asteroid, during which time


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its high gain antenna will turn away


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from the Earth, suspending


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communication. Guided by its terminal


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tracking system, Lucy will autonomously


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rotate to keep Donald Johansson in view.


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As it does this, Lucy will carry out a


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complicated observing sequence. All


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three of its science instruments, the


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high gain resolution grayscale imager


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called Lori, the color imager and


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infrared spectrometer called El Ralph,


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and the far infrared spectrometer called


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Latess will all carry out observation


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sequences very similar to that which


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will take place when it encounters the


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Trojan asteroids. One of the weird


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things about these deep space missions


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is that it teaches scientists just how


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slow the speed of light seems. Well, I


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guess it's all relative. Lucy will be


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some 12 1/2 light minutes away from the


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Earth during the close flyby, meaning it


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will take that long from the signals


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from Lucy to reach the Earth and another


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12 1/2 minutes before a response from


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the Earth gets back to Lucy. This will


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be the second asteroid close encounter


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for Lucy and will serve as a dress


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rehearsal for the spacecraft's main


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targets, the never-before explored


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Jovian Trojan asteroids. Back in


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November 2023, Lucy successfully


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observed the tiny main belt asteroid


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Dinkanesh and its small contact binary


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moon Salm. A report in the Planetary


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Science Journal claims new modeling


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indicates that Donald Johansson may have


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formed about 150 million years ago when


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a large parent asteroid broke apart.


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When Lucy flies past the space rock, the


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data collected will provide additional


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independent insights into the asteroid


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shape, surface geology, and cratering


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history. Lucy's deputy principal


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investigator, Simone Marchie from the


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Southwest Research Institute in Boulder,


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Colorado, says based on groundbased


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observations, Donald Johansson appears


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to be a peculiar object and


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understanding the formation of this


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asteroid could help explain some of


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those peculiarities. Data indicates that


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it could be quite elongated and a slow


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rotator, possibly due to thermal torqus


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which have slowed down its spin over


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time. It's a common type of asteroid


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composed of silicut rocks and perhaps


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containing clays and organic matter. The


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new study also indicates that Donald


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Johansson is likely to be a member of


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the Aragon collisional asteroid family.


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That's a group of asteroids all on


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similar orbits that were created when


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the larger parent body broke apart. The


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family originated from the inner main


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asteroid belt not very far from the


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source regions of the nearear asteroids


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Bonu and Ryugu. They were recently


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visited respectively by NASA's Osiris


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Rex and Jax's Hayabusa 2 missions. As


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for the asteroid's name, Donald


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Johansson, well, it's the name of the


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paleontologist who discovered Lucy, a


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fossilized astralcus homminid skeleton


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found in Ethiopia in 1974, which by the


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way is how the Lucy mission got its


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name. Just as Lucy the Fossil provided


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unique insights in the origins of


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humanity, Lucy the mission promises to


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revolutionize science's understanding of


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the origins of humanity's home world.


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Don Hansen's also the only named


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asteroid yet to be visited while its


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namesake is still living. The Lucy


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mission's principal investigator, Hal


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Leverson, also from the Southwest


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Research Institute, says the mission


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plans to visit 11 asteroids during its


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12-year tour. The Trojan asteroids are


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located in two swarms, one about 60°


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ahead, the other 60° behind the giant


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gas planet Jupiter. The asteroids are


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kept in these orbital positions ahead of


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and behind Jupiter thanks to the areas


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being gravitational wells known as the


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Lrangee L4 and L5 positions. These


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Trojans are considered relics,


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effectively fossils of the planetary


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formation process. Therefore, they hold


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vital clues to deciphering the history


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of our solar system. Leverson says,


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"Encounters with main belt asteroids not


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only provide a close-up view of these


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bodies themselves, but also allow


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scientists perform engineering tests on


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the spacecraft's navigation systems


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before the main event to study the


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Trojans. This report on the Lucy mission


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from NASA


00:04:57.400 --> 00:05:01.430
TV. About 150 million years ago, Earth's


00:05:01.440 --> 00:05:03.510
most recent superc continent was in the


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process of breaking up. Soraods


00:05:06.160 --> 00:05:08.469
dominated the lush, slowly separating


00:05:08.479 --> 00:05:10.230
landmass that would become today's


00:05:10.240 --> 00:05:13.110
familiar continents. Meanwhile, in the


00:05:13.120 --> 00:05:15.270
asteroid belt, a breakup of a different


00:05:15.280 --> 00:05:17.629
sort was taking place. The large


00:05:17.639 --> 00:05:20.629
asteroid 163 was pummeled in a


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collision, shedding debris to form a new


00:05:23.120 --> 00:05:24.270
family of


00:05:24.280 --> 00:05:27.350
asteroids. Fast forward to 3.2 million


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years ago, long after the fall of the


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dinosaurs, when an early hominin walked


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upright through an Ethiopian river


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valley. Now, a robotic explorer named


00:05:37.039 --> 00:05:39.270
for our most famous human ancestor is


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heading to a member of the origin


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asteroid family on route to the fossils


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of planetary formation.


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Liftoff. Atlas 5 takes flight. NASA's


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Lucy mission launched in October 2021


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and flew past Earth in 2022 and 2024 for


00:05:56.800 --> 00:05:59.510
a pair of gravity assists. In early


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2025, Lucy entered the main asteroid


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belt on course for humanity's first


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encounter with 52246 Donald Johansson.


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The asteroid was named in honor of the


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paleoanthropologist who discovered the


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Lucy fossil in 1974, rewriting the


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textbooks on human origins. While


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asteroid Donald Johansson has never been


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seen up close, its brightness varies


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greatly as it rotates, suggesting an


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elongated shape. It is a member of the


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origami family of asteroids made from


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fragments of the collision that took


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place about 150 million years ago.


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Earth-based observations suggest that


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Donald Johansson is carbonri, has an


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average diameter of about 4 km, and


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spins on its axis extremely slowly,


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giving it a


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251-hour


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day. Lucy will approach Donald Johansson


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from the direction of the sun, traveling


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13.4 4 km/s relative to the asteroid. As


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its target grows near, the spacecraft


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will slowly rotate, keeping the asteroid


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in view. Over the course of a few hours,


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Donald Johansson will transform from a


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point of light into a detailed world.


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Lucy's long range reconnaissance imager


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will capture highresolution pictures


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throughout the flyby, providing our best


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look yet at the asteroid. Just before


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closest approach, when Lucy is about 900


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km from its target, it will abruptly


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turn its instrument pointing platform


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away from the sun to protect its


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sensitive


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electronics. Shortly after the flyby,


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Lucy will perform a pitchback maneuver,


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changing the direction of its rotation


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to turn its high gain antenna toward


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Earth. 2 hours later, data from Lucy


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will deliver the first close-up views of


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Donald Johansson, a surviving remnant of


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the solar systems chaotic past.


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Following the flyby, Lucy will continue


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to pass through the main asteroid belt.


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In August 2027, it will reach Uripides,


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an asteroid more than 10 times larger


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than Donald Johansson and a member of


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the Jupiter Trojans. These primordial


00:08:05.120 --> 00:08:07.110
and primitive objects are trapped in


00:08:07.120 --> 00:08:09.110
Jupiter's orbit and are considered the


00:08:09.120 --> 00:08:11.909
fossils of planetary formation. Between


00:08:11.919 --> 00:08:15.189
2027 and 2033, Lucy will make five


00:08:15.199 --> 00:08:16.710
separate encounters with Trojan


00:08:16.720 --> 00:08:19.029
asteroids and their moons. It will


00:08:19.039 --> 00:08:21.189
become the first spacecraft to explore


00:08:21.199 --> 00:08:23.990
this ancient population. Asteroids more


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than 1,000 times older than our most


00:08:26.240 --> 00:08:28.710
famous human ancestor, formed at the


00:08:28.720 --> 00:08:31.189
dawn of the solar system, long before


00:08:31.199 --> 00:08:35.469
dinosaurs ruled the


00:08:35.479 --> 00:08:39.110
Earth. This is spaceime. Still to come,


00:08:39.120 --> 00:08:40.790
discovery of a new upper limit for the


00:08:40.800 --> 00:08:43.670
massive neutrinos and intriguing Martian


00:08:43.680 --> 00:08:45.670
rock outcrops discovered on the rim of


00:08:45.680 --> 00:08:48.230
Jezro crater. All that and more still to


00:08:48.240 --> 00:08:51.790
come on


00:08:51.800 --> 00:08:54.389
Spaceime. This episode of Spacetime is


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A new study has discovered the mass of


00:10:25.279 --> 00:10:27.110
one of the most enigmatic particles in


00:10:27.120 --> 00:10:29.910
the universe, the neutrino. The results


00:10:29.920 --> 00:10:31.990
show that the nutrino's mass is less


00:10:32.000 --> 00:10:35.030
than 0.45 electron volts. In other


00:10:35.040 --> 00:10:36.870
words, less than a millionth the mass of


00:10:36.880 --> 00:10:39.350
an electron. The findings reported in


00:10:39.360 --> 00:10:40.790
the journal Science reduces the


00:10:40.800 --> 00:10:42.870
particles known mass range by a factor


00:10:42.880 --> 00:10:45.350
of two. It tightens the constraints on


00:10:45.360 --> 00:10:47.110
one of the universe's most elusive


00:10:47.120 --> 00:10:49.110
fundamental particles and pushes the


00:10:49.120 --> 00:10:50.710
boundaries of science beyond the


00:10:50.720 --> 00:10:52.870
standard model of particle physics. The


00:10:52.880 --> 00:10:54.630
cornerstone of science's understanding


00:10:54.640 --> 00:10:55.550
of the


00:10:55.560 --> 00:10:58.150
universe. Nutrinos are elemental


00:10:58.160 --> 00:11:00.870
subatomic particles. They're generated


00:11:00.880 --> 00:11:03.110
through radioactive decay in stars, in


00:11:03.120 --> 00:11:05.509
supernova, in nuclear explosions, in


00:11:05.519 --> 00:11:07.670
particle accelerators, and in atomic


00:11:07.680 --> 00:11:10.150
reactors. The nutrina is shown named


00:11:10.160 --> 00:11:11.910
because it's electrically neutral and


00:11:11.920 --> 00:11:14.150
because its rest mass is so small, it


00:11:14.160 --> 00:11:16.230
was once thought to be zero. They are


00:11:16.240 --> 00:11:17.910
the most common form of matter in the


00:11:17.920 --> 00:11:20.230
universe, having almost no mass and


00:11:20.240 --> 00:11:21.910
capable of being accelerated to almost


00:11:21.920 --> 00:11:24.790
the speed of light. Nutrinos come in


00:11:24.800 --> 00:11:27.990
three known types or flavors. Electron


00:11:28.000 --> 00:11:30.509
neutrinos, neon neutrinos, and town


00:11:30.519 --> 00:11:32.870
neutrinos. Each with their own specific


00:11:32.880 --> 00:11:35.430
properties. Now, confusingly, the three


00:11:35.440 --> 00:11:37.750
flavors of nutrinos don't line up with


00:11:37.760 --> 00:11:40.470
the three suspected mass species. It


00:11:40.480 --> 00:11:42.230
seems that each of the three flavors is


00:11:42.240 --> 00:11:43.829
made up of a quantum mixture of the


00:11:43.839 --> 00:11:46.230
three mass species. So, for example, a


00:11:46.240 --> 00:11:48.230
particular town neutrino has bits of all


00:11:48.240 --> 00:11:50.230
three mass species in it. And those


00:11:50.240 --> 00:11:52.389
different mass species seem to oscillate


00:11:52.399 --> 00:11:55.190
between the three flavors. For example,


00:11:55.200 --> 00:11:57.350
an electron neutrino produced in say a


00:11:57.360 --> 00:11:59.509
beta decay reaction could interact in


00:11:59.519 --> 00:12:01.550
distant detector as a muon or tow


00:12:01.560 --> 00:12:03.670
nutrino. Now although they don't have


00:12:03.680 --> 00:12:05.829
any electric charge, neutrinos do have


00:12:05.839 --> 00:12:07.590
their own corresponding antimatter


00:12:07.600 --> 00:12:09.350
counterparts identified by their


00:12:09.360 --> 00:12:11.670
opposite kirality or handedness.


00:12:11.680 --> 00:12:13.590
Neutrinas interact with other matter


00:12:13.600 --> 00:12:15.350
only through gravity and the weak


00:12:15.360 --> 00:12:17.110
nuclear force. In fact, they're so


00:12:17.120 --> 00:12:18.870
weakly interactive that right now


00:12:18.880 --> 00:12:20.790
several trillion are passing through you


00:12:20.800 --> 00:12:22.550
every second and you don't even notice


00:12:22.560 --> 00:12:25.030
them. Precisely measuring the nutrino


00:12:25.040 --> 00:12:26.870
mass is therefore essential for a


00:12:26.880 --> 00:12:28.069
complete understanding of the


00:12:28.079 --> 00:12:30.550
fundamental laws of physics.


00:12:30.560 --> 00:12:32.389
Now the other key term in this research


00:12:32.399 --> 00:12:34.949
is the electron volt. That's a basic


00:12:34.959 --> 00:12:36.629
unit of particle energy. The amount of


00:12:36.639 --> 00:12:38.470
energy lost or gained by a single


00:12:38.480 --> 00:12:40.389
electron accelerating from rest through


00:12:40.399 --> 00:12:42.069
an electric potential difference of 1


00:12:42.079 --> 00:12:44.389
volt in a vacuum. And thanks to


00:12:44.399 --> 00:12:46.550
professor Albert Einstein's famous mass


00:12:46.560 --> 00:12:49.670
energy equivalence equation= mc^² energy


00:12:49.680 --> 00:12:51.110
equals mass times the speed of light


00:12:51.120 --> 00:12:53.030
squared. It's also used as a unit of


00:12:53.040 --> 00:12:56.230
particle mass in physics and astronomy.


00:12:56.240 --> 00:12:58.069
The new findings by the KL through


00:12:58.079 --> 00:13:00.230
tritium neutrino experiment Katron


00:13:00.240 --> 00:13:02.470
utilizes the beta decay of tritium an


00:13:02.480 --> 00:13:04.710
unstable hydrogen isotope to assess


00:13:04.720 --> 00:13:07.110
neutrino mass. The energy distribution


00:13:07.120 --> 00:13:08.629
of the electrons resulting from the


00:13:08.639 --> 00:13:10.629
decay enables a direct chyntatic


00:13:10.639 --> 00:13:13.269
determination of the nutrino's mass.


00:13:13.279 --> 00:13:15.670
Katrin uses a 70 m long beam line


00:13:15.680 --> 00:13:17.269
equipped with an intense tritium source


00:13:17.279 --> 00:13:19.350
and a highresolution spectrometer with a


00:13:19.360 --> 00:13:22.150
diameter of 10 m. This allows extremely


00:13:22.160 --> 00:13:25.110
precise nutrino mass determinations. The


00:13:25.120 --> 00:13:27.030
latest findings indicate neutrinos are


00:13:27.040 --> 00:13:28.710
at least a million times lighter than


00:13:28.720 --> 00:13:30.150
electrons, which are the lightest


00:13:30.160 --> 00:13:32.030
electrically charged elementary


00:13:32.040 --> 00:13:34.230
particles. But explaining this enormous


00:13:34.240 --> 00:13:36.150
mass difference remains a fundamental


00:13:36.160 --> 00:13:38.269
challenge for theoretical particle


00:13:38.279 --> 00:13:40.629
physics. Starting next year, a new


00:13:40.639 --> 00:13:42.590
detector system Tristan will be


00:13:42.600 --> 00:13:44.550
installed. This upgrade to the


00:13:44.560 --> 00:13:46.230
experiment will allow scientists to


00:13:46.240 --> 00:13:48.069
search for a hypothetical sterile


00:13:48.079 --> 00:13:49.670
particle which interacts even more


00:13:49.680 --> 00:13:52.230
favorably than no neutrinos. In fact,


00:13:52.240 --> 00:13:54.069
with the mass expected to be in the kilo


00:13:54.079 --> 00:13:56.389
electron volt range, a sterile neutrino


00:13:56.399 --> 00:13:58.910
is potentially a candidate for dark


00:13:58.920 --> 00:14:02.550
matter. This is spacetime. Still to


00:14:02.560 --> 00:14:05.269
come, intriguing Martian rocky outcrops


00:14:05.279 --> 00:14:07.189
discovered on the rim of Jezro crater.


00:14:07.199 --> 00:14:09.189
And later in the science report, it


00:14:09.199 --> 00:14:10.870
seems the weather really does now


00:14:10.880 --> 00:14:13.030
suddenly go from boiling to freezing a


00:14:13.040 --> 00:14:15.189
lot more than it used to. All that and


00:14:15.199 --> 00:14:32.269
more still to come on


00:14:32.279 --> 00:14:34.790
Spaceime. NASA's Mars Perseverance


00:14:34.800 --> 00:14:36.949
rovers discovered a cornucopia full of


00:14:36.959 --> 00:14:38.870
intriguing rocky outcrops on the rim of


00:14:38.880 --> 00:14:41.430
Jezro Crater. Mission managers said the


00:14:41.440 --> 00:14:43.110
diversity of the rock types along the


00:14:43.120 --> 00:14:45.189
crater's edge are offering scientists a


00:14:45.199 --> 00:14:47.750
wide glimpse of Martian history. See,


00:14:47.760 --> 00:14:49.590
studying rocks, boulders, and outcrops


00:14:49.600 --> 00:14:51.509
help scientists understand the planet's


00:14:51.519 --> 00:14:53.590
evolution history and the potential for


00:14:53.600 --> 00:14:56.470
past or even present habitability. Since


00:14:56.480 --> 00:14:58.550
January, the rover's ced five rock


00:14:58.560 --> 00:15:00.310
samples on the crater rim, sealing


00:15:00.320 --> 00:15:02.230
samples from three of them in its sample


00:15:02.240 --> 00:15:04.710
tubes. It's also performed close-up


00:15:04.720 --> 00:15:06.710
analysis of seven rocks and analyzed


00:15:06.720 --> 00:15:09.030
another 83 from afar by zapping them


00:15:09.040 --> 00:15:10.949
with a laser and monitoring the spectral


00:15:10.959 --> 00:15:13.430
emissions of the vapor being released.


00:15:13.440 --> 00:15:14.949
In fact, this has been the mission's


00:15:14.959 --> 00:15:16.949
fastest science collection tempo since


00:15:16.959 --> 00:15:18.790
the six world mobile laboratory first


00:15:18.800 --> 00:15:21.110
landed on the red planet 4 years ago.


00:15:21.120 --> 00:15:22.949
Perseverance spent 3 and 1/2 months


00:15:22.959 --> 00:15:24.790
climbing the western wall of Jezro


00:15:24.800 --> 00:15:26.790
crater, eventually reaching the rim on


00:15:26.800 --> 00:15:29.350
December the 12th last year. It's


00:15:29.360 --> 00:15:31.990
currently exploring a roughly 135 m tall


00:15:32.000 --> 00:15:33.910
slope which the science team calls witch


00:15:33.920 --> 00:15:36.550
hazel hill. The diversity of the rocks


00:15:36.560 --> 00:15:39.069
found there has gone far beyond


00:15:39.079 --> 00:15:41.189
expectations. Perseverance project


00:15:41.199 --> 00:15:43.350
scientist Katie Stack Morgan from NASA's


00:15:43.360 --> 00:15:45.189
Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena,


00:15:45.199 --> 00:15:46.790
California says that during previous


00:15:46.800 --> 00:15:48.629
science campaigns in Jezro, it would


00:15:48.639 --> 00:15:50.629
take several months to find a rock that


00:15:50.639 --> 00:15:52.230
was significantly different from the


00:15:52.240 --> 00:15:54.230
last rock sampled and scientifically


00:15:54.240 --> 00:15:56.629
unique enough for sampling. But up there


00:15:56.639 --> 00:15:58.150
on the rim, there are new and intriguing


00:15:58.160 --> 00:16:00.710
rocks everywhere. The overturns. That's


00:16:00.720 --> 00:16:02.710
because Jezro Crater's western rim


00:16:02.720 --> 00:16:05.189
contains tons of fragmented, once molten


00:16:05.199 --> 00:16:06.629
rocks that were knocked out of their


00:16:06.639 --> 00:16:08.710
subterranean home billions of years ago


00:16:08.720 --> 00:16:11.269
by one or more meteor impacts, including


00:16:11.279 --> 00:16:12.949
possibly the one that produced Jezro


00:16:12.959 --> 00:16:15.189
Crater in the first place. Perseverance


00:16:15.199 --> 00:16:17.110
is finding these formerly underground


00:16:17.120 --> 00:16:18.629
boulders just to position with


00:16:18.639 --> 00:16:20.150
wellpreserved layered rocks that were


00:16:20.160 --> 00:16:22.150
born billions of years ago on what would


00:16:22.160 --> 00:16:24.790
become the crater's rim. Perseverance


00:16:24.800 --> 00:16:26.629
collected its first crater rim rock


00:16:26.639 --> 00:16:28.550
sample named Silver Mountain back on


00:16:28.560 --> 00:16:31.110
January the 28th. NASA scientists


00:16:31.120 --> 00:16:32.790
informally named Martian features


00:16:32.800 --> 00:16:34.389
including rocks and separate rock


00:16:34.399 --> 00:16:36.230
samples in order to help keep track of


00:16:36.240 --> 00:16:38.310
them. The rock it came from called


00:16:38.320 --> 00:16:40.389
Shallow Bay most likely formed at least


00:16:40.399 --> 00:16:42.870
3.9 billion years ago during Mars's


00:16:42.880 --> 00:16:44.389
earliest geological period known as the


00:16:44.399 --> 00:16:46.470
Noin. And it may have been broken up and


00:16:46.480 --> 00:16:48.310
then recristallized during an ancient


00:16:48.320 --> 00:16:51.350
meteor impact. About 110 meters away


00:16:51.360 --> 00:16:52.790
from that sampling site is a rock


00:16:52.800 --> 00:16:54.389
outcrop that caught the science team's


00:16:54.399 --> 00:16:56.230
eye because it contains ignous minerals


00:16:56.240 --> 00:16:58.230
crystallized from magma from deep within


00:16:58.240 --> 00:17:01.189
the Martian crust. Ignous rocks can form


00:17:01.199 --> 00:17:02.949
deep underground from magma or from


00:17:02.959 --> 00:17:04.949
volcanic activity on the surface and


00:17:04.959 --> 00:17:07.029
they're excellent record keepers. That's


00:17:07.039 --> 00:17:08.949
because the mineral crystals within them


00:17:08.959 --> 00:17:10.789
preserve details about the precise


00:17:10.799 --> 00:17:13.350
moment they were formed. But after two


00:17:13.360 --> 00:17:15.270
cing attempts in early February fizzled


00:17:15.280 --> 00:17:16.949
due to the rock being so crumbly, the


00:17:16.959 --> 00:17:19.510
rover drove about 160 m northwest to


00:17:19.520 --> 00:17:21.429
another scientifically intriguing rock


00:17:21.439 --> 00:17:24.150
named Tablelands. Data from the rover's


00:17:24.160 --> 00:17:25.990
instruments indicate that Tablelands is


00:17:26.000 --> 00:17:27.909
made of almost entirely serpentine


00:17:27.919 --> 00:17:29.909
minerals. They were formed when large


00:17:29.919 --> 00:17:31.909
amounts of water reacted with iron and


00:17:31.919 --> 00:17:33.990
magnesium bearing minerals in ignous


00:17:34.000 --> 00:17:36.390
rock. During this process, the rock's


00:17:36.400 --> 00:17:38.230
original structure is minologically


00:17:38.240 --> 00:17:40.470
changed, often causing it to expand and


00:17:40.480 --> 00:17:42.789
fracture. Byproducts of this process


00:17:42.799 --> 00:17:44.870
sometimes include hydrogen gas which can


00:17:44.880 --> 00:17:46.710
lead to the generation of methane in the


00:17:46.720 --> 00:17:49.029
presence of carbon dioxide and on Earth


00:17:49.039 --> 00:17:50.549
these sorts of rocks are known to


00:17:50.559 --> 00:17:53.190
support microbial colonies. Corig


00:17:53.200 --> 00:17:55.430
tablelands went smoothly but selling it


00:17:55.440 --> 00:17:57.630
in the canister became an engineering


00:17:57.640 --> 00:18:01.110
challenge. Over 13 souls or Martian days


00:18:01.120 --> 00:18:02.789
mission managers used the tool to brush


00:18:02.799 --> 00:18:05.430
out the top of the tube 33 times making


00:18:05.440 --> 00:18:08.230
eight sealing attempts. Finally, at the


00:18:08.240 --> 00:18:10.470
start of March, a combination of flicks


00:18:10.480 --> 00:18:12.470
and brushings cleaned the tubes top


00:18:12.480 --> 00:18:14.549
enough for Perseverance to seal and


00:18:14.559 --> 00:18:17.190
store the serpentine laden rock sample.


00:18:17.200 --> 00:18:19.350
8 days later, the rover had no issues


00:18:19.360 --> 00:18:21.510
sealing a third sample rock, this one


00:18:21.520 --> 00:18:23.909
called Main River. The alternating


00:18:23.919 --> 00:18:25.830
bright and dark bands of this rock were


00:18:25.840 --> 00:18:27.909
like nothing seen before by the science


00:18:27.919 --> 00:18:29.909
team. Following the collection of the


00:18:29.919 --> 00:18:31.909
main river sample, the rovers continued


00:18:31.919 --> 00:18:33.990
exploring Witch Hazel Hill, analyzing


00:18:34.000 --> 00:18:35.990
three more rocky outcrops, Sally's


00:18:36.000 --> 00:18:39.190
Grove, Dennis Pond, and Mount Pearl.


00:18:39.200 --> 00:18:42.270
This is


00:18:42.280 --> 00:18:44.789
Spacetime. This episode of Spacetime is


00:18:44.799 --> 00:18:46.789
brought to you by Incogn. Just because


00:18:46.799 --> 00:18:48.950
we're exploring the vastness of space


00:18:48.960 --> 00:18:50.470
doesn't mean there's not a lot happening


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here on Earth as well. Especially when


00:18:52.480 --> 00:18:55.029
it comes to your personal data. See,


00:18:55.039 --> 00:18:56.710
every time you sign up for something


00:18:56.720 --> 00:18:58.630
online, every time you search for a


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product on the net, or even just browse


00:19:00.480 --> 00:19:02.710
the web, your data is being scooped up


00:19:02.720 --> 00:19:05.029
by companies called data brokers. Now,


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these are folks who collect, buy, and


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sell your personal information, often


00:19:08.640 --> 00:19:10.470
without you ever knowing. And that's


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where Incogn comes in. It's a powerful


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hands-off service that helps you take


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back control by getting your data


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removed from the databases of those


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brokers. and they do all the leg work,


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sending out official removal requests,


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following up, and making sure your


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information actually does get deleted.


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incogn.com/spacetime. That's


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inci.com/spacetime


00:19:51.360 --> 00:20:01.630
[Music]


00:20:01.640 --> 00:20:03.830
incogn. And time now to take another


00:20:03.840 --> 00:20:05.110
brief look at some of the other stories


00:20:05.120 --> 00:20:07.190
making news in science this week with a


00:20:07.200 --> 00:20:09.830
science report. Well, if you feel like


00:20:09.840 --> 00:20:11.270
the weather's suddenly going from


00:20:11.280 --> 00:20:12.870
boiling hot to freezing cold more than


00:20:12.880 --> 00:20:15.510
it used to, you may well be right. A new


00:20:15.520 --> 00:20:17.270
study reported in the journal Nature


00:20:17.280 --> 00:20:19.430
Communications shows that Australia is


00:20:19.440 --> 00:20:20.789
one of the regions in the world where


00:20:20.799 --> 00:20:22.789
rapid temperature flips from hot to cold


00:20:22.799 --> 00:20:24.830
or vice versa are occurring most


00:20:24.840 --> 00:20:27.029
frequently. Researchers found that these


00:20:27.039 --> 00:20:29.110
flips have increased in frequency,


00:20:29.120 --> 00:20:31.350
intensity, and transition speed since


00:20:31.360 --> 00:20:33.029
1961.


00:20:33.039 --> 00:20:34.549
In fact, the studies found that


00:20:34.559 --> 00:20:36.070
Australia seen some of the largest


00:20:36.080 --> 00:20:37.510
increases in frequency of these


00:20:37.520 --> 00:20:40.350
temperature flips over the past 60


00:20:40.360 --> 00:20:43.190
years. A new study claims that lab grown


00:20:43.200 --> 00:20:45.110
chicken nuggets could be a reality in


00:20:45.120 --> 00:20:47.510
the near future. A report in the journal


00:20:47.520 --> 00:20:49.510
Trends in Biotechnology claims the


00:20:49.520 --> 00:20:51.110
prediction comes after researchers


00:20:51.120 --> 00:20:53.510
produced over 10 g of cultured chicken


00:20:53.520 --> 00:20:55.909
muscle. The authors used a holo fiber


00:20:55.919 --> 00:20:58.070
bioreactor which mimics the circulatory


00:20:58.080 --> 00:21:00.070
system to deliver nutrients and oxygen


00:21:00.080 --> 00:21:02.870
to artificial tissue and a robot


00:21:02.880 --> 00:21:04.710
assisted assembly system then produces


00:21:04.720 --> 00:21:07.029
bite-sized pieces of whole cut chicken


00:21:07.039 --> 00:21:09.110
meat using chicken fiberblast cells


00:21:09.120 --> 00:21:11.590
which make up connective tissue. While


00:21:11.600 --> 00:21:13.430
researchers say they're still working to


00:21:13.440 --> 00:21:15.270
improve the taste and texture, the


00:21:15.280 --> 00:21:17.029
technology could one day provide a


00:21:17.039 --> 00:21:18.789
sustainable, ethical alternative to


00:21:18.799 --> 00:21:20.549
conventional meat, as well as a platform


00:21:20.559 --> 00:21:22.549
for regenerative medicine like growing


00:21:22.559 --> 00:21:25.149
organs and for soft


00:21:25.159 --> 00:21:27.669
robots. Psychologists are now warning


00:21:27.679 --> 00:21:29.750
about the potential dangers of having a


00:21:29.760 --> 00:21:32.789
relationship with your AI chatbot. In an


00:21:32.799 --> 00:21:34.710
opinion piece in the journal Trends in


00:21:34.720 --> 00:21:36.630
Cognitive Sciences, the authors say that


00:21:36.640 --> 00:21:38.870
because AI human relationships can seem


00:21:38.880 --> 00:21:40.950
easier than human human relationships,


00:21:40.960 --> 00:21:43.430
AIs could interfere with normal human


00:21:43.440 --> 00:21:45.669
social dynamics. But the authors are


00:21:45.679 --> 00:21:47.430
also concerned that AIs can offer


00:21:47.440 --> 00:21:50.149
harmful advice. They note at least two


00:21:50.159 --> 00:21:51.190
people are known to have killed


00:21:51.200 --> 00:21:54.230
themselves following AI chatbot advice.


00:21:54.240 --> 00:21:56.390
And while these suicides are an extreme


00:21:56.400 --> 00:21:58.310
example of this negative influence, the


00:21:58.320 --> 00:22:00.310
researchers say that these close human


00:22:00.320 --> 00:22:02.789
AI relationships could open up people to


00:22:02.799 --> 00:22:06.270
manipulation, exploitation, and


00:22:06.280 --> 00:22:08.950
fraud. Tech giant Google has lost a


00:22:08.960 --> 00:22:11.029
major antitrust case in the United


00:22:11.039 --> 00:22:13.350
States. The US Justice Department


00:22:13.360 --> 00:22:15.510
together with 17 American states sued


00:22:15.520 --> 00:22:17.350
Google, arguing the tech giant was


00:22:17.360 --> 00:22:19.190
illegally dominating the technology


00:22:19.200 --> 00:22:21.029
which determines which advert should be


00:22:21.039 --> 00:22:23.830
placed online and where. This is the


00:22:23.840 --> 00:22:25.990
second antitrust case Google has lost in


00:22:26.000 --> 00:22:27.750
a year after it ruled the company also


00:22:27.760 --> 00:22:30.789
had monopoly on online search. With the


00:22:30.799 --> 00:22:32.230
details, we're joined by technology


00:22:32.240 --> 00:22:34.669
editor Alex Sahara from


00:22:34.679 --> 00:22:37.029
techadvice.life. Well, a federal judge


00:22:37.039 --> 00:22:39.270
has ruled that Google has violated US


00:22:39.280 --> 00:22:41.830
antitrust laws and he says that they've


00:22:41.840 --> 00:22:44.390
done that by willfully acquiring and


00:22:44.400 --> 00:22:47.110
maintaining monopoly power in the ad


00:22:47.120 --> 00:22:49.350
market. Now, the actual advertising


00:22:49.360 --> 00:22:52.470
business itself was not seen to be a


00:22:52.480 --> 00:22:56.070
monopoly, but the publisher side ad tech


00:22:56.080 --> 00:22:58.789
did constitute illegal monopolization.


00:22:58.799 --> 00:23:00.549
Now, there's fines of potentially up to


00:23:00.559 --> 00:23:02.710
$100 million for corporations and a


00:23:02.720 --> 00:23:04.470
million dollars for individuals. And


00:23:04.480 --> 00:23:07.110
look, a judgment is yet to be made on


00:23:07.120 --> 00:23:08.549
what's going to happen. You could see


00:23:08.559 --> 00:23:10.549
Google forced to divest some of its ad


00:23:10.559 --> 00:23:12.390
business. And really, Google is not a


00:23:12.400 --> 00:23:13.430
search engine. It's really an


00:23:13.440 --> 00:23:14.950
advertising business. It's more than


00:23:14.960 --> 00:23:17.350
just the divestment. It could see the


00:23:17.360 --> 00:23:19.190
the entire conglomerate broken up,


00:23:19.200 --> 00:23:20.789
couldn't it? Well, anything is possible.


00:23:20.799 --> 00:23:22.470
And that would put into question how


00:23:22.480 --> 00:23:24.710
strong Google's AI systems will be


00:23:24.720 --> 00:23:26.470
because I mean, I'm sure it relies upon


00:23:26.480 --> 00:23:28.310
lots of different information from all


00:23:28.320 --> 00:23:30.070
these different sources. One of the


00:23:30.080 --> 00:23:32.149
things we saw with Elon Musk is that his


00:23:32.159 --> 00:23:35.029
XAI business, which produces Grock and


00:23:35.039 --> 00:23:38.390
has 200,000 of those special Nvidia


00:23:38.400 --> 00:23:39.830
chips in a in a massive computing


00:23:39.840 --> 00:23:41.590
system. I mean, it purchased the X


00:23:41.600 --> 00:23:44.870
platform for US $33 billion. And that


00:23:44.880 --> 00:23:47.430
gives Brock the ability to mine


00:23:47.440 --> 00:23:49.430
trillions of exposts for the most


00:23:49.440 --> 00:23:51.750
upto-date information. So this battle is


00:23:51.760 --> 00:23:53.909
being fought across several fronts. And


00:23:53.919 --> 00:23:55.909
look, it is true that Google does have a


00:23:55.919 --> 00:23:57.990
very strong a massively strong position


00:23:58.000 --> 00:23:59.990
in advertising and that's why the


00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:01.750
Sherman antitrust laws were put in


00:24:01.760 --> 00:24:03.669
place. Now judges ruled that Google is


00:24:03.679 --> 00:24:05.830
in violation. And 2025 is going to be a


00:24:05.840 --> 00:24:07.830
very interesting year. New update for


00:24:07.840 --> 00:24:09.230
iPhones. Yeah.


00:24:09.240 --> 00:24:11.269
18.4.1. I mean, it's also available for


00:24:11.279 --> 00:24:13.190
the iPads. There's updates for your Macs


00:24:13.200 --> 00:24:14.789
and Apple TVs and you know other


00:24:14.799 --> 00:24:17.110
devices. But this particular one besides


00:24:17.120 --> 00:24:19.269
the usual security bug fixes, it also


00:24:19.279 --> 00:24:21.510
fixes a problem where sometimes your


00:24:21.520 --> 00:24:23.190
phone, your iPhone is not connecting to


00:24:23.200 --> 00:24:24.710
your CarPlay. I haven't particularly


00:24:24.720 --> 00:24:26.549
seen that one myself, but that is


00:24:26.559 --> 00:24:28.789
definitely a reason to upgrade. And


00:24:28.799 --> 00:24:30.549
Apple is also saying that we should


00:24:30.559 --> 00:24:32.230
expect to see more Apple intelligence


00:24:32.240 --> 00:24:34.230
features in the US fall, which is the


00:24:34.240 --> 00:24:35.830
Australian spring. It's a little bit


00:24:35.840 --> 00:24:37.590
behind on its AI features, but it's


00:24:37.600 --> 00:24:39.269
trying obviously as hard as possible to


00:24:39.279 --> 00:24:41.029
catch up because this is the new


00:24:41.039 --> 00:24:46.800
reality. That's Alex Aaravo from


00:24:46.810 --> 00:24:59.470
[Music]


00:24:59.480 --> 00:25:01.750
techadvice.live and that's the show for


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