Moon Rock Asteroid Discovery, Lunar Landers Launch, and Trump’s Martian Ambitions: S28E14

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is spacetime series 28 episode 14


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for broadcast on the 31st of January


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2025 coming up on SpaceTime a small


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asteroid visitor to the Earth most


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likely a chunk of moon rock two lunar


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Landers currently flying to the moon and


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US president Donald Trump vows to plant


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the stars and stripes on the red planet


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Mars all that and more coming up on


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SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with


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Studio


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[Music]




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Gary a new study claims that a neear


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object discovered last year was likely


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ejected into space from the Moon


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following an impact thousands of years


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ago and now this tiny Space Rock could


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contribute new insights into asteroid


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and lunar science the small neear object


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known as 2024 pt5 captured the world's


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attention last year after it was


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discovered lingering close to our planet


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for several months the 10 m wide


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asteroid doesn't pose a hazard to the


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Earth but it's orbit around the sun


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closely matches that of our planet and


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that hints that it may have an origin


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nearby now a report in the astrophysical


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journal letters suggests that pt5


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appears to be composed of moon rock


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broken off from the lunar Surface by a


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large impact event and then ejected into


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space the study's lead author Teddy K


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from the laal observatory in Arizona


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says astronomers had a general idea that


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this asteroid may have come from the


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moon but the Smoking Gun was when they


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found that it was rich in silicate


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materials similar to those found in


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lunar Rock samples the observations also


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suggest that this asteroid hasn't been


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in space for very long maybe just a few


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thousand years or so that's based on


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observation showing a lack of space


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weathering which would have caused its


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Spectra to Ren the the asteroid was


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first detected on August the 7th last


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year by the Southerland South Africa


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telescope of the University of Hawaii's


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asteroid terrestrial impact last alert


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system better known as Atlas ker and


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colleagues then used observations from


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the LOL Discovery telescope and NASA's


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infrared telescope facility on monia


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they showed that the spectrum of


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reflected light from the asteroid


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surface didn't match that of any known


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asteroid type instead the reflected


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light more closely matched Rock from the


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Moon a second clue came from observing


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how the object moves through space along


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with asteroids space edged debris such


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as old Rockets from historic launches


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can be found in earthlike orbits the


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differences in their orbits has to do


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more with how each responds to solar


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radiation pressure solar radiation


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pressure comes from the momentum of


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photons Quantum particles of Light which


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originate in the Sun and they exert a


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tiny Force when they hit a solid object


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in space now this momentum exchange for


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many photons over time can push an


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object around ever so slightly speeding


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it up or slowing it down while a


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human-made object such as a hollow


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rocket booster will move like an empty


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tin can in the wind a natural object


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such as an asteroid will be affected to


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a far lesser degree to rule out 2024 pt5


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being space junk scientists at NASA's


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Center for near Earth object studies


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analyzed its motion under the force of


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gravity and then any additional motion


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caused by solar radiation pressure they


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found the solar radiation pressure


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effects were simply too small for the


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object to be artificial and that


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suggests that 2024 pt5 most likely has a


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natural origin in other words it's an


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asteroid not a disused rocket booster


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the discovery of 2024 pt5 doubles the


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number of known asteroids thought to


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originate from the Moon asteroid


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46929 was found in 2016 also in an


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earthlike orbit around the sun


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indicating it may also been ejected from


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the lunar surface following a large


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impact this is spacetime still to come


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two Luna Landers on their way to the


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moon and US president Donald Trump vows


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to plant Old Glory on the red planet


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Mars all that and more still to come on


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[Music]


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SpaceTime SpaceX have launched a pair of


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Landers on a Falcon 9 rocket on separate


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missions to the lunar Sur surface the


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privately developed experimental


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spacecraft include Firefly Aeros spaces


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Blue Ghost and ey spaces resilience from


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Japan the projects are part of NASA's


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commercial Luna payload Services Program


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which is designed to deliver crucial


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Hardware to the Moon as part of the emis


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program which is returning humans to the


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lunar surface in order to create a


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permanent presence on the moon before


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the end of the decade the Blast Off from


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space launch complex 39a at the Kennedy


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Space Center in Florida went smoothly


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with blue Ghost deployed first followed


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by resilience 30 minutes later the two


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spacecraft have different Mission


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parameters and different timelines for


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getting to the Moon Blue Ghost will


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gradually increase its orbit around the


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Earth until it also encompasses the moon


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taking a total of about 45 days now this


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includes 25 days in Earth orbit 4 days


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in transit to the moon and 16 days in


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lunar orbit it'll then attempt a landing


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near mons latrielle a volcanic feature


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in maray Chisum on the moon's


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Northeastern near side the spacecrafts


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carrying 10 NASA instruments including


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studies into the Earth's magnetosphere


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and understanding how lunar reg responds


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to solar exposure during dusk it'll also


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be looking at the moon's internal


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structure and its thermal properties Blu


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ghost is also carrying technology


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demonstrators including a global


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navigation satellite system designed for


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use on the lunar surface and a radiation


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hardened computer that lundo testing in


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the harsh environmental conditions of


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lunar orbit if it survives The Landing


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Blue Ghost will conduct 14 Earth days of


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surface operations these will include


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Luna subsurface drilling sample


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collection x-ray Imaging and dust


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mitigation experiments the Lander will


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also capture highdefinition images of a


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total solar eclipse from the Moon


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surface showing the Earth's shadow on


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the lunar surface and it will also


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record data on how lunar regli responds


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to solar exposure during


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dusk among the payloads aboard Blue


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Ghost is the Southwest research


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institute's lunar Magneto toic Sounder


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or LMS it's designed to characterize the


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structure and composition of the moon's


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mantle by measuring electric and


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magnetic fields Magneto toic uses


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natural variations in surface electric


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and magnetic fields to calculate how


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easily electricity flows in subsurface


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materials and this in turn can reveal


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their composition and structure lm's


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principal investigator Robert Grim says


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that for more than 50 years now


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scientists have used Magneto toic on


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Earth for a wide variety of purposes


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including finding oil water geothermal


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and mineral resources as well as for


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helping to understand geological


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processes such as the growth of


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continents but the LMS will be the first


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extraterrestrial application of Magneto


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toic the M Chisum Landing site is an


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ancient 560 km wide impact Basin that's


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subsequently filled with lava creating a


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dark spot visible to the naked eye on


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the moon Mario Chisum is interesting


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because it stands apart from the large


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connected areas of dark lava to the west


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but most the AP missions landed these


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vast link lava planes are now thought to


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be compositionally and structurally


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anomalous with respect to the rest of


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the Moon LMS will allow scientists to


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probe the interior of the Moon to depths


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of more than 1,000 kilm 2/3 of the lunar


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radius the measurements will shed light


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on the material differentiation and


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thermal history of the Moon a


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Cornerstone for understanding the


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evolution of solid Worlds the LMS works


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by ejecting cables with electrodes at


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90° angles to each other and distances


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of up to 20 M apart Grim says it then


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measures voltages across opposite pairs


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of electrodes much like the probes of a


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conventional Vault meter LMS will be the


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first instrument from Southwest Research


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Institute to touch the surface of the


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Moon and also the first in a series of


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projects that the Institute has


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operating under the clips program our


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team at Southwest Research Institute


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Helios space Corporation and NASA


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Goddard all contributed to this first


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extraterrestrial Magneto


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measurement the lunar Magneto Sounder is


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a geophysical instrument designed to


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probe the moon's deep interior and


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provide new information on the structure


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and geological evolution of our


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companion World Magneto is a mouthful


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Magneto refers to magnetic fields while


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toric in general relates to the Earth


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geophysicists use it specifically as a


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reference to electrical currents that


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flow in the ground and so Magneto toic


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together means measuring


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magnetic and electric Fields the signals


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that we're looking at from the solar


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wind and the Earth's magnetosphere have


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frequencies that are way below uh what


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you might be familiar with as radio


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waves these signals take minutes or even


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hours to complete a single cycle the


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benefit of these very low frequency


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signals is that they penetrate deeply


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into the moon and so they're sensitive


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to the moon's internal properties this


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allows us to determine the temperature


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and composition of the interior of the


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Moon the there are three main parts to


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LMS the central electronics box was


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built by Southwest Research Institute


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the magnetic fields are measured by a


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magnetometer that was built by NASA's


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Godard space flight center the electric


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fields are measured between four probes


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that are deployed at 90° angles around


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the Lander these probes are


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sophisticated versions of those that you


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might use with a conventional voltmeter


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separations of about 100 ft are needed


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between the probes to detect a


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sufficient large signal of the currents


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that are flowing in the ground so we


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have to use a spring to launch out each


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of these probes to a distance of about


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60 ft from the Lander these sensors uh


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and their launchers as well as the


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magnetometer Mast were built by our


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colleagues at Helia space Corporation


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although the Moon is a relatively


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primitive body geologically uh it's


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Arrested Development provides insights


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into the early evolution of other Rocky


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bodies like Venus this Earth and Mars


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since the Apollo era we understand that


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the moon most likely formed from a


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collision between the Earth and a


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mars-sized protoplanet shortly after


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these bodies first formed the moon then


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formed from the debris of this collision


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and was likely initially totally molten


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as it cooled and solidified internal


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layering developed uh in the moon's


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Rocky mantle but this layering may have


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been later partially or fully remixed in


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the interior LMS will be among the first


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geophysical measurements to assess


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interior properties of the moon since


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Apollo LMS is both simpler to operate


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and has better performance than these


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Apollo era experiments we hope that LMS


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other geophysical instruments on this


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Mission and those that will follow uh on


00:11:21.560 --> 00:11:24.110
other robotic and crude missions will


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determine the three-dimensional


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structure and evolution of the Moon


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although the South Pole is Central to


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the whole aremis program for its


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contrasting sunlight and shadowed


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regions the most profound geological


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contrast of the moon is between the near


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and far sides the near Side of the Moon


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and specifically the Western near Side


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of the Moon contains most of the Maria


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these are the lava-filled impact basins


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they they're the dark patches that you


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see um and that's how we see a man in


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the moon among other shapes for some


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reason volcanism that followed formation


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of lunar crust was not evenly


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distributed between the near and far


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sides and the chemical composition of


00:12:05.680 --> 00:12:07.949
the crust on this Western near Side of


00:12:07.959 --> 00:12:09.949
the Moon is also different from the rest


00:12:09.959 --> 00:12:12.670
of the Moon yet this is where most of


00:12:12.680 --> 00:12:14.910
the Apollo missions landed and that


00:12:14.920 --> 00:12:17.310
leads us to question whether the Apollo


00:12:17.320 --> 00:12:19.910
results are representative of the whole


00:12:19.920 --> 00:12:23.310
moon or are they different The Landing


00:12:23.320 --> 00:12:25.430
site in Mar Chisum was selected to be


00:12:25.440 --> 00:12:28.030
outside of this anomalous region away


00:12:28.040 --> 00:12:30.870
from the man and the moon to enable LMS


00:12:30.880 --> 00:12:33.949
and liser to answer this question LMS is


00:12:33.959 --> 00:12:35.910
the first ofit kind instrument for


00:12:35.920 --> 00:12:38.230
planetary geophysics its demonstration


00:12:38.240 --> 00:12:40.550
paves the way for an even better version


00:12:40.560 --> 00:12:42.790
on a later e clipse Mission as well as


00:12:42.800 --> 00:12:44.990
opportunities for other worlds including


00:12:45.000 --> 00:12:46.949
Mars that's LMS principal investigator


00:12:46.959 --> 00:12:49.550
Robert Grim from the southwest Research


00:12:49.560 --> 00:12:52.189
Institute also aboard Blue Ghost are the


00:12:52.199 --> 00:12:54.509
stereo cameras for Luna plume surface


00:12:54.519 --> 00:12:57.230
studies or scalps it's an array of


00:12:57.240 --> 00:12:58.870
cameras placed around the base of the


00:12:58.880 --> 00:13:00.990
lunar Lander designed to collect imagery


00:13:01.000 --> 00:13:02.629
of the rocket plume Luna dust


00:13:02.639 --> 00:13:04.629
interaction during The Descent and


00:13:04.639 --> 00:13:06.870
touchdown using a technique called


00:13:06.880 --> 00:13:09.310
stereo photogrametry cus will use the


00:13:09.320 --> 00:13:10.910
overlapping images to produce a


00:13:10.920 --> 00:13:12.629
three-dimensional view of the lunar


00:13:12.639 --> 00:13:15.150
surface at the Landing site an earlier


00:13:15.160 --> 00:13:16.750
version of scarps was fitted to the


00:13:16.760 --> 00:13:18.949
intuitive machine's adicus spacecraft


00:13:18.959 --> 00:13:21.470
which landed on the moon last February


00:13:21.480 --> 00:13:23.189
however it was unable to collect imagery


00:13:23.199 --> 00:13:25.069
of the plume surface interaction during


00:13:25.079 --> 00:13:27.069
the landing although it did operate in


00:13:27.079 --> 00:13:29.110
transit and on the lunar surface foll


00:13:29.120 --> 00:13:31.110
following the landing the new version


00:13:31.120 --> 00:13:33.069
has two additional cameras six in total


00:13:33.079 --> 00:13:35.750
compared to the four on adicus it'll


00:13:35.760 --> 00:13:37.949
begin taking images at a high altitude


00:13:37.959 --> 00:13:39.870
prior to the expected onset of plume


00:13:39.880 --> 00:13:41.629
surface interaction in order to provide


00:13:41.639 --> 00:13:43.509
a more accurate before and after


00:13:43.519 --> 00:13:45.910
comparison see the idea is that as


00:13:45.920 --> 00:13:47.750
Journeys to the Moon increase and the


00:13:47.760 --> 00:13:49.350
number of payloads touching down on the


00:13:49.360 --> 00:13:51.430
moon's surface near each other grows


00:13:51.440 --> 00:13:53.230
scientists and Engineers will need to be


00:13:53.240 --> 00:13:54.870
able to accurately predict the effects


00:13:54.880 --> 00:13:57.069
of The Landings how will the lunar


00:13:57.079 --> 00:13:59.590
surface change as Landers come down and


00:13:59.600 --> 00:14:01.189
what happens to the lunar soil that is


00:14:01.199 --> 00:14:03.590
the regular it ejects scalp's


00:14:03.600 --> 00:14:05.710
photogrammetry team scientist Olivia


00:14:05.720 --> 00:14:07.470
Terell from NASA's Langley Research


00:14:07.480 --> 00:14:09.030
Center says this will be the first


00:14:09.040 --> 00:14:10.550
dedicated instrument to measure the


00:14:10.560 --> 00:14:12.590
effects of plume surface interaction on


00:14:12.600 --> 00:14:15.269
the moon in real time scalps is an array


00:14:15.279 --> 00:14:16.910
of small cameras that will be placed


00:14:16.920 --> 00:14:18.629
around the base of a lunar lander and


00:14:18.639 --> 00:14:20.389
collect imagery during The Descent and


00:14:20.399 --> 00:14:22.389
landing of the vehicle using a technique


00:14:22.399 --> 00:14:24.389
called stereo photogrametry we can use


00:14:24.399 --> 00:14:26.990
those images to reconstruct a 3D shape


00:14:27.000 --> 00:14:28.870
of the ground as the Lander comes down


00:14:28.880 --> 00:14:30.509
it's hot engine plumes will interact


00:14:30.519 --> 00:14:32.829
with the surface our cameras will begin


00:14:32.839 --> 00:14:34.470
acquiring images from before this


00:14:34.480 --> 00:14:36.430
interaction begins until after the


00:14:36.440 --> 00:14:38.629
vehicle has landed on the surface the


00:14:38.639 --> 00:14:40.430
scalps cameras will specifically be


00:14:40.440 --> 00:14:42.509
looking at the overall crater formation


00:14:42.519 --> 00:14:44.389
and erosion of the ground due to the


00:14:44.399 --> 00:14:46.949
rocket plumes the final stereo images


00:14:46.959 --> 00:14:48.829
which will be stored on a small onboard


00:14:48.839 --> 00:14:50.949
data storage unit will be transferred to


00:14:50.959 --> 00:14:52.790
the Lander and then down link to Earth


00:14:52.800 --> 00:14:54.749
where we can use them to reconstruct the


00:14:54.759 --> 00:14:57.350
overall erosion volume and shape of the


00:14:57.360 --> 00:14:59.550
ground so this information is important


00:14:59.560 --> 00:15:01.230
because as we send larger heavier


00:15:01.240 --> 00:15:03.150
payloads to the moon and eventually onto


00:15:03.160 --> 00:15:04.910
Mars we need to be able to accurately


00:15:04.920 --> 00:15:06.990
predict the effects of these Landings


00:15:07.000 --> 00:15:08.590
with the Artemis program we plan to


00:15:08.600 --> 00:15:11.310
establish a sustained lunar exploration


00:15:11.320 --> 00:15:13.310
and try to land multiple payloads in


00:15:13.320 --> 00:15:15.590
close proximity to one another scalp's


00:15:15.600 --> 00:15:17.350
data will be a critical part of


00:15:17.360 --> 00:15:18.509
understanding these phenomena and


00:15:18.519 --> 00:15:20.269
improving our computational models to


00:15:20.279 --> 00:15:22.110
inform these future Landings that


00:15:22.120 --> 00:15:24.230
scalp's photogrametry team scientist


00:15:24.240 --> 00:15:26.150
Olivia Terell from NASA's Langley


00:15:26.160 --> 00:15:29.150
Research Center Blu ghost is also


00:15:29.160 --> 00:15:30.870
carrying the lunar instrumentation for


00:15:30.880 --> 00:15:32.790
subsurface thermal Exploration with


00:15:32.800 --> 00:15:34.829
rapidity or list the payload which will


00:15:34.839 --> 00:15:37.150
measure the flow of heat from the moon's


00:15:37.160 --> 00:15:39.509
interior it uses a sophisticated


00:15:39.519 --> 00:15:42.030
pneumatic drill to dig some 3 m down


00:15:42.040 --> 00:15:44.829
into the dusty lunar regolith every half


00:15:44.839 --> 00:15:46.949
meter or so as it descends the drilling


00:15:46.959 --> 00:15:49.069
system will pause and extend a thermal


00:15:49.079 --> 00:15:50.990
probe into the regul in order to measure


00:15:51.000 --> 00:15:52.949
the thermal gradient the changes in


00:15:52.959 --> 00:15:54.749
temperature at various depths and


00:15:54.759 --> 00:15:56.509
thermal conductivity that is the


00:15:56.519 --> 00:15:58.470
subsurface material's ability to let


00:15:58.480 --> 00:16:01.150
haat pass through it by making similar


00:16:01.160 --> 00:16:02.949
measurements at modable locations on the


00:16:02.959 --> 00:16:05.309
lunar surface scientists can reconstruct


00:16:05.319 --> 00:16:06.949
the thermal evolution of the Moon


00:16:06.959 --> 00:16:08.910
allowing them to retrace the geological


00:16:08.920 --> 00:16:10.470
processes that shape the moon from the


00:16:10.480 --> 00:16:12.269
start as a bowl of molten rock which


00:16:12.279 --> 00:16:14.550
then gradually cooled off releasing its


00:16:14.560 --> 00:16:17.350
internal head into space List's Mission


00:16:17.360 --> 00:16:19.590
manager Mike Selby from NASA's Marshall


00:16:19.600 --> 00:16:21.670
space flight center says demonstrating


00:16:21.680 --> 00:16:23.430
the drw's effectiveness could lead to


00:16:23.440 --> 00:16:25.309
more Innovative drilling capabilities


00:16:25.319 --> 00:16:27.230
enabling future exploration of not just


00:16:27.240 --> 00:16:29.150
the moon but also Mars and other


00:16:29.160 --> 00:16:31.509
celestial bodies we're naturally


00:16:31.519 --> 00:16:33.389
explorers and we haven't been to the


00:16:33.399 --> 00:16:35.870
Moon in over 50 years and I'm excited


00:16:35.880 --> 00:16:38.350
about seeing us return and seeing a new


00:16:38.360 --> 00:16:40.790
generation be able to participate and


00:16:40.800 --> 00:16:42.550
learn more about the moon and being


00:16:42.560 --> 00:16:45.230
there for a longer period of time lster


00:16:45.240 --> 00:16:47.790
is one of 10 payloads on the upcoming


00:16:47.800 --> 00:16:51.670
Blu ghost mission one Lander liser is an


00:16:51.680 --> 00:16:53.749
acronym standing for lunar


00:16:53.759 --> 00:16:57.269
instrumentation for subsurface thermal


00:16:57.279 --> 00:16:59.629
Exploration with rapidity it is


00:16:59.639 --> 00:17:02.309
basically a Pneumatic drill with a


00:17:02.319 --> 00:17:04.510
needle sensor on the end to make


00:17:04.520 --> 00:17:07.189
temperature measurements so liser is


00:17:07.199 --> 00:17:09.669
hoping to use the pneumatic drill


00:17:09.679 --> 00:17:12.470
capability to drill down in half meter


00:17:12.480 --> 00:17:14.870
increments to make temperature and


00:17:14.880 --> 00:17:17.429
thermal conductivity measurements of the


00:17:17.439 --> 00:17:19.829
subsurface of the Moon with the goal of


00:17:19.839 --> 00:17:22.069
emis or one of the goals being to


00:17:22.079 --> 00:17:24.350
establish a longer term presence on the


00:17:24.360 --> 00:17:27.069
moon instruments such as liser help us


00:17:27.079 --> 00:17:29.070
to learn more about the surface to the


00:17:29.080 --> 00:17:31.430
moon and how we can be there for a


00:17:31.440 --> 00:17:33.270
longer period of time and take advantage


00:17:33.280 --> 00:17:36.549
of resources available to us Texas Tech


00:17:36.559 --> 00:17:38.350
is is where the principal investigator


00:17:38.360 --> 00:17:42.110
for ler is located and the payload was


00:17:42.120 --> 00:17:43.950
designed and built by honeybee robotics


00:17:43.960 --> 00:17:46.310
in aladen California that's list Mission


00:17:46.320 --> 00:17:48.590
manager Mike Selby from Nas's Marshall


00:17:48.600 --> 00:17:51.789
space flight center meanwhile the Luna


00:17:51.799 --> 00:17:54.190
environment heliospheric x-ray imager or


00:17:54.200 --> 00:17:56.230
Lexi instrument will try to understand


00:17:56.240 --> 00:17:58.390
how the Earth responds to space weather


00:17:58.400 --> 00:18:00.270
the GM magnetic conditions in space


00:18:00.280 --> 00:18:03.149
driven by the sun once the dust clears


00:18:03.159 --> 00:18:05.149
from the lunar Landing site Lexi will


00:18:05.159 --> 00:18:07.870
power on warm up and direct its focus


00:18:07.880 --> 00:18:10.990
back towards the Earth for 6 days then


00:18:11.000 --> 00:18:12.669
it'll collect images of the x-rays


00:18:12.679 --> 00:18:14.430
emanating from the edges of Earth's


00:18:14.440 --> 00:18:16.789
magnetosphere and it will study how this


00:18:16.799 --> 00:18:18.630
protective shield responds to space


00:18:18.640 --> 00:18:20.430
weather the constant stream of charged


00:18:20.440 --> 00:18:22.070
particles flowing out from the Sun as


00:18:22.080 --> 00:18:23.710
well as other Cosmic particles coming


00:18:23.720 --> 00:18:26.270
from deep space Lexi will also look at


00:18:26.280 --> 00:18:28.310
the kinds of extreme solar events needed


00:18:28.320 --> 00:18:30.310
to pen the magnetosphere allowing


00:18:30.320 --> 00:18:32.549
streams of charge particles in thereby


00:18:32.559 --> 00:18:34.750
creating both auroral activity and also


00:18:34.760 --> 00:18:36.549
potentially damaging infrastructure


00:18:36.559 --> 00:18:39.510
through geomagnetic storms Lexi will see


00:18:39.520 --> 00:18:41.590
the low energy x-rays that form when the


00:18:41.600 --> 00:18:43.270
solar wind particles slam into the


00:18:43.280 --> 00:18:45.630
Earth's magnetic field this happens at


00:18:45.640 --> 00:18:47.149
the edge of the magnetosphere called the


00:18:47.159 --> 00:18:49.950
Magneto pores scientists have recently


00:18:49.960 --> 00:18:51.789
began to detect these x-rays in a


00:18:51.799 --> 00:18:53.630
patchwork of observations from other


00:18:53.640 --> 00:18:56.029
satellites but from its vantage point on


00:18:56.039 --> 00:18:57.909
the lunar surface Lexi will see the


00:18:57.919 --> 00:19:00.070
entire magnetic pors in its field of


00:19:00.080 --> 00:19:02.950
view Lexi Co investigator hunji Conor


00:19:02.960 --> 00:19:04.830
from NASA's gotad space flight center in


00:19:04.840 --> 00:19:06.750
green Bel Maryland says she expects to


00:19:06.760 --> 00:19:08.549
see the magnetosphere sort of breathing


00:19:08.559 --> 00:19:10.190
in and out for the first time as it


00:19:10.200 --> 00:19:11.909
wobbles under the pressure of the solar


00:19:11.919 --> 00:19:14.270
wind pushing up against it Lexi will


00:19:14.280 --> 00:19:15.990
also be poised to capture magnetic


00:19:16.000 --> 00:19:17.270
reconnection that's when the


00:19:17.280 --> 00:19:19.270
magnetosphere field lines merge with


00:19:19.280 --> 00:19:20.870
those of the solar wind and release


00:19:20.880 --> 00:19:22.950
energetic particles which will then rain


00:19:22.960 --> 00:19:25.430
down over the Earth's poles and this


00:19:25.440 --> 00:19:27.110
could help researchers answer lingering


00:19:27.120 --> 00:19:28.710
questions about these events including


00:19:28.720 --> 00:19:30.110
cluding whether they happen at multile


00:19:30.120 --> 00:19:32.070
sites simultaneously whether they occur


00:19:32.080 --> 00:19:35.070
steadily or in bursts Connor says these


00:19:35.080 --> 00:19:36.909
solar particles streaming into the Earth


00:19:36.919 --> 00:19:38.630
atmosphere cause brilliant auroral


00:19:38.640 --> 00:19:40.750
activity but they can also damage


00:19:40.760 --> 00:19:42.230
satellites orbiting the planet and


00:19:42.240 --> 00:19:43.630
interfere with power grids


00:19:43.640 --> 00:19:45.789
Communications and navigation systems on


00:19:45.799 --> 00:19:48.350
the ground from the narrow field of view


00:19:48.360 --> 00:19:51.029
astrophysics observation we've learned


00:19:51.039 --> 00:19:54.190
that our magnetosphere emit x-rays which


00:19:54.200 --> 00:19:56.669
resulted in this Lexi Mission and I'm


00:19:56.679 --> 00:19:58.830
excited that Lexi will give us image


00:19:58.840 --> 00:20:01.310
from the Luna surface that fantastic


00:20:01.320 --> 00:20:04.990
location Lexi is a wide field of view


00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:07.270
soft x-ray telescope that will be


00:20:07.280 --> 00:20:10.990
deployed to the Luna surface Lexi is


00:20:11.000 --> 00:20:13.630
designed to study magnetic reconnection


00:20:13.640 --> 00:20:16.230
the process that allow solar wind energy


00:20:16.240 --> 00:20:18.590
to enter the Earth syic


00:20:18.600 --> 00:20:21.270
neosphere changes in solar wind


00:20:21.280 --> 00:20:23.669
condition can trigger different types of


00:20:23.679 --> 00:20:26.549
magnetic reconnection modifying the


00:20:26.559 --> 00:20:29.750
shape and position of the Earth is


00:20:29.760 --> 00:20:32.270
magnetosphere these solar wind particles


00:20:32.280 --> 00:20:34.830
can be energized and creating space


00:20:34.840 --> 00:20:38.669
Hazard for emis astronauts and Lexi will


00:20:38.679 --> 00:20:40.750
be the first wide field of view


00:20:40.760 --> 00:20:43.390
telescope and observing This Global


00:20:43.400 --> 00:20:46.070
interaction between solar wind and


00:20:46.080 --> 00:20:47.510
Earth's


00:20:47.520 --> 00:20:50.430
magnetosphere unlike the gigantic x-ray


00:20:50.440 --> 00:20:53.870
telescope sent by astrophysicist Lexi is


00:20:53.880 --> 00:20:57.789
a small telescope to get the global view


00:20:57.799 --> 00:21:00.630
of the Magneto SP it's better to be far


00:21:00.640 --> 00:21:02.950
distant from the earth the moon provide


00:21:02.960 --> 00:21:05.110
a perfect place to take the global


00:21:05.120 --> 00:21:08.430
picture so understanding the solar wind


00:21:08.440 --> 00:21:10.990
and Earth's magnitud spear interaction


00:21:11.000 --> 00:21:13.669
is crucial for space


00:21:13.679 --> 00:21:16.750
exploration Lexi's image will advance


00:21:16.760 --> 00:21:19.510
this understanding of global interaction


00:21:19.520 --> 00:21:22.110
between the solar wind and Magneto spere


00:21:22.120 --> 00:21:24.870
that's Lexi coinvestigator H from nases


00:21:24.880 --> 00:21:27.510
GED space flight center in greenel


00:21:27.520 --> 00:21:30.470
Maryland unboard computers are critical


00:21:30.480 --> 00:21:33.310
for space exploration they aid nearly


00:21:33.320 --> 00:21:35.710
all aspects of spacecraft function from


00:21:35.720 --> 00:21:37.350
propulsion and navigation systems


00:21:37.360 --> 00:21:39.190
through the life support technology


00:21:39.200 --> 00:21:41.269
science data retrieval and Analysis


00:21:41.279 --> 00:21:44.310
Communications and re-entry problem is


00:21:44.320 --> 00:21:46.390
computers in space are all susceptible


00:21:46.400 --> 00:21:49.470
to ionizing solar and Cosmic radiation


00:21:49.480 --> 00:21:51.430
and just one high energy particle can


00:21:51.440 --> 00:21:54.310
trigger a so-called single event effect


00:21:54.320 --> 00:21:56.350
that causes data errors and can lead to


00:21:56.360 --> 00:21:59.029
cascading malfunctions system crash and


00:21:59.039 --> 00:22:01.669
even permanent damage the radiation


00:22:01.679 --> 00:22:04.350
tolerant computer or rad PC technology


00:22:04.360 --> 00:22:06.549
demonstration aboard Blu ghost aims to


00:22:06.559 --> 00:22:08.230
demonstrate computer recovery from


00:22:08.240 --> 00:22:11.190
faults caused by single event effects


00:22:11.200 --> 00:22:12.990
see the computer's designed to gauge its


00:22:13.000 --> 00:22:14.669
own real-time state of health by


00:22:14.679 --> 00:22:16.710
employing redundant processes using


00:22:16.720 --> 00:22:18.710
off-the-shelf integrated circuits known


00:22:18.720 --> 00:22:21.549
as filled programmable gate arrays these


00:22:21.559 --> 00:22:23.789
T like logic blocks are capable of being


00:22:23.799 --> 00:22:25.710
easily replaced following a confirmed


00:22:25.720 --> 00:22:28.070
ionizing particle strike now in the


00:22:28.080 --> 00:22:30.230
event of a radiation strike red PC's


00:22:30.240 --> 00:22:32.149
recovery procedures can identify the


00:22:32.159 --> 00:22:33.870
location of the fault and repair the


00:22:33.880 --> 00:22:36.230
issue in the background it also carries


00:22:36.240 --> 00:22:38.149
three doomers in order to measure


00:22:38.159 --> 00:22:40.070
varying levels of radiation in the lunar


00:22:40.080 --> 00:22:41.909
environment with each tuned to a


00:22:41.919 --> 00:22:44.149
different sensitivity level the lunar


00:22:44.159 --> 00:22:46.230
payload manager Dennis Harris from Nas's


00:22:46.240 --> 00:22:47.990
Marshal space flight center says they'll


00:22:48.000 --> 00:22:49.669
also measure the interaction between the


00:22:49.679 --> 00:22:51.710
Earth's magnetosphere and the solar wind


00:22:51.720 --> 00:22:53.510
during its Journey To The Moon and


00:22:53.520 --> 00:22:55.710
provide detailed radiation information


00:22:55.720 --> 00:22:57.830
about the Blu ghost Landing site I'm


00:22:57.840 --> 00:23:00.310
excited to maybe have a chance to build


00:23:00.320 --> 00:23:02.510
a bunch of lowcost computers that will


00:23:02.520 --> 00:23:04.470
work in any situation in the solar


00:23:04.480 --> 00:23:06.990
system and two it's very exciting to


00:23:07.000 --> 00:23:09.310
really have a empirical understanding


00:23:09.320 --> 00:23:11.430
the radiation environment on the surface


00:23:11.440 --> 00:23:13.590
rad PC is designed to be a lowcost


00:23:13.600 --> 00:23:15.789
option to radiation Harden devices that


00:23:15.799 --> 00:23:17.630
are currently um in


00:23:17.640 --> 00:23:20.310
operation basically it's a


00:23:20.320 --> 00:23:23.310
self-correcting PC that will allow


00:23:23.320 --> 00:23:25.950
lowcost almost commercial off the-shelf


00:23:25.960 --> 00:23:28.630
parts to be used in future missions the


00:23:28.640 --> 00:23:30.710
from rad PC is going to be TW fold one


00:23:30.720 --> 00:23:32.590
it's going to be how to self-correct


00:23:32.600 --> 00:23:35.789
lowcost Computing uh on space missions


00:23:35.799 --> 00:23:36.990
and two it's going to give us a real


00:23:37.000 --> 00:23:39.350
feel for the radiation environment not


00:23:39.360 --> 00:23:40.710
only on the surface of the Moon but


00:23:40.720 --> 00:23:42.510
through the Van Allen belts and through


00:23:42.520 --> 00:23:44.630
the entirety of the mission well it fits


00:23:44.640 --> 00:23:46.870
in two ways one it could allow us to


00:23:46.880 --> 00:23:50.870
have functional lowcost computing power


00:23:50.880 --> 00:23:53.430
not only on missions but on the surface


00:23:53.440 --> 00:23:55.110
uh the other way is that uh we're going


00:23:55.120 --> 00:23:56.430
to measure two different bands of


00:23:56.440 --> 00:23:59.350
radiation a lower level and a higher


00:23:59.360 --> 00:24:00.909
that will give us a much better feel for


00:24:00.919 --> 00:24:02.789
the radiation environment that the emis


00:24:02.799 --> 00:24:05.269
astronauts will be subjected to on their


00:24:05.279 --> 00:24:07.789
um Mission back in the late 1960s and


00:24:07.799 --> 00:24:10.269
early' 70s Apollo Astronauts set up a


00:24:10.279 --> 00:24:11.990
series of mirror arrays or retr


00:24:12.000 --> 00:24:13.750
reflectors on the lunar surface to


00:24:13.760 --> 00:24:15.950
accurately reflect laser light beamed at


00:24:15.960 --> 00:24:18.470
the Moon from Earth now calculating the


00:24:18.480 --> 00:24:20.390
time required for the beams to bounce


00:24:20.400 --> 00:24:22.470
back allowed scientists to precisely


00:24:22.480 --> 00:24:23.990
measure the moon's shape and its


00:24:24.000 --> 00:24:25.669
distance from the earth both of which


00:24:25.679 --> 00:24:27.190
are directly affected by the Earth's


00:24:27.200 --> 00:24:29.870
gravitational Pole now more than 50


00:24:29.880 --> 00:24:31.909
years later as NASA prepares to return


00:24:31.919 --> 00:24:33.870
to the Luna surface this time to stay


00:24:33.880 --> 00:24:36.190
with the emus program a new generation


00:24:36.200 --> 00:24:37.950
of retr reflectors will be sent to the


00:24:37.960 --> 00:24:40.950
Moon to continue the research the Next


00:24:40.960 --> 00:24:44.149
Generation lunar retr reflectors or ngrs


00:24:44.159 --> 00:24:46.190
will expand science's knowledge about


00:24:46.200 --> 00:24:48.070
the Earth's nearest Celestial neighbor


00:24:48.080 --> 00:24:50.389
its geological processes properties of


00:24:50.399 --> 00:24:52.029
the lunar crust the structure of the


00:24:52.039 --> 00:24:54.269
lunar interior and how the Earth Moon


00:24:54.279 --> 00:24:56.549
system is changing over time this


00:24:56.559 --> 00:24:57.950
technology will also allow High


00:24:57.960 --> 00:24:59.710
precision gravity testing using


00:24:59.720 --> 00:25:02.470
Einstein's theory of general relativity


00:25:02.480 --> 00:25:03.990
and the first of the new retro


00:25:04.000 --> 00:25:06.190
reflectors will be deployed on Blue


00:25:06.200 --> 00:25:08.870
Ghost a second new generation retr


00:25:08.880 --> 00:25:10.149
reflector will be carried aboard the


00:25:10.159 --> 00:25:12.310
emus 3 mission which is stated to launch


00:25:12.320 --> 00:25:15.029
in late 2027 bringing hum to the lunar


00:25:15.039 --> 00:25:16.830
surface for the first time in more than


00:25:16.840 --> 00:25:19.630
50 Years it'll be set up near the lunar


00:25:19.640 --> 00:25:22.470
South Pole and a third New Generation


00:25:22.480 --> 00:25:24.430
retro reflector is expected to be


00:25:24.440 --> 00:25:26.310
manifested on a future mission to a


00:25:26.320 --> 00:25:28.990
non-polar location on the moon Dennis


00:25:29.000 --> 00:25:31.029
Harris says that once all three retro


00:25:31.039 --> 00:25:32.389
reflectors are operating they're


00:25:32.399 --> 00:25:34.110
expected to deliver unprecedented


00:25:34.120 --> 00:25:35.710
opportunities to learn more about the


00:25:35.720 --> 00:25:38.149
moon and its relationship with the Earth


00:25:38.159 --> 00:25:40.909
ngr is a follow on to the Apollo retro


00:25:40.919 --> 00:25:42.149
reflectors that have been on the moon


00:25:42.159 --> 00:25:44.950
since the 70s it's more precise it's a


00:25:44.960 --> 00:25:47.430
little bit larger and it's designed to


00:25:47.440 --> 00:25:49.149
help us understand the movement of the


00:25:49.159 --> 00:25:52.510
moon inel is designed to return a laer


00:25:52.520 --> 00:25:54.190
pulse it starts at the Earth travels to


00:25:54.200 --> 00:25:55.870
the Retro reflector and then returns to


00:25:55.880 --> 00:25:57.669
the Earth large amount of science comes


00:25:57.679 --> 00:25:59.909
out of simple instrument like a retr


00:25:59.919 --> 00:26:01.870
reflector so the two things immediately


00:26:01.880 --> 00:26:04.029
is we can measure the precise distance


00:26:04.039 --> 00:26:06.070
but also it gives us information about


00:26:06.080 --> 00:26:07.669
the liquid core of the Moon and how it


00:26:07.679 --> 00:26:09.710
moves which will help the astronauts who


00:26:09.720 --> 00:26:11.510
will spend time there to understand


00:26:11.520 --> 00:26:13.230
their environment I'm excited because


00:26:13.240 --> 00:26:14.950
this is a follow on to the Apollo retr


00:26:14.960 --> 00:26:17.029
reflectors allowing us to have maybe


00:26:17.039 --> 00:26:19.389
even a h hundredfold better idea of the


00:26:19.399 --> 00:26:20.909
precise distances to make our


00:26:20.919 --> 00:26:22.350
measurements more accurate and our


00:26:22.360 --> 00:26:24.549
predictions about general relativity and


00:26:24.559 --> 00:26:26.590
the interior of the Moon more precise


00:26:26.600 --> 00:26:28.350
NASA Works in collaboration with the


00:26:28.360 --> 00:26:31.070
University of Maryland on the ngr


00:26:31.080 --> 00:26:34.149
program NASA Marshall's role are is to


00:26:34.159 --> 00:26:36.110
facilitate the build the test the


00:26:36.120 --> 00:26:38.029
development the design and delivery of


00:26:38.039 --> 00:26:39.830
the instrument to the lower surface one


00:26:39.840 --> 00:26:41.350
of the more Innovative technology


00:26:41.360 --> 00:26:43.269
demonstrators being carried aboard Blu


00:26:43.279 --> 00:26:46.630
ghost is the Luna Planet vac or lpv it's


00:26:46.640 --> 00:26:48.549
a Pneumatic compressed gas powered


00:26:48.559 --> 00:26:50.789
sample acquisition and delivery system


00:26:50.799 --> 00:26:52.789
in simple terms it's really just a space


00:26:52.799 --> 00:26:55.190
vacuum cleaner that brings its own gas


00:26:55.200 --> 00:26:57.029
it's designed to collect and transfer


00:26:57.039 --> 00:26:58.669
lunar saw from the surface surface to


00:26:58.679 --> 00:27:00.750
other science instruments or to a sample


00:27:00.760 --> 00:27:03.350
return container the opv sampling head


00:27:03.360 --> 00:27:05.350
will use pressurized gas to stir up the


00:27:05.360 --> 00:27:07.510
lunar regl or soil creating a small


00:27:07.520 --> 00:27:09.350
Cloud which will then be sucked up into


00:27:09.360 --> 00:27:11.389
a transfer tube by secondary pneumatic


00:27:11.399 --> 00:27:14.389
Jets and deposited in a sample container


00:27:14.399 --> 00:27:16.590
collected reg including particles up to


00:27:16.600 --> 00:27:18.590
a centimeter or so in size can then be


00:27:18.600 --> 00:27:21.389
shved imaged and tested Harris says


00:27:21.399 --> 00:27:23.430
there's no digging no mechanical arms to


00:27:23.440 --> 00:27:25.070
wear out requiring servicing or


00:27:25.080 --> 00:27:27.110
replacement and it functions just like a


00:27:27.120 --> 00:27:28.789
regular vacuum cleaner


00:27:28.799 --> 00:27:30.350
the technology could also be used to


00:27:30.360 --> 00:27:31.830
search for water helium and other


00:27:31.840 --> 00:27:34.029
resources including init materials for


00:27:34.039 --> 00:27:36.149
fabricating lunar habitats and lunar


00:27:36.159 --> 00:27:38.190
launch pads one day we're going to live


00:27:38.200 --> 00:27:40.470
and work on on the mo and we need to


00:27:40.480 --> 00:27:42.470
know is there is there any water are


00:27:42.480 --> 00:27:44.590
there any any volatiles any kind of


00:27:44.600 --> 00:27:45.870
chemicals that we can use for


00:27:45.880 --> 00:27:48.830
manufacturing say we want to build a


00:27:48.840 --> 00:27:50.830
landing pad how can we use the lar soil


00:27:50.840 --> 00:27:53.590
to do that lar plavac is designed to


00:27:53.600 --> 00:27:56.669
gather soil samples and either canister


00:27:56.679 --> 00:27:58.870
them up for a trip back to the Earth or


00:27:58.880 --> 00:28:01.149
to distribute them to any on board


00:28:01.159 --> 00:28:02.789
instruments that might want to do in


00:28:02.799 --> 00:28:04.990
situ and that is in place measurements


00:28:05.000 --> 00:28:07.389
to um look at the chemical composition


00:28:07.399 --> 00:28:10.070
of the soil space is limited on a rocket


00:28:10.080 --> 00:28:12.310
and so is the mass and so anything we


00:28:12.320 --> 00:28:13.950
can find on the surface that we can use


00:28:13.960 --> 00:28:17.509
to manufacture or build um housing or


00:28:17.519 --> 00:28:19.549
launchpads as a benefit to the Space


00:28:19.559 --> 00:28:21.310
Program in the long term uh the lar


00:28:21.320 --> 00:28:23.149
Planet vac instrument will help us


00:28:23.159 --> 00:28:24.750
understand the uh environment on the


00:28:24.760 --> 00:28:26.470
moon and environments on other planets


00:28:26.480 --> 00:28:27.830
that we're going to travel to uh the


00:28:27.840 --> 00:28:29.470
same company who's building lunar Planet


00:28:29.480 --> 00:28:31.710
Act is also have very similar instrument


00:28:31.720 --> 00:28:34.389
flying to Phobos on a different Mission


00:28:34.399 --> 00:28:35.590
so we're going to look at these


00:28:35.600 --> 00:28:37.389
different environments that we have to


00:28:37.399 --> 00:28:39.590
live in long term and understand them


00:28:39.600 --> 00:28:41.070
better ler plan of back is a


00:28:41.080 --> 00:28:43.549
collaboration with honeybee robotics a


00:28:43.559 --> 00:28:46.190
company based out of Alo Alto California


00:28:46.200 --> 00:28:48.190
NASA Marshall's role is to facilitate


00:28:48.200 --> 00:28:50.750
the funding the design the build the


00:28:50.760 --> 00:28:54.190
test and delivery of the lpv to the um


00:28:54.200 --> 00:28:56.230
spacecraft for delivery to the lader


00:28:56.240 --> 00:28:58.750
surface once again that's Dennis


00:28:58.760 --> 00:29:00.789
haris now we've been speaking a lot


00:29:00.799 --> 00:29:02.430
about blue Ghost but of course there's


00:29:02.440 --> 00:29:04.269
another spacecraft on its way as well


00:29:04.279 --> 00:29:06.470
from the same launch that's the Japanese


00:29:06.480 --> 00:29:07.950
resilience Mission which will take a


00:29:07.960 --> 00:29:09.990
more Lely four to 5 months to reach its


00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:12.669
lunar destination at the mar furus on


00:29:12.679 --> 00:29:15.350
the moon's far north resilience's


00:29:15.360 --> 00:29:17.909
payload includes a forward robotic micro


00:29:17.919 --> 00:29:19.789
Rover equipped with highdefinition


00:29:19.799 --> 00:29:21.990
cameras to explore the lunar surface and


00:29:22.000 --> 00:29:24.029
it'll attempt to scoop up lunar regular


00:29:24.039 --> 00:29:27.430
for study this is spacetime still to


00:29:27.440 --> 00:29:29.990
come you president Donald Trump vows to


00:29:30.000 --> 00:29:31.909
plant Old Glory on the red planet


00:29:31.919 --> 00:29:34.590
surface and later in the science report


00:29:34.600 --> 00:29:36.190
discovery of what may be the world's


00:29:36.200 --> 00:29:38.310
oldest three-dimensional map all that


00:29:38.320 --> 00:29:41.270
and more still to come on


00:29:41.280 --> 00:29:48.450
[Music]




00:29:54.519 --> 00:29:56.870
SpaceTime America's newly elected


00:29:56.880 --> 00:29:59.110
president Donald J Trump has vowed to


00:29:59.120 --> 00:30:01.070
plant the stars and stripes on the red


00:30:01.080 --> 00:30:03.750
planet Mars the historic commitment was


00:30:03.760 --> 00:30:05.590
made during his inauguration speech at


00:30:05.600 --> 00:30:08.470
the US capital building in Washington DC


00:30:08.480 --> 00:30:10.110
the United States will once again


00:30:10.120 --> 00:30:12.789
consider itself a growing Nation one


00:30:12.799 --> 00:30:15.230
that increases our wealth expands our


00:30:15.240 --> 00:30:17.990
territory builds our cities raises our


00:30:18.000 --> 00:30:20.549
expectations and Carries our flag into


00:30:20.559 --> 00:30:23.029
new and beautiful Horizons and we will


00:30:23.039 --> 00:30:25.190
pursue our Manifest Destiny into the


00:30:25.200 --> 00:30:27.669
Stars launching American astronauts to


00:30:27.679 --> 00:30:32.040
PL the stars and stripes on the planet


00:30:32.050 --> 00:30:35.870
[Applause]


00:30:35.880 --> 00:30:38.950
Mars comments by pus 47 were


00:30:38.960 --> 00:30:40.950
enthusiastically endorsed by his close


00:30:40.960 --> 00:30:43.430
Ally SpaceX boss Elon Musk who en


00:30:43.440 --> 00:30:45.630
visiones colonizing Mars using his


00:30:45.640 --> 00:30:47.549
interplanetary Colonial transport


00:30:47.559 --> 00:30:50.230
spacecraft the Starship mus created a


00:30:50.240 --> 00:30:52.190
clip of himself raising two thumbs


00:30:52.200 --> 00:30:54.070
grinning and clapping wildly as the


00:30:54.080 --> 00:30:56.789
president made his remarks he hopes to


00:30:56.799 --> 00:30:58.789
send spacex's first submission to Mars


00:30:58.799 --> 00:31:01.629
on an unmanned flight next year earlier


00:31:01.639 --> 00:31:03.870
this month musk tweeted on X that we


00:31:03.880 --> 00:31:05.750
were going straight to Mars and that the


00:31:05.760 --> 00:31:08.509
Moon is a distraction during his first


00:31:08.519 --> 00:31:10.789
term as pertis 45 president Trump


00:31:10.799 --> 00:31:12.750
launched the emis program which will


00:31:12.760 --> 00:31:14.870
return humans to the Moon as a stepping


00:31:14.880 --> 00:31:17.950
stone in order to reach Mars and Beyond


00:31:17.960 --> 00:31:20.110
however China has also set its sights on


00:31:20.120 --> 00:31:22.470
both the moon and Mars beijing's


00:31:22.480 --> 00:31:24.110
planning a sample return mission to the


00:31:24.120 --> 00:31:26.509
red planet for 2028 and together with


00:31:26.519 --> 00:31:28.310
Russia China's also working towards


00:31:28.320 --> 00:31:30.190
establishing a man base on the moon in


00:31:30.200 --> 00:31:31.230
the early


00:31:31.240 --> 00:31:33.549
2030s meanwhile the American space


00:31:33.559 --> 00:31:35.470
agency NASA and the European Space


00:31:35.480 --> 00:31:37.190
Agency are planning their own joint


00:31:37.200 --> 00:31:39.710
sample return Mission to Mars that was


00:31:39.720 --> 00:31:41.909
originally slated for 2028 but it's


00:31:41.919 --> 00:31:43.909
currently been put on hold due to cost


00:31:43.919 --> 00:31:45.950
overruns which are forcing a total


00:31:45.960 --> 00:31:48.669
replan and there's also no firm date yet


00:31:48.679 --> 00:31:50.549
for a man American mission to the red


00:31:50.559 --> 00:31:53.070
planet the admus 2 mission which will


00:31:53.080 --> 00:31:55.029
send astronauts in orbit around the Moon


00:31:55.039 --> 00:31:57.190
which was to take place last year is now


00:31:57.200 --> 00:31:59.710
expected to Launch in April next year


00:31:59.720 --> 00:32:01.990
and as for the man emus 3 mission to


00:32:02.000 --> 00:32:04.029
return humans to the lunar surface that


00:32:04.039 --> 00:32:06.470
was also originally stated for 2024 but


00:32:06.480 --> 00:32:08.549
now is not expected to launch before


00:32:08.559 --> 00:32:12.149
September 2027 at the earliest needless


00:32:12.159 --> 00:32:14.269
to say we'll keep you


00:32:14.279 --> 00:32:26.740
informed this is spacetime


00:32:26.750 --> 00:32:33.029
[Music]


00:32:33.039 --> 00:32:34.629
and time now to take another brief look


00:32:34.639 --> 00:32:36.110
at some of the other stories making news


00:32:36.120 --> 00:32:38.310
and science this week with a science


00:32:38.320 --> 00:32:41.029
report a new study has isolated some of


00:32:41.039 --> 00:32:43.070
the risks associated with glucogen like


00:32:43.080 --> 00:32:45.269
peptide 1 receptor agonists such as


00:32:45.279 --> 00:32:49.029
stide AIC and wovi these drugs were


00:32:49.039 --> 00:32:50.549
originally prescribed for people with


00:32:50.559 --> 00:32:52.750
diabetes but they've become more famous


00:32:52.760 --> 00:32:55.029
for their weight loss effects previous


00:32:55.039 --> 00:32:56.710
research has already shown that these


00:32:56.720 --> 00:32:58.190
medicines are associated deed with a


00:32:58.200 --> 00:33:00.149
lower risk of 42 different Health


00:33:00.159 --> 00:33:02.190
outcomes including stroke and heart


00:33:02.200 --> 00:33:04.830
issues but a new study reported in the


00:33:04.840 --> 00:33:06.509
journal Nature medicine looking at the


00:33:06.519 --> 00:33:09.110
effects of the drug on 216,000 people


00:33:09.120 --> 00:33:11.029
has also found an association with the


00:33:11.039 --> 00:33:12.990
increased risk of gut issues including


00:33:13.000 --> 00:33:15.149
nausea vomiting and stomach pain as well


00:33:15.159 --> 00:33:17.590
as low blood pressure fainting and


00:33:17.600 --> 00:33:20.070
arthritis this kind of study cannot


00:33:20.080 --> 00:33:21.669
prove that these medications can


00:33:21.679 --> 00:33:24.549
directly cause the outcomes but instead


00:33:24.559 --> 00:33:25.990
the researchers suggest that people


00:33:26.000 --> 00:33:27.430
considering them should look into all


00:33:27.440 --> 00:33:30.509
the out comes before deciding on their


00:33:30.519 --> 00:33:33.470
use a key ingredient for fertilizer


00:33:33.480 --> 00:33:35.230
could one day be produced with zero


00:33:35.240 --> 00:33:37.870
carbon dioxide emissions a report in the


00:33:37.880 --> 00:33:39.909
journal juel claims the key would


00:33:39.919 --> 00:33:41.789
involve harnessing the natural power of


00:33:41.799 --> 00:33:44.430
the earth ammonia is the main component


00:33:44.440 --> 00:33:46.549
in many fertilizers and there's hope


00:33:46.559 --> 00:33:48.669
that it could one day be used as a clean


00:33:48.679 --> 00:33:51.230
fuel but currently producing it's very


00:33:51.240 --> 00:33:53.470
costly to the environment however


00:33:53.480 --> 00:33:55.230
researchers believe that the natural


00:33:55.240 --> 00:33:56.830
high temperature and pressure below the


00:33:56.840 --> 00:33:58.669
Earth's surface could theoretically do


00:33:58.679 --> 00:34:00.950
the same job as today's industrial


00:34:00.960 --> 00:34:03.509
processes so they built a rock water


00:34:03.519 --> 00:34:05.750
reaction system mimicking this below


00:34:05.760 --> 00:34:07.389
surface environment and they say that


00:34:07.399 --> 00:34:09.190
when nitrogen laced water came into


00:34:09.200 --> 00:34:10.909
contact with the Rocks It produced


00:34:10.919 --> 00:34:13.190
ammonia the authors say that using this


00:34:13.200 --> 00:34:14.629
strategy in the real world would be


00:34:14.639 --> 00:34:16.349
logistically complicated and require


00:34:16.359 --> 00:34:18.270
much more research but if it worked it


00:34:18.280 --> 00:34:19.710
could be used around the world for a


00:34:19.720 --> 00:34:22.149
higher profit with no energy input and


00:34:22.159 --> 00:34:24.389
no CO2


00:34:24.399 --> 00:34:26.589
emissions scientists have discovered


00:34:26.599 --> 00:34:28.270
what may be the world's oldest


00:34:28.280 --> 00:34:31.109
three-dimensional map the find reported


00:34:31.119 --> 00:34:33.190
in the Oxford Journal of archaeology was


00:34:33.200 --> 00:34:35.470
uncovered in a quot cic Sandstone Mega


00:34:35.480 --> 00:34:38.750
class in the Paris Basin the sgog null 3


00:34:38.760 --> 00:34:40.310
Rock shelter has been known since the


00:34:40.320 --> 00:34:43.230
1980s for its artistic Engravings of two


00:34:43.240 --> 00:34:45.950
horses in a late perioli Style on either


00:34:45.960 --> 00:34:48.750
side of a female pubic figuration and


00:34:48.760 --> 00:34:50.750
it's now being revealed to also contain


00:34:50.760 --> 00:34:52.589
a miniature representation of the


00:34:52.599 --> 00:34:55.069
surrounding landscape the new research


00:34:55.079 --> 00:34:56.909
suggests that part of the floor of the


00:34:56.919 --> 00:34:59.150
sandstone shelter was shaped and adapted


00:34:59.160 --> 00:35:01.270
by Paleolithic people around 13,000


00:35:01.280 --> 00:35:03.069
years ago and modeled to reflect the


00:35:03.079 --> 00:35:04.950
Region's natural water flows and


00:35:04.960 --> 00:35:07.950
geomorphological features before this


00:35:07.960 --> 00:35:09.109
discovery the oldest known


00:35:09.119 --> 00:35:11.030
three-dimensional map was understood to


00:35:11.040 --> 00:35:13.550
be a large portable Rock slab engraved


00:35:13.560 --> 00:35:15.190
by the people of the Bronze Age around


00:35:15.200 --> 00:35:17.470
3,000 years ago which depicted a local


00:35:17.480 --> 00:35:19.470
River Network in Earth Mounds reflecting


00:35:19.480 --> 00:35:23.230
a more modern map concept used for


00:35:23.240 --> 00:35:25.750
navigation a Canadian politician in


00:35:25.760 --> 00:35:28.030
British Columbia has been using the tile


00:35:28.040 --> 00:35:30.230
doctor after she graduated from a male


00:35:30.240 --> 00:35:33.150
in online college calling itself Quantum


00:35:33.160 --> 00:35:35.430
University it's the sort of school that


00:35:35.440 --> 00:35:37.670
exists in a shreder like state of being


00:35:37.680 --> 00:35:40.470
both real and not real at the same time


00:35:40.480 --> 00:35:42.109
the big difference being this time when


00:35:42.119 --> 00:35:43.950
you look into the box the doctorate she


00:35:43.960 --> 00:35:45.910
was awarded is virtually worthless in


00:35:45.920 --> 00:35:47.750
the real world although it did cost her


00:35:47.760 --> 00:35:50.430
money to obtain it Tim menum from strand


00:35:50.440 --> 00:35:52.430
skeptic says Quantum University isn't a


00:35:52.440 --> 00:35:54.630
real University but part of a parallel


00:35:54.640 --> 00:35:56.670
system of pretend medicine allegedly


00:35:56.680 --> 00:35:59.309
influenced by Quant physics and new age


00:35:59.319 --> 00:36:01.670
beliefs and he warns that flaunting


00:36:01.680 --> 00:36:03.950
doctorates which aren't real can have


00:36:03.960 --> 00:36:06.390
concerning repercussions I immediately


00:36:06.400 --> 00:36:08.230
have alarm bells ringing whenever I hear


00:36:08.240 --> 00:36:09.950
Quantum in a story I have more alarm


00:36:09.960 --> 00:36:11.870
bells ringing when I go out there and


00:36:11.880 --> 00:36:13.589
talk to proponents of alternative


00:36:13.599 --> 00:36:15.270
medicine and things like that who almost


00:36:15.280 --> 00:36:17.030
inevitably you can hear them or they'll


00:36:17.040 --> 00:36:18.950
quote Quantum somewhere in their


00:36:18.960 --> 00:36:20.670
explanation for their particular


00:36:20.680 --> 00:36:22.910
modality it's a catch word for


00:36:22.920 --> 00:36:24.750
strangeness and you know we don't know


00:36:24.760 --> 00:36:26.150
how it works but it works at a


00:36:26.160 --> 00:36:28.230
mysterious level and you ask them what


00:36:28.240 --> 00:36:29.870
they mean by Quantum and how it actually


00:36:29.880 --> 00:36:31.630
works and they generally do not know


00:36:31.640 --> 00:36:33.190
they know nothing about sort of quantum


00:36:33.200 --> 00:36:34.710
science and how it works and how it


00:36:34.720 --> 00:36:36.710
works especially at the subatomic level


00:36:36.720 --> 00:36:38.190
and not necessarily at dealing with


00:36:38.200 --> 00:36:39.710
someone's headache but anyway there's a


00:36:39.720 --> 00:36:41.630
university called Quantum University


00:36:41.640 --> 00:36:44.190
Bingo red flag bells ringing and a


00:36:44.200 --> 00:36:46.470
politician in Canada was claiming a


00:36:46.480 --> 00:36:49.190
doctorate or a doctor title because she


00:36:49.200 --> 00:36:51.030
graduated from is quantum University


00:36:51.040 --> 00:36:53.990
that's a online university it's a online


00:36:54.000 --> 00:36:55.829
doctorate you list you watch some videos


00:36:55.839 --> 00:36:57.270
you do a bit of this that and the other


00:36:57.280 --> 00:37:00.030
and it's totally unregistered it's


00:37:00.040 --> 00:37:02.510
unqualified it has no bearing at all on


00:37:02.520 --> 00:37:04.030
anything so someone comes to you and


00:37:04.040 --> 00:37:05.990
claims a doctor of something you have to


00:37:06.000 --> 00:37:07.309
be very careful you ask them where they


00:37:07.319 --> 00:37:08.790
got the doctorate from you also have to


00:37:08.800 --> 00:37:10.230
ask them what their doctorate is in


00:37:10.240 --> 00:37:11.630
because it's not necessarily medicine


00:37:11.640 --> 00:37:14.349
you can be a doctor of uh vure or doctor


00:37:14.359 --> 00:37:15.550
of all sorts of different things yeah


00:37:15.560 --> 00:37:16.990
you have to check that I was asked to do


00:37:17.000 --> 00:37:18.589
a doctorate in astrophysics and


00:37:18.599 --> 00:37:19.910
astronomy could have been interesting


00:37:19.920 --> 00:37:21.270
could have done that I probably couldn't


00:37:21.280 --> 00:37:23.430
get enough big words to make it a PhD


00:37:23.440 --> 00:37:25.470
but yeah the term doctor is really


00:37:25.480 --> 00:37:27.550
misused it's open to a lot of different


00:37:27.560 --> 00:37:30.990
people the medical doctor with a GP


00:37:31.000 --> 00:37:33.390
qualification Etc or specialist would


00:37:33.400 --> 00:37:35.910
like that doctor to be limited to that


00:37:35.920 --> 00:37:37.109
profession say you know what you're


00:37:37.119 --> 00:37:39.349
talking about yeah and the rest of phds


00:37:39.359 --> 00:37:41.150
yeah yeah well there's a medical doctor


00:37:41.160 --> 00:37:42.710
and there's a PhD which aren't the same


00:37:42.720 --> 00:37:44.710
thing and dentist use doctor and now


00:37:44.720 --> 00:37:46.309
you're getting chiropractors using


00:37:46.319 --> 00:37:48.309
doctor and you'll find a naturopath will


00:37:48.319 --> 00:37:50.510
use a doctor and all sorts of things


00:37:50.520 --> 00:37:52.589
like that so the term is being polluted


00:37:52.599 --> 00:37:55.430
in a way Dr Dre well yes a situation


00:37:55.440 --> 00:37:57.150
where the term doctor no longer has the


00:37:57.160 --> 00:37:58.870
same meaning either because you get


00:37:58.880 --> 00:38:00.870
these shuny institutions that will grant


00:38:00.880 --> 00:38:02.349
you a doctorate or you're getting


00:38:02.359 --> 00:38:04.270
someone who is not a medically trained


00:38:04.280 --> 00:38:06.109
person calling them but we work in the


00:38:06.119 --> 00:38:08.470
quote medical unquote area who regards


00:38:08.480 --> 00:38:10.550
themselves as a treater of people and


00:38:10.560 --> 00:38:12.430
therefore that means doctor the doctor


00:38:12.440 --> 00:38:14.950
term has problems with it and Quantum


00:38:14.960 --> 00:38:16.589
the use of quantum has major problems


00:38:16.599 --> 00:38:18.870
with it by being used as a blunt Weapon


00:38:18.880 --> 00:38:20.230
by those people who don't know what it


00:38:20.240 --> 00:38:22.470
is that's trendum from Australian


00:38:22.480 --> 00:38:24.800
Skeptics


00:38:24.810 --> 00:38:38.710
[Music]


00:38:38.720 --> 00:38:41.589
and that's the show for now SpaceTime is


00:38:41.599 --> 00:38:43.470
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