Mars’ Volcanic Awakening, Supernova 1987A’s Secrets, and Dream Chaser Delays: S28E05

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is spacetime series 28 episode 5


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for broadcast on the 10th of January


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2025 coming up on space time volcanic


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activity on the red planet Mars The


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Mysteries of supernova


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1987a and the launch of the new


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Dreamchaser space plane delayed until


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May all that and more coming up on


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SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with


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Stuart Gary


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[Music]




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a new study claims there's evidence for


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recent volcanic activity on the red


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planet Mars the research shows eruptions


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could have taken place across Mars


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within the last 50,000 years which in


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geological terms is present day the new


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findings reported in the Journal Icarus


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based on satellite observations showing


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geologically recent explosive vulcanism


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in alian plena which would be the


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youngest known volcanic eruption on Mars


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most volcanism on the red planet


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occurred between 3 and 4 billion years


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ago with smaller eruptions in isolated


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locations continuing perhaps as recently


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as 3 million years ago but until now


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there's been no evidence to indicate


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whether or not Mars could still be


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volcanically active today the studies


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lead author David Horath from the plan


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planetary Science Institute says the


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newly discovered feature is a mysterious


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dark deposit covering an area slightly


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larger than Washington DC he says it has


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high thermal inertia includes high


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calcium pyxy enrich material and is


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distributed symmetrically around a


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segment of the cerebos fosy Fisher


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system in alian plena typical of aolan


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or wind driven deposits in the region H


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says the feature looks similar to dark


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spots on both the moon and Mercury


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suggested to be explosive volcanic


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eruptions


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he says it may in fact be the youngest


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volcanic deposit yet documented on Mars


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while there are numerous examples of


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explosive volcanism on the red planet


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the majority of Martian volcanism


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consists of lava flowing at the surface


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however this elesium penti deposit


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appears to be different the feature


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overlays the surrounding lava flows and


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appears to be a relatively fresh deposit


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of Ash and rock representing a different


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style and time period of eruption than


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previously identified pyroclastic


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features


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the eruption could have spewed Ash as


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high as 10 kilm into the Martian


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atmosphere Horvat says alisan penia hurt


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some of the youngest volcanism on Mars


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dating back around 3 million years ago


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so it's not entirely unexpected he says


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it's possible these sorts of deposits


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were more common once but have mostly


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been eroded or buried the sight of the


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eruption is about 1600 kilm from Nas's


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Mars Insight Lander which was studying


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tectonic activity on Mars following its


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Landing in 2018


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in fact before it ended its Mission


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Insight detected two Mass Quakes which


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were localized to the region of cerebus


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fosy and recent Works suggested the


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possibility that these could have been


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due to the movement of magma at depth


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the young age of the deposit absolutely


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raises the possibility that there could


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still be volcanic activity on Mars today


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and it's intriguing that recent Mars


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Quakes detected by Insight were all


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sourced in the same region however


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sustaining magma near the surface of


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Mars so lated in Martian history with no


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Associated lava flows would be difficult


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and so deeper magmatic sources would


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probably have been needed to create this


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eruption Horvath says volcanic deposits


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such as this would also raise the


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possibility for habitable conditions


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near the surface of Mars in recent


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history in fact the interaction between


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ascending magma and icy substrates in


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this region could have provided


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favorable conditions for microbial life


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fairly recently and so even raises the


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possibility of existent life in this


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region a f fting concept this is


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spacetime still to come the mysteries of


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supernova


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1987a and the launch of the Dreamchaser


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space plane now likely to take place in


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May all that and more still to come on


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SpaceTime


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[Music]


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astronomers using the meres and


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Widefield array radio telescope in


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Outback Western Australia have been


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peering deep into the heart of supernova


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1987a trying to understand more about


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the progenitor star that triggered the


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most powerful explosion in our part of


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the universe in the last 400 years


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Supernova


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1987a marked the explosive death of a


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spectr type B3 blue super giant star


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called sandel - 6922 on the outskirts of


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the tantula nebula some 168,000 light


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years away in the large melanic Cloud a


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dwarf Galaxy orbiting our own galaxy The


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Milky Way the progenitor Stars estimated


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to have been around 20 times more


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massive than our sun light from the


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Supernova event reached the Earth in


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February 1987 making it the closest


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observed Supernova since the invention


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of the telescope and Kepler's Supernova


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which was visible from Earth in 164 it


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gave modern astronomers the opportunity


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to study a core collapse type 2 super


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been over in unprecedented detail


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gleaning many new insights in the


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Stellar Evolution now based on the mass


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of the progenitor star sn1987a should


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have produced a superdense compact


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Stellar corpse called a neutron star and


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the neutrino data suggested a compact


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object did form in the Stars core


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however astronomers weren't able to


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confirm its existence until 2019 because


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it lay hidden and sealed in a thick


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cloud of cosmic dust the Supernova


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explosion that took place at the end of


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the star's life resulted in huge amounts


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of gas with temperatures of over a


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million de but as the gas began to cool


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down some of it condensed into dust


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grains the presence of this thick cloud


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of dust has long been the main


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explanation as to why the missing


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neutron star hadn't been observed


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earlier but many astronomers were


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skeptical about this and they began to


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question whether their understanding of


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the Stars life was correct and so this


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new research is painting a picture of


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the star's life long before its death


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much it be known about the immediate


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past to the star simply by studying the


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cosmic ruins resulting from the star's


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collapse however the detection of very


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faint low frequency energy by merison


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has provided new insights previously


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only a final fraction of the dead stars


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multi-million year life about 1% or


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20,000 years had been observable the


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merch and observations by Joseph


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callingham from the University of Sydney


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probed the supernova's past life


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millions of years further back than what


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was previously possible those findings


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reported in the monthly notices of the


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Royal Astronomical Society focused on


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material that was ejected into space


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when the star was in its final blue


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super giant phase callingham says that


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just like Excavating and studying


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ancient ruins that teach archaeologists


00:07:15.440 --> 00:07:17.790
about the life of past civilizations


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merison's lowf frequency radio


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observations have provided a window into


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the star's past life so we've been


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looking at 1987a at um really low radio


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frequency so essentially frequencies you


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tune your FM radio to so like 105


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megahertz or something like that and in


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particular what we're interested in is


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the phase of the Stars life before they


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went supernova and so in particular the


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my study was very sensitive to the star


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when it's what's called its red super


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giant phase and that's this phase that


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our sun will actually kind of go through


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where essentially it's run out of


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hydrogen in its core and it's moved to


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helium burning in its core and the outer


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layers expand up and become red and


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fluffy and cooler and how did you do


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this you used the merch and Widefield


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array that's a different type of radio


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telescope isn't it yeah so the merch and


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Widefield array is based out in Western


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Australia in the m and finally enough it


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works as I said really low radio


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frequency so essentially sensitive


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between 72 and 230 MHz this is a


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precursor to What's called the square


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kilometer array so essentially a big


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radio telescope designed to kind of test


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the engineering and the science


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capabilities of that so as a precursor


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instrument and it looks at a specific


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bandwidth in the electromagnetic


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spectrum yeah so um as said 72 to 230


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MHz picking up essentially the


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frequencies that I'm sensitive to in the


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merch Whitefield array but instead of


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spending all this money to build


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essentially something that's sensitive


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just to radio we build it really far


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away from people to get away from


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interference and so we're sensitive to


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astronomical objects and just one of


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them happens to be 1987a and 1987a is an


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amazing Supernova it was one that spared


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my interest in astronomy it's a bit


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unusual for most super NOA because of


00:08:57.839 --> 00:09:00.630
the way it's evolved yes so it's the


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closest and brightest Supernova to occur


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since the invention of the telescope


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which is kind of amazing to think about


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so you can essentially take the


00:09:08.320 --> 00:09:10.110
telescope was first pointed to the skies


00:09:10.120 --> 00:09:13.150
by the G by Galileo in about 1600 so to


00:09:13.160 --> 00:09:15.509
have not to have a supernova go off


00:09:15.519 --> 00:09:18.790
except 1987a is pretty crazy and it just


00:09:18.800 --> 00:09:20.710
goes to show how important this object


00:09:20.720 --> 00:09:22.790
is to our understanding of how massive


00:09:22.800 --> 00:09:24.750
stars and their lives what we know about


00:09:24.760 --> 00:09:26.790
the panador is it's kind of odd odder


00:09:26.800 --> 00:09:28.670
than we ever thought or ever predicted


00:09:28.680 --> 00:09:30.550
so the the star that actually did go on


00:09:30.560 --> 00:09:32.190
supernova all our theories kind of


00:09:32.200 --> 00:09:33.710
predicted you'd be like a kind of like


00:09:33.720 --> 00:09:35.350
if you're about five times more massive


00:09:35.360 --> 00:09:36.790
than the sun you go through kind of a


00:09:36.800 --> 00:09:38.829
sunlike phase and then you'd enter this


00:09:38.839 --> 00:09:40.670
What's called the red super giant phase


00:09:40.680 --> 00:09:42.550
and then you'd eventually Supernova but


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what we found by looking at archival


00:09:44.600 --> 00:09:47.389
information of the Galaxy of which 87a


00:09:47.399 --> 00:09:49.350
exploded in called the large melanic


00:09:49.360 --> 00:09:51.670
Cloud we realized that the star actually


00:09:51.680 --> 00:09:53.389
went through a blue super giant phase


00:09:53.399 --> 00:09:54.990
before it exploded which is kind of odd


00:09:55.000 --> 00:09:58.829
we never expected that at all so why and


00:09:58.839 --> 00:10:00.990
how is are questions that we've been


00:10:01.000 --> 00:10:02.910
trying to answer red and blue that's got


00:10:02.920 --> 00:10:04.350
a lot to do with the temperature of the


00:10:04.360 --> 00:10:06.550
star itself yes so red of the star I


00:10:06.560 --> 00:10:07.949
know it's kind of funny because in


00:10:07.959 --> 00:10:09.870
everyday life um we usually mean red to


00:10:09.880 --> 00:10:11.990
be warm or hot but for a star red is


00:10:12.000 --> 00:10:13.829
actually as cold as you pretty much get


00:10:13.839 --> 00:10:15.990
red is quite a cool star While Blue


00:10:16.000 --> 00:10:17.670
represents hot and so your listeners


00:10:17.680 --> 00:10:19.230
might remember from high school the


00:10:19.240 --> 00:10:20.949
bunson burner and in particular they


00:10:20.959 --> 00:10:22.990
might remember the red safety flame but


00:10:23.000 --> 00:10:24.430
if you wanted to use a buns and bur he


00:10:24.440 --> 00:10:26.150
always turned it on and the hottest part


00:10:26.160 --> 00:10:27.630
of the flame was always the blue part of


00:10:27.640 --> 00:10:28.910
the flame and this has got to do with


00:10:28.920 --> 00:10:29.829
black body


00:10:29.839 --> 00:10:31.949
but it's not important um exactly what


00:10:31.959 --> 00:10:34.350
it is it's just the Bluer the hotter and


00:10:34.360 --> 00:10:36.430
redder the cooler um kind of


00:10:36.440 --> 00:10:37.910
counterintuitive what we're kind of


00:10:37.920 --> 00:10:40.430
taught what we use in everyday language


00:10:40.440 --> 00:10:42.269
we're not quite sure why it went through


00:10:42.279 --> 00:10:44.389
a blue super giant phase and so it's


00:10:44.399 --> 00:10:46.870
quite hard to figure out and exactly why


00:10:46.880 --> 00:10:48.790
we saw a blue super giant before it


00:10:48.800 --> 00:10:51.230
collapsed so some thoughts have been


00:10:51.240 --> 00:10:53.430
maybe it was a binary star system so


00:10:53.440 --> 00:10:54.990
there's two stars that existed in the


00:10:55.000 --> 00:10:56.870
system and one evolved to a red super


00:10:56.880 --> 00:10:58.430
giant star and it might have been


00:10:58.440 --> 00:10:59.790
something like the sun next to it and


00:10:59.800 --> 00:11:02.069
for some reason they merged they fused


00:11:02.079 --> 00:11:03.870
together and in that process that's


00:11:03.880 --> 00:11:05.870
quite violent and that caused it to heat


00:11:05.880 --> 00:11:07.670
back up and cause go into this blue


00:11:07.680 --> 00:11:09.389
super giant F but it's possible that's


00:11:09.399 --> 00:11:11.829
maybe not the case at all maybe it went


00:11:11.839 --> 00:11:12.990
through a really weird Mass loss


00:11:13.000 --> 00:11:15.470
scenario so the star for some particular


00:11:15.480 --> 00:11:17.509
reason lost heaps and heaps and heaps of


00:11:17.519 --> 00:11:20.190
mass and so it it spewed out and it


00:11:20.200 --> 00:11:22.470
became blue super giant again it was all


00:11:22.480 --> 00:11:23.990
very odd and we never expected that at


00:11:24.000 --> 00:11:25.910
all and so I can't really tell you the


00:11:25.920 --> 00:11:27.629
final answer the reason why it ended the


00:11:27.639 --> 00:11:29.870
blue super giant phase but we know did


00:11:29.880 --> 00:11:32.030
and so we have to change our theories to


00:11:32.040 --> 00:11:34.350
understand that because 1987a has such a


00:11:34.360 --> 00:11:36.750
weird hourglass shape it's not an


00:11:36.760 --> 00:11:38.829
expanded spherical type shape could that


00:11:38.839 --> 00:11:41.750
be telling us something yeah so the the


00:11:41.760 --> 00:11:43.790
morphology of the Supernova Remnant is


00:11:43.800 --> 00:11:45.750
even odd for us right so again we kind


00:11:45.760 --> 00:11:47.750
of thought think most Supernova would be


00:11:47.760 --> 00:11:49.509
roughly sperical right you explode a


00:11:49.519 --> 00:11:51.350
star it should go out equally in all


00:11:51.360 --> 00:11:54.269
directions but the Supernova 1987a as as


00:11:54.279 --> 00:11:56.350
you said we see this hourglass shape so


00:11:56.360 --> 00:11:58.269
it seems poter at the waist and then it


00:11:58.279 --> 00:11:59.949
kind of expands in these two rings at


00:11:59.959 --> 00:12:03.670
the ends and so people hypothesize maybe


00:12:03.680 --> 00:12:05.670
that's why maybe it had to be a binary


00:12:05.680 --> 00:12:07.870
right for example the binary merged on


00:12:07.880 --> 00:12:09.509
the equator and so that's why you have a


00:12:09.519 --> 00:12:11.230
tight waist and a lot of the mass loss


00:12:11.240 --> 00:12:13.230
occurred at the poles but you also can


00:12:13.240 --> 00:12:15.069
get that shape if you have a really fast


00:12:15.079 --> 00:12:16.870
spinning star a star that's spinning


00:12:16.880 --> 00:12:18.269
really quickly and you get a lot of the


00:12:18.279 --> 00:12:20.389
ejection from the poles rather than the


00:12:20.399 --> 00:12:22.990
equator and so or I mean a lot from the


00:12:23.000 --> 00:12:25.350
equator as well from the poll so it's a


00:12:25.360 --> 00:12:27.829
very odd shape and just goes to show 87a


00:12:27.839 --> 00:12:29.790
even though it went off years ago is


00:12:29.800 --> 00:12:32.470
still revolutionizing our way we


00:12:32.480 --> 00:12:34.269
understand about massive stars in their


00:12:34.279 --> 00:12:36.629
lives and how Supernova occur a spin up


00:12:36.639 --> 00:12:38.829
caused by an increase in Mass by two


00:12:38.839 --> 00:12:40.750
stars merging sounds feasible doesn't it


00:12:40.760 --> 00:12:42.509
yeah it's a possibility and there's been


00:12:42.519 --> 00:12:44.389
simulations here and it's one of those


00:12:44.399 --> 00:12:45.430
questions I don't know if we'll ever


00:12:45.440 --> 00:12:48.030
know the answer to we can get close and


00:12:48.040 --> 00:12:49.550
there's good suggestions for one or the


00:12:49.560 --> 00:12:51.550
other but I don't know if we'll ever


00:12:51.560 --> 00:12:54.670
know the exact true answer um there what


00:12:54.680 --> 00:12:56.189
exactly caused it to go to a blue super


00:12:56.199 --> 00:12:58.030
giant phase that's Joseph callingham


00:12:58.040 --> 00:12:59.990
from the University of Sy


00:13:00.000 --> 00:13:02.870
and this is spacetime still to come the


00:13:02.880 --> 00:13:05.069
Dreamchaser space plane launched delayed


00:13:05.079 --> 00:13:07.069
until at least May and later in the


00:13:07.079 --> 00:13:09.590
science report scientists in Russia have


00:13:09.600 --> 00:13:11.350
discovered the world preserved remains


00:13:11.360 --> 00:13:13.509
of a baby mammoth all that and more


00:13:13.519 --> 00:13:15.960
still to come on SpaceTime


00:13:15.970 --> 00:13:22.960
[Music]




00:13:30.480 --> 00:13:32.310
the long awaited inaugural flight of


00:13:32.320 --> 00:13:34.910
Sierra space's Dreamchaser space plane


00:13:34.920 --> 00:13:37.870
is now expected to take place in May the


00:13:37.880 --> 00:13:39.710
spacecraft tenacity along with its


00:13:39.720 --> 00:13:41.710
shooting star cargo module have been


00:13:41.720 --> 00:13:43.470
unveiled at the Kennedy Space Center in


00:13:43.480 --> 00:13:45.550
Florida after completing a vigorous


00:13:45.560 --> 00:13:47.710
vibration and thermal vacuum testing


00:13:47.720 --> 00:13:49.750
program at the Neil Armstrong facility


00:13:49.760 --> 00:13:52.430
in Ohio the public viewing followed the


00:13:52.440 --> 00:13:54.509
completion of successful electromagnetic


00:13:54.519 --> 00:13:56.550
interference and compatibility testing


00:13:56.560 --> 00:13:59.509
at Kennedy works also now complet on the


00:13:59.519 --> 00:14:01.509
spacecraft's thermal protection system


00:14:01.519 --> 00:14:03.230
and final payload


00:14:03.240 --> 00:14:05.629
integration the maiden flight will send


00:14:05.639 --> 00:14:07.670
tenacity and its shooting star cargo


00:14:07.680 --> 00:14:09.829
module carrying over 3 and 1/2 tons of


00:14:09.839 --> 00:14:11.790
food supplies and scientific equipment


00:14:11.800 --> 00:14:13.350
to the International Space Station


00:14:13.360 --> 00:14:15.550
aboard a United launch Alliance Vulcan


00:14:15.560 --> 00:14:17.790
centur rocket from space launch complex


00:14:17.800 --> 00:14:20.470
41 at the Cape Canal space force station


00:14:20.480 --> 00:14:23.269
in Florida as part of the process to


00:14:23.279 --> 00:14:25.110
certify the vehicle system for future


00:14:25.120 --> 00:14:27.790
agency resupply missions NASA and Sierra


00:14:27.800 --> 00:14:29.509
space will put the space plane through


00:14:29.519 --> 00:14:32.749
its Paces once in orbit as Dreamchaser


00:14:32.759 --> 00:14:34.870
tenacity approaches the space station


00:14:34.880 --> 00:14:36.910
it'll conduct a series of demonstrations


00:14:36.920 --> 00:14:39.189
to prove attitude control transitional


00:14:39.199 --> 00:14:41.030
Maneuvers and abort


00:14:41.040 --> 00:14:42.910
capabilities after completing the


00:14:42.920 --> 00:14:44.949
maneuverability demonstration Space


00:14:44.959 --> 00:14:47.269
Station's crew will use the canid arm 2


00:14:47.279 --> 00:14:49.470
robotic arm to Grapple the spacecraft


00:14:49.480 --> 00:14:51.230
and dock it to an earth facing port on


00:14:51.240 --> 00:14:53.550
the harmony module after remaining


00:14:53.560 --> 00:14:55.030
docked to the orbiting Outpost for


00:14:55.040 --> 00:14:57.670
around 45 days tenacity will be released


00:14:57.680 --> 00:14:59.550
from the space station and return to


00:14:59.560 --> 00:15:01.509
Earth landing conventionally on the


00:15:01.519 --> 00:15:03.230
former Kennedy Space Center space


00:15:03.240 --> 00:15:06.629
shuttle Runway carrying 1,750 kg of


00:15:06.639 --> 00:15:08.749
returned experiments and Equipment


00:15:08.759 --> 00:15:10.990
Sierra space says the gentler Runway


00:15:11.000 --> 00:15:12.990
Landing will allow the return to Earth


00:15:13.000 --> 00:15:14.389
of more delicate equipment and


00:15:14.399 --> 00:15:16.670
experiments which could be damaged by a


00:15:16.680 --> 00:15:19.910
rougher high G capture splash down after


00:15:19.920 --> 00:15:22.470
landing Dreamchaser will be powered down


00:15:22.480 --> 00:15:24.670
and the SI space team will transfer it


00:15:24.680 --> 00:15:26.629
back to the processing facility in order


00:15:26.639 --> 00:15:28.990
to perform the necessary inspections off


00:15:29.000 --> 00:15:30.870
Lo the remaining NASA cargo and begin


00:15:30.880 --> 00:15:32.870
the process of preparing it for its next


00:15:32.880 --> 00:15:34.949
mission meanwhile the shooting star


00:15:34.959 --> 00:15:36.949
cargo module will remain doct to the


00:15:36.959 --> 00:15:38.790
space station until it's filled with


00:15:38.800 --> 00:15:41.350
trash it'll then be released to return


00:15:41.360 --> 00:15:43.870
to Earth burning up in the atmosphere


00:15:43.880 --> 00:15:45.910
Sierra space is also moving forward with


00:15:45.920 --> 00:15:47.309
the development of its second Dream


00:15:47.319 --> 00:15:49.509
Chaser space plane this one to be called


00:15:49.519 --> 00:15:52.230
reverence it's about 18 months away from


00:15:52.240 --> 00:15:54.550
completion the company's senior vice


00:15:54.560 --> 00:15:56.430
president for Mission Assurance Angie


00:15:56.440 --> 00:15:59.110
wise says that each 12 M long dream


00:15:59.120 --> 00:16:01.389
Chaser wing space plane is designed for


00:16:01.399 --> 00:16:04.150
around 15 flights over a 10-year


00:16:04.160 --> 00:16:06.150
lifespan that will allow the pair to


00:16:06.160 --> 00:16:08.069
provide up to 30 missions to orbit


00:16:08.079 --> 00:16:10.069
including at least seven contractor to


00:16:10.079 --> 00:16:11.949
NASA under its commercial resupply


00:16:11.959 --> 00:16:14.550
service contract future missions May


00:16:14.560 --> 00:16:17.389
last as long as 75 days and deliver over


00:16:17.399 --> 00:16:21.150
5.2 tons of cargo on each flight Nessa


00:16:21.160 --> 00:16:23.110
rewarded Dreamchaser at space station


00:16:23.120 --> 00:16:25.150
Commercial resupply program contract


00:16:25.160 --> 00:16:27.430
alongside their existing SpaceX dragon


00:16:27.440 --> 00:16:29.829
and orbital now northr Grumman signat


00:16:29.839 --> 00:16:32.829
cargo ship contracts s space is also


00:16:32.839 --> 00:16:34.629
planning to use Dreamchaser to launch


00:16:34.639 --> 00:16:36.550
and build its own orbiting habitat in


00:16:36.560 --> 00:16:38.230
space before NASA retires the


00:16:38.240 --> 00:16:40.590
International Space Station in


00:16:40.600 --> 00:16:43.670
2030 the 5 m long shooting star module


00:16:43.680 --> 00:16:44.949
which is attached to the rear of


00:16:44.959 --> 00:16:46.990
Dreamchaser can carry up to three tons


00:16:47.000 --> 00:16:49.269
of cargo internally and also features


00:16:49.279 --> 00:16:51.389
three unpressurized external payload


00:16:51.399 --> 00:16:54.269
mounts Sierra space is also moving ahead


00:16:54.279 --> 00:16:56.150
with its plans to develop a free flying


00:16:56.160 --> 00:16:58.030
cargo satellite based on the shooting


00:16:58.040 --> 00:17:00.430
star module house orbital military


00:17:00.440 --> 00:17:03.069
payloads while the reusable tenacity and


00:17:03.079 --> 00:17:04.789
reverence are both designed to carry


00:17:04.799 --> 00:17:06.870
cargo only the company's continuing to


00:17:06.880 --> 00:17:08.510
work on both the man version of


00:17:08.520 --> 00:17:10.789
Dreamchaser and a variant specifically


00:17:10.799 --> 00:17:13.470
designed for National Security missions


00:17:13.480 --> 00:17:15.510
although NASA are owner using at fago


00:17:15.520 --> 00:17:17.630
transport the wing Dreamchaser lifting


00:17:17.640 --> 00:17:19.590
body space plane was originally designed


00:17:19.600 --> 00:17:21.829
to transport up to seven people on crew


00:17:21.839 --> 00:17:23.590
transfer missions to the International


00:17:23.600 --> 00:17:26.270
Space Station but last out the spacex's


00:17:26.280 --> 00:17:28.630
dragon and the trouble plague Boeing CST


00:17:28.640 --> 00:17:31.029
100 Starliner in NASA's commercial crew


00:17:31.039 --> 00:17:33.950
transport contracts SpaceX began flying


00:17:33.960 --> 00:17:35.750
astronauts on drag into the space


00:17:35.760 --> 00:17:36.870
station in


00:17:36.880 --> 00:17:39.630
2019 and although Starliner has flown


00:17:39.640 --> 00:17:41.870
one crew to the space station it proved


00:17:41.880 --> 00:17:43.909
to be unreliable and that crew is still


00:17:43.919 --> 00:17:46.590
up there stuck waiting for a return ride


00:17:46.600 --> 00:17:49.470
on you guessed it a dragon considering


00:17:49.480 --> 00:17:51.190
all the problems NASA are having with


00:17:51.200 --> 00:17:52.990
Starliner one wonders whether they


00:17:53.000 --> 00:17:54.750
regret not giving the second man


00:17:54.760 --> 00:17:56.909
transport contract to Dreamchaser


00:17:56.919 --> 00:17:59.750
instead the Dreamchaser design itself


00:17:59.760 --> 00:18:02.110
goes back more than 60 years with its


00:18:02.120 --> 00:18:04.230
origins in the United States Air Force


00:18:04.240 --> 00:18:07.870
1957 X20 dinosaur spacecraft which would


00:18:07.880 --> 00:18:09.710
have been launched on top of a modified


00:18:09.720 --> 00:18:12.789
Titan 3 rocket NASA continued its


00:18:12.799 --> 00:18:15.230
development in the 1960s and early 7s


00:18:15.240 --> 00:18:17.390
with a range of experimental spacecraft


00:18:17.400 --> 00:18:20.470
including the Northrop M2 the Martin x23


00:18:20.480 --> 00:18:23.350
Prime the Martin Marietta x24 and the


00:18:23.360 --> 00:18:26.750
Northrop hl10 lifting bodies and during


00:18:26.760 --> 00:18:29.230
the 1990s NASA used the same basic


00:18:29.240 --> 00:18:31.830
design to develop the hl2 experimental


00:18:31.840 --> 00:18:33.870
space plane which eventually evolved


00:18:33.880 --> 00:18:36.350
into the x38 emergency crew return


00:18:36.360 --> 00:18:37.909
vehicle which would have been an


00:18:37.919 --> 00:18:40.070
emergency escape pod transported to the


00:18:40.080 --> 00:18:41.710
space station in the payload Bay of the


00:18:41.720 --> 00:18:44.029
Space Shuttle it then would remain dock


00:18:44.039 --> 00:18:46.710
to the orbiting OST and until needed


00:18:46.720 --> 00:18:48.750
however that project was cancelled in


00:18:48.760 --> 00:18:51.549
2002 following federal government budget


00:18:51.559 --> 00:18:56.480
cuts this SpaceTime


00:18:56.490 --> 00:19:04.160
[Music]




00:19:10.679 --> 00:19:12.270
and time now to take another brief look


00:19:12.280 --> 00:19:13.789
at some of the other stories making news


00:19:13.799 --> 00:19:15.870
in science this week with a science


00:19:15.880 --> 00:19:18.750
report Canadian scientists have compared


00:19:18.760 --> 00:19:20.310
the prevalence and risk of mental


00:19:20.320 --> 00:19:22.590
disorders substance use disorders and


00:19:22.600 --> 00:19:24.990
suicidal behaviors between trans and


00:19:25.000 --> 00:19:26.630
gender diverse people and their


00:19:26.640 --> 00:19:29.390
cisgender counterparts the study


00:19:29.400 --> 00:19:30.909
reported in the Journal of the American


00:19:30.919 --> 00:19:33.149
Medical Association included nearly


00:19:33.159 --> 00:19:35.909
10,000 people around half of whom were


00:19:35.919 --> 00:19:38.909
identified as trans or gender diverse


00:19:38.919 --> 00:19:40.990
the risk of mental disorders substance


00:19:41.000 --> 00:19:43.430
use disorders and suicidal behaviors was


00:19:43.440 --> 00:19:45.470
found to be higher amongst trans and


00:19:45.480 --> 00:19:47.630
gender diverse people especially when it


00:19:47.640 --> 00:19:49.909
came to either having a plan for suicide


00:19:49.919 --> 00:19:52.510
or having attempted suicide the author


00:19:52.520 --> 00:19:54.710
suggest the increased risks may be due


00:19:54.720 --> 00:19:56.630
at least in part to experiencing


00:19:56.640 --> 00:19:58.310
Prejudice and harassment throughout


00:19:58.320 --> 00:20:00.230
lives


00:20:00.240 --> 00:20:02.070
a new study has found that the best way


00:20:02.080 --> 00:20:04.190
to deal with narcissistic people is to


00:20:04.200 --> 00:20:05.830
Simply get them out of your life and


00:20:05.840 --> 00:20:08.310
avoid them as quickly as possible the


00:20:08.320 --> 00:20:10.430
findings are based on more than 20 years


00:20:10.440 --> 00:20:12.390
of study by researchers at a higher


00:20:12.400 --> 00:20:14.870
State University however the authors


00:20:14.880 --> 00:20:16.830
admit that advice may often be difficult


00:20:16.840 --> 00:20:18.909
to take because narcissists can be very


00:20:18.919 --> 00:20:20.870
charming and likable especially during


00:20:20.880 --> 00:20:23.510
the early stages of a relationship


00:20:23.520 --> 00:20:25.549
however there are usually subtle signs


00:20:25.559 --> 00:20:27.430
that you should not ignore such as the


00:20:27.440 --> 00:20:29.070
lack of empathy the need need for


00:20:29.080 --> 00:20:31.190
constant attention and admiration taking


00:20:31.200 --> 00:20:33.390
advantage of others and expectations for


00:20:33.400 --> 00:20:36.390
special favors without any reciprocation


00:20:36.400 --> 00:20:38.470
the authors recognize different types of


00:20:38.480 --> 00:20:40.390
narcissism all of which have core


00:20:40.400 --> 00:20:41.990
characteristics of entitlement


00:20:42.000 --> 00:20:43.909
self-centeredness and a lack of empathy


00:20:43.919 --> 00:20:46.710
for others the most recognizable type to


00:20:46.720 --> 00:20:49.190
most people might be agentic grandio


00:20:49.200 --> 00:20:51.270
narcissism which is characterized by


00:20:51.280 --> 00:20:53.870
high self-esteem extraversion arrogance


00:20:53.880 --> 00:20:56.310
and dominance the authors also found


00:20:56.320 --> 00:20:58.190
that narcissistic bosses are often


00:20:58.200 --> 00:20:59.990
aggressive Ive and bullying taking


00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:01.950
credit for their employees hard work and


00:21:01.960 --> 00:21:03.510
dominating resources that are often


00:21:03.520 --> 00:21:06.149
needed by others to do their


00:21:06.159 --> 00:21:08.630
jobs scientists have placed on display


00:21:08.640 --> 00:21:10.510
the remarkably well-preserved baby


00:21:10.520 --> 00:21:12.669
mammoth found in a remote permafrost


00:21:12.679 --> 00:21:14.350
covered region bordering the Arctic


00:21:14.360 --> 00:21:17.029
Ocean the 50,000 year old female has


00:21:17.039 --> 00:21:19.110
been named Jana after the river in whose


00:21:19.120 --> 00:21:22.230
Basin it was discovered last year so to


00:21:22.240 --> 00:21:24.310
say Y is the best preserved Mammoth


00:21:24.320 --> 00:21:26.149
carcass in the world and it's one of


00:21:26.159 --> 00:21:28.710
only seven whole remains ever found


00:21:28.720 --> 00:21:30.310
she's thought to have been about 12


00:21:30.320 --> 00:21:32.870
months old at the time of her death she


00:21:32.880 --> 00:21:36.950
weighs around 180 kg and is 120 cm tall


00:21:36.960 --> 00:21:40.510
200 cm long before this discovery only


00:21:40.520 --> 00:21:42.630
six Mammoth carcasses had ever been


00:21:42.640 --> 00:21:46.190
found five in Russia and one in


00:21:46.200 --> 00:21:48.990
Canada Phoenix Arizona is been named as


00:21:49.000 --> 00:21:52.390
America's top location for UFO sightings


00:21:52.400 --> 00:21:54.430
in narrowly edged out New York City


00:21:54.440 --> 00:21:56.430
Nevada to grab the top spot with a


00:21:56.440 --> 00:21:59.190
whopping 323 sightings over the last


00:21:59.200 --> 00:22:02.310
decade New York City reported 313


00:22:02.320 --> 00:22:04.269
sightings while Nevada home to the


00:22:04.279 --> 00:22:08.110
infamous Area 51 had 309 sightings the


00:22:08.120 --> 00:22:10.269
rankings were compiled by Bettis using


00:22:10.279 --> 00:22:12.190
data from the National UFO Reporting


00:22:12.200 --> 00:22:14.630
Center Phoenix was always likely to be


00:22:14.640 --> 00:22:16.029
the favorite following the famous


00:22:16.039 --> 00:22:18.230
Phoenix light incident back in March


00:22:18.240 --> 00:22:21.110
1997 when flares dropped by aircraft


00:22:21.120 --> 00:22:23.190
during Air Force training exercises were


00:22:23.200 --> 00:22:25.470
taken to be lights from a giant v-shaped


00:22:25.480 --> 00:22:28.549
flying alien spacecraft Nevada got the


00:22:28.559 --> 00:22:30.549
the nod because it's home to the area 51


00:22:30.559 --> 00:22:32.669
test range in the Nellis Air Force Base


00:22:32.679 --> 00:22:34.750
on Groom Lake which has long been used


00:22:34.760 --> 00:22:37.590
to test classified aircraft amazingly


00:22:37.600 --> 00:22:39.669
beaten out of the top spots was longtime


00:22:39.679 --> 00:22:42.149
former favorite Roswell New Mexico the


00:22:42.159 --> 00:22:44.029
location near where it's claimed an


00:22:44.039 --> 00:22:47.149
alien spacecraft crashed in 1947 and its


00:22:47.159 --> 00:22:49.549
occupants then captured for an alien


00:22:49.559 --> 00:22:51.990
autopsy the peer research center claims


00:22:52.000 --> 00:22:54.350
around 65% of Americans believe


00:22:54.360 --> 00:22:57.110
intelligent life exists on other planets


00:22:57.120 --> 00:22:59.350
Tim menum from Australian eptic says the


00:22:59.360 --> 00:23:01.549
survey shows it's not just location that


00:23:01.559 --> 00:23:04.230
matters but also timing is important too


00:23:04.240 --> 00:23:06.269
if you want to see flying sources well


00:23:06.279 --> 00:23:08.710
want it's Phoenix Arizona and that's not


00:23:08.720 --> 00:23:09.750
necessarily the place that comes


00:23:09.760 --> 00:23:11.630
instantly to mind but Phoenix Arizona


00:23:11.640 --> 00:23:13.350
apparently has what's described as a


00:23:13.360 --> 00:23:16.029
whopping 323 sightings in the last


00:23:16.039 --> 00:23:17.789
decade which is what one every 10 days


00:23:17.799 --> 00:23:18.950
something like that so you know very


00:23:18.960 --> 00:23:20.190
impressive place if you want to go and


00:23:20.200 --> 00:23:22.470
see UFOs go to Phoenix Arizona and been


00:23:22.480 --> 00:23:23.870
10 20 days


00:23:23.880 --> 00:23:26.990
there 51 well Nevada is number three


00:23:27.000 --> 00:23:29.029
number two is New York number three is


00:23:29.039 --> 00:23:31.029
Nevada and it moves on from there tends


00:23:31.039 --> 00:23:33.190
to be places not so much Nevada perhaps


00:23:33.200 --> 00:23:34.590
but tends to be places with a decent


00:23:34.600 --> 00:23:36.230
population so you get enough people up


00:23:36.240 --> 00:23:37.590
there looking at the sky so you're going


00:23:37.600 --> 00:23:38.950
to get more reports you're not going to


00:23:38.960 --> 00:23:40.310
get a lot of reports from the middle of


00:23:40.320 --> 00:23:42.190
the Sora desert or the Sahara or


00:23:42.200 --> 00:23:43.350
something where there's fewer people


00:23:43.360 --> 00:23:44.710
there so yeah the more people you have


00:23:44.720 --> 00:23:46.350
like New York the more likely you are to


00:23:46.360 --> 00:23:48.789
get sighting so Phoenix C to fame over


00:23:48.799 --> 00:23:50.549
the Phoenix Lights that's right yeah it


00:23:50.559 --> 00:23:52.990
was a v-shaped series of lights that


00:23:53.000 --> 00:23:55.029
flew over the city the Air Force


00:23:55.039 --> 00:23:56.789
originally denied any knowledge of it


00:23:56.799 --> 00:23:58.269
they later admitted they were releasing


00:23:58.279 --> 00:24:00.710
a a series of marker lights that's the


00:24:00.720 --> 00:24:02.149
thing Phoenix Lights yeah that was a big


00:24:02.159 --> 00:24:04.029
thing all these sightings over a decade


00:24:04.039 --> 00:24:05.630
impressive they actually say that if


00:24:05.640 --> 00:24:07.110
you're going to go to Phoenix you have


00:24:07.120 --> 00:24:08.990
to go to a certain type of Year New York


00:24:09.000 --> 00:24:11.390
Colorado you want to go to I think it's


00:24:11.400 --> 00:24:12.990
middle of the Year between 9:00 p.m. and


00:24:13.000 --> 00:24:15.710
10 p.m. California and Arizona things


00:24:15.720 --> 00:24:16.950
towards the end of the year don't know


00:24:16.960 --> 00:24:19.549
why that is why UFOs would fly certain


00:24:19.559 --> 00:24:21.149
times of the year in certain places in


00:24:21.159 --> 00:24:22.470
the year it might be a place where


00:24:22.480 --> 00:24:23.669
people are in the mood to say these


00:24:23.679 --> 00:24:25.269
things and because you build up all this


00:24:25.279 --> 00:24:26.669
excitement that everyone who says


00:24:26.679 --> 00:24:27.950
something strange suddenly thinks it's


00:24:27.960 --> 00:24:29.389
an alien CRA whereas in the middle of


00:24:29.399 --> 00:24:30.590
other somewhere else where they don't


00:24:30.600 --> 00:24:32.110
see I think oh no that's just an


00:24:32.120 --> 00:24:34.750
astronoid astronoid or meteor or flight


00:24:34.760 --> 00:24:37.110
of birds or a balloon or something so I


00:24:37.120 --> 00:24:38.870
would say some people you some areas


00:24:38.880 --> 00:24:41.149
have a greater Preity to see things not


00:24:41.159 --> 00:24:42.310
because there are more things but


00:24:42.320 --> 00:24:43.710
because they just tend to see them


00:24:43.720 --> 00:24:48.030
that's tandom from Australian Skeptics


00:24:48.040 --> 00:25:01.909
[Music]


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