Mars’ Liquid Water Woes, Asteroid Discoveries, and Australia’s Lunar Ambitions: S28E02

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is spacetime series 28 episode 2


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for broadcast on the 3rd of January


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2025 coming up on SpaceTime a new study


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claims we're unlikely to ever find


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liquid water on the red planet Mars


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discovery of a new population of small


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main belt asteroids and Australia's


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lunar rover project takes another step


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forward all that and more coming up on


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SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with


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Stuart G


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[Music]




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more than a 100 years ago astronomer


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persal L made the case for the existence


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of possible Canali or canals on Mars


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designed to redistribute water from the


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Martian ice caps down to lower drier


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latitudes now this necess necessarily


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meant the existence of intelligent life


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on Mars that built the canals while L


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was proven to be wrong the question of


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whether there is liquid water on Mars


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continues to tantalize researchers


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liquid water is essential for Life as we


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know it consequently it's a precondition


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for a habitable planet yet the


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combination of low temperature


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atmospheric pressure and water vapor


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mean the triple point for water doesn't


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allow liquid water to exist on the


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Martian surface any water that was


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liquid on the Martian surface would


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likely freeze or sublimate in other


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words boil or evaporate immediately yet


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a much thicker atmosphere in the past


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with higher pressure would have also


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meant warmer temperatures and that would


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have allowed liquid water to exist on


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the red planet surface and there's


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plenty of evidence to confirm that


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that's exactly what did happen but the


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once warm wet world of the red planet is


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today a freeze-dried desert and that


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raises the question could liquid water


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exist anywhere on the red planet today


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most likely is a salty brine which is a


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lower freezing point than pure liquid


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water of special interest has been the


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discovery of recurring slope lineer


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which are dark linear features often


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found on the side of steep slopes and


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these display seasonal changes appearing


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to form in warmer seasons and then


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fading away again in cooler ones now


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that's a way that's consistent with the


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behavior of liquid water but now new


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research reported in the Journal of the


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proceedings of the National Academy of


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Science es has thrown cold water on the


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ID that were ever likely to find liquid


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water on Mars be it in the form of


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recurring slope line permafrost or pools


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of brine one of the studies authors


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Vincent chevrier from the University of


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Arkansas says there's a lot of confusion


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misunder understandings and erroneous


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interpretations of what researchers


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really say about the state of liquid


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water on the red planet He suggests that


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a closer look at recurring slope line


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indicates their behavior is consistent


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with sand and dust flows and that no


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water would be needed to create them


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available data from Mars orbiters can


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confirm that liquid water plays any role


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in their development however other


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Studies have shown High hydroxy levels


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associated with recurring slope line


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supporting the idea that it could really


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be melting permafrost seeping out of the


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ground other researchers believe that


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brins which are solutions with high


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concentrations of salts could hold the


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key to finding liquid water on Mars and


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of course there is an abundance of salts


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on Mars of these salts perchlorates


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would seem the most promising since they


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have extremely low tic temperatures


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that's when the melting point of the


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combined mixture is lower than that of


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any single ingredient in it for instance


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a calcium perchlorate brine solidifies


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atus 75° Celsius mass is an average


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surface temperature of -50° C at the


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equator theoretically that suggest that


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there could be zones where calcium


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perchlorate brins could stay liquid


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especially in the subsurface the authors


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of this new study examined all the


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arguments for and against Brian's


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potentially forming stable liquids on


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the red planet now ultimately They


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concluded that the various limiting


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factors including the relatively low


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amounts of the most promising salts


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water vapor pressure and Ice locations


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strongly limited the abundances of brins


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both on the surface or for that matter


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in the shallow subsurface and the


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authors conclude that even if brinds did


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form they would remain highly


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unhabitable by Earth's standards this is


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spacetime still to come discovery of a


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new population of small maint asteroids


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and Australia's lunar rover project


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takes another step forward all that and


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more still to come on


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[Music]


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SpaceTime astronomers using NASA's


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webspace telescope have disc CED a new


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population of celestial bodies in the


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main asteroid belt between Mars and


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Jupiter the 138 new asteroids range in


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size from that of a bus to about the


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size of a football stadium and that's a


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size range within the main asteroid


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built that has not previously been


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observed knowing how many main belt


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asteroids there are in different size


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ranges can tell astronomers something


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about how asteroids have changed over


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time thanks to ongoing collisions and


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that process is related to how some of


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them have escaped the main as built over


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the solar systems history and even how


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some meteorites end up on Earth one of


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the study's authors Tom Green from Nas's


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Ames Research Center in California


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Silicon Valley says we Now understand


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more about how small objects in the


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asteroid build are formed and how many


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there could be asteroids this size


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likely form through collisions between


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larger ones and they're also likely to


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drift towards the vicinity of the Earth


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and the Sun over time so insights from


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this research could hope astronomers


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working on the asteroid threat


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assessment project at ases which is


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studying what would happen in the case


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of an Earth impact and modeling the


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associated risks this is spacetime still


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to come Australia's lunar rover project


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takes another step forward and planet


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Earth reaches perah helion the brightest


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star in the night sky serus the missing


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constellation argonavis and the


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quadrants meteor showers are among the


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celestial highlights during the month of


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January on Skywatch


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[Music]


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Luna alut says its Australian Branch


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will lead efforts by the ot2 Consortium


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to build and operate Australia's first


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lunar rover the $42 million initiative


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is being funded by the federal


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government through ASA the Australian


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space agency The Rovers be named the


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Rover through a public naming camp


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campaign and if you think that sounds


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bad remember it could have been a lot


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worse after all they might have called


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it Rover Mac roverf face Luna alpur


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initially developed four prototype


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Rovers over 15 months in order to test


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different technical features such as


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autonomous systems for remote operations


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meanwhile swinburn university has been


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selected to provide essential technology


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for the new Rover including evaluating


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and testing at space radiation


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resistance and active lunar dust


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mitigation Technologies in the extreme


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lunar environment Moon dust remains a


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key problem for any lunar surface


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operations you see the dust is as fine


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as talcum powder and it's composed of


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sharp glass-like shards small enough to


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get into any opening and sharp enough to


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clog up critical mechanisms including


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equipment conveyors cameras and vacuum


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systems so it's a problem which needs to


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be solved if reliability on the moon is


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to be achieved this is spacetime


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[Music]




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and time that to turn our eyes to the


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skies and check out the celestial sphere


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for January on Skywatch January is the


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first month of the year in the Julian


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and gorian calendars the name originates


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in the Latin word for door that's


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because January is the door to the new


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year and an opening to New Beginnings


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the month is conventionally thought of


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as being named after Janus the mythical


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Roman god of beginnings and transitions


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but according to the ancient Roman


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Farmers Almanac it was actually Juno who


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was the traditional God of January of


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course from an astronomical point of


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view January marks Earth's closest


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orbital position to the sun perhelion


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which occurs about 2 weeks after the


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December solce planets including the


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Earth don't orbit the Sun in perfect


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circles but rather in EV changing


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elliptical orbits the shape of these


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orbits vary due to gravitational


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influences from other planetary objects


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and in Earth's case that especially


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includes the moon which is almost


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massive enough to be considered a binary


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partner so over a roughly 100,000 years


00:09:15.000 --> 00:09:17.110
cycle Earth's orbit changes in shape


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from almost circular to far more


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elliptical this difference is known as


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eccentricity and the nearest pointing


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Earth's orbit around the Sun is called


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perhelion this Ed perhelion will occur


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on Sunday the 5th of January at 12:28 in


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the morning Australian eastern daylight


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time when the earth will be just 147


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million1


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3,686 km from the Sun that's 8:28 in the


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morning of January the 4th us Eastern


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Standard Time and 1 128 in the afternoon


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of January the 4th Greenwich


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meantime around 6 months later and about


00:09:52.320 --> 00:09:54.389
2 weeks after the June Solstice Earth


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will be at its furthest orbital position


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from the Sun a location known as aelan


00:10:00.240 --> 00:10:02.190
okay let's start our tour of the January


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night sky by looking to the Northeast


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right next to the constellation Orion


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where you'll see the brightest star in


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the night sky the dog star serus soall


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because it's the brightest star at the


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constellation Canis Major the big dog


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the name serus actually means scorching


00:10:18.079 --> 00:10:20.190
or brilliant a clear reference to its


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spectacular brightness in the sky as


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well as being one of the nearest stars


00:10:24.200 --> 00:10:27.069
to the Sun at just 8.7 light years it's


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also intrinsically bright and almost


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twice as bright as the second brightest


00:10:31.000 --> 00:10:33.790
St in the night skies canopus a light


00:10:33.800 --> 00:10:36.470
year is about 10 trillion kilm the


00:10:36.480 --> 00:10:38.310
distance of photon can travel in a year


00:10:38.320 --> 00:10:41.470
at 300,000 km/s the speed of light in a


00:10:41.480 --> 00:10:43.430
vacuum and the ultimate speed limit of


00:10:43.440 --> 00:10:46.190
the universe Sirius is the fifth closest


00:10:46.200 --> 00:10:48.269
start of the Sun and it's gradually


00:10:48.279 --> 00:10:50.829
moving closer to the solar system so


00:10:50.839 --> 00:10:52.670
it'll steadily increase in brightness


00:10:52.680 --> 00:10:55.389
over the next 60,000 years after which


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time it will begin moving away again and


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it will gradually become fater fainter


00:11:00.360 --> 00:11:01.829
but it will still continue to be the


00:11:01.839 --> 00:11:03.910
brightest star in Earth's night sky for


00:11:03.920 --> 00:11:07.829
at least the next 210,000 years Sirius


00:11:07.839 --> 00:11:10.509
is a binary star system comprising a


00:11:10.519 --> 00:11:12.990
spectr type a main sequence white star


00:11:13.000 --> 00:11:15.910
called Sirius a and a small white dwarf


00:11:15.920 --> 00:11:18.590
companion Serius B which orbits between


00:11:18.600 --> 00:11:21.949
8.2 and 31.5 astronomical units away


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from the primary star an astronomical


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unit is the average distance between the


00:11:26.240 --> 00:11:30.230
Earth and the Sun about 150 million km


00:11:30.240 --> 00:11:32.910
main sequence stars are those undergoing


00:11:32.920 --> 00:11:34.990
hydrogen fusion into helium in their


00:11:35.000 --> 00:11:38.230
core astronomist describe stars in terms


00:11:38.240 --> 00:11:40.430
of spectral types A classification


00:11:40.440 --> 00:11:42.150
system based on temperature and


00:11:42.160 --> 00:11:44.430
characteristics the hottest most massive


00:11:44.440 --> 00:11:46.430
and most luminous stars are known as


00:11:46.440 --> 00:11:49.150
spectr type O blue stars they're


00:11:49.160 --> 00:11:51.269
followed by spectr type B blue white


00:11:51.279 --> 00:11:54.150
stars then spectr type a white stars


00:11:54.160 --> 00:11:56.790
spectral type f whitish yellow stars


00:11:56.800 --> 00:11:58.910
spectral type G yellow stars that's


00:11:58.920 --> 00:12:01.870
where Sun fits in spectr type K orange


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stars and the coolest and least massive


00:12:04.079 --> 00:12:07.470
stars known are spectr Type M red stars


00:12:07.480 --> 00:12:09.470
each spectral classification can also be


00:12:09.480 --> 00:12:11.750
subdivided using a numeric digit to


00:12:11.760 --> 00:12:13.629
represent temperature with zero being


00:12:13.639 --> 00:12:15.790
the hottest and nine the coolest and a


00:12:15.800 --> 00:12:18.670
Roman numeral to represent Luminosity


00:12:18.680 --> 00:12:20.910
now put all that together and our sun


00:12:20.920 --> 00:12:25.710
becomes a g2v or G25 yellow dwarf star


00:12:25.720 --> 00:12:27.150
also included in the spectral


00:12:27.160 --> 00:12:29.590
classification system a spectr types T


00:12:29.600 --> 00:12:31.670
and Y which are assigned to fail Stars


00:12:31.680 --> 00:12:33.750
known as brown dwarves some of which


00:12:33.760 --> 00:12:36.069
were born as spectr Type M red stars but


00:12:36.079 --> 00:12:38.150
became Brown dwarves after losing some


00:12:38.160 --> 00:12:41.430
of their Mass BR dwarves fit into a


00:12:41.440 --> 00:12:43.430
category between the largest planets


00:12:43.440 --> 00:12:45.150
which are about 13 times the mass of


00:12:45.160 --> 00:12:47.710
Jupiter and the smallest stars those


00:12:47.720 --> 00:12:49.710
spectr type M red dwarfs we talked about


00:12:49.720 --> 00:12:52.310
before which are about 75 to 80 times


00:12:52.320 --> 00:12:55.990
the mass of Jupiter or around 0.08 solar


00:12:56.000 --> 00:12:58.550
masses Brown dwarves don't have enough


00:12:58.560 --> 00:13:00.230
Mass to build up the sorts of


00:13:00.240 --> 00:13:01.629
temperatures and pressures in their


00:13:01.639 --> 00:13:03.629
cores needed to trigger the nuclear


00:13:03.639 --> 00:13:05.990
fusion process which Mak stars like our


00:13:06.000 --> 00:13:07.509
sun


00:13:07.519 --> 00:13:10.550
shine Sirius a has at least twice the


00:13:10.560 --> 00:13:12.990
mass of the Sun and is about 25 times


00:13:13.000 --> 00:13:16.030
more luminous the Sirus binary system is


00:13:16.040 --> 00:13:18.350
between 200 and 300 million years old


00:13:18.360 --> 00:13:20.550
quite Young by astronomical standards


00:13:20.560 --> 00:13:22.509
and it originally consisted of two


00:13:22.519 --> 00:13:25.430
bright spectr type a white stars the


00:13:25.440 --> 00:13:28.069
more massive of these two stars serus B


00:13:28.079 --> 00:13:29.990
consumed its resource es and became a


00:13:30.000 --> 00:13:31.910
red giant before shedding off its outer


00:13:31.920 --> 00:13:33.910
layers and collapsing into its current


00:13:33.920 --> 00:13:36.389
state as a white dwarf around 120


00:13:36.399 --> 00:13:39.310
million years ago a white dwarf is the


00:13:39.320 --> 00:13:42.430
Stellar corpse of a sunlike star having


00:13:42.440 --> 00:13:44.670
used up its nuclear fuel supply fusing


00:13:44.680 --> 00:13:46.710
hydrogen into helium in its core it


00:13:46.720 --> 00:13:49.150
expands into a red giant as it fuses


00:13:49.160 --> 00:13:51.670
helium into carbon and oxygen now


00:13:51.680 --> 00:13:53.590
biggest stars can fuse progressively


00:13:53.600 --> 00:13:55.910
heavier and heavier elements but low


00:13:55.920 --> 00:13:57.829
mass stars like the sun simply aren't


00:13:57.839 --> 00:13:59.710
big enough to fuse carbon and oxygen


00:13:59.720 --> 00:14:02.110
into heavier elements and so they turn


00:14:02.120 --> 00:14:05.230
off the outer gases envelope separates


00:14:05.240 --> 00:14:06.910
and floats off into space as a


00:14:06.920 --> 00:14:09.030
spectacular object called a planetary


00:14:09.040 --> 00:14:12.389
nebula What's Left Behind is a super


00:14:12.399 --> 00:14:14.670
dense white hot Stellar core about the


00:14:14.680 --> 00:14:17.269
size of the Earth called a white dwarf


00:14:17.279 --> 00:14:19.430
which will slowly cool down over the


00:14:19.440 --> 00:14:22.590
aons of time our sun will become a white


00:14:22.600 --> 00:14:26.350
dwarf in about 7 billion years from now


00:14:26.360 --> 00:14:28.590
5,000 years ago the ancient Egyptians


00:14:28.600 --> 00:14:31.069
looked at serious and they saw it as the


00:14:31.079 --> 00:14:33.670
god an nubis lord of the underworld who


00:14:33.680 --> 00:14:35.590
had the head of a dog and who invented


00:14:35.600 --> 00:14:38.509
himing the funeral rights and who guided


00:14:38.519 --> 00:14:40.710
one through the underworld to judgment


00:14:40.720 --> 00:14:42.550
where he attended the scales during the


00:14:42.560 --> 00:14:44.749
weighing of the heart to determine one's


00:14:44.759 --> 00:14:47.790
fate in the afterlife Anubis was later


00:14:47.800 --> 00:14:50.430
replaced in Egyptian mythology by Osiris


00:14:50.440 --> 00:14:52.870
as the lord of the underworld and Sirius


00:14:52.880 --> 00:14:55.870
became the Goddess Isis by carefully


00:14:55.880 --> 00:14:57.829
watching sirus's movements across the


00:14:57.839 --> 00:14:59.389
sky the ancient egyp Egyptians


00:14:59.399 --> 00:15:00.829
determined that it would be visible


00:15:00.839 --> 00:15:03.550
every night for 295 and a quarter nights


00:15:03.560 --> 00:15:06.470
followed by 70 nights of absence and


00:15:06.480 --> 00:15:08.470
this allowed them to determine that a


00:15:08.480 --> 00:15:12.470
year was 365 and a/4 days long the


00:15:12.480 --> 00:15:14.509
calculations were accurate to within 11


00:15:14.519 --> 00:15:17.389
minutes the helical rising of Sirius


00:15:17.399 --> 00:15:19.030
also marked the annual flooding of the


00:15:19.040 --> 00:15:21.150
River Nile in ancient Egypt and the hot


00:15:21.160 --> 00:15:23.629
sultry dog days of summer for the


00:15:23.639 --> 00:15:26.749
ancient Greeks in Greek mythology Sirius


00:15:26.759 --> 00:15:29.030
was the dog star and the canine


00:15:29.040 --> 00:15:32.030
companion of Ryan the hunter helical


00:15:32.040 --> 00:15:33.910
Rising refers to the first time of the


00:15:33.920 --> 00:15:35.870
year when star becomes visible above the


00:15:35.880 --> 00:15:38.030
Eastern Horizon for a brief moment just


00:15:38.040 --> 00:15:39.189
Before


00:15:39.199 --> 00:15:41.870
Sunrise it's been claimed that the Doon


00:15:41.880 --> 00:15:43.990
people in Marley and western Africa have


00:15:44.000 --> 00:15:46.150
ancient stories describing the 50e


00:15:46.160 --> 00:15:47.990
orbital period of Sirius and its


00:15:48.000 --> 00:15:50.470
companion white dwarf which predate the


00:15:50.480 --> 00:15:52.350
white dwarf's Discovery by modern


00:15:52.360 --> 00:15:54.670
astronomers it's also claimed that these


00:15:54.680 --> 00:15:57.030
Legends were handed to the Doon people


00:15:57.040 --> 00:15:59.350
by ancient aquatic space Travelers who


00:15:59.360 --> 00:16:01.350
told them of a third star accompanying


00:16:01.360 --> 00:16:04.189
series A and B however a report in the


00:16:04.199 --> 00:16:06.069
journal current anthropology raised


00:16:06.079 --> 00:16:08.150
serious doubts about whether the Stars


00:16:08.160 --> 00:16:10.389
referred to by the Doon people were in


00:16:10.399 --> 00:16:12.590
fact Sirius a and its white dwarf


00:16:12.600 --> 00:16:14.990
companion that's because senior Doon


00:16:15.000 --> 00:16:16.949
claim the story actually refers to a


00:16:16.959 --> 00:16:19.710
different grouping of stars also other


00:16:19.720 --> 00:16:21.749
researchers have pointed out the Doon


00:16:21.759 --> 00:16:23.350
could have heard about the discovery of


00:16:23.360 --> 00:16:25.350
sirus's companion and then simply


00:16:25.360 --> 00:16:27.230
incorporated into their mythology in


00:16:27.240 --> 00:16:29.910
1893 when a French Expedition arrived in


00:16:29.920 --> 00:16:32.189
Central West Africa to observe an April


00:16:32.199 --> 00:16:34.550
16 total eclipse and were overheard


00:16:34.560 --> 00:16:36.189
discussing the


00:16:36.199 --> 00:16:38.710
discovery looking due north just above


00:16:38.720 --> 00:16:40.509
the Horizon this time of year and you'll


00:16:40.519 --> 00:16:42.670
see the bright yellowish star capella


00:16:42.680 --> 00:16:44.430
the brightest star in the constellation


00:16:44.440 --> 00:16:47.949
Orga the charioteer capella is the Latin


00:16:47.959 --> 00:16:50.790
term for a small female goat the star's


00:16:50.800 --> 00:16:52.949
alternative name is Capra which was more


00:16:52.959 --> 00:16:55.309
commonly used in classical times


00:16:55.319 --> 00:16:56.870
although it appears to be a single star


00:16:56.880 --> 00:16:59.309
of the uned eye capella is actually a


00:16:59.319 --> 00:17:02.550
system of four stars in Two binary pairs


00:17:02.560 --> 00:17:04.510
the first pair comprises two bright


00:17:04.520 --> 00:17:06.870
yellow giant stars both of which were


00:17:06.880 --> 00:17:08.470
around 2 and 1/ half times the mass of


00:17:08.480 --> 00:17:10.909
the Sun having exhausted their core


00:17:10.919 --> 00:17:13.350
hydrogen supplies both stars have cooled


00:17:13.360 --> 00:17:15.870
and expanded out to become Giants moving


00:17:15.880 --> 00:17:18.870
off the main sequence designated capella


00:17:18.880 --> 00:17:21.309
AA and capella AB they're in a very


00:17:21.319 --> 00:17:24.230
tight circular orbit some 0.76


00:17:24.240 --> 00:17:26.470
astronomical units apart orbiting each


00:17:26.480 --> 00:17:30.310
other every 104 Earth days capella AA is


00:17:30.320 --> 00:17:32.310
the cooler and more luminous of the two


00:17:32.320 --> 00:17:35.390
with some 78 times the luminosity and 12


00:17:35.400 --> 00:17:38.029
times the radius of the Sun known as an


00:17:38.039 --> 00:17:40.950
aging red Clump star capillar AA is


00:17:40.960 --> 00:17:43.390
fusing helium into carbon and oxygen in


00:17:43.400 --> 00:17:46.669
its core capillar AB is a slightly


00:17:46.679 --> 00:17:49.710
smaller but hotter subgiant about 73


00:17:49.720 --> 00:17:51.990
times as luminous and almost nine times


00:17:52.000 --> 00:17:54.029
the radius of the Sun and it's in the


00:17:54.039 --> 00:17:56.310
process of expanding out to become a red


00:17:56.320 --> 00:17:58.830
giant the capillar system is one of the


00:17:58.840 --> 00:18:00.909
brightest sources of x-rays in the sky


00:18:00.919 --> 00:18:02.510
thought to come primarily from the


00:18:02.520 --> 00:18:05.110
corona of the more massive giant the


00:18:05.120 --> 00:18:06.870
second pair of stars in Capella are


00:18:06.880 --> 00:18:09.190
located about 10,000 astronomical units


00:18:09.200 --> 00:18:11.950
from the first pair they consist of two


00:18:11.960 --> 00:18:14.549
faint small relatively cool spectr Type


00:18:14.559 --> 00:18:17.430
M main sequence red dwarf stars the two


00:18:17.440 --> 00:18:20.190
red dwars have been designated capella H


00:18:20.200 --> 00:18:23.350
and capella L now almost directly


00:18:23.360 --> 00:18:25.430
overhead this time of year a position in


00:18:25.440 --> 00:18:28.390
the sky known as Zenith we find kopus


00:18:28.400 --> 00:18:30.029
the second brightest star in the night


00:18:30.039 --> 00:18:33.870
sky after Sirius located some 3133 light


00:18:33.880 --> 00:18:35.830
years away in the constellation Kore of


00:18:35.840 --> 00:18:38.149
the Keel canopus looks incredibly bright


00:18:38.159 --> 00:18:41.630
because it is huge it's a giant spectral


00:18:41.640 --> 00:18:44.510
type a white star with some 10 times the


00:18:44.520 --> 00:18:48.190
mass 71 times the diameter and 10,000


00:18:48.200 --> 00:18:51.270
times the Luminosity of the sun kopus is


00:18:51.280 --> 00:18:53.470
another bride x-ray Source also most


00:18:53.480 --> 00:18:55.270
likely produced by its Corona


00:18:55.280 --> 00:18:57.149
magnetically heed to several million


00:18:57.159 --> 00:18:59.390
Kelvin the temperatures is also likely


00:18:59.400 --> 00:19:01.789
to be stimulated by fast rotation


00:19:01.799 --> 00:19:03.830
combined with strong internal convection


00:19:03.840 --> 00:19:05.510
currents percolating through the Stars


00:19:05.520 --> 00:19:08.710
outer layers no star in our night sky


00:19:08.720 --> 00:19:11.029
closer than canopus is more luminous


00:19:11.039 --> 00:19:13.230
than it and it's been the brightest star


00:19:13.240 --> 00:19:14.909
in Earth's night sky during three


00:19:14.919 --> 00:19:17.470
different epochs over the past 4 million


00:19:17.480 --> 00:19:20.190
years other stars appear brighter only


00:19:20.200 --> 00:19:22.310
during relatively temporary periods


00:19:22.320 --> 00:19:23.990
during which they're passing the solar


00:19:24.000 --> 00:19:26.270
system at much closer distances than


00:19:26.280 --> 00:19:29.430
canopus about 990,000 years ago serus


00:19:29.440 --> 00:19:31.430
move close enough that it appeared to be


00:19:31.440 --> 00:19:33.909
brighter in our night sky than canopus


00:19:33.919 --> 00:19:35.350
and as we mentioned earlier that'll


00:19:35.360 --> 00:19:37.510
Remain the case for another 210,000


00:19:37.520 --> 00:19:40.950
years but in 480,000 years from now


00:19:40.960 --> 00:19:43.149
kobis will once again be the brightest


00:19:43.159 --> 00:19:45.669
star in the night sky and it will remain


00:19:45.679 --> 00:19:49.390
so for a period of about 510,000


00:19:49.400 --> 00:19:52.669
years in Greek mythology kopus was a


00:19:52.679 --> 00:19:54.830
Helmsman and the navigator for the fleet


00:19:54.840 --> 00:19:56.990
of min's King of Sparta which was


00:19:57.000 --> 00:19:59.549
sailing back from the battle of Troy


00:19:59.559 --> 00:20:01.310
canopus is said to have died when the


00:20:01.320 --> 00:20:03.390
fleet arrived at the Port of Alexandria


00:20:03.400 --> 00:20:06.390
in Egypt and so a star which was visible


00:20:06.400 --> 00:20:09.230
in the Horizon was named in his honor


00:20:09.240 --> 00:20:10.789
now as we said it's the brightest star


00:20:10.799 --> 00:20:12.669
of the constellation Kina which


00:20:12.679 --> 00:20:15.029
represents the kill of the boat Argo


00:20:15.039 --> 00:20:17.149
used by Jason and the Argonauts in their


00:20:17.159 --> 00:20:19.549
quest for the Golden Fleece located


00:20:19.559 --> 00:20:22.350
nearby are the vessel sails represented


00:20:22.360 --> 00:20:24.630
by the constellation V and the roof of


00:20:24.640 --> 00:20:26.990
the birs re cabin or poop deck which is


00:20:27.000 --> 00:20:29.909
represented by the constellation papus


00:20:29.919 --> 00:20:32.590
combined Karina V and papus used to form


00:20:32.600 --> 00:20:34.669
the constellation Argo Navas


00:20:34.679 --> 00:20:36.630
representing the ship Argo skimming


00:20:36.640 --> 00:20:39.149
along the river of the Milky Way But


00:20:39.159 --> 00:20:40.789
modern day astronomers considered the


00:20:40.799 --> 00:20:42.950
constellation simply too big as it was


00:20:42.960 --> 00:20:45.029
28% larger than the next largest


00:20:45.039 --> 00:20:47.669
constellation had more than 180 easily


00:20:47.679 --> 00:20:50.750
visible stars so it was divided into


00:20:50.760 --> 00:20:53.430
three smaller constellations Kina verer


00:20:53.440 --> 00:20:55.270
and puus in


00:20:55.280 --> 00:20:58.070
1755 kopus forms part of the Stellar


00:20:58.080 --> 00:21:00.669
Association asterism known as the false


00:21:00.679 --> 00:21:03.029
cross which straddles the constellations


00:21:03.039 --> 00:21:05.350
Kina and V of the cells and is often


00:21:05.360 --> 00:21:08.070
confused with the real Southern Cross or


00:21:08.080 --> 00:21:10.149
Crooks this time of the year the


00:21:10.159 --> 00:21:12.470
Southern Cross is upside down low down


00:21:12.480 --> 00:21:14.190
in the southern Skies during the early


00:21:14.200 --> 00:21:16.590
evening for our listeners north of say


00:21:16.600 --> 00:21:18.590
Brisbane it'll most likely be hidden by


00:21:18.600 --> 00:21:20.590
trees and buildings on the horizon


00:21:20.600 --> 00:21:23.269
during the early evening but later on as


00:21:23.279 --> 00:21:25.350
the Earth turns the Southern Cross will


00:21:25.360 --> 00:21:27.310
rise above the Horizon in the South


00:21:27.320 --> 00:21:29.350
Southeast for our Northern listeners and


00:21:29.360 --> 00:21:32.510
appear to be lying on its left side one


00:21:32.520 --> 00:21:33.950
of the best things about living in the


00:21:33.960 --> 00:21:35.830
southern hemisphere is that most of the


00:21:35.840 --> 00:21:38.029
brightest stars in the night sky are


00:21:38.039 --> 00:21:41.190
visible during January nights Sirius the


00:21:41.200 --> 00:21:43.310
dog star is the brightest followed by


00:21:43.320 --> 00:21:45.950
canopus the navigation star third


00:21:45.960 --> 00:21:48.549
brightest is alent Tori the furthest of


00:21:48.559 --> 00:21:50.470
the two pointer Stars pointing to the


00:21:50.480 --> 00:21:52.710
Southern Cross and the nearest star


00:21:52.720 --> 00:21:55.070
system to the Sun the fourth and fifth


00:21:55.080 --> 00:21:57.430
brighter stars acturus and Vega aren't


00:21:57.440 --> 00:21:58.590
visible in the southern hemisphere


00:21:58.600 --> 00:22:00.990
featuring January but the sixth


00:22:01.000 --> 00:22:03.350
brightest capella is visible just above


00:22:03.360 --> 00:22:06.029
the northern Horizon and the seventh


00:22:06.039 --> 00:22:09.669
rigel marks Orion's knee next in eighth


00:22:09.679 --> 00:22:12.269
place is prion the little dog and Ninth


00:22:12.279 --> 00:22:15.310
is akar at the end of the river eridanus


00:22:15.320 --> 00:22:18.070
finally there's bleers Orion shoulder


00:22:18.080 --> 00:22:20.789
the 10th brightest star in the night sky


00:22:20.799 --> 00:22:22.710
so that's eight of the 10 brightest


00:22:22.720 --> 00:22:24.750
stars in the night sky all visible at


00:22:24.760 --> 00:22:26.630
once on a warm Summer's evening in the


00:22:26.640 --> 00:22:29.110
southern hemisphere


00:22:29.120 --> 00:22:31.350
January also plays host to one primary


00:22:31.360 --> 00:22:34.029
meteor shower the quadrantids most


00:22:34.039 --> 00:22:36.110
meteor showers radiate out from a


00:22:36.120 --> 00:22:38.630
recognizable constellation like Leo's


00:22:38.640 --> 00:22:41.549
leonids or Gemini's Geminids or Orion's


00:22:41.559 --> 00:22:44.110
orionids but the quadrantids and meteors


00:22:44.120 --> 00:22:45.750
that appear to radiate out from the


00:22:45.760 --> 00:22:48.470
location of the former quadran Morales


00:22:48.480 --> 00:22:51.230
constellation in the early 1920s the


00:22:51.240 --> 00:22:53.430
international astronomical Union divided


00:22:53.440 --> 00:22:55.950
the sky into 88 official


00:22:55.960 --> 00:22:57.710
constellations however that means more


00:22:57.720 --> 00:22:59.990
than 30 other historical constellations


00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:02.830
didn't make the cut the quadran Morales


00:23:02.840 --> 00:23:04.590
area of the sky falls within the


00:23:04.600 --> 00:23:06.710
boundaries of the official constellation


00:23:06.720 --> 00:23:09.310
booties the radiant point of the shower


00:23:09.320 --> 00:23:11.470
is near the Big Dipper between the end


00:23:11.480 --> 00:23:13.310
of the handle and the quadrilateral of


00:23:13.320 --> 00:23:14.669
stars marking the head of the


00:23:14.679 --> 00:23:17.470
constellation Draco the quadrantids are


00:23:17.480 --> 00:23:18.789
usually one of the year's most


00:23:18.799 --> 00:23:21.029
spectacular meteor showers with up to


00:23:21.039 --> 00:23:23.549
eight meteors per hour they're best seen


00:23:23.559 --> 00:23:25.630
from the Northern Hemisphere and unlike


00:23:25.640 --> 00:23:27.310
other meteor showers which tend to pick


00:23:27.320 --> 00:23:28.789
for at least a day or two the


00:23:28.799 --> 00:23:30.590
quadrantids only pick for a couple of


00:23:30.600 --> 00:23:33.029
hours while most meteor showers are


00:23:33.039 --> 00:23:34.750
produced by the Earth passing through


00:23:34.760 --> 00:23:37.110
debris Trails left behind by comets the


00:23:37.120 --> 00:23:38.870
quadrantids are one of only two meteor


00:23:38.880 --> 00:23:41.710
shs known to be produced by asteroids


00:23:41.720 --> 00:23:43.590
they're associated with the asteroid


00:23:43.600 --> 00:23:46.590
2003 eh1 which is thought to be the


00:23:46.600 --> 00:23:48.430
remains of a cometry nucleus that


00:23:48.440 --> 00:23:51.269
fragmented and broke apart centuries ago


00:23:51.279 --> 00:23:53.870
eh1 still circles the sun in a 5 and a


00:23:53.880 --> 00:23:55.909
half Earth yearlong elongated comet-like


00:23:55.919 --> 00:23:58.669
orbit which extends out Beyond Jupiter


00:23:58.679 --> 00:24:00.070
the progenitor is thought to be the


00:24:00.080 --> 00:24:03.430
comet c490 y1 which was first observed


00:24:03.440 --> 00:24:05.149
by Chinese Japanese and Korean


00:24:05.159 --> 00:24:07.990
astronomers 500 years ago it was


00:24:08.000 --> 00:24:09.990
classified as an asteroid when it was


00:24:10.000 --> 00:24:11.510
discovered by a neear asteroid


00:24:11.520 --> 00:24:15.029
telescopic survey in 2003 the only other


00:24:15.039 --> 00:24:17.190
major meteor shower associated with an


00:24:17.200 --> 00:24:19.190
asteroid are the Geminids which occur in


00:24:19.200 --> 00:24:21.269
December and are caused by a debris left


00:24:21.279 --> 00:24:23.990
behind by the asteroid 3200 faton which


00:24:24.000 --> 00:24:25.750
is also thought to be the remains of a


00:24:25.760 --> 00:24:28.789
comet Jonathan nelli from sky telescope


00:24:28.799 --> 00:24:30.590
magazine joins us now for the rest of


00:24:30.600 --> 00:24:33.190
our tour of the January night skies good


00:24:33.200 --> 00:24:34.389
day Stuart yeah well there's plenty to


00:24:34.399 --> 00:24:36.110
see in the night sky during January as


00:24:36.120 --> 00:24:38.029
long of course as you have reasonably


00:24:38.039 --> 00:24:39.789
Dark Skies or you can travel to where


00:24:39.799 --> 00:24:42.029
there are few or no artificial lights


00:24:42.039 --> 00:24:42.909
because of course it's the light


00:24:42.919 --> 00:24:44.990
pollution in the cities and towns that


00:24:45.000 --> 00:24:46.950
mainly spoils our view of the night sky


00:24:46.960 --> 00:24:48.549
so try and get away from lights I


00:24:48.559 --> 00:24:49.470
thought we'd try something a little


00:24:49.480 --> 00:24:50.590
different this time we'll take a bit of


00:24:50.600 --> 00:24:52.789
a tour along the length of the Milky Way


00:24:52.799 --> 00:24:54.190
or at least the half of the Milky Way


00:24:54.200 --> 00:24:55.830
that we can see during the hours before


00:24:55.840 --> 00:24:57.230
midnight this time of the year because


00:24:57.240 --> 00:24:58.470
it's the other half of Milky Way of


00:24:58.480 --> 00:24:59.669
course that we can't see because at the


00:24:59.679 --> 00:25:00.750
moment it's on the other side of the


00:25:00.760 --> 00:25:02.070
Earth but we'll start down the South


00:25:02.080 --> 00:25:03.789
with a sudden cross it's part of the Noy


00:25:03.799 --> 00:25:06.350
way and at the moment it's right down


00:25:06.360 --> 00:25:08.230
south not far above the southern Horizon


00:25:08.240 --> 00:25:09.149
so you need to be in the Southern


00:25:09.159 --> 00:25:10.549
Hemisphere and you need to look right


00:25:10.559 --> 00:25:12.710
down in the southern Horizon in the mid


00:25:12.720 --> 00:25:14.389
evening hours this time of year it's


00:25:14.399 --> 00:25:16.389
sort of more or less upside down sort of


00:25:16.399 --> 00:25:18.269
angled a bit to the left and remember it


00:25:18.279 --> 00:25:20.029
looks like a kite shape and it looks


00:25:20.039 --> 00:25:22.350
like upside down kite shape and once you


00:25:22.360 --> 00:25:24.230
spot the cross you don't usually have


00:25:24.240 --> 00:25:25.710
any trouble finding it again but it's


00:25:25.720 --> 00:25:27.669
that first time trying to spot the cross


00:25:27.679 --> 00:25:29.190
that tricks a lot people because it's


00:25:29.200 --> 00:25:31.230
really quite small most people expect to


00:25:31.240 --> 00:25:32.909
see something huge dominating the


00:25:32.919 --> 00:25:33.990
strikers they've always heard of the


00:25:34.000 --> 00:25:35.590
Southern Cross and they expect it to be


00:25:35.600 --> 00:25:36.990
really really big but it's actually


00:25:37.000 --> 00:25:38.909
really small in fact it's the smallest


00:25:38.919 --> 00:25:41.029
of all the 88 official constellations or


00:25:41.039 --> 00:25:42.830
they get mixed up with the false cross


00:25:42.840 --> 00:25:43.870
that's the other thing that happens a


00:25:43.880 --> 00:25:45.430
lot there's the false cross and there's


00:25:45.440 --> 00:25:46.909
another cross called the diamond cross


00:25:46.919 --> 00:25:48.149
which sort of sort of a similar sort of


00:25:48.159 --> 00:25:49.750
shape I mean you can make a cross out of


00:25:49.760 --> 00:25:52.269
anything just join the dots but


00:25:52.279 --> 00:25:53.789
certainly the false cross here now that


00:25:53.799 --> 00:25:55.230
is big that's much bigger than the


00:25:55.240 --> 00:25:56.950
Southern Cross when we say cross it's


00:25:56.960 --> 00:25:59.430
just four stars and and lines and join


00:25:59.440 --> 00:26:01.350
the dots yeah the false cross is often


00:26:01.360 --> 00:26:02.870
mistaken because it's the same sort of


00:26:02.880 --> 00:26:05.190
shape just much larger than the Southern


00:26:05.200 --> 00:26:07.110
Cross sort of surrounding the Southern


00:26:07.120 --> 00:26:08.909
Cross constellation is another


00:26:08.919 --> 00:26:10.950
constellation called curus and this


00:26:10.960 --> 00:26:12.510
one's full of lots and lots of


00:26:12.520 --> 00:26:14.350
interesting sights deep Sky objects and


00:26:14.360 --> 00:26:15.750
things although not many of them can


00:26:15.760 --> 00:26:16.909
actually be seen at this time of the


00:26:16.919 --> 00:26:19.269
year because cus is really right down on


00:26:19.279 --> 00:26:20.710
the horizon but if you give it a couple


00:26:20.720 --> 00:26:22.110
of months the constellation will have


00:26:22.120 --> 00:26:23.909
risen higher in the night sky after the


00:26:23.919 --> 00:26:25.350
sun goes down and that'll bring some


00:26:25.360 --> 00:26:26.590
much wonders into view because if you


00:26:26.600 --> 00:26:28.590
can just make out a galaxy to the ne eye


00:26:28.600 --> 00:26:29.909
there you can see some star clusters


00:26:29.919 --> 00:26:31.510
with a naked eye and plenty of things


00:26:31.520 --> 00:26:33.470
with telescope or even binoculars the


00:26:33.480 --> 00:26:35.230
next constellation along the Milky Way


00:26:35.240 --> 00:26:38.029
is called Karina and Karina is home to a


00:26:38.039 --> 00:26:40.470
very large nebula called naturally


00:26:40.480 --> 00:26:42.149
enough the Karina nebula and you can


00:26:42.159 --> 00:26:44.029
easily see it actually if you have dark


00:26:44.039 --> 00:26:45.669
skies it looks like a bit of a fuzzy


00:26:45.679 --> 00:26:47.710
patch but it's about as wide as the moon


00:26:47.720 --> 00:26:49.350
it's really really big and in fact a lot


00:26:49.360 --> 00:26:51.230
of Amer astronomers consider this to be


00:26:51.240 --> 00:26:53.070
the best nebula in the in the whole


00:26:53.080 --> 00:26:56.190
night sky and to get the view that you


00:26:56.200 --> 00:26:58.230
need to appreciate that you do need to


00:26:58.240 --> 00:27:00.669
to use a telescope but you can see the


00:27:00.679 --> 00:27:02.549
Kina nebula as a fuzzy catch just with


00:27:02.559 --> 00:27:04.389
the naked eye a small telescope you much


00:27:04.399 --> 00:27:05.870
better view even a pair of binoculars


00:27:05.880 --> 00:27:07.350
will give you a great view around there


00:27:07.360 --> 00:27:08.549
and you spend some time just looking


00:27:08.559 --> 00:27:10.070
around the constellation Karina because


00:27:10.080 --> 00:27:11.389
there stacks of things in there which


00:27:11.399 --> 00:27:13.190
you can see just with binoculars Karina


00:27:13.200 --> 00:27:14.669
actually was once part of a a much


00:27:14.679 --> 00:27:16.990
larger constellation known as aronis the


00:27:17.000 --> 00:27:19.389
ship of the Argonauts but that was split


00:27:19.399 --> 00:27:22.029
up many years ago and became Kina and


00:27:22.039 --> 00:27:24.549
two other constellations V and puppet


00:27:24.559 --> 00:27:26.669
and indeed V is the next one Along on


00:27:26.679 --> 00:27:28.669
our tour just the next one up The Noy


00:27:28.679 --> 00:27:30.389
way there's not a lot of great interest


00:27:30.399 --> 00:27:33.389
in this one for casual stargazers but


00:27:33.399 --> 00:27:34.870
amateur astronomers who know exactly


00:27:34.880 --> 00:27:36.389
where to look can find all sorts of


00:27:36.399 --> 00:27:39.070
interesting sites in V including Dean


00:27:39.080 --> 00:27:40.430
star clusters and things there's a


00:27:40.440 --> 00:27:43.389
famous Pulsar in V you don't see that


00:27:43.399 --> 00:27:45.389
with am equipment but that's one of its


00:27:45.399 --> 00:27:47.750
most famous inhabitants and after V


00:27:47.760 --> 00:27:50.149
we've got puppet which has a plethora of


00:27:50.159 --> 00:27:52.509
viewing targets for those because it's


00:27:52.519 --> 00:27:54.549
the poop deck the poop deck yeah so Aron


00:27:54.559 --> 00:27:56.070
got split into three you got Karina


00:27:56.080 --> 00:27:58.789
which was the Keel Z is the sh and


00:27:58.799 --> 00:28:00.870
puppet is the poop deck of this old ship


00:28:00.880 --> 00:28:02.830
and yeah lots of stuff to see in puppet


00:28:02.840 --> 00:28:04.230
if you have a tot scope and even if you


00:28:04.240 --> 00:28:05.549
don't there's one thing you can see for


00:28:05.559 --> 00:28:06.830
instance with the nak eye you can just


00:28:06.840 --> 00:28:09.870
make it out it's called m46 or Mia 46


00:28:09.880 --> 00:28:11.549
which is a starbuster so if you got good


00:28:11.559 --> 00:28:13.350
dark stars and you got good eyes and you


00:28:13.360 --> 00:28:14.990
let yourself your dark adjusted and you


00:28:15.000 --> 00:28:16.389
get a star map or something and you know


00:28:16.399 --> 00:28:17.509
exactly where to look you should be able


00:28:17.519 --> 00:28:20.149
to see this star cluster for m46 still


00:28:20.159 --> 00:28:21.509
going along the next constellation we


00:28:21.519 --> 00:28:24.269
come to is kis major the greater dog and


00:28:24.279 --> 00:28:26.549
it's bright star Serius which is the


00:28:26.559 --> 00:28:28.190
brightest star in the night sky it


00:28:28.200 --> 00:28:30.389
outshines everything apart from the Sun


00:28:30.399 --> 00:28:32.230
the moon and the planets Venus and


00:28:32.240 --> 00:28:33.630
Jupiter Venus and Jupiter become


00:28:33.640 --> 00:28:35.269
brighter than serious but nothing else


00:28:35.279 --> 00:28:36.710
does apart from the Sun and the Moon the


00:28:36.720 --> 00:28:38.110
next part of the Milky Way if you go


00:28:38.120 --> 00:28:39.470
along it's a bit thin on major


00:28:39.480 --> 00:28:41.870
attractions but just either side of it


00:28:41.880 --> 00:28:43.750
are some famous constellations and some


00:28:43.760 --> 00:28:45.750
really good sites the first of these is


00:28:45.760 --> 00:28:47.310
one we've spoken about many many times


00:28:47.320 --> 00:28:49.269
on the show and that's AR and the Hunter


00:28:49.279 --> 00:28:50.789
and it's good reason because it really


00:28:50.799 --> 00:28:52.909
is amazing if you join the dots with its


00:28:52.919 --> 00:28:55.230
Stars it has a really distinctive shape


00:28:55.240 --> 00:28:57.470
and has a lot of bright stars intact so


00:28:57.480 --> 00:28:59.190
it really does stand out and it's


00:28:59.200 --> 00:29:01.669
bookended by two Bright Stars R and


00:29:01.679 --> 00:29:03.350
Beetle Juice and in the middle there's a


00:29:03.360 --> 00:29:05.549
row of three stars which are very easy


00:29:05.559 --> 00:29:07.950
to spot it's very evenly distributed row


00:29:07.960 --> 00:29:09.590
of three stars and it's known as the


00:29:09.600 --> 00:29:11.669
Hunter's belt and between the belt and


00:29:11.679 --> 00:29:14.389
the star rigel are a couple of stars and


00:29:14.399 --> 00:29:15.990
if your eyesight is good enough a little


00:29:16.000 --> 00:29:17.909
smudge of light if you got Dark Skies


00:29:17.919 --> 00:29:19.269
again and you got good eyesight and you


00:29:19.279 --> 00:29:20.870
let yourself get dark adapted you should


00:29:20.880 --> 00:29:22.430
see a little smudge of light just with


00:29:22.440 --> 00:29:24.190
the naked eye now that smudge is the


00:29:24.200 --> 00:29:26.909
famous Ry nebula which is a huge region


00:29:26.919 --> 00:29:28.950
of interstellar gas and dut that really


00:29:28.960 --> 00:29:30.630
looks magnificent through a telescope


00:29:30.640 --> 00:29:32.350
and of course even better on photos can


00:29:32.360 --> 00:29:34.029
even sort of start to get a bit of an


00:29:34.039 --> 00:29:35.590
idea of that if you've got a pair of say


00:29:35.600 --> 00:29:38.230
10 by 50 binoculars as well so when you


00:29:38.240 --> 00:29:39.870
look at that you think okay it might


00:29:39.880 --> 00:29:41.070
just looks like a fuzzy SMUD or


00:29:41.080 --> 00:29:42.350
something but when you then look at a


00:29:42.360 --> 00:29:43.750
picture of the irion neula and you


00:29:43.760 --> 00:29:45.509
realize I'm looking at that that's


00:29:45.519 --> 00:29:47.509
incredible it's 1500 light years away


00:29:47.519 --> 00:29:49.110
this is a place where stars and planets


00:29:49.120 --> 00:29:50.669
and things have being born they call it


00:29:50.679 --> 00:29:52.549
a star forming region it really is quite


00:29:52.559 --> 00:29:53.870
amazing this is the thing you know you


00:29:53.880 --> 00:29:55.950
look at some stars and star clusters and


00:29:55.960 --> 00:29:58.190
in the night sky and depending on the


00:29:58.200 --> 00:29:59.789
just using your own eyes or maybe a


00:29:59.799 --> 00:30:01.070
small telescope that doesn't give you


00:30:01.080 --> 00:30:03.029
the best view okay it might not look


00:30:03.039 --> 00:30:04.870
super amazing but when you think about


00:30:04.880 --> 00:30:06.630
what it is that you're seeing and how


00:30:06.640 --> 00:30:08.750
far away it might be and therefore how


00:30:08.760 --> 00:30:11.750
long ago the staright left that thing


00:30:11.760 --> 00:30:12.909
could be hundreds of years could be


00:30:12.919 --> 00:30:14.909
thousands could be 10 thousands of years


00:30:14.919 --> 00:30:16.830
of theight left you know you think back


00:30:16.840 --> 00:30:18.669
to what Humanity was doing 10,000 years


00:30:18.679 --> 00:30:21.269
ago not a lot so you looking back in


00:30:21.279 --> 00:30:23.909
time the sky is sort of a time capsu you


00:30:23.919 --> 00:30:25.509
look out there and things are different


00:30:25.519 --> 00:30:27.990
distances from us and those distances


00:30:28.000 --> 00:30:30.269
equate to time and that's how far back


00:30:30.279 --> 00:30:31.870
we're looking in time and the Orion


00:30:31.880 --> 00:30:34.029
Nebula has been such a fascinating thing


00:30:34.039 --> 00:30:36.149
for scientists to study too it Tau us


00:30:36.159 --> 00:30:38.389
about globular clusters and about Brown


00:30:38.399 --> 00:30:41.190
dwarves and the evolution of planets and


00:30:41.200 --> 00:30:43.509
stars it's all by looking at this nebula


00:30:43.519 --> 00:30:45.830
of AR m42 yeah yeah look it is quite


00:30:45.840 --> 00:30:47.230
amazing I mean we're lucky in a way I


00:30:47.240 --> 00:30:48.750
mean I suppose wherever the Earth was


00:30:48.760 --> 00:30:50.230
situated in the Galaxy we' have lots of


00:30:50.240 --> 00:30:51.509
good things to see but we're lucky that


00:30:51.519 --> 00:30:53.149
we are where we are so that we can see


00:30:53.159 --> 00:30:55.190
the AR that from the right direction and


00:30:55.200 --> 00:30:57.629
yeah use it as a sort of a laboratory a


00:30:57.639 --> 00:30:59.750
dist distant laboratory to learn about


00:30:59.760 --> 00:31:00.909
all the things that are out there in


00:31:00.919 --> 00:31:02.909
space yeah not far away is the HSE head


00:31:02.919 --> 00:31:04.629
nebula yeah the horad nebula is just off


00:31:04.639 --> 00:31:06.269
the end of that little row of tre Stars


00:31:06.279 --> 00:31:07.870
I was talking about earlier on now if


00:31:07.880 --> 00:31:09.070
people have seen a picture of the horse


00:31:09.080 --> 00:31:11.070
head neb think oh wow I've got to get a


00:31:11.080 --> 00:31:12.470
telescope and go out and see that well


00:31:12.480 --> 00:31:14.149
you can but you need a fairly big


00:31:14.159 --> 00:31:16.590
telescope because the horse NE is quite


00:31:16.600 --> 00:31:19.750
small and bit hard to see so yeah it


00:31:19.760 --> 00:31:21.509
looks beautiful in photos lot of lots of


00:31:21.519 --> 00:31:22.590
things in the sty look beautiful in


00:31:22.600 --> 00:31:24.110
photos but the reality when you look


00:31:24.120 --> 00:31:25.149
through a telescope might be a little


00:31:25.159 --> 00:31:26.950
bit different yeah Ayan nebula looks


00:31:26.960 --> 00:31:28.430
great through a telescope because it's


00:31:28.440 --> 00:31:30.830
really big it's huge so is that Pina


00:31:30.840 --> 00:31:32.310
neul I was talking about earlier on it's


00:31:32.320 --> 00:31:33.870
big it's huge lots of things to see in


00:31:33.880 --> 00:31:35.430
there it could be getting easier to see


00:31:35.440 --> 00:31:37.269
too as time goes by because there are


00:31:37.279 --> 00:31:40.310
two huge OB blue stars that are reaching


00:31:40.320 --> 00:31:42.029
the end of their lives inside the


00:31:42.039 --> 00:31:44.190
homunculus nebula which is inside the


00:31:44.200 --> 00:31:46.070
Kina nebula and they're about to go


00:31:46.080 --> 00:31:47.950
supernova and they could do that any day


00:31:47.960 --> 00:31:49.950
now which in astronomical terms means


00:31:49.960 --> 00:31:51.590
tomorrow or maybe a million years from


00:31:51.600 --> 00:31:53.149
now yes well I can sort of sympathize


00:31:53.159 --> 00:31:54.789
with a huge blow to the king that's


00:31:54.799 --> 00:31:59.190
going to uh sort of on on the FL ws and


00:31:59.200 --> 00:32:00.710
now now just beyond a let's get back to


00:32:00.720 --> 00:32:02.909
the Stars just beyond a we've got Taurus


00:32:02.919 --> 00:32:04.430
constellation Taurus and it's got a


00:32:04.440 --> 00:32:06.430
bright red star called Al Deon and it's


00:32:06.440 --> 00:32:08.669
got a wedge shaped cluster of stars


00:32:08.679 --> 00:32:10.710
known as the hi 8es and not far from


00:32:10.720 --> 00:32:12.470
them is perhaps the most famous star


00:32:12.480 --> 00:32:14.350
cluster visible to the uned ey which is


00:32:14.360 --> 00:32:15.830
the plees or the Seven Sisters we've


00:32:15.840 --> 00:32:17.710
talken about that a lot on the pr so we


00:32:17.720 --> 00:32:19.149
won't go through it again now but it it


00:32:19.159 --> 00:32:20.669
looks really really good get a pair of


00:32:20.679 --> 00:32:22.710
Noles on that it's really quite lovely


00:32:22.720 --> 00:32:24.230
really it's beautiful little cluster


00:32:24.240 --> 00:32:25.990
Stars opposite Forest on the other side


00:32:26.000 --> 00:32:28.389
of the Milky Way we've got Gemini


00:32:28.399 --> 00:32:30.710
and Gemini stands out because it has two


00:32:30.720 --> 00:32:33.190
stars called Castor and poock which are


00:32:33.200 --> 00:32:35.070
sort of the head of each of these two


00:32:35.080 --> 00:32:37.190
figures the sort of you do the join the


00:32:37.200 --> 00:32:38.389
dots thing and you use a bit of


00:32:38.399 --> 00:32:39.909
imagination and you can think oh maybe


00:32:39.919 --> 00:32:41.509
there I can see two people standing in


00:32:41.519 --> 00:32:42.909
the sky next to each other well those


00:32:42.919 --> 00:32:44.990
two stars pestor and polet sort of Mark


00:32:45.000 --> 00:32:46.509
their heads of each of those two


00:32:46.519 --> 00:32:47.870
characters now there look there's a lot


00:32:47.880 --> 00:32:49.789
more to the mie way as I said but not at


00:32:49.799 --> 00:32:51.269
this time of year that's the main ones


00:32:51.279 --> 00:32:52.990
that we can go through and see we have


00:32:53.000 --> 00:32:55.029
to wait until sort of mid year-ish to


00:32:55.039 --> 00:32:56.269
see some of the other Mighty


00:32:56.279 --> 00:32:57.830
constellations that will be around


00:32:57.840 --> 00:32:59.549
during the southern winter or the


00:32:59.559 --> 00:33:01.909
northern summer M such as Sagittarius


00:33:01.919 --> 00:33:04.190
and Scorpius and endless things to see


00:33:04.200 --> 00:33:05.950
inside those constellations now turning


00:33:05.960 --> 00:33:07.870
to the planets see what's up planet wise


00:33:07.880 --> 00:33:10.029
this time of the year so Venus is very


00:33:10.039 --> 00:33:11.710
easy to see at the moment after Sunset


00:33:11.720 --> 00:33:13.509
you can't miss it it's above the Western


00:33:13.519 --> 00:33:15.269
Horizon Fair Way up above the Western


00:33:15.279 --> 00:33:17.029
Horizon actually but you really can't


00:33:17.039 --> 00:33:18.830
miss it because it's very big and bright


00:33:18.840 --> 00:33:21.870
and white a little higher up above Venus


00:33:21.880 --> 00:33:24.629
you've got Saturn Saturn now it's dimmer


00:33:24.639 --> 00:33:26.389
than Venus but it does have a a not


00:33:26.399 --> 00:33:28.629
noticeable yellowish t so you should be


00:33:28.639 --> 00:33:30.470
able to spot that one quite easily now


00:33:30.480 --> 00:33:32.029
the thing is keep an eye on these two


00:33:32.039 --> 00:33:34.470
planets as the weeks pass because while


00:33:34.480 --> 00:33:36.110
Saturn doesn't shift or doesn't seem to


00:33:36.120 --> 00:33:37.350
shift its position very much in the


00:33:37.360 --> 00:33:40.230
night sky during January Venus will be


00:33:40.240 --> 00:33:42.430
so from night to night Venus will have


00:33:42.440 --> 00:33:44.430
moved a little bit and over the course


00:33:44.440 --> 00:33:46.110
of the first fourth night of January


00:33:46.120 --> 00:33:47.750
you'll see that Venus gets closer and


00:33:47.760 --> 00:33:49.789
closer and closer to Saturn and on the


00:33:49.799 --> 00:33:51.870
nights of the 18th and the 19th of


00:33:51.880 --> 00:33:53.629
January they'll be quite close together


00:33:53.639 --> 00:33:55.669
about 2 and a half degrees apart which


00:33:55.679 --> 00:33:57.870
is about 5 Moon weeks apart which is


00:33:57.880 --> 00:33:59.350
that we CL together so that should look


00:33:59.360 --> 00:34:01.110
pretty pretty pretty if that makes sense


00:34:01.120 --> 00:34:02.950
pretty pretty so got big bright big


00:34:02.960 --> 00:34:05.110
bright white Venus and slightly dimmer


00:34:05.120 --> 00:34:06.549
yellowish sat so that should be really


00:34:06.559 --> 00:34:08.270
nice to see Jupiter is around at the


00:34:08.280 --> 00:34:09.669
moment you can see that in the evening


00:34:09.679 --> 00:34:11.790
18 constellation Taurus very close to


00:34:11.800 --> 00:34:13.389
that star I mentioned earlier on called


00:34:13.399 --> 00:34:15.710
Al Deon and finally Mars Mars can be


00:34:15.720 --> 00:34:17.270
seen rising over the northeastern


00:34:17.280 --> 00:34:18.950
Horizon that's for us in the south at


00:34:18.960 --> 00:34:21.109
least just start at 10 p.m. at the start


00:34:21.119 --> 00:34:22.629
of the month and it gets bit earlier


00:34:22.639 --> 00:34:24.550
each night thereafter on the 15th of


00:34:24.560 --> 00:34:26.270
January it reaches a point in its orbit


00:34:26.280 --> 00:34:27.829
known as opposition this is something


00:34:27.839 --> 00:34:29.430
that am astronomers and particularly


00:34:29.440 --> 00:34:31.109
Planet Watchers are always look forward


00:34:31.119 --> 00:34:33.270
to because when a planet gets to the


00:34:33.280 --> 00:34:34.869
point for opposition it means that from


00:34:34.879 --> 00:34:37.069
our vage point on Earth looking out into


00:34:37.079 --> 00:34:38.869
space the sun is in One Direction and


00:34:38.879 --> 00:34:40.669
the planet is 180 degrees in the


00:34:40.679 --> 00:34:42.710
opposite direction so the upshot of that


00:34:42.720 --> 00:34:44.710
the Practical upshot of that is that for


00:34:44.720 --> 00:34:46.589
Mars since this during January when the


00:34:46.599 --> 00:34:48.550
Sun goes down in the west Mars will be


00:34:48.560 --> 00:34:50.750
rising in the East and that means you've


00:34:50.760 --> 00:34:52.950
got all night to have a look at it okay


00:34:52.960 --> 00:34:54.389
because Venus for instance we mentioned


00:34:54.399 --> 00:34:55.909
Venus earlier on it's you know high up


00:34:55.919 --> 00:34:58.589
in the Western sky after well it'll only


00:34:58.599 --> 00:35:00.550
be there for a couple of hours or so and


00:35:00.560 --> 00:35:01.870
then it will set so you don't have too


00:35:01.880 --> 00:35:03.950
long to look at it but with Mars during


00:35:03.960 --> 00:35:05.950
January it's going to be up all night so


00:35:05.960 --> 00:35:07.030
as long as you've got some good weather


00:35:07.040 --> 00:35:08.670
you should be able to see it and the


00:35:08.680 --> 00:35:10.190
other thing too is that when the planet


00:35:10.200 --> 00:35:12.190
is at opposition that's roughly the same


00:35:12.200 --> 00:35:14.750
time as when it is at its closest to the


00:35:14.760 --> 00:35:17.470
earth so Mars is a small planet is


00:35:17.480 --> 00:35:18.870
really quite small so when you look


00:35:18.880 --> 00:35:21.190
through a telescope it doesn't look big


00:35:21.200 --> 00:35:23.710
so the best time to see it at its


00:35:23.720 --> 00:35:25.430
biggest is when it's at its closest


00:35:25.440 --> 00:35:26.750
which is around the time of opposition


00:35:26.760 --> 00:35:28.390
so a lot of turn watch will be out there


00:35:28.400 --> 00:35:30.630
withs trying to get the best view of


00:35:30.640 --> 00:35:33.030
Mars this year because it'll take


00:35:33.040 --> 00:35:34.710
another roughly two years before


00:35:34.720 --> 00:35:36.550
opposition comes around again for Mars


00:35:36.560 --> 00:35:38.270
so I'm sure people will be making the


00:35:38.280 --> 00:35:39.950
most of it toew and this is also the


00:35:39.960 --> 00:35:42.150
time when space agencies tend to launch


00:35:42.160 --> 00:35:43.670
rockets towards Mars when they've got


00:35:43.680 --> 00:35:45.430
missions going that way although none


00:35:45.440 --> 00:35:47.829
this year yeah well yeah you want to


00:35:47.839 --> 00:35:49.030
when you launch a rocket to a planet


00:35:49.040 --> 00:35:50.790
like Mars you want to try and um


00:35:50.800 --> 00:35:52.910
minimize the amount of fuel uh and you


00:35:52.920 --> 00:35:54.470
sort of Rocket blasts off at a great


00:35:54.480 --> 00:35:56.550
rate of knots but then the spacecraft


00:35:56.560 --> 00:35:58.589
just coasts all the rest of the way on a


00:35:58.599 --> 00:36:00.790
sort of a curving trajectory and you


00:36:00.800 --> 00:36:01.870
want to get it there as quick as


00:36:01.880 --> 00:36:03.870
possible using the minimum fuel yeah


00:36:03.880 --> 00:36:05.510
you've got to launch at the right time


00:36:05.520 --> 00:36:07.270
when Earth and Mars are in the right


00:36:07.280 --> 00:36:08.550
spot and of course you don't aim for


00:36:08.560 --> 00:36:10.109
where Mars is right now you aim for


00:36:10.119 --> 00:36:12.150
where Mars will be in seven or eight or


00:36:12.160 --> 00:36:13.990
nine months by the time you planic get


00:36:14.000 --> 00:36:15.230
sort of aiming ahead like an


00:36:15.240 --> 00:36:17.150
interception course and that's do it is


00:36:17.160 --> 00:36:19.510
the sky for January that's Jonathan


00:36:19.520 --> 00:36:22.349
Nelly from sky and Telescope magazine


00:36:22.359 --> 00:36:25.660
and this is spacetime


00:36:25.670 --> 00:36:39.589
[Music]


00:36:39.599 --> 00:36:42.430
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