Mars’ Carbon Cycle Unveiled, SKA Project Progress, and ISS Rush Hour

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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This is Spacetime Series 28, episode 53


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for broadcast on the 2nd of May


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2025. Coming up on Spaceime, large


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carbon deposits discovered on the red


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planet Mars. An update on the billion


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dollar square kilometer array project


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and it's like rush hour at Grand Central


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aboard the International Space Station.


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All that and more coming up on Spaceime.


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Welcome to Spaceime with Stuart Garry.


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[Music]




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NASA's Mars Curiosity rover has


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discovered evidence of a carbon cycle on


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the red planet. The new observations


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from three of Curiosity's drill sites


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found evidence of cyerite and iron


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carbonate material within sulfatri


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layers. The discovery reported in the


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journal science brings researchers


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closer to answering that age-old


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question of whether the red planet was


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ever capable of supporting life. The car


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size six world rover has been climbing


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Mount Sharp, the central peak of Gal


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Crater as part of it effort to


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understand the red planet's climatic


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transitions and habitability. Mount


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Sharp is like a geological history book


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with different layers representing


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different parts of the red planet's


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past. The study's lead author Ben


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Tatollo from the University of Calgary


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says the discovery of large carbon


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deposits in Gale Crater represents a


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surprising and important breakthrough in


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science's understanding of the


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geological and atmospheric evolution of


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Mars. He says reaching the strata was a


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long-term goal of the mission. The


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abundance of highly soluble salts in


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these rocks and similar deposits mapped


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all over much of Mars, has been used as


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evidence of the great drying of the red


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planet, all part of its dramatic shift


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from a warm, wet world capable of


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supporting life early in its history to


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the uninhabitable freeze-dried desert


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it's become today. Sedimentary carbonate


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had long been predicted to have been


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formed through a carbon dioxide rich


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ancient Martian atmosphere, but Tatalus


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says identifications had previously been


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sparse. Curiosity landed on Mars on


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August the 5th, 2012, and has traveled


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more than 34 kilometers across the red


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planet's surface. The discovery of


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carbonate suggests that the red planet


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contained enough carbon dioxide to


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support liquid water existing on the


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planet's surface. And as this atmosphere


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thinned, the carbon dioxide transformed


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into rock. NASA says future missions and


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analysis of other sulfatrich areas on


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Mars could confirm the findings and help


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to better understand the red planet's


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early history. and how it transformed as


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its atmosphere was lost. To say


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scientists are ultimately trying to


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determine whether Mars was ever capable


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of supporting life and these latest


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findings are bringing them a step closer


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to an answer. He says it's telling


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scientists that the planet was habitable


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and that the models for habitability are


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correct. The broader implications are


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that the planet was habitable until that


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time. But then as the carbon dioxide


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that had been warming the planet started


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to precipitate into ciderite, it likely


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impacted Mars's ability to stay warm.


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The question looking forward is how much


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of this carbon dioxide from the


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atmosphere was actually sequestered and


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was that a potential reason for Mars


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losing


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habitability. This is spaceime. Still to


00:03:29.280 --> 00:03:31.270
come, an update on the billion dollar


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square kilometer array project.


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Instructions now well underway how


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they're going. And it's like rush hour


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Grand Central aboard the International


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Space Station as times get busy. All


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that and more still to come on


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[Music]


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incogn well advanced on what will be the


00:05:12.400 --> 00:05:14.550
world's largest radio telescope. The


00:05:14.560 --> 00:05:16.710
massive square kilometer array project


00:05:16.720 --> 00:05:18.710
in outback Western Australia and


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southern Africa. Once fully operational,


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the SKA will explore the universe in


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unprecedented detail, doing so hundreds


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of times faster than any current


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facility. In fact, its size and wide


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range of operating frequencies will make


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this observatory at least 50 times more


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sensitive than any other radio telescope


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instrument in the world. The project


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includes the SKA lowfrequency phased


00:05:42.479 --> 00:05:44.469
arrays of dipole antennas which will


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cover the 50 to 350 MHz range and which


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will be grouped in 100 m diameter


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stations each containing about 90


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elements. The SKA midfrequency array


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will include several,12 m diameter dish


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antennas. They'll cover the 350 MHz to


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14 GHz frequency range. And then there's


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the SKA survey array, which will use a


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compact array of 12 to 15 m diameter


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parabolic medium frequency dishes, each


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equipped with a multi-beam phased array


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covering the 350 MHz to 4 GHz range.


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Now, in order to gather and compute all


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this data that will be coming in, two of


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the world's biggest and fastest


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supercomputers have been built. The


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Australian facility for the SKA will be


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based at the Merchesen Radio Astronomy


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Observatory in Outback, Western


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Australia. and it already has two


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operational main instruments. There's


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the Australian square kilometer array


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pathfinder or ASCAP which uses 36 12 m


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parabolic dishes and there's the merchid


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wide field array of low frequency


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antennas arranged on 128 phase tiles


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each comprising 16 dipoles. A third


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separate instrument the experiment to


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detect the global epoch of reonization


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signature or edges is also located at


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the observatory across on the other side


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of the Indian Ocean. The SKA South


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African facility already includes the


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Miat array of 64 13 1/.5 meter dishes


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covering the 580 MHz to 14 GHz frequency


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range as well as the seven dish CAT 7


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engineering science test bed instrument.


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Another precursor for the SKA. This


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report on the billiondoll project from


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the SKA consortium. Was Einstein right


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about gravity? What makes magnetic


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fields in space? And how have galaxies


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evolved over time? To answer these


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questions and more, a dozen countries


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are building the world's largest and


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most sensitive radio telescope, the


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square km array or SKA in Australia and


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South Africa. It's taking 500 engineers


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and scientists from 20 countries to


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design the SKA, a truly global mega


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science project. Building the telescope


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will involve installing up to 132,000


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antennas spread over 2,000 km of


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Australian outback. They'll be linked by


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hundreds of kilm of fiber optic and


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power cables to a purpose-built data


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processing facility.


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The telescope's own equipment, including


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custom supercomputing and electrical


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infrastructure, has the potential to


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interfere with the unique radio quiet


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environment. So, CSRO and Oricon develop


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innovative shielding techniques,


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reducing the level of radio emissions by


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factors of billions.


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CSRO and Oricon also work closely with


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the SKA infrastructure team in South


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Africa and develop joint solutions where


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they face similar challenges. Both


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designing the key infrastructure for


00:08:48.800 --> 00:08:51.030
this worldclass radio telescope. What


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are gravitational waves? How does


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magnetism work throughout the universe?


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What did the universe look like when the


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first galaxies formed? How many


00:08:59.519 --> 00:09:01.110
gravitational waves are passing through


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me right now? What is dark matter? What


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is the impact of magnetic fields on the


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formation of galaxies? And for me, the


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most important is there is there life


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out there?


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We ask ourselves, what is the most


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useful thing that a radio telescope can


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contribute to the answers to these big


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questions? We are building a time


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machine. We're looking at what what what


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our surroundings were like almost at


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their inception. We're building what


00:09:28.160 --> 00:09:29.750
what will be the largest science


00:09:29.760 --> 00:09:32.389
facility ever built by mankind. To be


00:09:32.399 --> 00:09:34.070
able to achieve the scientific goals


00:09:34.080 --> 00:09:35.829
that we wanted to be able to achieve, we


00:09:35.839 --> 00:09:38.389
need to create a machine which is less a


00:09:38.399 --> 00:09:40.470
telescope. It's almost more an IT


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machine. We're pushing technology to its


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limits. What we're talking about now is


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two telescopes. Our site is in the


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middle of the Western Australian desert.


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Far away from towns, radio interference,


00:09:52.399 --> 00:09:53.750
anything that could impact on the


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science that we're trying to do. We've


00:09:55.680 --> 00:09:57.269
already started. We've got antennas at


00:09:57.279 --> 00:09:58.710
the site. We'll have hundreds of


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thousands more. It'll stretch out beyond


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the horizon. We're building hundreds of


00:10:03.519 --> 00:10:06.070
dishes in a remote location in the


00:10:06.080 --> 00:10:08.389
middle of South Africa. And it's really


00:10:08.399 --> 00:10:11.829
tough. It's a hot environment. It's a


00:10:11.839 --> 00:10:13.990
dry environment. These dishes are going


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to spread out over literally hundreds of


00:10:16.480 --> 00:10:18.389
kilometers. We've got to get 500


00:10:18.399 --> 00:10:20.550
engineers to work together over 20


00:10:20.560 --> 00:10:23.269
countries in all time zones in the


00:10:23.279 --> 00:10:25.190
world. It's it's like building a jigsaw


00:10:25.200 --> 00:10:27.030
puzzle, but the pieces keep changing.


00:10:27.040 --> 00:10:29.110
Part A being designed in one place fits


00:10:29.120 --> 00:10:31.030
to part B being designed literally on


00:10:31.040 --> 00:10:32.710
the other side of the world. Every new


00:10:32.720 --> 00:10:33.910
telescope, there are always new


00:10:33.920 --> 00:10:35.269
discoveries, and they are never the


00:10:35.279 --> 00:10:37.190
discoveries you build a telescope for.


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We're almost bound to discover something


00:10:38.959 --> 00:10:40.710
new, something that will disrupt our


00:10:40.720 --> 00:10:42.550
current everyday life that generates new


00:10:42.560 --> 00:10:45.110
knowledge. Now, huge amounts of data.


00:10:45.120 --> 00:10:46.310
Imagine the amount of data that's


00:10:46.320 --> 00:10:48.150
flowing through the internet at any one


00:10:48.160 --> 00:10:50.710
moment. We're talking about that kind of


00:10:50.720 --> 00:10:53.509
level coming out steadily. the SK can do


00:10:53.519 --> 00:10:55.590
for interplanetary exploration what


00:10:55.600 --> 00:10:57.430
broadband did for the internet. We're


00:10:57.440 --> 00:10:59.750
doing this now with equipment on the


00:10:59.760 --> 00:11:02.310
ground in South Africa and Australia.


00:11:02.320 --> 00:11:04.870
Radio waves gives us a a unique way of


00:11:04.880 --> 00:11:07.990
probing the deep universe. We can do all


00:11:08.000 --> 00:11:10.190
of this by picking up incredibly faint


00:11:10.200 --> 00:11:12.550
signals. Radio waves coming from the


00:11:12.560 --> 00:11:16.310
dawn of the universe.


00:11:16.320 --> 00:11:17.550
What we will


00:11:17.560 --> 00:11:20.310
discover is the unknown and we're going


00:11:20.320 --> 00:11:22.949
to build the real thing. This spaceime


00:11:22.959 --> 00:11:25.030
still to come, a busy time aboard the


00:11:25.040 --> 00:11:26.870
International Space Station and later in


00:11:26.880 --> 00:11:29.430
the science report claims social skills


00:11:29.440 --> 00:11:31.750
may not be the most useful indicator of


00:11:31.760 --> 00:11:34.550
autism. All that and more still to come


00:11:34.560 --> 00:11:36.010
on


00:11:36.020 --> 00:11:49.710
[Music]


00:11:49.720 --> 00:11:52.069
Spaceime. Three crew members from the


00:11:52.079 --> 00:11:53.430
International Space Station have


00:11:53.440 --> 00:11:55.190
successfully returned to Earth, landing


00:11:55.200 --> 00:11:57.910
on the Kazakhstan step 27 and 1/2 hours


00:11:57.920 --> 00:11:59.670
after undocking from the orbiting


00:11:59.680 --> 00:12:02.949
outpost. The crew and their Sawyer's M26


00:12:02.959 --> 00:12:05.990
capsule had spent 220 days in orbit as


00:12:06.000 --> 00:12:08.389
part of the expedition 71 and 72


00:12:08.399 --> 00:12:10.949
mission. During their time on station,


00:12:10.959 --> 00:12:12.550
they studied advanced life support


00:12:12.560 --> 00:12:14.389
systems, genetic sequencing in


00:12:14.399 --> 00:12:16.150
microgravity, pharmaceutical


00:12:16.160 --> 00:12:17.910
manufacturing in space and other


00:12:17.920 --> 00:12:20.629
scientific research. Meanwhile, a SpaceX


00:12:20.639 --> 00:12:22.629
Dragon cargo ship is successfully docked


00:12:22.639 --> 00:12:24.150
to the International Space Station


00:12:24.160 --> 00:12:25.990
following its launch aboard a Falcon 9


00:12:26.000 --> 00:12:27.910
rocket from Space Launch Complex number


00:12:27.920 --> 00:12:30.069
39A at the Kennedy Space Center at the


00:12:30.079 --> 00:12:31.829
Cape Canaveral Space Force Base in


00:12:31.839 --> 00:12:34.870
Florida. The CRS32 commercial resupply


00:12:34.880 --> 00:12:37.110
services mission latched onto the Zenith


00:12:37.120 --> 00:12:38.629
Spacefacing port of the orbiting


00:12:38.639 --> 00:12:41.269
outposts Harmony module. On board was


00:12:41.279 --> 00:12:44.230
some 3,021 kg of fresh supplies and


00:12:44.240 --> 00:12:47.030
equipment. The new cargo will be used to


00:12:47.040 --> 00:12:49.030
study how time passes in space in


00:12:49.040 --> 00:12:50.870
comparison to on the Earth, the taking


00:12:50.880 --> 00:12:52.629
of more precise measurements of Earth's


00:12:52.639 --> 00:12:54.629
shape and gravitational field, research


00:12:54.639 --> 00:12:57.030
to see how living cells sense gravity,


00:12:57.040 --> 00:12:59.670
and a test to see if plant DNA molecules


00:12:59.680 --> 00:13:01.949
are differently resistant to damage in


00:13:01.959 --> 00:13:04.550
space. For the time experiment, the


00:13:04.560 --> 00:13:06.710
mission carried the European Space Ay's


00:13:06.720 --> 00:13:09.069
new ASUS ultrarecise atomic clock


00:13:09.079 --> 00:13:11.670
ensemble. It'll help redefine how time


00:13:11.680 --> 00:13:14.629
is measured. ASUS uses two cuttingedge


00:13:14.639 --> 00:13:16.870
atomic clocks and advanced time transfer


00:13:16.880 --> 00:13:18.790
system to transmit the most accurate


00:13:18.800 --> 00:13:21.590
time signals ever sent from space. It'll


00:13:21.600 --> 00:13:22.870
connect to the world's best atomic


00:13:22.880 --> 00:13:24.629
clocks on Earth, testing fundamental


00:13:24.639 --> 00:13:26.550
physics from orbit, including yet


00:13:26.560 --> 00:13:28.790
another test of Einstein's theory of


00:13:28.800 --> 00:13:31.350
general relativity. Together, these


00:13:31.360 --> 00:13:33.190
ultrarecise atomic clocks will generate


00:13:33.200 --> 00:13:35.590
time signals so precise that ASUS will


00:13:35.600 --> 00:13:38.069
only lose a second every 300 million


00:13:38.079 --> 00:13:40.389
years. The device will be attached to


00:13:40.399 --> 00:13:42.550
the external payload facility of ASUS


00:13:42.560 --> 00:13:44.310
Columbus module in the Earth-facing


00:13:44.320 --> 00:13:46.870
Nadia position. The experiment aims to


00:13:46.880 --> 00:13:48.870
conduct at least 10 extended measurement


00:13:48.880 --> 00:13:51.509
sessions, each lasting 25 days as it


00:13:51.519 --> 00:13:54.069
orbits the Earth 16 times daily.


00:13:54.079 --> 00:13:55.990
Dragon's arrival comes just a month


00:13:56.000 --> 00:13:58.069
after a Signis cargo ship carrying some


00:13:58.079 --> 00:14:00.230
four tons of supplies also arrived on


00:14:00.240 --> 00:14:02.470
station. Meanwhile, Beijing's latest


00:14:02.480 --> 00:14:04.310
crew have just arrived safely aboard


00:14:04.320 --> 00:14:06.710
China's Tien Gong Space Station. The


00:14:06.720 --> 00:14:09.030
three Shenzhu 20 Tykenauts were flown up


00:14:09.040 --> 00:14:10.949
aboard a Long March 2F rocket from the


00:14:10.959 --> 00:14:12.790
Zhuku Kuan satellite launch center in


00:14:12.800 --> 00:14:15.590
northwestern China. They'll spend six


00:14:15.600 --> 00:14:17.509
months on their orbiting outpost,


00:14:17.519 --> 00:14:19.670
replacing the Shenzhu 19 crew, who will


00:14:19.680 --> 00:14:22.389
return to Earth later this week. Shenzhu


00:14:22.399 --> 00:14:24.629
20 is the ninth man mission to the three


00:14:24.639 --> 00:14:26.870
module Tiangong space station, which is


00:14:26.880 --> 00:14:28.629
already around a third the size of the


00:14:28.639 --> 00:14:31.189
ISS and will see even more modules added


00:14:31.199 --> 00:14:33.269
to it in coming years as China


00:14:33.279 --> 00:14:36.389
intensifies its man space program.


00:14:36.399 --> 00:14:37.590
This is


00:14:37.600 --> 00:14:52.910
[Music]


00:14:52.920 --> 00:14:55.189
spacetime. And time now to take another


00:14:55.199 --> 00:14:56.550
brief look at some of the other stories


00:14:56.560 --> 00:14:58.710
making news in science this week with a


00:14:58.720 --> 00:15:00.629
science report.


00:15:00.639 --> 00:15:02.389
Previous studies have already suggested


00:15:02.399 --> 00:15:05.590
that the deadly H5N1 bird flu in cows


00:15:05.600 --> 00:15:08.069
can spread to people relatively easily.


00:15:08.079 --> 00:15:10.389
The virus does so by binding to scolic


00:15:10.399 --> 00:15:13.269
acids found in human airways and that


00:15:13.279 --> 00:15:15.350
suggested the virus could soon start to


00:15:15.360 --> 00:15:16.790
spread between different mammals


00:15:16.800 --> 00:15:18.949
including humans potentially leading to


00:15:18.959 --> 00:15:21.829
a new global pandemic. However, a report


00:15:21.839 --> 00:15:23.829
in the journal Nature claims a pair of


00:15:23.839 --> 00:15:25.670
new studies has cast doubt on those


00:15:25.680 --> 00:15:28.870
findings. The first found that H5N1 in


00:15:28.880 --> 00:15:31.350
cows binds poorly to human scialic


00:15:31.360 --> 00:15:33.430
acids, suggesting the virus can't spread


00:15:33.440 --> 00:15:35.189
as easily from cows to people as


00:15:35.199 --> 00:15:37.189
previously thought. And the second


00:15:37.199 --> 00:15:38.870
looked at whether the virus binds more


00:15:38.880 --> 00:15:40.710
easily to receptors in birds than


00:15:40.720 --> 00:15:43.030
mammals even after infecting cows and


00:15:43.040 --> 00:15:45.509
found that was the case. Finally, the


00:15:45.519 --> 00:15:47.030
authors of the original study, which


00:15:47.040 --> 00:15:48.790
suggested the virus could spread between


00:15:48.800 --> 00:15:50.470
mammals, responded to the new work,


00:15:50.480 --> 00:15:52.550
claiming differences in the method used


00:15:52.560 --> 00:15:55.110
may explain the contrasting findings.


00:15:55.120 --> 00:15:56.550
and they warned that people shouldn't


00:15:56.560 --> 00:15:58.230
become complacent about the potential


00:15:58.240 --> 00:16:02.110
for H5N1 to become the next global


00:16:02.120 --> 00:16:04.710
pandemic. A new study claims social


00:16:04.720 --> 00:16:06.310
skills may not be the most useful


00:16:06.320 --> 00:16:08.949
indicator when diagnosing autism. A


00:16:08.959 --> 00:16:10.790
report of the journal cell says health


00:16:10.800 --> 00:16:12.550
care professionals need to look at more


00:16:12.560 --> 00:16:14.629
repetitive behaviors, intense special


00:16:14.639 --> 00:16:16.629
interests, and perception difficulties


00:16:16.639 --> 00:16:18.389
rather than social difficulties when


00:16:18.399 --> 00:16:21.350
making an autism diagnosis. The authors


00:16:21.360 --> 00:16:23.509
used a large language model to analyze


00:16:23.519 --> 00:16:25.509
more than 4,000 reports written by


00:16:25.519 --> 00:16:27.269
clinicians assessing patients for


00:16:27.279 --> 00:16:29.189
autism, looking for the types of phrases


00:16:29.199 --> 00:16:30.949
that came up most often in assessments


00:16:30.959 --> 00:16:33.110
that ended in an autism diagnosis for


00:16:33.120 --> 00:16:35.269
the patient. The researchers say that


00:16:35.279 --> 00:16:37.430
while current criteria focused on social


00:16:37.440 --> 00:16:39.110
skills, which can often change over


00:16:39.120 --> 00:16:40.710
time, it appears that when it comes to


00:16:40.720 --> 00:16:42.069
the subjective assessments of


00:16:42.079 --> 00:16:44.389
clinicians, specific behaviors such as


00:16:44.399 --> 00:16:45.990
the intensity of a special interest


00:16:46.000 --> 00:16:48.430
could be more diagnostically


00:16:48.440 --> 00:16:50.949
relevant. A disturbing new study has


00:16:50.959 --> 00:16:52.389
found that the Australian rigid


00:16:52.399 --> 00:16:54.629
honeyater population has shrunk from


00:16:54.639 --> 00:16:57.269
hundreds of thousands to fewer than 300


00:16:57.279 --> 00:16:59.749
over the past century. However,


00:16:59.759 --> 00:17:01.829
amazingly, so far the birds have


00:17:01.839 --> 00:17:03.710
maintained much of their genetic


00:17:03.720 --> 00:17:06.150
diversity. The findings reported in the


00:17:06.160 --> 00:17:08.309
journal of the Royal Society B studied


00:17:08.319 --> 00:17:10.069
the genetic makeup of honeyaters from


00:17:10.079 --> 00:17:11.909
this century and compared them to


00:17:11.919 --> 00:17:14.949
specimens dated before 1919.


00:17:14.959 --> 00:17:17.029
The authors say despite the drastic loss


00:17:17.039 --> 00:17:19.189
in population, they found no evidence of


00:17:19.199 --> 00:17:21.270
inbreeding or a genetic divide forming


00:17:21.280 --> 00:17:22.789
and the overall loss of genetic


00:17:22.799 --> 00:17:24.630
diversity from earlier specimens to


00:17:24.640 --> 00:17:28.069
modern-day ones was a modest 9%. While


00:17:28.079 --> 00:17:29.750
modeling the future trajectory for


00:17:29.760 --> 00:17:31.669
genetic diversity for the birds, the


00:17:31.679 --> 00:17:33.270
authors say that it's likely there'll be


00:17:33.280 --> 00:17:35.830
a lag between the drop in population and


00:17:35.840 --> 00:17:37.510
the impact that'll have on genetic


00:17:37.520 --> 00:17:39.510
diversity, meaning there may well be a


00:17:39.520 --> 00:17:41.510
hidden risk that conservationists will


00:17:41.520 --> 00:17:42.909
need to keep an eye


00:17:42.919 --> 00:17:45.669
on. Well, no matter how much science and


00:17:45.679 --> 00:17:47.669
common sense one uses, there are some


00:17:47.679 --> 00:17:49.830
paranormal myths out there which people


00:17:49.840 --> 00:17:53.270
believe that just won't die. So, Tim


00:17:53.280 --> 00:17:55.270
Menum from Australian Skeptics has


00:17:55.280 --> 00:17:58.070
decided to debunk 15 of the most popular


00:17:58.080 --> 00:18:00.150
supernatural claims. Here we go.


00:18:00.160 --> 00:18:01.750
Paranormal myths. Now, it's a particular


00:18:01.760 --> 00:18:03.350
publication and they have explanations


00:18:03.360 --> 00:18:04.870
for why it's a myth, but they also throw


00:18:04.880 --> 00:18:06.390
in the occasional yes part, which is


00:18:06.400 --> 00:18:08.150
annoying. Okay, ghosts only appear at


00:18:08.160 --> 00:18:10.310
night. Why? Why do ghosts only appear at


00:18:10.320 --> 00:18:11.909
night? Are they sleeping during the day?


00:18:11.919 --> 00:18:13.510
No one knows. It's just scarier at


00:18:13.520 --> 00:18:14.789
night, right? It's darker. Can you only


00:18:14.799 --> 00:18:16.230
see a ghost in the dark? Doesn't make


00:18:16.240 --> 00:18:17.909
sense. Coach should be appear every


00:18:17.919 --> 00:18:19.830
time. They say Bigfoot has no physical


00:18:19.840 --> 00:18:21.270
evidence, which is actually true. So,


00:18:21.280 --> 00:18:22.390
that's not a myth. It's true. The


00:18:22.400 --> 00:18:23.830
Bigfoot itself is a bit of a myth


00:18:23.840 --> 00:18:25.510
because there is no physical evidence to


00:18:25.520 --> 00:18:26.950
actually show. There's hair samples


00:18:26.960 --> 00:18:28.470
which have been tested and shown to be


00:18:28.480 --> 00:18:29.750
something else. There's photographs,


00:18:29.760 --> 00:18:32.150
dodgy, out of focus, shaky photographs


00:18:32.160 --> 00:18:33.669
and say, "Look, there it is. There are


00:18:33.679 --> 00:18:35.750
audios of something crying in the woods


00:18:35.760 --> 00:18:37.430
and yelling and howling, etc. But


00:18:37.440 --> 00:18:38.950
overall, there is no evidence. It's the


00:18:38.960 --> 00:18:40.230
same as the lockess monster. The


00:18:40.240 --> 00:18:42.390
evidence that is there is poor and a lot


00:18:42.400 --> 00:18:43.909
of poor evidence doesn't make good


00:18:43.919 --> 00:18:45.190
evidence. It's just a lot of poor


00:18:45.200 --> 00:18:47.590
evidence. So Bigfoot only old buildings


00:18:47.600 --> 00:18:49.350
are haunted. Why? I've actually heard


00:18:49.360 --> 00:18:51.029
cases of a new building being haunted


00:18:51.039 --> 00:18:52.470
because it's on top of an old building.


00:18:52.480 --> 00:18:53.590
And there are things which are totally


00:18:53.600 --> 00:18:55.190
new building. Greenfield new buildings


00:18:55.200 --> 00:18:56.310
which are haunted. Everything can be


00:18:56.320 --> 00:18:57.830
haunted, especially if they're on old


00:18:57.840 --> 00:18:59.430
Indian graveyards, isn't that right?


00:18:59.440 --> 00:19:01.029
Well, that's the thing. Yeah. Not how


00:19:01.039 --> 00:19:02.870
many old Indian graveyards are there? I


00:19:02.880 --> 00:19:04.870
don't know. But uh one of the issues is


00:19:04.880 --> 00:19:06.230
of course that sometimes the ghost


00:19:06.240 --> 00:19:07.909
appears in a place where the person


00:19:07.919 --> 00:19:09.830
never was. certainly didn't die there.


00:19:09.840 --> 00:19:11.510
The case of a Supreme Court judge or


00:19:11.520 --> 00:19:13.029
something who with the ghost haunts the


00:19:13.039 --> 00:19:15.110
court. Why? Because he died some miles


00:19:15.120 --> 00:19:16.549
away, but apparently he likes to come


00:19:16.559 --> 00:19:18.549
back and haunt the court. Okay.


00:19:18.559 --> 00:19:20.710
Paranormal events lack scientific


00:19:20.720 --> 00:19:23.270
explanation. Yes. Basically, the


00:19:23.280 --> 00:19:25.190
scientific investigations anyone anyone


00:19:25.200 --> 00:19:26.470
bothers to investigate some of this


00:19:26.480 --> 00:19:28.150
stuff is pretty chunky, pretty poor. You


00:19:28.160 --> 00:19:29.830
can look up any skeptic publication and


00:19:29.840 --> 00:19:31.510
sort of look up any paranormal event.


00:19:31.520 --> 00:19:33.110
Check it out. All crop circles are made


00:19:33.120 --> 00:19:34.870
by aliens. I would say no crop circles


00:19:34.880 --> 00:19:36.150
are made by aliens. People have come


00:19:36.160 --> 00:19:37.669
forward and explaining the crop circles


00:19:37.679 --> 00:19:39.590
the fact that when the crop circle craze


00:19:39.600 --> 00:19:41.990
took off from the 70s into the 80s etc.


00:19:42.000 --> 00:19:43.430
suddenly crop circles started getting a


00:19:43.440 --> 00:19:45.190
lot busier, a lot more artistic in a


00:19:45.200 --> 00:19:46.950
short period of time. You think why? It


00:19:46.960 --> 00:19:50.150
was alien a crop circle trending and all


00:19:50.160 --> 00:19:51.430
of a sudden they're not. It's a bit


00:19:51.440 --> 00:19:52.710
weird. Yeah. Well, they sort of


00:19:52.720 --> 00:19:54.390
disappeared. They got Yeah. They ran out


00:19:54.400 --> 00:19:56.470
of puff. Aville horror was a genuine


00:19:56.480 --> 00:19:57.909
haunting. It wasn't. Most of the story


00:19:57.919 --> 00:19:59.190
is totally made up. Okay. It's


00:19:59.200 --> 00:20:01.350
fabricated. It sold a book and it sold a


00:20:01.360 --> 00:20:03.270
film, etc. the the stories that are in


00:20:03.280 --> 00:20:04.470
there, apart from the fact that there


00:20:04.480 --> 00:20:06.789
was a young person who killed his family


00:20:06.799 --> 00:20:08.549
in the house before anyone else moved


00:20:08.559 --> 00:20:09.990
in. That is apparently true. But


00:20:10.000 --> 00:20:11.510
basically everything from then on is is


00:20:11.520 --> 00:20:12.549
not true. But that was all the


00:20:12.559 --> 00:20:14.390
fabrication of the Warrens, wasn't it?


00:20:14.400 --> 00:20:15.830
They picked up on it. They weren't the


00:20:15.840 --> 00:20:17.029
original fabricators. The original


00:20:17.039 --> 00:20:18.950
fabricators was the the people who lived


00:20:18.960 --> 00:20:20.710
there, the Lutzers, I think it was, and


00:20:20.720 --> 00:20:22.789
a writer who came to write about them.


00:20:22.799 --> 00:20:24.310
And he said, "Well, we need more drama


00:20:24.320 --> 00:20:25.909
of dramatic license. It was quite a lot


00:20:25.919 --> 00:20:28.630
of license." So the case, the people,


00:20:28.640 --> 00:20:30.149
the writer, and then the warrants got


00:20:30.159 --> 00:20:31.350
involved. And that's when it became


00:20:31.360 --> 00:20:33.270
really big. And the Warrens have never


00:20:33.280 --> 00:20:34.390
found a haunted house that wasn't


00:20:34.400 --> 00:20:35.669
haunted. They will leap on everything.


00:20:35.679 --> 00:20:37.510
And normally for Mr. Warren, Mr. Warren


00:20:37.520 --> 00:20:38.950
was very keen on demon hauntings.


00:20:38.960 --> 00:20:39.990
There's nothing there. It's a very


00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:41.430
strong myth everywhere, but it's not


00:20:41.440 --> 00:20:42.870
true. There's a place called the


00:20:42.880 --> 00:20:44.549
Winchester House in California. It's a


00:20:44.559 --> 00:20:45.830
really strange house. Looks like


00:20:45.840 --> 00:20:47.110
something out of the monsters. Very


00:20:47.120 --> 00:20:48.950
gothic looking house. Stairs that seem


00:20:48.960 --> 00:20:50.310
to go nowhere. All sorts of strange


00:20:50.320 --> 00:20:51.669
things. Picked up a lot of myths saying


00:20:51.679 --> 00:20:52.950
that it was haunted. It's full of


00:20:52.960 --> 00:20:54.710
spirits. The lady who made it, she was a


00:20:54.720 --> 00:20:56.870
Sarah Winchester, was a fairly well-off


00:20:56.880 --> 00:20:59.270
lady. I think she was widowed or never


00:20:59.280 --> 00:21:00.630
had any kids. Anyway, she built this


00:21:00.640 --> 00:21:01.830
house and kept building it and there's


00:21:01.840 --> 00:21:03.430
things thrown on all over the place and


00:21:03.440 --> 00:21:04.710
sometimes they were never finished and


00:21:04.720 --> 00:21:06.390
sometimes they are blocked off etc. She


00:21:06.400 --> 00:21:07.830
was just eccentric and had a lot of


00:21:07.840 --> 00:21:09.430
money too much money and spent on this


00:21:09.440 --> 00:21:11.270
house. Not haunted, it's not weird, it's


00:21:11.280 --> 00:21:13.270
just a strange building. Poltergeist


00:21:13.280 --> 00:21:15.029
activity is caused by spirits. One, you


00:21:15.039 --> 00:21:16.789
have to ask what poltergeist activity


00:21:16.799 --> 00:21:18.630
and two what spirits? Poltergeist


00:21:18.640 --> 00:21:19.909
activity is when strange things happen


00:21:19.919 --> 00:21:21.669
in your house. Doors closed, glasses


00:21:21.679 --> 00:21:23.270
fall off the shelf, teddy bears start


00:21:23.280 --> 00:21:24.549
walking around. Are they caused by


00:21:24.559 --> 00:21:25.909
spirits? I would say you have to go back


00:21:25.919 --> 00:21:27.669
to the basics and say, is poltergeist


00:21:27.679 --> 00:21:29.430
activity real? other explanations, but


00:21:29.440 --> 00:21:30.870
one of the best explanations is


00:21:30.880 --> 00:21:32.390
someone's pulling your leg. So, you got


00:21:32.400 --> 00:21:34.149
to go back to be skeptical totally of


00:21:34.159 --> 00:21:35.830
the actual activity and then decide


00:21:35.840 --> 00:21:37.750
what's causing it. Loch Ness monster is


00:21:37.760 --> 00:21:39.190
a prehistoric creature. Poor old Loch


00:21:39.200 --> 00:21:40.789
Ness monster. Been there three times.


00:21:40.799 --> 00:21:42.630
Love the place. Highly recommend it as a


00:21:42.640 --> 00:21:44.549
tourist destination. Have not seen the


00:21:44.559 --> 00:21:45.909
monster. Doesn't mean it's not there.


00:21:45.919 --> 00:21:48.230
But again, no evidence at all for this


00:21:48.240 --> 00:21:50.870
stuff. So, I mean, that dude who set up


00:21:50.880 --> 00:21:53.270
a an observatory there to look for the


00:21:53.280 --> 00:21:55.190
lock meth monster, and he keeps missing


00:21:55.200 --> 00:21:57.750
it. It was there two minutes ago, but he


00:21:57.760 --> 00:21:59.350
was on the toilet or something. If you


00:21:59.360 --> 00:22:00.870
were here yesterday, yeah, there's a lot


00:22:00.880 --> 00:22:02.149
of people out there who spend a lot of


00:22:02.159 --> 00:22:03.430
time staring at the lock and when it's


00:22:03.440 --> 00:22:05.190
windy, etc. It's very choppy. All sorts


00:22:05.200 --> 00:22:06.230
of things. People take it very


00:22:06.240 --> 00:22:07.750
seriously. Some of the things they take


00:22:07.760 --> 00:22:08.950
seriously have since seems to be proved


00:22:08.960 --> 00:22:10.630
to be fake. Like the famous surgeons


00:22:10.640 --> 00:22:12.470
photograph of looks like a monster head


00:22:12.480 --> 00:22:13.990
and body sitting out the water. It's a


00:22:14.000 --> 00:22:16.070
fake. So, unfortunately, good story,


00:22:16.080 --> 00:22:19.029
nice location, no evidence. Seances,


00:22:19.039 --> 00:22:20.950
communication with the dead. No. Again,


00:22:20.960 --> 00:22:22.789
go back to basics. What do you mean by


00:22:22.799 --> 00:22:24.390
the dead? Are they still around? Are


00:22:24.400 --> 00:22:25.510
they people who haven't gone on to


00:22:25.520 --> 00:22:27.190
heaven? What's heaven? Does hell exist?


00:22:27.200 --> 00:22:29.110
All those sort of things. Is a seance


00:22:29.120 --> 00:22:30.789
going to contact them? The nature of


00:22:30.799 --> 00:22:32.710
seances have changed over the years that


00:22:32.720 --> 00:22:34.310
people have proved to them proved that


00:22:34.320 --> 00:22:36.710
they are fakes and shy practitioners in


00:22:36.720 --> 00:22:38.470
there. Harry Houdini was a famous one


00:22:38.480 --> 00:22:41.270
for exposing fake fake in quotes. Are


00:22:41.280 --> 00:22:43.990
they all seances? So no, the seance is


00:22:44.000 --> 00:22:45.270
not a way to contact the dead. It's


00:22:45.280 --> 00:22:47.029
probably a way to spend your money on


00:22:47.039 --> 00:22:48.390
someone who pretends to contact the


00:22:48.400 --> 00:22:50.149
dead. Although when you think about it,


00:22:50.159 --> 00:22:51.669
the fact that there's a stairway to


00:22:51.679 --> 00:22:53.669
heaven and a highway to hell shows


00:22:53.679 --> 00:22:55.270
exactly where traffic patterns are


00:22:55.280 --> 00:22:56.710
likely to be. Are they one way? That's


00:22:56.720 --> 00:22:58.310
the problem because they talk about


00:22:58.320 --> 00:23:00.070
people coming back. But anyway, no, I


00:23:00.080 --> 00:23:01.909
don't think sciences have have a lot of


00:23:01.919 --> 00:23:03.110
things going for them. Certainly,


00:23:03.120 --> 00:23:04.630
whether people have investigated them,


00:23:04.640 --> 00:23:05.990
apart from those who are totally


00:23:06.000 --> 00:23:07.510
committed, in the Victorian days, there


00:23:07.520 --> 00:23:09.029
were some noted scientists who were


00:23:09.039 --> 00:23:10.630
totally committed. But no, when you


00:23:10.640 --> 00:23:12.630
independently coldly analyze these


00:23:12.640 --> 00:23:13.990
things, there's nothing there.


00:23:14.000 --> 00:23:15.350
Paranormal events are always


00:23:15.360 --> 00:23:16.950
supernatural. Well, again, what's a


00:23:16.960 --> 00:23:18.470
paranormal event? You're almost saying


00:23:18.480 --> 00:23:20.630
that paranormal implies it's not normal,


00:23:20.640 --> 00:23:21.590
right? So you're saying it's


00:23:21.600 --> 00:23:23.190
supernatural, which are not natural.


00:23:23.200 --> 00:23:24.630
Most of these things you look into the


00:23:24.640 --> 00:23:26.149
skeptics have spent dozens and decades


00:23:26.159 --> 00:23:27.510
and decades and probably hundreds of


00:23:27.520 --> 00:23:29.029
years in the past looking at these


00:23:29.039 --> 00:23:30.870
things, assessing them scientifically,


00:23:30.880 --> 00:23:32.390
seeing if there's anything that's


00:23:32.400 --> 00:23:33.909
happening, even before you worry about


00:23:33.919 --> 00:23:35.750
what causes it. Does it happen at all?


00:23:35.760 --> 00:23:37.029
And most of these things, whether it's


00:23:37.039 --> 00:23:38.950
like sponsor UFOs or whatever and


00:23:38.960 --> 00:23:41.350
paranormal ghost hauntings and psychic


00:23:41.360 --> 00:23:43.029
powers, when you investigate them, when


00:23:43.039 --> 00:23:44.230
you have enough information to


00:23:44.240 --> 00:23:46.390
investigate them, no, they fall flat.


00:23:46.400 --> 00:23:48.549
Uh, Bermuda Triangle. Totally false.


00:23:48.559 --> 00:23:50.149
Totally. You can wipe that one out. Get


00:23:50.159 --> 00:23:52.630
the one 110% no. There's not even a


00:23:52.640 --> 00:23:54.390
sense of doubt about that one. Good old


00:23:54.400 --> 00:23:55.990
skeptical. I'm not going to commit


00:23:56.000 --> 00:23:58.149
myself. No, that that one's out. The


00:23:58.159 --> 00:23:59.270
things that are supposedly happened


00:23:59.280 --> 00:24:00.789
there did either didn't happen there or


00:24:00.799 --> 00:24:02.230
didn't happen half the time or they


00:24:02.240 --> 00:24:03.669
didn't happen the way they told they


00:24:03.679 --> 00:24:05.110
happened. There's definitely not more


00:24:05.120 --> 00:24:06.789
things happening in round the Bumin


00:24:06.799 --> 00:24:08.630
Triangle. All around the triangle near


00:24:08.640 --> 00:24:10.630
Japan, all the one up near Alaska. All


00:24:10.640 --> 00:24:12.310
the one near the Great Lakes. Everyone


00:24:12.320 --> 00:24:13.990
wants their own triangle somewhere. No,


00:24:14.000 --> 00:24:15.750
no evidence. No, nothing surprising.


00:24:15.760 --> 00:24:17.110
things that were supposedly went


00:24:17.120 --> 00:24:18.789
missing, never found have been found.


00:24:18.799 --> 00:24:20.149
The evidence does not stack up on that


00:24:20.159 --> 00:24:22.549
one at all. Totally phony theory. All


00:24:22.559 --> 00:24:24.789
UFOs are alien spacecraft. Well, almost


00:24:24.799 --> 00:24:27.269
by definition, if you Yeah. You go from


00:24:27.279 --> 00:24:29.269
flying saucer, which is an alien craft,


00:24:29.279 --> 00:24:31.190
to a UFO, which is an unidentified


00:24:31.200 --> 00:24:33.110
flying object. You think it's flying, so


00:24:33.120 --> 00:24:34.710
it's under control. It's an object. It's


00:24:34.720 --> 00:24:36.710
a thing. It's just unidentified. So once


00:24:36.720 --> 00:24:38.390
you identify what it is, it's under


00:24:38.400 --> 00:24:39.909
control or a thing. Once you wipe those


00:24:39.919 --> 00:24:41.269
out, you just got unidentified and


00:24:41.279 --> 00:24:42.870
that's what's left. Same with UAPs,


00:24:42.880 --> 00:24:44.710
which is the new name for it. If the but


00:24:44.720 --> 00:24:46.470
the name has changed it's initially


00:24:46.480 --> 00:24:49.269
unidentified aerial phenomenon and then


00:24:49.279 --> 00:24:50.950
people complain oh it's not all aerial


00:24:50.960 --> 00:24:53.590
some it's in the water etc. Okay, so now


00:24:53.600 --> 00:24:55.669
unidentified anomalous phenomenon and


00:24:55.679 --> 00:24:57.029
now they're saying anomalous can include


00:24:57.039 --> 00:24:58.950
everything from ghosts and bigfoot etc


00:24:58.960 --> 00:25:01.830
to UFOs. UFOs really popular, very


00:25:01.840 --> 00:25:03.830
popular right now. Yeah, big conspiracy


00:25:03.840 --> 00:25:05.669
theories about it. Now again the


00:25:05.679 --> 00:25:07.430
evidence is lacking completely. The


00:25:07.440 --> 00:25:09.590
skeptics have a mantra that every person


00:25:09.600 --> 00:25:11.350
keeps saying any day now they're going


00:25:11.360 --> 00:25:13.110
to get the evidence any day now. And


00:25:13.120 --> 00:25:14.789
they keep saying it and have been saying


00:25:14.799 --> 00:25:17.909
it for 70 years. The irrefutable truth


00:25:17.919 --> 00:25:19.430
is going to be there. The evidence is


00:25:19.440 --> 00:25:20.950
going to be so definitive you won't be


00:25:20.960 --> 00:25:22.789
able to question it. No. It is not. And


00:25:22.799 --> 00:25:24.070
a lot of the things that are claimed to


00:25:24.080 --> 00:25:25.830
be definitive proof like these recent


00:25:25.840 --> 00:25:28.070
American military videos of aircraft


00:25:28.080 --> 00:25:29.750
have been explained. In fact, they can


00:25:29.760 --> 00:25:31.350
be explained very quickly to anyone who


00:25:31.360 --> 00:25:32.950
bothers. So, they're not unidentified.


00:25:32.960 --> 00:25:34.950
What? They went out. Haunted locations


00:25:34.960 --> 00:25:36.070
are always dangerous. Well, that's


00:25:36.080 --> 00:25:37.830
appropriate for, you know, um ghost


00:25:37.840 --> 00:25:39.430
hunters, etc. They always go in scared


00:25:39.440 --> 00:25:40.710
and they say, "I was attacked by a


00:25:40.720 --> 00:25:42.470
ghost. Why? There a lot of angry ghosts


00:25:42.480 --> 00:25:44.070
out there." Camouflage gear. Yeah, I


00:25:44.080 --> 00:25:45.190
know. At night, I don't know what


00:25:45.200 --> 00:25:46.710
they're camouflaging themselves against.


00:25:46.720 --> 00:25:47.990
I would say a ghost could see them.


00:25:48.000 --> 00:25:49.350
There's hardly a case where a ghost


00:25:49.360 --> 00:25:51.510
hunter team goes into a haunted house


00:25:51.520 --> 00:25:53.430
and doesn't find evidence of it being


00:25:53.440 --> 00:25:54.710
haunted. Now, the evidence is pretty


00:25:54.720 --> 00:25:56.549
poor, very poor, extremely poor. They're


00:25:56.559 --> 00:25:57.909
going in there with a precondition


00:25:57.919 --> 00:25:59.750
almost that they agree that this is


00:25:59.760 --> 00:26:01.110
going to be haunted. Therefore, I will


00:26:01.120 --> 00:26:02.549
find something in there. Are they


00:26:02.559 --> 00:26:04.470
dangerous? The variety of ghosts is


00:26:04.480 --> 00:26:05.750
quite stunning. From these little orbs


00:26:05.760 --> 00:26:07.190
can hardly knock you off your feet to


00:26:07.200 --> 00:26:08.470
malicious spirits that are going to


00:26:08.480 --> 00:26:10.149
throw things at you or bump you or say


00:26:10.159 --> 00:26:11.990
rude things to you. So, the funny old


00:26:12.000 --> 00:26:13.350
thing that how come all these ghosts


00:26:13.360 --> 00:26:14.789
keep attacking sex? Why do ghosts have


00:26:14.799 --> 00:26:16.789
clothes? All sorts of stories. Are they


00:26:16.799 --> 00:26:19.190
always dangerous? No. Do they exist?


00:26:19.200 --> 00:26:21.029
Probably not. So, you're starting again


00:26:21.039 --> 00:26:22.710
the suggestion that it is a haunted


00:26:22.720 --> 00:26:24.310
house and it can be dangerous. No, it's


00:26:24.320 --> 00:26:25.430
probably not a haunted house in the


00:26:25.440 --> 00:26:27.669
first place. Paranormal investigations


00:26:27.679 --> 00:26:30.630
always yield results. Yes, they do. A


00:26:30.640 --> 00:26:31.830
lot of these haunted houses and


00:26:31.840 --> 00:26:34.230
scientific tests of psychics, etc. do


00:26:34.240 --> 00:26:36.549
often get results and they not always be


00:26:36.559 --> 00:26:37.830
positive results. No, there could be


00:26:37.840 --> 00:26:39.190
sort of negative results. No, this house


00:26:39.200 --> 00:26:41.029
is not haunted as if psychic doesn't


00:26:41.039 --> 00:26:43.190
have psychic powers or it's an unknown


00:26:43.200 --> 00:26:44.710
result. We're not quite sure. Yeah.


00:26:44.720 --> 00:26:46.630
Okay. Do it again. virtually every time


00:26:46.640 --> 00:26:48.149
when they find a positive result when


00:26:48.159 --> 00:26:50.149
they're sort of saying that yes this is


00:26:50.159 --> 00:26:51.830
true yes there is some evidence of a


00:26:51.840 --> 00:26:53.350
power here there are questions raised


00:26:53.360 --> 00:26:55.269
scientific tests the psychics are often


00:26:55.279 --> 00:26:57.350
very very poorly set up and open to


00:26:57.360 --> 00:26:59.430
abuse and open to cheating and the


00:26:59.440 --> 00:27:01.029
scientists poor things do not expect


00:27:01.039 --> 00:27:02.230
things to cheat because sometimes


00:27:02.240 --> 00:27:03.750
they're very naive where the


00:27:03.760 --> 00:27:05.110
practitioner who bends spoons or


00:27:05.120 --> 00:27:06.710
whatever might be a cheat well they


00:27:06.720 --> 00:27:08.230
probably are so paranormal


00:27:08.240 --> 00:27:09.909
investigations always yield results


00:27:09.919 --> 00:27:11.990
often negative more times positive


00:27:12.000 --> 00:27:13.590
because they want to and that positive


00:27:13.600 --> 00:27:15.590
result is very questionable That's Tim


00:27:15.600 --> 00:27:19.310
Minum from Australian


00:27:19.320 --> 00:27:32.190
[Music]


00:27:32.200 --> 00:27:35.430
Skeptics. And that's the show for now.


00:27:35.440 --> 00:27:37.430
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