Lunar Crater Age Revealed, NASA’s PUNCH Mission Launch

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is Spaceime Series 28 episode 39


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for broadcast on the 31st of March


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2025 coming up on Spaceime determining


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the date of the moon's oldest and


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largest impact crater NASA's Punch


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mission safely in orbit and the


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countdown's underway for mainland


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Europe's first orbital rocket launch all


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that and more coming up on Spaceime


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welcome to Spaceime with Stuart Garry


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[Music]




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scientists have finally put a date and


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consequently an age on the moon's oldest


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and largest impact crater the new


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findings reported in the journal


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National Science Review suggested the


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giant lunar south pole akin basin was


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created by a massive asteroid impact


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some 4.25 billion years ago the new


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findings are based on lunar regalith


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collected by China's Changi 6 sample


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return mission which visited the moon's


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far side last year


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astronomers have long sought to


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determine the age of the ancient Atkin


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Basin the largest and oldest known


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impact structure on the lunar surface


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the basin is a vast impact structure


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spanning the moon's south pole far side


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it's roughly 2,000 km wide and up to 8.2


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km deep making it one of the largest


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impact structures in our solar system


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it's believed to have been formed during


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a period of intense asteroid bombardment


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that shaped much of the solar system


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within its first few hundred million


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years despite its significance the exact


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age of the basin has remained elusive


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hindering efforts by astronomers to


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understand its role in lunar and


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planetary history previous estimates of


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the basin's age have varied widely


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highlighting the need for direct


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analysis based on actual geological


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samples the Changi 6 mission's return of


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lunar samples from the basin has allowed


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a scientific research team led by Chen


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Yi from the Chinese Academy of Sciences


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to be given an opportunity to resolve


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this mystery they focused on impact melt


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rocks within the samples which provide


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crucial clues about the basin's


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formation chen says the collision


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generated a massive sheet of impact melt


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to accurately determine the basin's age


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the authors first needed to identify the


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products of this milk within the Changi


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6 samples so Chen and colleagues


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meticulously analyzed some 1600


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fragments from two soul samples


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identifying 20 Norite class with


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textures minology and geochemical


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signatures that were consistent with an


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impact origin using a lead dating system


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for sironium bearing minerals within


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these classs they uncovered evidence of


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two distinct impact events dated at 3.87


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87 billion and more importantly 4.25


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billion years ago the older norites


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dated at 4.25 billion years exhibited


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structural and compositional features


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suggesting that they crystallized at


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various depths within a common impact


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melt sheet produced by the Atkin basin


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forming event so the studies provided


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the first direct samplebased evidence


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that the moon's largest impact basin was


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formed just 320 million years after the


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actual birth of our solar system


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consequently it serves as a critical


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anchor point for refining lunar


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cratering chronology and reconstructing


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the timeline of the moon's early


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evolution this is spaceime still to come


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NASA's punch mission safely in orbit and


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the countdown underway for mainland


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Europe's first orbital rocket launch all


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that and more still to come on Spaceime


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[Music]




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now safely in orbit NASA's polarometer


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to unify the corona and heliosphere or


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punch constellation is now undergoing a


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90-day commissioning period undertaking


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a series of in-flight checkouts prior to


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commencing its 2-year mission the force


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spacecraft will make global


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three-dimensional observations of the


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sun's upper atmosphere the corona this


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will allow astronomers to better


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understand how it transforms into the


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constant stream of charged particles


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known as the solar wind which bathes the


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earth and the rest of our solar system a


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key part of punch is the United States


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Naval Research Laboratory's narrow field


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imager a compact externally occulted


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chronograph it blocks direct sunlight


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from entering the main optical aperture


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which views the coroner and starfield


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around the sun using a compound lens


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system by imaging the transition of the


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corona into the solar wind astronomers


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will better understand exactly how the


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sun generates the space plasma


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environment and that will help


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scientists make better predictions about


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space weather events like solar flares


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and coronal mass ejections which can


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fling powerful geomagnetic storms


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towards the earth it's these solar


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storms which trigger the spectacular


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northern and southern lights the Aurora


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Borealis and Aurora Arralis but they can


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also damage and even destroy spacecraft


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by shorting out delicate electronics or


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by causing the Earth's atmosphere to


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wobble and expand like jello that


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increases atmospheric drag on satellites


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resulting in orbital decay and the need


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to use up more fuel in order to maintain


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operational altitude these geomagnetic


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storms also interfere with


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communications and navigation systems


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and they can overload terrestrial


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electricity transmission grids on the


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ground causing blackouts over wide areas


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they also increase radiation exposure


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for crews operating in space and even


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for people on high altitude aircraft so


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this narrow field imager aboard punch


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marks a significant step forward in


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science's ability to understand the


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dynamic processes that drive space


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weather events by imaging the transition


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of the sun's atmosphere into the solar


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wind they can gain crucial insights that


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will ultimately improve their ability to


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predict and mitigate the impacts of


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these powerful events especially now as


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the sun reaches solar max the climax of


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its 11-year solar cycle a time when the


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star is especially violent in fact just


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over the past week another geomagnetic


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storm hit the Earth and a massive


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coronal hole has opened up in the Sun's


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atmosphere sending even more streams of


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charged particles towards Earth noah


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America's National Oceanographic and


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Atmospheric Administration issued a G2


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geomagnetic storm warning for the event


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just like tropical cyclones geomagnetic


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storms follow a fivepoint severity scale


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it's a logarithmic scale with G2 class


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storms considered moderate in strength


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but they could cause minor technological


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disruptions such as radio blackouts GPS


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malfunctions and an increased chance of


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aurora at lower latitudes and those are


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exactly what has


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happened g2 strength geomagnetic storms


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hit planet Earth on around 360 days over


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each 11-year solar cycle and the space


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weather prediction center issued an


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extended storm warning because of the


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detection of this coronal hole facing


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the earth coronal holes are cooler


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darker regions of the corona that are


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less dense than normal allowing


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high-speed charged particles to gush


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outwards into space and currently one of


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these escaped high-speed streams is


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pointing directly at the Earth


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astronomers now think the sun reached


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Solar Max in October last year that's


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because since then there's been some


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evidence of polarity reversal in


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magnetic filaments extending out from


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sunspots it's a process that will


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continue for several more months as the


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sun's magnetic poles continue to flip


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and just to further underline the point


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a massive 1.1 class solar flare and


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simultaneous coronal mass ejection


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erupted out of the sun's southeastern


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quadrant on Saturday sending a gigantic


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blast of plasma and solar particles deep


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into space in fact the events been


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described by spaceweather.com as one of


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the most beautiful and significant


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eruptions in recent memory but the


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website also points out that Earth


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dodged an extreme geomagnetic storm


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nevertheless a strong R3 radio blackout


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centered on the Caribbean did develop


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from the blast if the eruption had been


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directed directly towards the Earth a


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Carrington level geomagnetic storm could


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well have developed within 30 hours


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luckily the explosion was directed


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towards Jupiter but the sunspots which


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triggered the blast remain active and


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are now rotating towards facing the


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Earth in the next week or so ultimately


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if this magnetic filament channel


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refills again over the next week it's


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possible that we could see a big solar


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storm launched and this time crossing


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through the Earth's strike zone region


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to put it simply if all the power from


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this one eruption could be harnessed it


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would probably power our entire planet


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for over 100 billion years far exceeding


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the remaining lifespan of the sun


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predicting the impact of space weather


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from minor fluctuations to major coronal


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mass ejections requires a comprehensive


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understanding of the solar wind and


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while originating at the sun these


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events nevertheless evolve significantly


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during their journey towards the earth


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especially within the sparsely imaged


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region between the solar corona and the


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inner heliosphere posing a significant


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scientific challenge by capturing the


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evolution of coronal mass ejections and


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solar flares Punch will provide


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scientists with new data on their


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formation and


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propagation this report from NASA TV


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punch is an acronym it stands for


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polarimeter to unify the corona and


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heliosphere the corona is the outer


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atmosphere of the sun it's the part that


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is no longer gravitationally bound to


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the sun and it has so much energy that


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it flows outwards filling our solar


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system and pushes against the


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interstellar medium making a bubble and


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that is the heliosphere and this system


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of how the corona turns into the


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heliosphere is what punch is trying to


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study so punch is fundamentally four


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cameras that work together to make


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composite movies we have a narrow field


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imager that views the space close to the


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sun and then we have three separate wide


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field imagers each of which has a large


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squareish field of view that looks way


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off to the side out to 45° away from the


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sun that allows us to do something that


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no other mission has been able to do


00:10:36.240 --> 00:10:38.949
which is routinely track coronal mass


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ejections space storms all the way


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across the solar system as they approach


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the Earth by better understanding these


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storms and better understanding how they


00:10:48.560 --> 00:10:50.310
propagate on their way to the Earth


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we'll be able to inform our partners on


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how to better forecast these events in


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the future and that's really important


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for protecting our astronauts our


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satellites and our power grids once we


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start producing images you'll be able to


00:11:04.800 --> 00:11:07.590
look at punch data directly and see the


00:11:07.600 --> 00:11:09.590
kind of science we're engaged in you'll


00:11:09.600 --> 00:11:11.110
be able to see things that are present


00:11:11.120 --> 00:11:14.230
in the sky right now and you just you're


00:11:14.240 --> 00:11:15.990
not aware of them because they're washed


00:11:16.000 --> 00:11:17.829
out by the the brightness of the sky


00:11:17.839 --> 00:11:21.350
itself we are poised to do tremendous


00:11:21.360 --> 00:11:23.430
science with punch because it provides


00:11:23.440 --> 00:11:25.910
this global context of what is happening


00:11:25.920 --> 00:11:27.990
in the corona and what is happening


00:11:28.000 --> 00:11:30.230
throughout the inner solar system so


00:11:30.240 --> 00:11:32.230
that we can connect the details to the


00:11:32.240 --> 00:11:34.710
bigger picture you might say that punch


00:11:34.720 --> 00:11:36.790
is the next chapter in the study of


00:11:36.800 --> 00:11:39.790
helopysics as we bring imaging and


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crosscale understanding out so that we


00:11:42.880 --> 00:11:45.750
can develop a coherent understanding of


00:11:45.760 --> 00:11:48.069
the entire system that starts at the


00:11:48.079 --> 00:11:50.630
corona and extends out to envelop the


00:11:50.640 --> 00:11:52.269
planets


00:11:52.279 --> 00:11:54.710
themselves and in that report from NASA


00:11:54.720 --> 00:11:57.190
TV we heard from Punch mission scientist


00:11:57.200 --> 00:11:59.750
Nicolen Vol from NASA as well as Punch


00:11:59.760 --> 00:12:01.750
principal investigator Craig DeForest


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from the Southwest Research Institute in


00:12:04.000 --> 00:12:08.230
San Antonio Texas this is Spacetime


00:12:08.240 --> 00:12:10.550
still to come the countdown underway for


00:12:10.560 --> 00:12:12.310
the first orbital rocket launch from


00:12:12.320 --> 00:12:14.550
mainland Europe and later in the science


00:12:14.560 --> 00:12:16.670
report a new study warns that


00:12:16.680 --> 00:12:18.790
microlastics are now affecting the


00:12:18.800 --> 00:12:20.870
ability of plants to carry out


00:12:20.880 --> 00:12:23.430
photosynthesis all that and more still


00:12:23.440 --> 00:12:30.290
to come on


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[Music]




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Spaceime high winds and bad weather as


00:12:42.880 --> 00:12:44.870
Force mission manages to scrub what


00:12:44.880 --> 00:12:46.710
should have been the first ever orbital


00:12:46.720 --> 00:12:49.430
rocket launch from mainland Europe the


00:12:49.440 --> 00:12:51.910
launch by Munich based ISA aerospace


00:12:51.920 --> 00:12:54.230
involves its new spectrum rocket which


00:12:54.240 --> 00:12:56.150
will launch from Norway's Andoya


00:12:56.160 --> 00:12:59.030
spaceport on the Arctic Circle the test


00:12:59.040 --> 00:13:01.269
flight is seen as a key step in the new


00:13:01.279 --> 00:13:04.389
European space economy until now all


00:13:04.399 --> 00:13:05.990
European orbital rockets have been


00:13:06.000 --> 00:13:07.829
launched from the European Space Ay's


00:13:07.839 --> 00:13:11.590
Crew Spaceport in French Gana and until


00:13:11.600 --> 00:13:13.509
recently there have been ongoing delays


00:13:13.519 --> 00:13:15.430
in the development of the new Aran 6


00:13:15.440 --> 00:13:17.829
heavy lift rocket and the Vega E light


00:13:17.839 --> 00:13:19.750
launcher had been suspended from flight


00:13:19.760 --> 00:13:21.550
following an upper stage component


00:13:21.560 --> 00:13:24.150
failure while both now have flight


00:13:24.160 --> 00:13:26.670
status the delays have been long and


00:13:26.680 --> 00:13:29.190
costly compounding the problem is the


00:13:29.200 --> 00:13:30.949
fact that Europe also lacked access to


00:13:30.959 --> 00:13:32.870
Russian spaceports and launches since


00:13:32.880 --> 00:13:35.190
2022 following the West's embargo of


00:13:35.200 --> 00:13:37.030
Moscow in relation to the Kremlin's


00:13:37.040 --> 00:13:40.470
invasion of Ukraine isa Aerospace's new


00:13:40.480 --> 00:13:43.350
28 m tall two-stage spectrum rocket is


00:13:43.360 --> 00:13:45.030
designed to carry payloads of around


00:13:45.040 --> 00:13:48.790
1,000 kg into low Earth orbit and 700 kg


00:13:48.800 --> 00:13:51.670
into suns synchronous orbits its first


00:13:51.680 --> 00:13:54.230
stage is powered by nine Aquilla propane


00:13:54.240 --> 00:13:56.790
and liquid oxygen rocket engines


00:13:56.800 --> 00:13:58.550
spectrum's upper stage is equipped with


00:13:58.560 --> 00:14:00.230
a single Aquilla propane and liquid


00:14:00.240 --> 00:14:02.150
oxygen engine designed for multiple


00:14:02.160 --> 00:14:04.389
ignitions thereby allowing it to be shut


00:14:04.399 --> 00:14:06.470
down and reignited on numerous occasions


00:14:06.480 --> 00:14:08.550
as needed eliminating the need for an


00:14:08.560 --> 00:14:10.949
additional kickstage spectrum will


00:14:10.959 --> 00:14:12.550
become the first privately financed


00:14:12.560 --> 00:14:15.110
European launch system to reach orbit of


00:14:15.120 --> 00:14:16.949
course Britain's Richard Branson and his


00:14:16.959 --> 00:14:18.790
Virgin Orbit have done it from the


00:14:18.800 --> 00:14:21.189
United States using air launched rockets


00:14:21.199 --> 00:14:23.750
fired from a modified Boeing 747


00:14:23.760 --> 00:14:25.590
airliner that had taken off from a


00:14:25.600 --> 00:14:27.829
conventional runway but they appear to


00:14:27.839 --> 00:14:29.670
have shut down operations following a


00:14:29.680 --> 00:14:31.910
failed 2023 attempt to air launch a


00:14:31.920 --> 00:14:34.470
rocket from the 747 which had taken off


00:14:34.480 --> 00:14:37.590
earlier from Cornwell norway's Andoya


00:14:37.600 --> 00:14:39.670
and Swalban rocket ranges together with


00:14:39.680 --> 00:14:41.590
the Estrange Spaceport in neighboring


00:14:41.600 --> 00:14:43.750
Sweden have already undertaken over a


00:14:43.760 --> 00:14:46.069
thousand suborbital launches flying


00:14:46.079 --> 00:14:48.509
sounding rockets on primarily scientific


00:14:48.519 --> 00:14:51.030
missions and this new launch is being


00:14:51.040 --> 00:14:52.710
seen as an extension of those


00:14:52.720 --> 00:14:54.389
capabilities


00:14:54.399 --> 00:14:56.000
this is


00:14:56.010 --> 00:15:02.350
[Music]


00:15:02.360 --> 00:15:05.189
spacetime and in the late update to that


00:15:05.199 --> 00:15:07.269
story Spectrum finally launched late


00:15:07.279 --> 00:15:09.750
yesterday however shortly after liftoff


00:15:09.760 --> 00:15:11.750
it began veering off course during its


00:15:11.760 --> 00:15:13.829
planned rollover maneuver 18 seconds


00:15:13.839 --> 00:15:15.670
into the flight resulting in a


00:15:15.680 --> 00:15:18.470
catastrophic failure we'll have a full


00:15:18.480 --> 00:15:21.350
report in next week's show this is


00:15:21.360 --> 00:15:24.390
Spaceime


00:15:24.400 --> 00:15:37.829
[Music]


00:15:37.839 --> 00:15:39.509
and time now to take a brief look at


00:15:39.519 --> 00:15:41.110
some of the other stories making news in


00:15:41.120 --> 00:15:44.150
science this week with a science report


00:15:44.160 --> 00:15:46.550
a new study has found that microlastics


00:15:46.560 --> 00:15:48.629
are now affecting the ability of plants


00:15:48.639 --> 00:15:50.949
to carry out photosynthesis


00:15:50.959 --> 00:15:52.949
the findings reported in the journal the


00:15:52.959 --> 00:15:54.310
proceedings of the National Academy of


00:15:54.320 --> 00:15:56.870
Sciences PNAS demonstrates the critical


00:15:56.880 --> 00:15:59.030
threat these pollutants cause to Earth's


00:15:59.040 --> 00:16:01.550
primary production and food security


00:16:01.560 --> 00:16:03.749
microlastics are defined as plastic


00:16:03.759 --> 00:16:06.949
debris smaller than 5 mm it's now found


00:16:06.959 --> 00:16:08.870
to be contaminating environments from


00:16:08.880 --> 00:16:10.949
deep sea sediments up to tall mountain


00:16:10.959 --> 00:16:13.670
glaciers the study's authors evaluated


00:16:13.680 --> 00:16:15.590
the relationship between microplastic


00:16:15.600 --> 00:16:17.670
exposure and photosynthesis across


00:16:17.680 --> 00:16:19.949
terrestrial marine and freshwater


00:16:19.959 --> 00:16:22.230
ecosystems despite the growing awareness


00:16:22.240 --> 00:16:23.509
of this hazard the effects of


00:16:23.519 --> 00:16:25.670
microlastics on photosynthesis in the


00:16:25.680 --> 00:16:27.829
ecosystem have remained unclear until


00:16:27.839 --> 00:16:30.189
now by analyzing


00:16:30.199 --> 00:16:33.030
3,286 records using metadata analysis


00:16:33.040 --> 00:16:34.710
and machine learning techniques the


00:16:34.720 --> 00:16:36.550
authors have shown that microlastics


00:16:36.560 --> 00:16:38.550
have decreased photosynthetic efficiency


00:16:38.560 --> 00:16:42.470
by 7.05 05 to 12.12% across terrestrial


00:16:42.480 --> 00:16:45.590
plants marine algae and freshwater algae


00:16:45.600 --> 00:16:47.749
these reductions translate to estimate


00:16:47.759 --> 00:16:51.870
annual global losses of between 4.11 and


00:16:51.880 --> 00:16:55.509
13.52% for key staple crops such as rice


00:16:55.519 --> 00:16:58.710
wheat and maze in aquatic ecosystems


00:16:58.720 --> 00:17:00.790
microlastic induced photosynthesis


00:17:00.800 --> 00:17:02.870
inhibition is projected to cause net


00:17:02.880 --> 00:17:05.069
primary productivity losses of between


00:17:05.079 --> 00:17:06.909
0.31 and


00:17:06.919 --> 00:17:10.230
7.24% annually


00:17:10.240 --> 00:17:11.990
a new study has found that ditching


00:17:12.000 --> 00:17:13.669
butter in your diet and replacing it


00:17:13.679 --> 00:17:15.590
with plant-based oils could help protect


00:17:15.600 --> 00:17:18.230
you from cancer and heart disease a


00:17:18.240 --> 00:17:19.590
report in the Journal of the American


00:17:19.600 --> 00:17:21.590
Medical Association looked into the


00:17:21.600 --> 00:17:24.230
diets of over 220,000 people finding


00:17:24.240 --> 00:17:25.750
that those who ate a larger amount of


00:17:25.760 --> 00:17:27.909
butter were far more likely to die of


00:17:27.919 --> 00:17:29.990
cancer compared to those who consumed


00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:32.150
little or none they also found that


00:17:32.160 --> 00:17:33.669
people who consumed higher levels of


00:17:33.679 --> 00:17:36.789
safflower soybean corn canola and olive


00:17:36.799 --> 00:17:39.110
oils were less likely to die from cancer


00:17:39.120 --> 00:17:41.590
or heart disease now while this kind of


00:17:41.600 --> 00:17:43.510
study can't prove that butter directly


00:17:43.520 --> 00:17:45.350
affects your chances of survival the


00:17:45.360 --> 00:17:47.029
authors say the study adds to a growing


00:17:47.039 --> 00:17:48.870
body of evidence that you really should


00:17:48.880 --> 00:17:50.870
be swapping out animal fats for


00:17:50.880 --> 00:17:52.710
plant-based ones that's if you want to


00:17:52.720 --> 00:17:55.070
live a longer healthier


00:17:55.080 --> 00:17:57.830
life sharks have been recorded actively


00:17:57.840 --> 00:18:00.789
producing sounds for the first time the


00:18:00.799 --> 00:18:02.470
findings reported in the journal of the


00:18:02.480 --> 00:18:04.870
Royal Society Open Science involved


00:18:04.880 --> 00:18:06.789
recordings of New Zealand rig sharks


00:18:06.799 --> 00:18:08.390
which showed that they were deliberately


00:18:08.400 --> 00:18:10.390
making short sharp clicks when they were


00:18:10.400 --> 00:18:12.789
handled underwater the authors suggest


00:18:12.799 --> 00:18:14.230
that based on the clicks acoustic


00:18:14.240 --> 00:18:15.830
characteristics they're being created by


00:18:15.840 --> 00:18:17.830
the sharks by forcibly snapping their


00:18:17.840 --> 00:18:20.310
flattened teeth together they believe


00:18:20.320 --> 00:18:22.070
the sharks are doing this in response to


00:18:22.080 --> 00:18:24.710
a disturbance or distress but further


00:18:24.720 --> 00:18:26.549
research is needed to determine other


00:18:26.559 --> 00:18:30.390
uses and their biological significance


00:18:30.400 --> 00:18:32.150
well transport for London have been kept


00:18:32.160 --> 00:18:33.830
busy they've been asked to search their


00:18:33.840 --> 00:18:36.230
records for sightings of ghosts spirits


00:18:36.240 --> 00:18:38.310
schools poltergeists and banshees on the


00:18:38.320 --> 00:18:40.950
London Underground and as Tim Mum from


00:18:40.960 --> 00:18:43.430
Australian Skeptics explains despite an


00:18:43.440 --> 00:18:45.909
intensive search they found only one


00:18:45.919 --> 00:18:48.390
single solitary case this is a very


00:18:48.400 --> 00:18:50.150
interesting story actually it it starts


00:18:50.160 --> 00:18:51.830
off being sort of totally trivial but


00:18:51.840 --> 00:18:53.909
actually becomes implications someone


00:18:53.919 --> 00:18:56.390
put in a freedom of information request


00:18:56.400 --> 00:18:57.830
to the people who run the London


00:18:57.840 --> 00:18:59.430
Underground which is Transport for


00:18:59.440 --> 00:19:01.510
London and what they wanted to know was


00:19:01.520 --> 00:19:03.029
if there was any evidence of the


00:19:03.039 --> 00:19:04.950
paranormal that was sort of in in their


00:19:04.960 --> 00:19:06.710
record so the Transport of London


00:19:06.720 --> 00:19:07.990
thought that was interesting they


00:19:08.000 --> 00:19:09.110
probably never been asked that question


00:19:09.120 --> 00:19:11.350
before so they did a word search into


00:19:11.360 --> 00:19:13.590
all the reports they had and what the


00:19:13.600 --> 00:19:15.110
words they searched for were ghost


00:19:15.120 --> 00:19:17.510
spirits ghouls poltergeists and banshee


00:19:17.520 --> 00:19:18.710
which is what the people were asking for


00:19:18.720 --> 00:19:20.150
they're only looking for information for


00:19:20.160 --> 00:19:21.750
about the last two or so years so they


00:19:21.760 --> 00:19:23.990
weren't going back to the 1800s that


00:19:24.000 --> 00:19:25.350
might be a bit hard to search anyway


00:19:25.360 --> 00:19:26.789
those documents but never mind transport


00:19:26.799 --> 00:19:27.909
for London came back to them and said


00:19:27.919 --> 00:19:29.510
"Yep we've done this word search and


00:19:29.520 --> 00:19:30.950
this is what it is." And what we found


00:19:30.960 --> 00:19:33.750
was that there was so many references to


00:19:33.760 --> 00:19:36.070
spirits and ghosts and the only one that


00:19:36.080 --> 00:19:37.830
actually wasn't saying I'm in good


00:19:37.840 --> 00:19:40.310
spirits or I'm intoxicated by drinking


00:19:40.320 --> 00:19:43.110
spirits was a 15-year-old boy who was


00:19:43.120 --> 00:19:45.510
distressed possibly lost in King's Cross


00:19:45.520 --> 00:19:48.070
station in December 2023 who mentioned


00:19:48.080 --> 00:19:50.310
that he had seen ghosts now this search


00:19:50.320 --> 00:19:51.990
or this request was partially inspired


00:19:52.000 --> 00:19:53.909
by someone trying to find out if there's


00:19:53.919 --> 00:19:56.630
any activity near Oldgate East station


00:19:56.640 --> 00:19:59.430
because Old Gate East station is where


00:19:59.440 --> 00:20:00.870
Jack the Ripper not the station itself


00:20:00.880 --> 00:20:02.470
but the area is where Jack the Ripper


00:20:02.480 --> 00:20:05.430
had his way back in the late 1800s yes


00:20:05.440 --> 00:20:07.350
so he killed at least five people


00:20:07.360 --> 00:20:08.950
possibly more but anyway they wanted to


00:20:08.960 --> 00:20:10.310
see if therefore the ghosts of these


00:20:10.320 --> 00:20:11.830
people were haunting the underground


00:20:11.840 --> 00:20:13.909
stations uh or the railways generally i


00:20:13.919 --> 00:20:15.430
don't know why surely there are other


00:20:15.440 --> 00:20:17.029
areas other buildings around there they


00:20:17.039 --> 00:20:18.390
could have haunted why just the


00:20:18.400 --> 00:20:19.750
undergrounds i don't know maybe they're


00:20:19.760 --> 00:20:21.270
wide ranging ghosts who knows maybe


00:20:21.280 --> 00:20:23.110
they're gunsels they're what gunzels


00:20:23.120 --> 00:20:24.870
you've never heard the term guns i have


00:20:24.880 --> 00:20:26.390
never heard a term gun the term actually


00:20:26.400 --> 00:20:29.350
comes from the Maltese Falcon movie


00:20:29.360 --> 00:20:31.029
starring Humphrey Bogart directed by


00:20:31.039 --> 00:20:33.590
John Houston yes in that movie a Gunzel


00:20:33.600 --> 00:20:36.710
was a young thug carrying a gun he was


00:20:36.720 --> 00:20:40.070
looking in the film a Gunzel is a a


00:20:40.080 --> 00:20:41.830
young thug carrying a gun but in


00:20:41.840 --> 00:20:45.510
Australian r enthusiast terms a gunel is


00:20:45.520 --> 00:20:47.990
someone who is basically what Brits call


00:20:48.000 --> 00:20:50.310
an anorak who hangs around the end of


00:20:50.320 --> 00:20:52.149
platforms photographing trains train


00:20:52.159 --> 00:20:54.310
spotters train spotter carrying a camera


00:20:54.320 --> 00:20:57.350
instead of a gun yeah that's a gun um


00:20:57.360 --> 00:21:00.230
who who was a bus spotter or a branch of


00:21:00.240 --> 00:21:02.549
gunsel I think there yeah I know he he


00:21:02.559 --> 00:21:03.909
photographed the front of the bus with


00:21:03.919 --> 00:21:06.549
the group number anyway back to gate so


00:21:06.559 --> 00:21:07.909
reason for this with this study was to


00:21:07.919 --> 00:21:09.750
try and find there examples of ghosts


00:21:09.760 --> 00:21:11.909
etc that had been reported poltergeist


00:21:11.919 --> 00:21:13.430
of any s whatever and the only thing


00:21:13.440 --> 00:21:15.190
they came up with was this 15-year-old


00:21:15.200 --> 00:21:16.630
boy and I'm sure the transport for


00:21:16.640 --> 00:21:18.230
London sort of issued this report a


00:21:18.240 --> 00:21:19.350
little bit tongue and cheek they were


00:21:19.360 --> 00:21:20.549
the ones who mentioned that when they


00:21:20.559 --> 00:21:22.230
said this spirit was half the time it


00:21:22.240 --> 00:21:23.750
was about alcohol spirit that someone


00:21:23.760 --> 00:21:25.510
was intoxicated on the train or whatever


00:21:25.520 --> 00:21:27.190
hopefully not the drivers but anyway so


00:21:27.200 --> 00:21:28.630
there there was one reference to a


00:21:28.640 --> 00:21:30.630
15-year-old boy that was suddenly picked


00:21:30.640 --> 00:21:32.470
up everywhere by the saying that the


00:21:32.480 --> 00:21:34.070
transport for London had found an


00:21:34.080 --> 00:21:35.590
example of the paranormal on his


00:21:35.600 --> 00:21:37.510
underground and this 15-year-old boy


00:21:37.520 --> 00:21:39.190
became famous yeah but the case is


00:21:39.200 --> 00:21:41.190
famous even though it was issued as a


00:21:41.200 --> 00:21:42.789
tongue-in-cheek report though there was


00:21:42.799 --> 00:21:44.630
never any actual proof of a ghost that


00:21:44.640 --> 00:21:46.390
this kid saw he was distressed that's


00:21:46.400 --> 00:21:47.830
really surprising isn't it you think


00:21:47.840 --> 00:21:49.110
there'd be more considering what


00:21:49.120 --> 00:21:51.270
London's got what 10 12 million people


00:21:51.280 --> 00:21:53.029
who used the tube and and the


00:21:53.039 --> 00:21:55.270
underground on a regular basis every day


00:21:55.280 --> 00:21:56.870
some of these some of these tube lines


00:21:56.880 --> 00:21:58.630
of course also ran through uh plague


00:21:58.640 --> 00:22:00.710
pits and cemeteries so they actually had


00:22:00.720 --> 00:22:03.270
to remove bodies to put the tube lines


00:22:03.280 --> 00:22:04.710
through well they had to do that at


00:22:04.720 --> 00:22:06.669
Central in Sydney as well


00:22:06.679 --> 00:22:08.789
because everywhere apparently it's not a


00:22:08.799 --> 00:22:10.390
nice thing to remove a plague pit


00:22:10.400 --> 00:22:11.590
because if you're talking about bubonic


00:22:11.600 --> 00:22:12.950
plague or something yeah it's quite


00:22:12.960 --> 00:22:15.590
fascinating that a non-story becomes a


00:22:15.600 --> 00:22:17.590
story hey what's new in in the world of


00:22:17.600 --> 00:22:19.590
reporting that's Tim Mendum from


00:22:19.600 --> 00:22:22.470
Australian Skeptics


00:22:22.480 --> 00:22:36.310
[Music]


00:22:36.320 --> 00:22:39.350
and that's the show for now spacetime is


00:22:39.360 --> 00:22:41.190
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00:22:41.200 --> 00:22:43.830
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Stuart Garry this has been another


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