Io’s Volcanic Powerhouse, Ceres’ Organic Origins, and the Quest for Distant Exoplanets: S28E17

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.560 --> 00:00:03.590
this is spacetime series 28 episode 17


00:00:03.600 --> 00:00:06.150
for broadcast on the 7th of February


00:00:06.160 --> 00:00:09.910
2025 coming up on space time IO exhibits


00:00:09.920 --> 00:00:12.310
its most powerful volcanic activity so


00:00:12.320 --> 00:00:14.910
far the dwarf planet series and the


00:00:14.920 --> 00:00:17.189
building blocks of life and new


00:00:17.199 --> 00:00:18.630
technology to search for distant


00:00:18.640 --> 00:00:21.870
earthlike exoplanets in deep space all


00:00:21.880 --> 00:00:24.710
that and more coming up on space


00:00:24.720 --> 00:00:28.429
time welcome to SpaceTime with Stuart


00:00:28.439 --> 00:00:37.290
Gary


00:00:37.300 --> 00:00:44.830
[Music]


00:00:44.840 --> 00:00:47.150
scientists with NASA's Gino Mission have


00:00:47.160 --> 00:00:48.830
discovered the largest and most powerful


00:00:48.840 --> 00:00:51.229
volcanic hotspot ever seen on the Jovian


00:00:51.239 --> 00:00:54.869
Moon IO even by the standards of IO the


00:00:54.879 --> 00:00:56.709
most volcanically active W in the solar


00:00:56.719 --> 00:00:58.670
system this new feature in the moon


00:00:58.680 --> 00:01:01.349
southern hemisphere is it extreme the


00:01:01.359 --> 00:01:03.549
Hotpot is not only larger than Earth's


00:01:03.559 --> 00:01:05.550
Lake Superior it also buches out


00:01:05.560 --> 00:01:07.350
eruptions with six times the total


00:01:07.360 --> 00:01:09.550
energy output of all the wilts power


00:01:09.560 --> 00:01:12.070
plants the massive feature was detected


00:01:12.080 --> 00:01:14.469
by Juno's Jovian infrared aoral mapper


00:01:14.479 --> 00:01:17.230
instrument Juno principal investigator


00:01:17.240 --> 00:01:19.070
Scott Bolton from the southwest Research


00:01:19.080 --> 00:01:21.270
Institute in San Antonio Texas says the


00:01:21.280 --> 00:01:23.230
find was made during the spacecraft's


00:01:23.240 --> 00:01:25.910
two really close flybys of IO as part of


00:01:25.920 --> 00:01:28.390
Juno's extended Mission Bolton says


00:01:28.400 --> 00:01:30.350
while each flyby provided evidence on


00:01:30.360 --> 00:01:31.870
this tormented Moon that exceeded


00:01:31.880 --> 00:01:33.950
science expectations the data from the


00:01:33.960 --> 00:01:35.510
latest the most distant of the two


00:01:35.520 --> 00:01:38.310
flybys really blew the team's Minds the


00:01:38.320 --> 00:01:40.550
source of I's torment is the massive


00:01:40.560 --> 00:01:42.550
gravitational tidle interactions with


00:01:42.560 --> 00:01:45.310
its host planet Jupiter about the size


00:01:45.320 --> 00:01:47.709
of the Earth's Moon IO orbits extremely


00:01:47.719 --> 00:01:50.469
close to the mammoth gas giant at its


00:01:50.479 --> 00:01:52.670
elliptical orbit whips it around Jupiter


00:01:52.680 --> 00:01:55.709
every 42 and 1/2 hours now as this


00:01:55.719 --> 00:01:57.670
distance varies so does Jupiter's


00:01:57.680 --> 00:01:59.670
gravitational pullon iio which leads to


00:01:59.680 --> 00:02:01.590
the Tiny Moon being relentlessly


00:02:01.600 --> 00:02:04.389
squeezed and stretched the result an


00:02:04.399 --> 00:02:06.429
immense amount of energy from frictional


00:02:06.439 --> 00:02:08.710
Heating and that melts portions of io's


00:02:08.720 --> 00:02:10.630
interior resulting in a seemingly


00:02:10.640 --> 00:02:12.710
endless series of volcanic plumes and


00:02:12.720 --> 00:02:14.630
Ash venting into the atmosphere from an


00:02:14.640 --> 00:02:17.869
estimated 400 volcanoes that riddle its


00:02:17.879 --> 00:02:20.350
surface designed to capture the infrared


00:02:20.360 --> 00:02:22.470
light emerging from deep inside Jupiter


00:02:22.480 --> 00:02:24.670
Juno's Jovian infrared auroral mappa


00:02:24.680 --> 00:02:26.470
probes the gas Giant's weather layer


00:02:26.480 --> 00:02:29.030
peering some 50 to 70 kilm below its


00:02:29.040 --> 00:02:31.350
Cloud tops but since NASA extended


00:02:31.360 --> 00:02:33.309
Juno's Mission the team have also been


00:02:33.319 --> 00:02:34.830
using the instrument to study the


00:02:34.840 --> 00:02:37.710
Galilean moons IO Europa ganim and


00:02:37.720 --> 00:02:40.070
Kalisto during its extended Mission


00:02:40.080 --> 00:02:42.350
Juno's trajectory passes very close to


00:02:42.360 --> 00:02:44.589
IO every other orbit flying over the


00:02:44.599 --> 00:02:46.830
same part of the Moon every time


00:02:46.840 --> 00:02:48.589
previously the spacecraft made a series


00:02:48.599 --> 00:02:51.670
of close flybys of IO in December 2023


00:02:51.680 --> 00:02:54.630
and February 2024 getting to within 1500


00:02:54.640 --> 00:02:57.830
km of its surface and this latest flyby


00:02:57.840 --> 00:03:00.229
took place on December the 27th bringing


00:03:00.239 --> 00:03:03.390
the spacecraft to within about 74,400 km


00:03:03.400 --> 00:03:05.229
of the Moon with its infrared instrument


00:03:05.239 --> 00:03:07.949
trained on io's Southern Hemisphere and


00:03:07.959 --> 00:03:10.630
while doing so Juno detected an event of


00:03:10.640 --> 00:03:13.430
extreme infrared Radiance a massive hot


00:03:13.440 --> 00:03:15.350
spot so strong that it literally


00:03:15.360 --> 00:03:17.670
saturated the detector Bolton and


00:03:17.680 --> 00:03:18.750
colleagues believe they actually


00:03:18.760 --> 00:03:20.710
detected a few closely spaced hotpots


00:03:20.720 --> 00:03:22.509
that all emitted at the same time


00:03:22.519 --> 00:03:24.869
suggesting a vast subsurface magma


00:03:24.879 --> 00:03:27.430
chamber the data supports that this is


00:03:27.440 --> 00:03:29.589
the most intense volcanic eruption ever


00:03:29.599 --> 00:03:32.390
did detected on iO you also is estimate


00:03:32.400 --> 00:03:34.670
that this as yet unnamed feature spans


00:03:34.680 --> 00:03:38.149
about 100,000 square km previous record


00:03:38.159 --> 00:03:40.869
holder was I's Loki Peta Al of a lake of


00:03:40.879 --> 00:03:44.309
about 20,000 Square km the total power


00:03:44.319 --> 00:03:46.110
value of the new hotspots Radiance


00:03:46.120 --> 00:03:48.910
measured well above 80 trillion Watts


00:03:48.920 --> 00:03:50.429
the feature was also captured by the


00:03:50.439 --> 00:03:52.990
missions Juno cam invisible light the


00:03:53.000 --> 00:03:55.229
authors then compare the Juno cam images


00:03:55.239 --> 00:03:57.630
from two previous iio flybys with those


00:03:57.640 --> 00:04:00.509
collected on December the 27th and while


00:04:00.519 --> 00:04:02.309
these most recent images are of lower


00:04:02.319 --> 00:04:04.710
resolution since Juno was further away


00:04:04.720 --> 00:04:06.509
the relative changes in the surface


00:04:06.519 --> 00:04:08.149
coloring around the new discovered


00:04:08.159 --> 00:04:10.789
hotspot was still very clear such


00:04:10.799 --> 00:04:12.869
changes in io's surface are known in the


00:04:12.879 --> 00:04:14.589
planetary science Community to be


00:04:14.599 --> 00:04:16.590
associated with hot spots and volcanic


00:04:16.600 --> 00:04:18.949
activity an eruption of this magnitude


00:04:18.959 --> 00:04:21.870
is likely to leave longlived signatures


00:04:21.880 --> 00:04:23.870
other large eruptions in IO have created


00:04:23.880 --> 00:04:26.030
varying features such as pyroclastic


00:04:26.040 --> 00:04:27.790
deposits composed of rock fragments


00:04:27.800 --> 00:04:30.749
spewed out by a volcano small lava flows


00:04:30.759 --> 00:04:33.070
that may be fed by fishes and Volcanic


00:04:33.080 --> 00:04:35.790
plume deposits rich in Sulfur and sulfur


00:04:35.800 --> 00:04:38.189
dioxide Mission managers will use an


00:04:38.199 --> 00:04:40.550
upcoming more distant flyby of Iowa on


00:04:40.560 --> 00:04:42.870
March the 3D to look at the Hotpot again


00:04:42.880 --> 00:04:45.390
and search for changes in the landscape


00:04:45.400 --> 00:04:48.430
needless to say we'll keep you informed


00:04:48.440 --> 00:04:50.870
this is spacetime still to come the


00:04:50.880 --> 00:04:52.590
dwarf planet series in the building


00:04:52.600 --> 00:04:55.029
blocks of life and new technology to


00:04:55.039 --> 00:04:57.070
search for distant earthlike exoplanets


00:04:57.080 --> 00:04:59.390
in deep space all that and more still to


00:04:59.400 --> 00:05:00.189
come


00:05:00.199 --> 00:05:01.450
on


00:05:01.460 --> 00:05:15.909
[Music]


00:05:15.919 --> 00:05:18.070
SpaceTime scientists are being faced


00:05:18.080 --> 00:05:20.230
with a new puzzle about the dwarf planet


00:05:20.240 --> 00:05:23.189
series a new study suggest that organic


00:05:23.199 --> 00:05:24.909
deposits discovered on the surface of


00:05:24.919 --> 00:05:27.070
this bizarre Cayo volcanic world are


00:05:27.080 --> 00:05:28.830
unlikely to have originated from its


00:05:28.840 --> 00:05:31.990
interior organic molecules are among the


00:05:32.000 --> 00:05:34.430
necessary inventory of life-friendly


00:05:34.440 --> 00:05:37.390
worlds on Earth the compounds of carbon


00:05:37.400 --> 00:05:39.510
hydrogen and in smaller quantities other


00:05:39.520 --> 00:05:41.430
elements form the basic building blocks


00:05:41.440 --> 00:05:44.350
of all life in recent years scientists


00:05:44.360 --> 00:05:46.110
have found such molecules at Great


00:05:46.120 --> 00:05:47.990
distances from the Sun on trans


00:05:48.000 --> 00:05:50.469
neptunian objects comets and Far Away


00:05:50.479 --> 00:05:52.870
asteroids these bodies are thought to be


00:05:52.880 --> 00:05:54.790
largely unaltered remnants from the


00:05:54.800 --> 00:05:57.309
early days of the solar system 4.6


00:05:57.319 --> 00:05:59.749
billion years ago the building blocks of


00:05:59.759 --> 00:06:01.350
life may therefore have been part of


00:06:01.360 --> 00:06:03.390
their basic configuration from the very


00:06:03.400 --> 00:06:05.270
beginning and possibly reach the inner


00:06:05.280 --> 00:06:07.710
solar system only later now for the


00:06:07.720 --> 00:06:09.189
current study the authors look for


00:06:09.199 --> 00:06:10.950
previously unknown deposits of organic


00:06:10.960 --> 00:06:13.870
material on the dwarf planet series with


00:06:13.880 --> 00:06:15.790
its location in the middle of the main


00:06:15.800 --> 00:06:17.390
asteroid built between the orbits of


00:06:17.400 --> 00:06:19.309
Mars and Jupiter this strange little


00:06:19.319 --> 00:06:21.589
world appears neither clearly native to


00:06:21.599 --> 00:06:24.189
the inner nor the outer Solar System


00:06:24.199 --> 00:06:26.070
earlier Studies have even suggested that


00:06:26.080 --> 00:06:28.790
this location May well be its birthplace


00:06:28.800 --> 00:06:30.309
scientists are there for interested in


00:06:30.319 --> 00:06:33.150
the origins of series organic components


00:06:33.160 --> 00:06:34.670
did they originate locally in the


00:06:34.680 --> 00:06:37.629
asteroid built or did they arrive later


00:06:37.639 --> 00:06:39.589
evidence of deposits of organic material


00:06:39.599 --> 00:06:41.629
on the series were already found during


00:06:41.639 --> 00:06:44.270
the early stages of NASA's Dawn Mission


00:06:44.280 --> 00:06:46.270
the dawn spacecraft reach Series in


00:06:46.280 --> 00:06:49.070
March 2015 remaining in orbit studying


00:06:49.080 --> 00:06:50.830
this unique world for about 3 and A2


00:06:50.840 --> 00:06:53.589
years during this time its scientific


00:06:53.599 --> 00:06:55.830
camera system and spectrometer scan the


00:06:55.840 --> 00:06:58.629
entire surface of the dwarf planet


00:06:58.639 --> 00:07:00.469
potential patches of organic material


00:07:00.479 --> 00:07:02.430
can be detected from the camera's data


00:07:02.440 --> 00:07:03.710
and the brightness of the light


00:07:03.720 --> 00:07:05.790
reflected from these areas increases


00:07:05.800 --> 00:07:08.510
noticeably with increasing wavelength


00:07:08.520 --> 00:07:10.150
meanwhile the spectrometer splits this


00:07:10.160 --> 00:07:11.710
light into many more wavelengths than


00:07:11.720 --> 00:07:13.430
the camera can and therefore canot


00:07:13.440 --> 00:07:16.270
identify the presence of any Organics


00:07:16.280 --> 00:07:18.230
unfortunately this remote data isn't


00:07:18.240 --> 00:07:20.029
sufficient to be able to identify


00:07:20.039 --> 00:07:21.909
individual types of molecules Beyond


00:07:21.919 --> 00:07:24.430
Reasonable Doubt however scientists are


00:07:24.440 --> 00:07:26.110
certain that the discovered deposits


00:07:26.120 --> 00:07:28.110
consist of organic compounds that have a


00:07:28.120 --> 00:07:30.869
chain-like structure scientists refer to


00:07:30.879 --> 00:07:33.909
such molecules as alphatic hydrocarbons


00:07:33.919 --> 00:07:35.469
the authors of the study have now used


00:07:35.479 --> 00:07:37.309
artificial intelligence to comb through


00:07:37.319 --> 00:07:39.469
the entire surface of the dwarf planet


00:07:39.479 --> 00:07:42.070
looking for traces of alphatic organic


00:07:42.080 --> 00:07:44.550
molecules the study's lead author rangan


00:07:44.560 --> 00:07:46.830
Sea from the max plank Institute says


00:07:46.840 --> 00:07:48.629
the SES of such organic molecules are


00:07:48.639 --> 00:07:50.629
actually quite rare on series and devoid


00:07:50.639 --> 00:07:53.469
of any cryo volcanic signatures the vast


00:07:53.479 --> 00:07:55.390
majority of deposits can be found along


00:07:55.400 --> 00:07:57.710
the edge or near the large eratic crater


00:07:57.720 --> 00:07:58.909
in the dwarf planet's northern


00:07:58.919 --> 00:08:00.070
hemisphere


00:08:00.080 --> 00:08:01.990
only three other deposits are located


00:08:02.000 --> 00:08:03.670
there and two of these patches were not


00:08:03.680 --> 00:08:06.070
previously known a closer look at the


00:08:06.080 --> 00:08:07.790
structures around the organic materials


00:08:07.800 --> 00:08:09.869
locations has failed to find any


00:08:09.879 --> 00:08:12.029
evidence of current or past volcanic or


00:08:12.039 --> 00:08:14.230
tectonic activity there are no trenches


00:08:14.240 --> 00:08:17.110
no Canyons no volcanic domes or vents


00:08:17.120 --> 00:08:19.550
nothing nor were there any deep impact


00:08:19.560 --> 00:08:22.070
craters nearby now during the dawn


00:08:22.080 --> 00:08:24.270
Mission series showed itself to be an


00:08:24.280 --> 00:08:27.270
extraordinarily cryo volcanic World a


00:08:27.280 --> 00:08:29.510
watery brine is hidden under its surf


00:08:29.520 --> 00:08:31.469
surf which in some places has been


00:08:31.479 --> 00:08:33.269
seeping out on of the surface until


00:08:33.279 --> 00:08:35.990
fairly recently now it is possible that


00:08:36.000 --> 00:08:38.070
series unique cryo volcanism may have


00:08:38.080 --> 00:08:39.990
transported some organic material from


00:08:40.000 --> 00:08:42.269
the interior to the surface but these


00:08:42.279 --> 00:08:43.949
new results simply aren't supporting


00:08:43.959 --> 00:08:46.310
that hypothesis there's just no evidence


00:08:46.320 --> 00:08:48.389
for organic matter at the SES of cryo


00:08:48.399 --> 00:08:50.910
volcanic activity and where organic


00:08:50.920 --> 00:08:52.670
compounds have been detected there's no


00:08:52.680 --> 00:08:55.350
evidence of deeper surface activity so


00:08:55.360 --> 00:08:57.030
the authors are suggesting that the


00:08:57.040 --> 00:08:58.550
impact of meteoroids from the outer


00:08:58.560 --> 00:09:00.630
asteroid belt probably introduced the


00:09:00.640 --> 00:09:03.790
organic material to series and computer


00:09:03.800 --> 00:09:05.389
simulation showed that these bodies


00:09:05.399 --> 00:09:07.990
could frequently collide with series now


00:09:08.000 --> 00:09:09.990
importantly since these nearby neighbors


00:09:10.000 --> 00:09:11.990
aren't picking up a lot of speed only a


00:09:12.000 --> 00:09:13.870
small amount of heat would be generated


00:09:13.880 --> 00:09:16.269
by the impacts and organic compounds


00:09:16.279 --> 00:09:18.389
could survive these temperatures


00:09:18.399 --> 00:09:20.430
unfortunately Dawn didn't detect all


00:09:20.440 --> 00:09:22.750
types of organic compounds it's just as


00:09:22.760 --> 00:09:24.430
likely that the building blocks of life


00:09:24.440 --> 00:09:25.790
could have been formed in series


00:09:25.800 --> 00:09:27.949
subsurface ocean perhaps even reaching


00:09:27.959 --> 00:09:30.269
the surface the authors would like to


00:09:30.279 --> 00:09:32.590
see a future land emission to series to


00:09:32.600 --> 00:09:34.949
detect the origins of any organic


00:09:34.959 --> 00:09:38.710
material this is spacetime still to come


00:09:38.720 --> 00:09:40.710
new technology to search for distant


00:09:40.720 --> 00:09:43.190
earthlike exoplanets in deep space and


00:09:43.200 --> 00:09:45.389
later in the science report scientists


00:09:45.399 --> 00:09:48.030
carry out a survey of tasmania's tallest


00:09:48.040 --> 00:09:50.990
trees all that and more still to come on


00:09:51.000 --> 00:09:52.210
SpaceTime


00:09:52.220 --> 00:09:59.380
[Music]




00:10:06.839 --> 00:10:08.790
scientists and Engineers are continuing


00:10:08.800 --> 00:10:10.790
their work building NASA's next big


00:10:10.800 --> 00:10:13.310
window on the cosmos the Nancy Grace ran


00:10:13.320 --> 00:10:15.470
Space Telescope one of the key


00:10:15.480 --> 00:10:17.470
technology demonstration instruments the


00:10:17.480 --> 00:10:19.790
Roman chronograph has just arrived at


00:10:19.800 --> 00:10:21.630
NASA's Godard space flight center in


00:10:21.640 --> 00:10:24.110
greenb Maryland there it'll be


00:10:24.120 --> 00:10:26.030
incorporated into the new orbiting


00:10:26.040 --> 00:10:28.509
Observatory the Roman coronograph will


00:10:28.519 --> 00:10:30.350
help increase the variety of distant


00:10:30.360 --> 00:10:32.350
exoplanets that is planets orbiting


00:10:32.360 --> 00:10:34.269
other stars that scientists will be able


00:10:34.279 --> 00:10:36.870
to directly image it'll help pave the


00:10:36.880 --> 00:10:38.509
way in the search for habitable worlds


00:10:38.519 --> 00:10:40.590
outside our solar system by blocking out


00:10:40.600 --> 00:10:42.310
the glare of Starlight that would


00:10:42.320 --> 00:10:44.829
otherwise hide an orbiting Planet the


00:10:44.839 --> 00:10:46.750
chronograph was shipped cross country


00:10:46.760 --> 00:10:48.470
from where it was made at NASA's jet


00:10:48.480 --> 00:10:50.670
propulsion laboratory in Pasad


00:10:50.680 --> 00:10:53.550
California once proven on Roman similar


00:10:53.560 --> 00:10:55.350
Technologies on a future Mission could


00:10:55.360 --> 00:10:57.190
enable astronomers to use the chonograph


00:10:57.200 --> 00:10:59.829
to identify chemicals in an EXO planet's


00:10:59.839 --> 00:11:01.590
atmosphere including ones that


00:11:01.600 --> 00:11:03.389
potentially indicate the presence of


00:11:03.399 --> 00:11:06.069
life from other star systems planet


00:11:06.079 --> 00:11:07.710
Earth would appear approximately 10


00:11:07.720 --> 00:11:09.949
billion times dimmer than the Sun and


00:11:09.959 --> 00:11:12.750
the two are relatively close together so


00:11:12.760 --> 00:11:14.710
trying to directly image the Earth would


00:11:14.720 --> 00:11:16.310
be like trying to see a speck of


00:11:16.320 --> 00:11:18.030
bioluminous and algae next to a


00:11:18.040 --> 00:11:21.470
lighthouse from 5,000 km away even with


00:11:21.480 --> 00:11:23.550
previous chronographic Technologies the


00:11:23.560 --> 00:11:25.670
glare from a masked star would still


00:11:25.680 --> 00:11:28.190
overwhelm an earthlike planet and that's


00:11:28.200 --> 00:11:29.910
where the Roman chronograph comes in


00:11:29.920 --> 00:11:31.590
it'll demonstrate techniques that can


00:11:31.600 --> 00:11:34.030
remove more unwanted Starlight than past


00:11:34.040 --> 00:11:36.150
space chronographs and it does this by


00:11:36.160 --> 00:11:38.870
using several movable components these


00:11:38.880 --> 00:11:40.790
moving parts will make it the first


00:11:40.800 --> 00:11:43.750
active coronograph in space its main


00:11:43.760 --> 00:11:46.509
tools are two deformable mirrors each


00:11:46.519 --> 00:11:49.110
just 5 cm in diameter and back by more


00:11:49.120 --> 00:11:51.829
than 2,000 tiny Pistons that move up and


00:11:51.839 --> 00:11:54.470
down these Pistons work together to


00:11:54.480 --> 00:11:56.030
change the shape of the deformable


00:11:56.040 --> 00:11:58.150
mirrors so that they can compensate for


00:11:58.160 --> 00:12:00.230
unwanted stray light that spills around


00:12:00.240 --> 00:12:02.509
the edges of The Masks the deformable


00:12:02.519 --> 00:12:03.910
mirrors also help correct for


00:12:03.920 --> 00:12:05.790
imperfections in the Roman telescope's


00:12:05.800 --> 00:12:08.110
other Optics although they're too small


00:12:08.120 --> 00:12:09.949
to affect Roman's other high Precision


00:12:09.959 --> 00:12:11.910
measurements the imperfections can allow


00:12:11.920 --> 00:12:14.949
stray Starlight in and precise changes


00:12:14.959 --> 00:12:16.910
made to each deformable mirror shape


00:12:16.920 --> 00:12:19.110
imperceptible to the uned eye compensate


00:12:19.120 --> 00:12:21.910
for these imperfections so far more than


00:12:21.920 --> 00:12:24.670
5,000 exoplanets have been discovered


00:12:24.680 --> 00:12:26.710
most have been detected indirectly


00:12:26.720 --> 00:12:28.829
meaning their presence is inferred based


00:12:28.839 --> 00:12:31.269
on how they affect their parent star


00:12:31.279 --> 00:12:32.949
detecting these relative changes in the


00:12:32.959 --> 00:12:34.750
parent star is a lot easier than trying


00:12:34.760 --> 00:12:36.790
to see the signal from the much fainter


00:12:36.800 --> 00:12:39.430
planet in fact of the more than 5,000


00:12:39.440 --> 00:12:41.790
exoplanets fewer than 70 have been


00:12:41.800 --> 00:12:43.790
directly imaged and those planets that


00:12:43.800 --> 00:12:45.829
have been directly imaged to date aren't


00:12:45.839 --> 00:12:48.870
like the Earth most are much bigger a


00:12:48.880 --> 00:12:50.870
lot hotter and typically much further


00:12:50.880 --> 00:12:53.350
from their host stars now these features


00:12:53.360 --> 00:12:55.350
make them easier to detect but it also


00:12:55.360 --> 00:12:57.150
means that they're far less hospitable


00:12:57.160 --> 00:12:59.710
for Life as We Know It to look for


00:12:59.720 --> 00:13:01.750
potentially habitable worlds ssts need


00:13:01.760 --> 00:13:03.470
to image planets that are not only


00:13:03.480 --> 00:13:05.069
billions of times dimmer than their


00:13:05.079 --> 00:13:07.430
stars but also orbit their stars in the


00:13:07.440 --> 00:13:09.750
so-called habitable zone the Goldilocks


00:13:09.760 --> 00:13:11.629
region where it's not too hot and not


00:13:11.639 --> 00:13:14.430
too cold but just right for liquid water


00:13:14.440 --> 00:13:16.990
to exist on a planet surface and what


00:13:17.000 --> 00:13:18.750
NASA learns from the Roman coronograph


00:13:18.760 --> 00:13:20.790
will help Blaze the path for future


00:13:20.800 --> 00:13:22.629
mirrors designed to directly image


00:13:22.639 --> 00:13:24.350
earth-sized planets orbiting in the


00:13:24.360 --> 00:13:26.509
habitable zones of sunlike


00:13:26.519 --> 00:13:30.509
stars this report from NASA TV they is


00:13:30.519 --> 00:13:33.949
there life out there are we alone one


00:13:33.959 --> 00:13:36.069
NASA instrument will get us closer to


00:13:36.079 --> 00:13:37.870
finding answers to some of Humanity's


00:13:37.880 --> 00:13:38.949
biggest


00:13:38.959 --> 00:13:41.750
questions NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space


00:13:41.760 --> 00:13:43.710
Telescope will fly with an instrument on


00:13:43.720 --> 00:13:45.790
board called the coronagraph that will


00:13:45.800 --> 00:13:47.990
allow scientists to see exoplanets or


00:13:48.000 --> 00:13:49.949
worlds beyond our solar system like


00:13:49.959 --> 00:13:53.150
never before so a coronograph is a


00:13:53.160 --> 00:13:55.509
camera or an instrument that we use to


00:13:55.519 --> 00:13:58.350
look at planets around other stars and


00:13:58.360 --> 00:14:00.189
the reason we need a special instrument


00:14:00.199 --> 00:14:02.949
to do this is because stars are so much


00:14:02.959 --> 00:14:05.829
brighter than planets and what we need


00:14:05.839 --> 00:14:07.990
to do is we need to put something in


00:14:08.000 --> 00:14:10.749
front of the star to block the light


00:14:10.759 --> 00:14:12.990
from the Star so that we can instead see


00:14:13.000 --> 00:14:14.870
the very faint light coming from the


00:14:14.880 --> 00:14:17.269
planet the Roman coronograph built at


00:14:17.279 --> 00:14:19.389
NASA's jet propulsion lab will take a


00:14:19.399 --> 00:14:21.310
giant leap forward in our ability to see


00:14:21.320 --> 00:14:23.949
worlds beyond our solar system and we'll


00:14:23.959 --> 00:14:25.949
observe larger exoplanets roughly the


00:14:25.959 --> 00:14:28.310
size of Jupiter testing the technology


00:14:28.320 --> 00:14:30.150
to see these planets is the stepping


00:14:30.160 --> 00:14:31.870
stone toward one day capturing direct


00:14:31.880 --> 00:14:33.710
images of earthlike planets around


00:14:33.720 --> 00:14:36.749
sunlike Stars these Technologies include


00:14:36.759 --> 00:14:38.949
different specially designed masks and


00:14:38.959 --> 00:14:41.110
self flexing mirrors that will work


00:14:41.120 --> 00:14:42.910
together to block Starlight making


00:14:42.920 --> 00:14:45.150
planets orbiting these Stars observable


00:14:45.160 --> 00:14:46.910
testing technologies that could enable


00:14:46.920 --> 00:14:48.829
future missions like NASA's habitable


00:14:48.839 --> 00:14:51.110
worlds Observatory Mission concept and


00:14:51.120 --> 00:14:53.069
one of the primary goals for the


00:14:53.079 --> 00:14:55.350
habitable world's Observatory will be to


00:14:55.360 --> 00:14:58.110
use a coronograph using the technology


00:14:58.120 --> 00:15:00.110
that we demonstrate in the Roman


00:15:00.120 --> 00:15:03.829
coronograph to look for signs of life


00:15:03.839 --> 00:15:05.990
around earth like planets orbiting


00:15:06.000 --> 00:15:08.910
sunlike Stars if we show that these


00:15:08.920 --> 00:15:11.550
Technologies work together well we will


00:15:11.560 --> 00:15:13.829
have demonstrated about a thousand times


00:15:13.839 --> 00:15:16.389
better performance of a coronograph in


00:15:16.399 --> 00:15:18.790
blocking staright and allowing Planet


00:15:18.800 --> 00:15:20.189
light to come through than any


00:15:20.199 --> 00:15:23.230
coronograph ever built as an embarks on


00:15:23.240 --> 00:15:24.910
its Journey to the Stars aboard NASA's


00:15:24.920 --> 00:15:27.350
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope the


00:15:27.360 --> 00:15:29.230
Roman coronograph instrument will pave


00:15:29.240 --> 00:15:30.910
the way for future searches for


00:15:30.920 --> 00:15:33.030
habitable worlds and ultimately the


00:15:33.040 --> 00:15:35.670
search for life beyond Earth and in that


00:15:35.680 --> 00:15:37.949
report from Messa TV we heard from Roman


00:15:37.959 --> 00:15:39.629
chonograph instrument technologist


00:15:39.639 --> 00:15:41.509
Vanessa Bailey and Roman coronograph


00:15:41.519 --> 00:15:44.790
Deputy project scientist Jason rhods


00:15:44.800 --> 00:15:48.470
this SpaceTime


00:15:48.480 --> 00:15:54.950
[Music]




00:16:02.319 --> 00:16:03.790
and time now to take another brief look


00:16:03.800 --> 00:16:05.230
at some of the other stories making USS


00:16:05.240 --> 00:16:07.110
in science this week with a science


00:16:07.120 --> 00:16:09.949
report a new study claims consuming a


00:16:09.959 --> 00:16:12.430
daily dose of omega-3 fatty acids may


00:16:12.440 --> 00:16:15.230
help your organs stay young the findings


00:16:15.240 --> 00:16:17.030
reported in the journal Nature based on


00:16:17.040 --> 00:16:18.790
clinical trials showing that consuming


00:16:18.800 --> 00:16:21.309
just one gram of Omega-3 per day appears


00:16:21.319 --> 00:16:23.670
to slow down your rate of biological


00:16:23.680 --> 00:16:26.430
aging biological aging is the gradual


00:16:26.440 --> 00:16:28.710
process by which all cells tissues and


00:16:28.720 --> 00:16:31.949
all organs slowly but surely


00:16:31.959 --> 00:16:34.430
deteriorate a new study has discovered


00:16:34.440 --> 00:16:36.150
that babies start to be able to sense


00:16:36.160 --> 00:16:39.389
smells at the age of Just 4 weeks a


00:16:39.399 --> 00:16:41.790
report of the journal Jane neosi scanned


00:16:41.800 --> 00:16:43.629
baby's brains as they were exposed to


00:16:43.639 --> 00:16:45.590
Pleasant and unpleasant odors in order


00:16:45.600 --> 00:16:47.430
to see when the Sens of smell first


00:16:47.440 --> 00:16:49.670
develops in infants the authors found


00:16:49.680 --> 00:16:51.749
that at just one month of age smells


00:16:51.759 --> 00:16:53.309
triggered activity in the smell


00:16:53.319 --> 00:16:55.629
detecting and sensory processing regions


00:16:55.639 --> 00:16:58.230
of baby's brains the level of brain


00:16:58.240 --> 00:17:00.670
activity VAR between odors but unlike


00:17:00.680 --> 00:17:02.590
adults different smells didn't trigger


00:17:02.600 --> 00:17:04.710
unique activity patterns in a baby's


00:17:04.720 --> 00:17:07.069
brain however measuring How Deeply


00:17:07.079 --> 00:17:09.029
babies inhaled the researchers found


00:17:09.039 --> 00:17:10.829
they inhaled more vigorously when the


00:17:10.839 --> 00:17:13.870
smells were nice than when they were


00:17:13.880 --> 00:17:16.189
nasty scientists have documented the


00:17:16.199 --> 00:17:18.710
tallest trees in Tasmania including what


00:17:18.720 --> 00:17:20.829
the authors say is Australia's tallest


00:17:20.839 --> 00:17:23.949
known living tree a 96 M High giant


00:17:23.959 --> 00:17:26.669
eucalypt called Centurion Now by


00:17:26.679 --> 00:17:28.429
comparison the authors found the tallest


00:17:28.439 --> 00:17:31.549
known tree in Victoria to be 93 m tall


00:17:31.559 --> 00:17:34.350
in Western Australia it was 78 M High


00:17:34.360 --> 00:17:36.110
the tallest tree in New South wals was


00:17:36.120 --> 00:17:39.230
71 M high and queensland's Big Bob at


00:17:39.240 --> 00:17:41.950
72.8 M is the tallest tree in the


00:17:41.960 --> 00:17:44.110
Sunshine State the authors say there


00:17:44.120 --> 00:17:46.830
were no known trees over 70 m in height


00:17:46.840 --> 00:17:48.430
in South Australia the Northern


00:17:48.440 --> 00:17:51.470
Territory or the act the researchers


00:17:51.480 --> 00:17:53.110
also discovered a tree with a trunk


00:17:53.120 --> 00:17:56.510
volume of 463 cubic M which they say is


00:17:56.520 --> 00:17:58.190
easily the largest known Tree in


00:17:58.200 --> 00:18:00.630
Australia the findings reported in the


00:18:00.640 --> 00:18:02.669
Australian Journal of biology set out to


00:18:02.679 --> 00:18:04.789
document the tallest trees in Tasmania


00:18:04.799 --> 00:18:06.990
and found six species of eucalyp with


00:18:07.000 --> 00:18:09.110
trees that are either more than 70 M


00:18:09.120 --> 00:18:12.830
tall or 11 1/2 m in girth these giant


00:18:12.840 --> 00:18:15.149
trees occur in a band between dry


00:18:15.159 --> 00:18:16.909
forests and temperate rainforests and


00:18:16.919 --> 00:18:18.270
the researchers say they're vulnerable


00:18:18.280 --> 00:18:20.789
to fire with 60% of the largest known


00:18:20.799 --> 00:18:23.710
trees already killed by fire since


00:18:23.720 --> 00:18:25.789
2004 by the way for the record the


00:18:25.799 --> 00:18:27.549
world's tallest trees are the giant


00:18:27.559 --> 00:18:29.350
Redwood sycamores of the Pacific


00:18:29.360 --> 00:18:31.270
Northwest the biggest of which is the


00:18:31.280 --> 00:18:58.950
mighty Hyperion which stands 11 16.07%


00:18:58.960 --> 00:19:01.310
Over the Horizon see flat earthers have


00:19:01.320 --> 00:19:03.630
long maintained that Antarctica holds


00:19:03.640 --> 00:19:06.149
the key to proving the Earth is flat in


00:19:06.159 --> 00:19:07.630
the Flat Earth view of the world


00:19:07.640 --> 00:19:09.669
Antarctica is actually an ice wall that


00:19:09.679 --> 00:19:11.630
encircles the other continents and holds


00:19:11.640 --> 00:19:14.149
in the oceans now if the flat Earth's


00:19:14.159 --> 00:19:15.870
view was correct the sun would need to


00:19:15.880 --> 00:19:18.549
rise and set each day even in Antarctica


00:19:18.559 --> 00:19:20.390
and it could simply never Circle the sky


00:19:20.400 --> 00:19:23.190
over 24 hours but Tim menum from


00:19:23.200 --> 00:19:25.270
Australian skeptic says after seeing the


00:19:25.280 --> 00:19:27.590
sun fail to set flat earthers are now


00:19:27.600 --> 00:19:29.149
busy searching for ways to to try and


00:19:29.159 --> 00:19:31.310
reconcile the 24-hour son with their


00:19:31.320 --> 00:19:33.029
current Flat Earth theories the


00:19:33.039 --> 00:19:34.430
interesting thing about Flat Earth is is


00:19:34.440 --> 00:19:36.430
some it's a lot of them actually it's a


00:19:36.440 --> 00:19:37.950
lot more than you think they should be


00:19:37.960 --> 00:19:39.549
one of the producers I worked with at


00:19:39.559 --> 00:19:42.430
the Abc during my more than quarter of a


00:19:42.440 --> 00:19:44.470
century at the organization was a flat


00:19:44.480 --> 00:19:47.630
earther and you could not convince her


00:19:47.640 --> 00:19:49.750
that the Earth wasn't flat no matter and


00:19:49.760 --> 00:19:51.350
I said NASA have checked they've been in


00:19:51.360 --> 00:19:52.830
space they've looked it's definitely


00:19:52.840 --> 00:19:55.149
round and how come all the other around


00:19:55.159 --> 00:19:56.990
government cover the other ones around


00:19:57.000 --> 00:19:59.230
this is an educated person is a producer


00:19:59.240 --> 00:20:01.310
at the journal at the Abc the thing you


00:20:01.320 --> 00:20:03.710
discover is that education has no


00:20:03.720 --> 00:20:05.390
bearing on belief in certain things if


00:20:05.400 --> 00:20:06.350
people want to believe something


00:20:06.360 --> 00:20:07.750
education goes out the window or they


00:20:07.760 --> 00:20:09.430
will fit it to the education the thing


00:20:09.440 --> 00:20:10.630
with flat earther is there's a lot more


00:20:10.640 --> 00:20:12.149
flat earther than you think there are if


00:20:12.159 --> 00:20:13.470
you talk to them some of them are very


00:20:13.480 --> 00:20:15.590
sophisticated in their explanations for


00:20:15.600 --> 00:20:17.270
why the Earth is flat and why other


00:20:17.280 --> 00:20:19.029
people think it's round they hate to use


00:20:19.039 --> 00:20:21.430
the term the globe that's wrong one


00:20:21.440 --> 00:20:24.190
particular um experiment if you like was


00:20:24.200 --> 00:20:26.669
to by a pastor believe it or not from


00:20:26.679 --> 00:20:28.870
Colorado who took a bunch of senior


00:20:28.880 --> 00:20:31.310
leading bloggers and on Flat Earth who


00:20:31.320 --> 00:20:32.830
are you know Pro Flat Earth down to


00:20:32.840 --> 00:20:34.549
Antarctica because according to Flat


00:20:34.559 --> 00:20:36.390
Earth the theory Antarctica is on the


00:20:36.400 --> 00:20:38.510
rim with the big ice wall governed by


00:20:38.520 --> 00:20:40.549
Nasser I believe they're patrolling it


00:20:40.559 --> 00:20:42.950
yeah whatever the case that the sun does


00:20:42.960 --> 00:20:45.350
set and Rise as we said it every day and


00:20:45.360 --> 00:20:47.070
that therefore on a flat Earth there


00:20:47.080 --> 00:20:48.350
should be no place on the Earth where


00:20:48.360 --> 00:20:50.270
the sun does not set and they took into


00:20:50.280 --> 00:20:52.470
Antarctica during the southern Summers


00:20:52.480 --> 00:20:54.230
where the Sun never sets it dips down


00:20:54.240 --> 00:20:55.750
close to the Horizon but it doesn't


00:20:55.760 --> 00:20:58.230
actually set and these Flat Earth said


00:20:58.240 --> 00:21:00.190
whoops well that negates the theory but


00:21:00.200 --> 00:21:01.630
of course like all these people and


00:21:01.640 --> 00:21:03.470
believers they were soon finding reasons


00:21:03.480 --> 00:21:05.590
for why that might happen and you oh


00:21:05.600 --> 00:21:07.310
this is only in this particular area I


00:21:07.320 --> 00:21:08.430
don't know why they'd say that the


00:21:08.440 --> 00:21:10.230
moving to any place in Antarctic or all


00:21:10.240 --> 00:21:12.470
than Northern Arctic as well and you'd


00:21:12.480 --> 00:21:14.430
see the same phenomenon but like all


00:21:14.440 --> 00:21:16.510
believers they will find an explanation


00:21:16.520 --> 00:21:18.669
and some says I don't think it falsifies


00:21:18.679 --> 00:21:21.029
a plane or Earth PL n e Earth I don't


00:21:21.039 --> 00:21:22.710
think it proves the globe I think it's a


00:21:22.720 --> 00:21:25.230
singular data point so they're out there


00:21:25.240 --> 00:21:26.750
and like all people who believe in


00:21:26.760 --> 00:21:28.710
certain phenomenon or conspiracy theory


00:21:28.720 --> 00:21:30.350
or whatever it's very hard to convince


00:21:30.360 --> 00:21:31.870
them otherwise even when you show them


00:21:31.880 --> 00:21:34.029
convincing evidence that's timum from


00:21:34.039 --> 00:21:37.000
Australian


00:21:37.010 --> 00:21:49.909
[Music]


00:21:49.919 --> 00:21:53.029
Skeptics and that's the show for now


00:21:53.039 --> 00:21:54.950
SpaceTime is available every Monday


00:21:54.960 --> 00:21:56.750
Wednesday and Friday through Apple


00:21:56.760 --> 00:22:00.110
podcasts iTunes stick Google podcast


00:22:00.120 --> 00:22:03.909
pocketcasts Spotify acast Amazon music


00:22:03.919 --> 00:22:05.149
bites.com


00:22:05.159 --> 00:22:07.990
SoundCloud YouTube your favorite podcast


00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:10.230
download provider and from SpaceTime


00:22:10.240 --> 00:22:13.470
withth Stewart gar.com SpaceTime is also


00:22:13.480 --> 00:22:15.110
broadcast through the National Science


00:22:15.120 --> 00:22:17.590
Foundation on science Z Radio and on


00:22:17.600 --> 00:22:20.750
both iHeart radio and TuneIn radio and


00:22:20.760 --> 00:22:22.590
you can help to support our show by


00:22:22.600 --> 00:22:24.669
visiting the SpaceTime store for a range


00:22:24.679 --> 00:22:27.269
of promotional merchandising goodies or


00:22:27.279 --> 00:22:29.430
by becoming A Spacetime and Patron which


00:22:29.440 --> 00:22:31.149
gives you access to Triple episode


00:22:31.159 --> 00:22:33.269
commercial free versions of the show as


00:22:33.279 --> 00:22:35.149
well as lots of burnus audio content


00:22:35.159 --> 00:22:37.190
which doesn't go to AAR access to our


00:22:37.200 --> 00:22:39.430
exclusive Facebook group and other


00:22:39.440 --> 00:22:41.590
Awards just go to SpaceTime withth


00:22:41.600 --> 00:22:45.029
Stewart gary.com for full details you've


00:22:45.039 --> 00:22:46.990
been listening to SpaceTime with Stuart


00:22:47.000 --> 00:22:49.510
Gary this has been another quality


00:22:49.520 --> 00:22:53.559
podcast production from bites.com