Historic ISS Medical Evacuation: Crew Returns Safely + Missing Galaxies & Mars Crisis

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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Hey there, space enthusiasts. Welcome to


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Astronomy Daily, your source for the


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latest news from the cosmos. I'm Anna.


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>> And I'm Avery. We've got another packed


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show today with some fascinating stories


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from both near and far. Anna, what are


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we covering?


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>> Well, Avery, we're starting close to


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home with some breaking news from the


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International Space Station. Four


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astronauts just completed the first ever


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medical evacuation from the ISS and


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splashed down safely back on Earth.


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That's quite significant. We'll also be


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diving into a cosmic mystery about


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missing galaxies, getting an update on


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NASA's troubled Maven spacecraft


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orbiting Mars, and exploring some


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surprising findings about how viruses


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behave in microgravity. Plus, we'll


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discuss two newly discovered exoplanets


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that are challenging how we think about


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habitable zones. And we'll wrap up with


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an absolutely stunning new radio image


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of the Milky Way that's revealing hidden


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structures we've never seen before.


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>> Lots to get through, so let's jump right


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in.


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>> All right, Avery, let's start with our


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top story. Four International Space


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Station crew members successfully


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splashed down in the Pacific Ocean off


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the coast of San Diego early this


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morning, marking a historic first for


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the orbital laboratory. Yeah, this was


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the ISS's first ever medical evacuation


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in its 26 years of continuous operation.


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The crew members included American


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astronauts Mike Frink and Zena Cardman,


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Russian cosminaut Ole Platonov and


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Japanese astronaut Kimya Yui. The


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capsule touched down at 12:41 Eastern


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time after spending 5 months in space.


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Now, NASA has been pretty tight- lipped


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about the specific medical issue that


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prompted this early return, which is


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understandable given privacy concerns,


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>> right? What they have said is that the


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affected crew member was and continues


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to be in stable condition. Mike Fank,


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who was the pilot for SpaceX Crew 11,


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posted on social media earlier this


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week, reassuring everyone that the crew


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is okay and that this was a deliberate


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decision to allow proper medical


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evaluations on the ground where full


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diagnostic capabilities exist.


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>> That makes sense. James Pulk, NASA's


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chief health and medical officer,


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mentioned there was a lingering risk and


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uncertainty about the diagnosis that led


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to the decision to bring the crew back


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earlier than originally scheduled. They


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were supposed to stay until midFebruary.


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>> It's worth noting that three other crew


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members remained on the ISS. American


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astronaut Chris Williams and Russian


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cosminauts Sergey Kutzvkov and Sergey


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Mikosev arrived at the station in


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November aboard a Russian Soyu


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spacecraft. So, station operations


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continue normally.


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>> This really highlights the importance of


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having trained medical protocols in


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place. The evacuated crew members had


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been trained to handle unexpected


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medical situations. And according to


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senior NASA official Amit Chhatria, they


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handled everything extremely well.


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>> Absolutely. And this serves as a good


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reminder that despite all the incredible


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engineering and planning that goes into


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space flight, we're still dealing with


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human bodies in an extreme environment.


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Things can and do happen.


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>> Well, we're glad everyone is safe and


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receiving the care they need back on


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Earth.


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>> All right, Anna. Our next story takes us


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much further out into space and much


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further back in time. For years,


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astronomers have assumed that if they


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looked hard enough into the deep cosmos,


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they'd find an almost infinite supply of


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tiny, dim galaxies hiding in the


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darkness.


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>> Right? The prevailing theory has been


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that the smaller the galaxy, the more of


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them there should be. It's kind of like


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a pyramid where you have a few massive


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galaxies at the top and exponentially


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more small ones as you go down.


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>> Exactly. But a new study led by Exu Hang


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Ma from the University of Wisconsin is


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challenging that assumption. Using data


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from the James Webb Space Telescope's


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Uncover program, the team looked through


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a massive galaxy cluster called Abel


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2744, which acts as a natural


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gravitational lens.


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>> Oh, that's clever. The gravity from this


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cluster literally warps spaceime and


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acts like a cosmic magnifying glass.


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Right.


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>> Precisely. It bends and brightens light


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from more distant objects, allowing us


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to see galaxies from the epoch of


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reionization roughly 12 to 13 billion


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years ago. This was a transformative era


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when the first stars and galaxies were


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flooding the universe with ultraviolet


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light.


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>> So, what did they find that was so


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surprising?


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>> Well, when researchers count galaxies of


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different brightnesses, they normally


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use what's called a luminosity function.


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It's basically a cosmic bar chart


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showing how many bright versus dim them


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galaxies exist. And for study after


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study, the chart kept going in one


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direction. More small think galaxies


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than bigger, brighter ones.


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>> But that's not what they found this


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time.


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>> Nope. Instead of continuing to climb,


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the numbers peaked and then started to


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drop off. They're calling this faint end


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suppression, which means that below a


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certain brightness, the population of


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galaxies actually starts to thin out.


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>> So where did all these tiny galaxies go?


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Did they just disappear?


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>> In a sense, yes. The study suggests it's


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a case of cosmic bullying in the early


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universe. The intense radiation from the


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first big stars could have heated up the


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surrounding gas so much that small low


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mass galaxies couldn't hold on to it.


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Without gas, they couldn't form new


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stars. And without stars, they stayed


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dark, essentially becoming cosmic


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ghosts.


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>> That's fascinating, but it also creates


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a problem, doesn't it? I thought these


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tiny galaxies were supposed to be the


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main drivers of reionization.


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>> You're absolutely right. This finding


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suggests we might need to rethink our


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models. If these ultra faint galaxies


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are missing, they can't be the ones


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doing all the heavy lifting during


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reionization. We might need to look at


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slightly bigger, more established


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galaxies to explain how the universe


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became transparent.


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>> This is why I love space science. Every


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answer creates 10 new questions.


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>> Couldn't agree more. And they'll need


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more data from JWST and upcoming surveys


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to see if this is a universal pattern or


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just a quirk of this particular region


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of space.


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>> Okay, Avery, let's head to Mars now for


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an update on NASA's MAVN spacecraft. And


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unfortunately, it's not good news.


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>> No, it's not. NASA officials are now


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saying it's very unlikely they'll be


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able to recover the Mars atmosphere and


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volatile evolution orbiter, which has


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been silent since December 6th.


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>> Naven has been orbiting Mars since


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September 2014, studying the planet's


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upper atmosphere and how solar wind


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strips it away. It's also served as a


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crucial communications relay between


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Mars rovers and Earth.


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>> Right. The spacecraft was supposed to


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pass behind Mars as seen from Earth, a


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routine occurrence. But when it emerged,


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NASA's deep space network didn't observe


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any signal. That was over a month ago


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now.


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>> And the telemetry they did manage to


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recover from December 6th wasn't


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encouraging, was it?


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>> Not at all. Analysis of a brief fragment


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of tracking data from a radio science


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experiment indicated the spacecraft was


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tumbling and no longer in its planned


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orbit. That's a really bad sign because


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if the spacecraft is tumbling, its


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antennas aren't pointing toward Earth,


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which makes communication basically


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impossible.


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>> They even tried using the Curiosity


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rover's camera to take pictures of Maven


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as it passed overhead, assuming it was


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still in its expected orbit, but they


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didn't detect it.


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>> Yeah. On December 16th and 20th. The


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fact that they couldn't spot it suggests


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its orbit has indeed changed


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significantly. Luis Proctctor, director


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of NASA's planetary science division,


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said it plainly during a meeting earlier


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this week. We will start looking again,


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but at this point, it's looking very


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unlikely that we are going to be able to


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recover the spacecraft.


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>> The timing has been particularly


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challenging, too, hasn't it?


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>> Absolutely. Mars went into solar


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conjunction on December 29th, which is


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when Mars and Earth are on opposite


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sides of the sun. During this period,


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the sun interferes with radio


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communications. So NASA paused all


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communications with Mars missions. That


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blackout period just ended on January


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16th, so they can resume attempts. But


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the outlook is grim.


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>> The good news is that Maven isn't the


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only communications relay at Mars.


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Right.


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>> That's correct. Proctor mentioned that


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other orbiters like Mars Reconnaissance


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Orbiter and Mars Odyssey can pick up the


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slack. She said Maven was not a major


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part of the Mars relay network and


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they're taking steps to ensure they can


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still retrieve data from rovers on the


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surface.


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>> Still, it's sad to potentially lose a


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spacecraft that's been so productive for


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over a decade.


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>> Definitely. Maven has made


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groundbreaking discoveries about Mars'


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atmospheric loss and even observed an


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interstellar object called 3IATLS


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late last year. Its contributions to


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planetary science have been immense. Our


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next story is taking us back to the


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International Space Station, but this


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time we're looking at some much smaller


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inhabitants, bacteria, and the viruses


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that infect them. Oh, this is


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fascinating research. A new study from


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the University of Wisconsin Madison used


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E.coli bacteria and the virus called


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bacterial phagee T7 to study how


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microgravity affects the evolutionary


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relationship between viruses and their


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hosts. though they sent bacteria and


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viruses to space.


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>> Exactly. They prepared parallel sets of


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E.coli cultures infected with T7. One


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set stayed on Earth as a control and the


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other went to the ISS to experience


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microgravity. Then they compared what


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happened to both groups.


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>> And I'm guessing things didn't play out


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the same way in both environments.


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>> You guessed right. The analysis showed


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that T7 infection still occurred on the


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ISS, but it only proceeded after an


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initial delay. So, spaceflight appears


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to slow down the early stages of virus


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host encounters without completely


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blocking infection.


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>> That's interesting on its own, but I


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imagine they dug deeper.


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>> They did. They performed whole genome


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sequencing and found that both the


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viruses and bacteria accumulated


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distinctive patterns of mutations in


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space compared to their counterparts on


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Earth. The viruses evolved specific


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changes that appear to improve their


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ability to bind to and infect bacterial


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cells.


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>> And what about the bacteria? Were they


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just sitting drugs?


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>> Not at all. The space flown E.coli coli


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populations acquired mutations that may


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strengthen their defenses against virus


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attack and enhance their chances of


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surviving in near weightless conditions.


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It's like they were engaged in an


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evolutionary arms race, but the rules of


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the race were different in space.


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>> So microgravity is actually changing how


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evolution works.


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>> In a sense, yes. The study shows that


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space flight not only changes the


00:10:56.720 --> 00:10:59.110
physiology of microbes but also the


00:10:59.120 --> 00:11:01.110
physical environment in which viruses


00:11:01.120 --> 00:11:03.829
and bacteria encounter each other. This


00:11:03.839 --> 00:11:05.750
alters the rules of their evolutionary


00:11:05.760 --> 00:11:06.710
interaction.


00:11:06.720 --> 00:11:08.790
>> Okay, but beyond the pure science


00:11:08.800 --> 00:11:10.470
fascination, does this have any


00:11:10.480 --> 00:11:12.310
practical applications?


00:11:12.320 --> 00:11:14.710
>> Absolutely. Here's where it gets really


00:11:14.720 --> 00:11:16.550
cool. They conducted follow-up


00:11:16.560 --> 00:11:18.470
experiments on Earth and found that the


00:11:18.480 --> 00:11:21.269
microgravity associated mutations


00:11:21.279 --> 00:11:23.430
actually increase the virus's activity


00:11:23.440 --> 00:11:26.069
against disease-causing E.coli strains


00:11:26.079 --> 00:11:29.190
that normally resist T7 strains that are


00:11:29.200 --> 00:11:31.509
implicated in urinary tract infections


00:11:31.519 --> 00:11:33.590
and are often drugresistant.


00:11:33.600 --> 00:11:36.470
>> So by studying viral evolution in space,


00:11:36.480 --> 00:11:38.630
we might actually discover new ways to


00:11:38.640 --> 00:11:41.110
fight antibioticresistant bacteria here


00:11:41.120 --> 00:11:43.350
on Earth. That's exactly what the


00:11:43.360 --> 00:11:45.350
researchers are suggesting. According to


00:11:45.360 --> 00:11:47.750
the authors, these space adapted viruses


00:11:47.760 --> 00:11:49.750
can be harnessed to engineer improved


00:11:49.760 --> 00:11:52.310
bacterial phages for use in human health


00:11:52.320 --> 00:11:53.350
applications.


00:11:53.360 --> 00:11:55.509
>> That's incredible. The International


00:11:55.519 --> 00:11:57.430
Space Station continues to prove its


00:11:57.440 --> 00:11:59.910
worth as a unique research platform.


00:11:59.920 --> 00:12:01.910
>> We'll do for a little while yet.


00:12:01.920 --> 00:12:04.150
>> All right, Avery. Let's travel to some


00:12:04.160 --> 00:12:07.030
distant star systems. Now, astronomers


00:12:07.040 --> 00:12:09.590
have discovered two new exoplanets that


00:12:09.600 --> 00:12:12.150
are prompting scientists to rethink how


00:12:12.160 --> 00:12:14.389
we define habitable zones.


00:12:14.399 --> 00:12:16.470
>> Yeah, this is really interesting work.


00:12:16.480 --> 00:12:19.030
The research introduces the concept of a


00:12:19.040 --> 00:12:21.110
temperate zone, which is broader than


00:12:21.120 --> 00:12:22.870
the traditional habitable zone we


00:12:22.880 --> 00:12:24.069
usually talk about.


00:12:24.079 --> 00:12:25.990
>> Can you explain the difference? I think


00:12:26.000 --> 00:12:28.230
a lot of people assume habitable zone


00:12:28.240 --> 00:12:30.629
and temperate mean the same thing.


00:12:30.639 --> 00:12:33.030
>> Good question. The traditional habitable


00:12:33.040 --> 00:12:35.430
zone is pretty narrowly defined. It's


00:12:35.440 --> 00:12:37.509
the distance range from a star where


00:12:37.519 --> 00:12:39.590
liquid water could exist on a planet's


00:12:39.600 --> 00:12:42.150
surface. But this new research led by


00:12:42.160 --> 00:12:43.910
Madison Scott from the University of


00:12:43.920 --> 00:12:46.150
Birmingham and Georgina Dansfield from


00:12:46.160 --> 00:12:48.870
the University of Oxford expands that to


00:12:48.880 --> 00:12:50.870
include what they call the tempered


00:12:50.880 --> 00:12:51.590
zone.


00:12:51.600 --> 00:12:54.150
>> And how is that defined? The tempered


00:12:54.160 --> 00:12:56.150
zone is defined by something called


00:12:56.160 --> 00:12:58.470
insulation flux, which describes the


00:12:58.480 --> 00:13:00.310
amount of solar energy reaching a


00:13:00.320 --> 00:13:02.470
planet's surface. They're using a range


00:13:02.480 --> 00:13:05.829
between about 136 watts per square meter


00:13:05.839 --> 00:13:07.829
and 6,85


00:13:07.839 --> 00:13:10.230
watts per square meter. Earth receives


00:13:10.240 --> 00:13:12.470
about 1,361


00:13:12.480 --> 00:13:14.069
watts per square meter, just for


00:13:14.079 --> 00:13:15.030
reference.


00:13:15.040 --> 00:13:16.710
>> So, it's much broader than the


00:13:16.720 --> 00:13:18.710
conservative habitable zone.


00:13:18.720 --> 00:13:20.949
>> Exactly. The point is to identify


00:13:20.959 --> 00:13:23.269
planets that receive moderate levels of


00:13:23.279 --> 00:13:25.269
stellar radiation. They might not be


00:13:25.279 --> 00:13:27.269
perfect for life as we know it, but


00:13:27.279 --> 00:13:29.190
they're worth studying because as our


00:13:29.200 --> 00:13:31.430
understanding of habitability evolves,


00:13:31.440 --> 00:13:33.110
some of these planets might turn out to


00:13:33.120 --> 00:13:34.710
be more interesting than we initially


00:13:34.720 --> 00:13:35.430
thought.


00:13:35.440 --> 00:13:37.910
>> So, what are these two new planets?


00:13:37.920 --> 00:13:41.509
>> The first is to 6716b,


00:13:41.519 --> 00:13:43.670
which is roughly Earth-sized between


00:13:43.680 --> 00:13:48.310
0.91 and 1.05 Earth radially


00:13:48.320 --> 00:13:52.470
rocky. The second is TOI7384b,


00:13:52.480 --> 00:13:54.790
which is a sub Neptune measuring about


00:13:54.800 --> 00:13:59.350
3.37 to 3.77 Earth radi. This one


00:13:59.360 --> 00:14:01.670
probably has a rocky core with a thick


00:14:01.680 --> 00:14:03.829
hydrogen and helium envelope.


00:14:03.839 --> 00:14:06.150
>> And they're both orbiting red dwarf


00:14:06.160 --> 00:14:07.189
stars.


00:14:07.199 --> 00:14:08.710
>> Correct. They're orbiting what are


00:14:08.720 --> 00:14:11.269
called mid to late type Mdorfs, which


00:14:11.279 --> 00:14:14.310
are small, dim, cool stars. These types


00:14:14.320 --> 00:14:15.829
of stars are really important for this


00:14:15.839 --> 00:14:17.590
kind of research because temperate


00:14:17.600 --> 00:14:19.509
planets orbiting them are much more


00:14:19.519 --> 00:14:21.189
likely to transit in front of their


00:14:21.199 --> 00:14:23.030
stars from our point of view, making


00:14:23.040 --> 00:14:25.670
them easier to detect and study.


00:14:25.680 --> 00:14:27.910
>> So, the goal is to build up a catalog of


00:14:27.920 --> 00:14:30.150
planets that we can actually study in


00:14:30.160 --> 00:14:31.110
detail.


00:14:31.120 --> 00:14:34.389
>> Exactly. TOI6716b


00:14:34.399 --> 00:14:35.829
has a predicted transmission


00:14:35.839 --> 00:14:37.910
spectroscopy metric similar to the


00:14:37.920 --> 00:14:40.230
famous Trappist one planets, which makes


00:14:40.240 --> 00:14:42.310
it a good candidate for JWST


00:14:42.320 --> 00:14:44.310
observations. if it has retained its


00:14:44.320 --> 00:14:46.389
atmosphere. The researchers conclude


00:14:46.399 --> 00:14:48.550
that these discoveries show the power of


00:14:48.560 --> 00:14:50.629
combining test data with groundbased


00:14:50.639 --> 00:14:52.949
observations to build a catalog of


00:14:52.959 --> 00:14:54.629
temperate planets for atmospheric


00:14:54.639 --> 00:14:56.310
studies in the coming decade.


00:14:56.320 --> 00:14:57.990
>> It's exciting to think we're moving


00:14:58.000 --> 00:15:00.629
beyond just counting exoplanets to


00:15:00.639 --> 00:15:02.310
actually being able to study their


00:15:02.320 --> 00:15:04.069
atmospheres in detail.


00:15:04.079 --> 00:15:06.069
>> And for our final story today, we're


00:15:06.079 --> 00:15:08.150
coming back home to our own galaxy.


00:15:08.160 --> 00:15:09.990
Astronomers in Australia have just


00:15:10.000 --> 00:15:12.230
released the most detailed low-frequency


00:15:12.240 --> 00:15:14.389
radio image of the Milky Way ever


00:15:14.399 --> 00:15:15.350
produced.


00:15:15.360 --> 00:15:18.389
>> This image is absolutely stunning. It


00:15:18.399 --> 00:15:20.629
was captured by the Merchesen Wildfield


00:15:20.639 --> 00:15:22.870
Telescope in Western Australia and


00:15:22.880 --> 00:15:25.110
reveals thousands of structures across


00:15:25.120 --> 00:15:27.430
the galaxy's southern sky that we've


00:15:27.440 --> 00:15:29.269
never seen in this kind of detail


00:15:29.279 --> 00:15:30.150
before.


00:15:30.160 --> 00:15:31.990
>> And the numbers behind this are pretty


00:15:32.000 --> 00:15:34.949
impressive. It took over 1 million CPU


00:15:34.959 --> 00:15:36.790
hours to process the data which was


00:15:36.800 --> 00:15:40.389
collected across 141 nights between 2013


00:15:40.399 --> 00:15:41.829
and 2020.


00:15:41.839 --> 00:15:43.829
>> And this isn't just a prettier version


00:15:43.839 --> 00:15:46.069
of something we already had, right? This


00:15:46.079 --> 00:15:48.470
is genuinely new science.


00:15:48.480 --> 00:15:50.150
>> Absolutely. According to the


00:15:50.160 --> 00:15:52.470
International Center for Radio Astronomy


00:15:52.480 --> 00:15:54.790
Research, this updated release from the


00:15:54.800 --> 00:15:57.269
Gleam X survey delivers twice the


00:15:57.279 --> 00:15:59.670
resolution and 10 times the sensitivity


00:15:59.680 --> 00:16:01.990
of earlier efforts. Plus, it covers


00:16:02.000 --> 00:16:03.670
twice as much of the sky.


00:16:03.680 --> 00:16:05.430
>> What kinds of things can we see in this


00:16:05.440 --> 00:16:06.310
image?


00:16:06.320 --> 00:16:09.189
>> Well, Sylvia Monttovani, a PhD student


00:16:09.199 --> 00:16:11.110
at Curtain University who led the


00:16:11.120 --> 00:16:13.269
project, explains you can clearly


00:16:13.279 --> 00:16:15.829
identify remnants of exploded stars


00:16:15.839 --> 00:16:18.069
represented by large red circles in the


00:16:18.079 --> 00:16:20.629
image. The smaller blue regions indicate


00:16:20.639 --> 00:16:23.030
stellar nurseries where new stars are


00:16:23.040 --> 00:16:24.550
actively forming.


00:16:24.560 --> 00:16:27.189
>> So, it's showing us both the birth and


00:16:27.199 --> 00:16:28.710
death of stars.


00:16:28.720 --> 00:16:31.030
>> Exactly. One of the major focuses of


00:16:31.040 --> 00:16:33.030
this survey is finding supernova


00:16:33.040 --> 00:16:35.189
remnants which are notoriously difficult


00:16:35.199 --> 00:16:36.949
to spot in the cluttered background of


00:16:36.959 --> 00:16:39.350
the Milky Way. Hundreds are already


00:16:39.360 --> 00:16:41.269
cataloged, but astronomers believe


00:16:41.279 --> 00:16:43.829
thousands more still hidden. With this


00:16:43.839 --> 00:16:46.230
new level of resolution, those cosmic


00:16:46.240 --> 00:16:48.310
scars from ancient stellar explosions


00:16:48.320 --> 00:16:50.150
are easier to identify.


00:16:50.160 --> 00:16:52.150
>> The image also helps with pulsar


00:16:52.160 --> 00:16:53.430
studies, doesn't it?


00:16:53.440 --> 00:16:55.910
>> Yes. Measuring pulsar brightness across


00:16:55.920 --> 00:16:58.150
different radio bands could improve our


00:16:58.160 --> 00:16:59.749
understanding of how these spinning


00:16:59.759 --> 00:17:01.910
neutron stars function and where they


00:17:01.920 --> 00:17:04.069
live in the galaxy. The survey has


00:17:04.079 --> 00:17:07.189
cataloged over 98,000 radio sources in


00:17:07.199 --> 00:17:07.990
total.


00:17:08.000 --> 00:17:10.309
>> That's an incredible number. And I read


00:17:10.319 --> 00:17:12.069
that this is setting the stage for an


00:17:12.079 --> 00:17:14.150
even more powerful telescope.


00:17:14.160 --> 00:17:16.309
>> Right. The Merchesen Wildfield Array


00:17:16.319 --> 00:17:18.710
will eventually be surpassed by the SKA


00:17:18.720 --> 00:17:20.549
Low Array, which is currently under


00:17:20.559 --> 00:17:22.230
construction in the same region of


00:17:22.240 --> 00:17:24.630
Western Australia. Once the SKA


00:17:24.640 --> 00:17:26.630
observatory is operational, it'll


00:17:26.640 --> 00:17:28.870
deliver even sharper and deeper views of


00:17:28.880 --> 00:17:29.909
the universe.


00:17:29.919 --> 00:17:32.070
>> But for now, we have this remarkable


00:17:32.080 --> 00:17:34.630
foundation. Associate Professor Natasha


00:17:34.640 --> 00:17:36.950
Hurley Walker, who leads the Gleam X


00:17:36.960 --> 00:17:38.789
survey, called this an exciting


00:17:38.799 --> 00:17:41.430
milestone in astronomy since no


00:17:41.440 --> 00:17:43.590
frequency radio image of the entire


00:17:43.600 --> 00:17:45.270
southern galactic plane has been


00:17:45.280 --> 00:17:46.390
published before.


00:17:46.400 --> 00:17:48.310
>> And it's not just about the Milky Way.


00:17:48.320 --> 00:17:50.870
The catalog includes distant galaxies as


00:17:50.880 --> 00:17:53.350
well. So, it's a dense, glowing map of


00:17:53.360 --> 00:17:55.110
our cosmic neighborhood that future


00:17:55.120 --> 00:17:57.190
generations of astronomers will use,


00:17:57.200 --> 00:17:59.110
refine, and expand upon.


00:17:59.120 --> 00:18:01.350
>> Well, that wraps up today's episode of


00:18:01.360 --> 00:18:03.510
Astronomy Daily. We covered quite a bit


00:18:03.520 --> 00:18:05.430
of ground today. From the first medical


00:18:05.440 --> 00:18:08.310
evacuation from the ISS to missing dwarf


00:18:08.320 --> 00:18:11.029
galaxies, a troubled Mars orbiter,


00:18:11.039 --> 00:18:13.590
viruses evolving in space, newly


00:18:13.600 --> 00:18:16.070
discovered exoplanets, and a spectacular


00:18:16.080 --> 00:18:18.710
new view of our home galaxy. It really


00:18:18.720 --> 00:18:20.549
shows the incredible breath of space


00:18:20.559 --> 00:18:22.630
science happening right now. Whether


00:18:22.640 --> 00:18:25.669
it's 300 m above our heads on the ISS,


00:18:25.679 --> 00:18:27.830
millions of miles away at Mars, or


00:18:27.840 --> 00:18:29.430
billions of light years away in the


00:18:29.440 --> 00:18:31.510
early universe, there's always something


00:18:31.520 --> 00:18:32.870
new to discover.


00:18:32.880 --> 00:18:35.029
>> Thanks so much for joining us today. If


00:18:35.039 --> 00:18:36.789
you enjoyed the show, please subscribe


00:18:36.799 --> 00:18:38.870
and leave us a review. It really helps


00:18:38.880 --> 00:18:41.029
other space enthusiasts find us.


00:18:41.039 --> 00:18:42.870
>> And if you have any questions or topics


00:18:42.880 --> 00:18:44.789
you'd like us to cover, reach out to us


00:18:44.799 --> 00:18:46.789
on social media. You'll find us on all


00:18:46.799 --> 00:18:48.710
the major platforms. Just search for


00:18:48.720 --> 00:18:51.110
Astro Daily Pod. We love hearing from


00:18:51.120 --> 00:18:52.070
our listeners.


00:18:52.080 --> 00:18:54.710
>> Until next time, keep looking up. Clear


00:18:54.720 --> 00:19:07.029
skies, everyone.


00:19:07.039 --> 00:19:10.760
Stories told.