Gamma Ray Revolution: The Longest Burst and Cosmic Mysteries Unveiled

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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This is Spacetime Series 28, episode 147


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for broadcast on the 17th of December


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2025.


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Coming up on Spaceime, discovery of the


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longest gammaray burst ever detected. An


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elemental bounty discovered in a


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supernova remnant. And for the first


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time, the International Space Station is


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full up with no spare parking spaces


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available. All that and more coming up


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on Spaceime.


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Welcome to Spaceime with Stuart Garry.


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Astronomers have discovered the longest


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gammaray burst ever detected, lasting


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over 7 hours, and in the process


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changing science's understanding about


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the death of the most massive stars.


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Astronomers have been trying to work out


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exactly what was responsible for this


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extraordinary cosmic explosion ever


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since it was first detected on July the


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2nd. The initial observations have been


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reported in the monthly notices of the


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Royal Astronomical Society and in the


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Astrophysical Journal letters. Gammaray


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bursts are incredibly rare. Put simply,


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they're the most powerful explosions


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since the big bang of creation 13.8


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billion years ago. And they come in two


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broad types. There are short period


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gammaray bursts which last just a few


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seconds and are thought to be caused by


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the merger of two neutron stars forming


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a black hole or by the merger of a


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neutron star into a black hole. Then


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there are long period gammaray bursts.


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They can last for more than 10 seconds


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and are thought to be caused by the


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explosive supernova deaths of the most


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massive stars, turning them into black


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holes. This specific gammaray burst


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named GRB250702b


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continued not for hours but days and is


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now thought to have herald a new kind of


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stellar explosion.


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Astronomers still think the best


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explanation for this outburst is a black


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hole consuming a star, but they disagree


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on exactly how this would have happened.


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Possibilities include a black hole


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weighing a few thousand times the mass


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of our sun shredding a star that passed


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too close or alternatively a much


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smaller black hole merging with and


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consuming its stellar companion. One of


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the study's authors, Eliza Knights from


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George Washington University in NASA's


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Godard Space Flight Center in Green


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Belt, Maryland, says the initial wave of


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gamma rays lasted at least 7 hours, and


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that's nearly twice the duration of the


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longest gammaray bursts previously seen.


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It was unlike anything observed in the


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last half century, and it had some


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really unusual properties. On average, a


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gammaray burst is detected somewhere in


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the universe at least once a day. They


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can appear anywhere in the sky without


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warning. Usually, they're very distant


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events with even the closest known


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example erupting more than 100 million


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lighty years away. But the record


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setting duration of the July burst


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places it in a class by itself. Of the


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roughly 15,000 gammaray bursts observed


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since the phenomenon was first


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recognized back in 1973, none have been


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as long and only around half a dozen


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have even come close. Because


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opportunities to study such events are


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so rare and because many reveal new ways


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to create gammaray bursts, astronomers


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are especially excited about the July


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event. All gammaray bursts are thought


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to be generated by matter falling into a


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black hole. But not all the matter


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falling into a black hole is immediately


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consumed. Most of it first forms an


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accretion disc around the black hole.


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There it's crushed and torn apart at the


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subatomic level. Most will pass beyond


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the point of no return called the event


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horizon after which it falls forever


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into the black hole singularity. But


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black holes are messy eaters and some of


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the material is caught up in magnetic


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fields which channels the matter into


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tight jets of particles that stream out


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across the universe at almost the speed


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of light in the process creating gamma


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rays as they go. The thing is none of


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this is thought to be able to readily


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create jets able to keep firing for days


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on end. And that's why 2550702b


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poses such a unique puzzle. The gammaray


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burst monitor on NASA's Fermy gammaray


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space telescope discovered the burst and


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triggered multiple times over the course


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of 3 hours. It was also detected by the


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burst alert telescope on NASA's swift


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space telescope, the Russian Kronos


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instrument on NASA's wind mission, the


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gammaray and neutron spectrometer on the


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psyche spacecraft. That's the NASA


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mission currently on its way to the


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asteroid 16 psyche and by Japan's


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monitor of all sky x-ray image


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instrument aboard the international


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space station. The thing is this burst


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went on for so long that no high energy


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monitor in space was equipped to fully


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observe it and so it took the combined


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power of instruments on multiple


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spacecraft to better understand the


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event. The Whitefield X-ray telescope on


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China's Einstein probe also detected the


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burst in X-rays and showed that a signal


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was already present the previous day.


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The first precise location came early


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July 3rd when Swift's X-ray telescope


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imaged the burst in the constellation


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Scootum. That's near the crowded dusty


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plane of our Milky Way galaxy. Now given


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this location and the day earlier X-ray


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detection, astronomers initially


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wondered whether this might be a


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different type of outburst from


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somewhere within our own Milky Way


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galaxy. But images from some of the


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largest telescopes on Earth, including


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those at the KEK and Gemini


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Observatories in Hawaii and the European


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Southern Observatory's VT or Very Large


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Telescope in Chile, indicated that there


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was a galaxy at those coordinates. And


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so astronomers turn to NASA's Hubble


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Space Telescope for a clearer view.


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Andrew Lean from Redbound University in


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the Netherlands says it definitely is


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another galaxy, proving that it was a


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distant and powerful explosion, but he


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admits it was a very strange looking


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one. He says the Hubble data is a bit


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ambiguous. It shows either two galaxies


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merging or one galaxy with a dark band


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of dust splitting the core into two


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pieces. And more recent images captured


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by NASA's web space telescope strongly


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support Leven's interpretation. The web


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observations clearly show the gammaray


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burst shining through this dust lane


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spilling across the galaxy. In late


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August, astronomers using web and the


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very large telescope to determine the


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galaxy's distance and other properties


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concluded that the burst was remarkably


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powerful, erupting with the equivalent


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energy emitted by a thousand suns


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shining for 10 billion years. Amazingly,


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this galaxy so far away that light from


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this explosion began racing outward some


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8 billion years ago, long before our sun


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and solar system had even begun to form.


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A comprehensive study of the X-ray light


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following the main burst used


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observations from Swift, NASA's Chandra


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X-ray Observatory and the AY's Newar


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Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array


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mission. The Swift and Newar data


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revealed rapid flares occurring up to 2


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days after the burst discovery. The


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continued accretion of matter by the


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black hole powered an outflow that


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produced these flares. But the process


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continued for far longer than possible


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in standard gamay burst models. The late


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X-ray flares showed that the blast power


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source simply refused to shut off which


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means the black hole kept feeding for at


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least a few days after the initial


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eruption. A firmian swift data indicate


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a typical if unusually long gammaray


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burst. But spectroscopic web


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observations didn't find a supernova


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explosion, which typically follows a


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stellar collapse gammaray burst,


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although it may have been obscured by


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its dust and distance. The Einstein


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probe saw X-rays a day before the burst,


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while New star tracked the X-ray flares


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up to 2 days after it, but neither was


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typical for gammaray bursts. In


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addition, a detailed study shows that


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the host galaxy appears to be very


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different from the typically small


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galaxies that host most stellar collapse


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gammaray bursts. It turns out this


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galaxy surprisingly large with more than


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twice the mass of our own Milky Way.


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Now, in both the two scenarios we've


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discussed here, the black hole should


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have consumed the star in about a day.


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The first involves an intermediate mass


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black hole, one with a few thousand


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solar masses and an event horizon a few


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times larger than the Earth. As a star


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wanders too close, it becomes stretched,


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spaghettified, if you will, along its


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orbit by gravitational forces from the


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black hole and is then rapidly consumed.


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This describes what astronomers call a


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tidal disruption event, but one caused


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by a rarely observed middleweight black


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hole with a mass much greater than those


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born in stellar collapses and much


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smaller than the behemoth super massive


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black holes found at the centers of


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galaxies. Right now, the Gammaray team


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are favoring a different scenario


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because if this burst is like the


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others, the black holes mass must be


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more similar to that of our sun. Their


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model envisions a black hole with about


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three solar masses with an event horizon


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just 18 km across orbiting and then


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merging with a companion star. The star


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would be of similar mass to the black


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hole but much smaller than the sun.


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That's because its hydrogen atmosphere


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has already been mostly stripped away


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leaving just a dense helium core forming


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an object which astronomers call a


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helium star. Now in both cases, matter


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from the star first flows towards the


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black hole, then collects into a vast


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accretion disc from which material makes


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its final plunge into the black hole. At


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some point in this process, the system


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begins to shine bright in X-rays. Then,


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as the black hole rapidly consumes the


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stars matter, gammaray jets are blasted


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outwards. But notably, the helium star


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merger model makes a unique prediction.


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Once the black hole is totally immersed


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within the main body of the star,


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feasting on it from the inside, if you


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will, the energy it releases explodes


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the star and powers a supernova.


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Unfortunately, this explosion occurs


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behind enormous clouds of dust and gas,


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meaning even the power of the web space


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telescope wouldn't be enough to see the


00:10:17.600 --> 00:10:19.910
expected supernova.


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While the smoking gun evidence to


00:10:22.000 --> 00:10:23.670
explain exactly what happened on July


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the 2nd will have to wait for future


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events, GB250702b


00:10:29.200 --> 00:10:31.430
has already provided new insights into


00:10:31.440 --> 00:10:33.829
what is now the longest gammaray burst


00:10:33.839 --> 00:10:35.910
ever seen.


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This is spaceime still to come.


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Astronomers have for the first time


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detected the elements chlorine and


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potassium in a supernova remnant. And


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the International Space Station's been


00:10:46.640 --> 00:10:48.389
forced to put out the fully occupied


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sign for the first time with all eight


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of its docking ports now in use. All


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that and more still to come on Spaceime.


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Astronomers have for the first time ever


00:11:13.440 --> 00:11:15.190
detected the elements chlorine and


00:11:15.200 --> 00:11:18.069
potassium in a supernova remnant. The


00:11:18.079 --> 00:11:20.069
discovery reported in the journal Nature


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Astronomy was made using Chrysom, the


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X-ray imaging and spectroscopic mission


00:11:24.720 --> 00:11:27.030
spacecraft. Chrysen observed the


00:11:27.040 --> 00:11:29.670
elements in the supernova remnant Casia


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A, which is the remains of a star that


00:11:31.680 --> 00:11:34.710
exploded some 340 years ago. This


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expanding cloud of debris is located


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some 11,000 lighty years away in the


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northern constellation Cassiopia and is


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now some 10 lighty years across. Other


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than hydrogen and helium which were


00:11:46.240 --> 00:11:48.389
produced in the big bang 13.8 billion


00:11:48.399 --> 00:11:50.389
years ago, all the elements in our


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universe are manufactured in stars


00:11:53.200 --> 00:11:55.350
either during their lives or when they


00:11:55.360 --> 00:11:57.910
die. This includes the iron in your


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blood, the calcium in your bones. Heat


00:12:01.040 --> 00:12:03.110
and pressure fuse lighter elements like


00:12:03.120 --> 00:12:05.190
carbon and oxygen into progressively


00:12:05.200 --> 00:12:08.310
heavier ones like neon and ion, creating


00:12:08.320 --> 00:12:10.790
onion-like layers of materials inside


00:12:10.800 --> 00:12:13.750
stars. But nuclear reactions also take


00:12:13.760 --> 00:12:15.430
place during explosive events like


00:12:15.440 --> 00:12:17.670
supernova, which occur when a star runs


00:12:17.680 --> 00:12:20.470
out of fuel and collapses and explodes.


00:12:20.480 --> 00:12:22.389
Elemental abundances and different


00:12:22.399 --> 00:12:24.470
locations in a stellar wreckage can tell


00:12:24.480 --> 00:12:26.389
astronomers a lot about the progenitor


00:12:26.399 --> 00:12:28.629
star and its explosion, even after


00:12:28.639 --> 00:12:31.269
hundreds or thousands of years. Some


00:12:31.279 --> 00:12:33.590
elements like oxygen, carbon, and neon


00:12:33.600 --> 00:12:35.350
are more common than others and are


00:12:35.360 --> 00:12:37.269
therefore easier to detect and trace


00:12:37.279 --> 00:12:39.110
back to a particular part of a star's


00:12:39.120 --> 00:12:41.750
life. But other elements like chlorine


00:12:41.760 --> 00:12:44.150
and potassium are far more elusive.


00:12:44.160 --> 00:12:45.910
Since scientists have less data about


00:12:45.920 --> 00:12:48.069
them, it's more difficult to model where


00:12:48.079 --> 00:12:50.710
in the star they formed. But these rarer


00:12:50.720 --> 00:12:53.509
elements still play important roles in


00:12:53.519 --> 00:12:56.230
life on Earth. Potassium, for example,


00:12:56.240 --> 00:12:58.550
helps cells and muscles function, and so


00:12:58.560 --> 00:13:00.230
astronomers are interested in tracing


00:13:00.240 --> 00:13:02.870
its cosmic origins. This study's lead


00:13:02.880 --> 00:13:05.030
author, Tashiki Sato from Menai


00:13:05.040 --> 00:13:07.350
University in Tokyo says the discovery


00:13:07.360 --> 00:13:09.829
helps illustrate how the deaths of stars


00:13:09.839 --> 00:13:12.230
and life on Earth are fundamentally


00:13:12.240 --> 00:13:13.829
intertwined.


00:13:13.839 --> 00:13:16.150
As Carl Sean once said, we are all


00:13:16.160 --> 00:13:18.629
stardust. Now, thanks to Chrysom,


00:13:18.639 --> 00:13:20.790
astronomers have a better idea of when


00:13:20.800 --> 00:13:22.870
and how stars might make crucial yet


00:13:22.880 --> 00:13:25.350
harder to find elements. The roughly


00:13:25.360 --> 00:13:28.150
circular Cassia supernova remnant has a


00:13:28.160 --> 00:13:30.310
super dense neutron star at its center,


00:13:30.320 --> 00:13:32.150
the remains of the progenitor stars


00:13:32.160 --> 00:13:35.110
original core. Astronomers using NASA's


00:13:35.120 --> 00:13:37.509
Changer X-ray observatory had previously


00:13:37.519 --> 00:13:39.829
identified signatures for iron, silicon,


00:13:39.839 --> 00:13:41.350
sulfur, and other elements within


00:13:41.360 --> 00:13:43.750
Cassiopia. In the hunt for other


00:13:43.760 --> 00:13:45.509
elements, the authors used Chrysom to


00:13:45.519 --> 00:13:48.389
look at the remnant in December of 2023,


00:13:48.399 --> 00:13:49.829
and they were able to pick out the


00:13:49.839 --> 00:13:51.829
signatures for chlorine potassium,


00:13:51.839 --> 00:13:53.670
determining that the remnant contains


00:13:53.680 --> 00:13:56.150
much higher ratios than expected. They


00:13:56.160 --> 00:13:58.310
also detected a possible indication of


00:13:58.320 --> 00:14:00.069
phosphorus, which had previously already


00:14:00.079 --> 00:14:02.150
been discovered in Cassopia A through


00:14:02.160 --> 00:14:04.710
infrared observations. The study's


00:14:04.720 --> 00:14:06.710
authors think stellar activity could


00:14:06.720 --> 00:14:08.550
have disrupted the layers of nuclear


00:14:08.560 --> 00:14:10.470
fusion inside the star before it


00:14:10.480 --> 00:14:13.590
exploded. That kind of upheaval may have


00:14:13.600 --> 00:14:15.750
led to persistent large-scale churning


00:14:15.760 --> 00:14:17.829
of material inside the star that created


00:14:17.839 --> 00:14:19.670
the sorts of conditions where chlorine


00:14:19.680 --> 00:14:22.069
potassium formed in abundance. The


00:14:22.079 --> 00:14:23.829
authors also combined their crisis


00:14:23.839 --> 00:14:25.750
observations with those from the Chandra


00:14:25.760 --> 00:14:27.750
Earth orbiting X-ray telescope, showing


00:14:27.760 --> 00:14:29.670
that the elements were concentrated in


00:14:29.680 --> 00:14:31.590
the southeastern and northern parts of


00:14:31.600 --> 00:14:34.710
the remnant. This lopsided distribution


00:14:34.720 --> 00:14:37.189
may mean the star itself had undergone


00:14:37.199 --> 00:14:39.430
asymmetries before it exploded.


00:14:39.440 --> 00:14:41.269
Something that the Chandra data had


00:14:41.279 --> 00:14:43.509
previously suggested. The authors had


00:14:43.519 --> 00:14:45.350
always suspected that a key part might


00:14:45.360 --> 00:14:47.590
be asymmetry. And now they have more


00:14:47.600 --> 00:14:50.310
evidence to support that hypothesis. But


00:14:50.320 --> 00:14:51.590
there's still a lot they don't


00:14:51.600 --> 00:14:53.990
understand about how stars explode and


00:14:54.000 --> 00:14:55.829
how they distribute all their elements


00:14:55.839 --> 00:14:58.389
across the cosmos. Being able to make


00:14:58.399 --> 00:14:59.990
measurements with good statistical


00:15:00.000 --> 00:15:02.310
precision of these rarer elements allows


00:15:02.320 --> 00:15:03.990
astronomers to develop a better


00:15:04.000 --> 00:15:05.590
understanding of the nuclear fusion


00:15:05.600 --> 00:15:08.310
process going on inside stars before and


00:15:08.320 --> 00:15:11.030
during their supernova explosions and


00:15:11.040 --> 00:15:12.949
spacecraft like Chrysom helps to


00:15:12.959 --> 00:15:15.590
accelerate that understanding. This


00:15:15.600 --> 00:15:17.670
report from NASA TV.


00:15:17.680 --> 00:15:20.790
>> Krism is our newest X-ray telescope in


00:15:20.800 --> 00:15:23.509
space. It's a Jackson NASA collaborative


00:15:23.519 --> 00:15:26.230
mission with ISSA participation and will


00:15:26.240 --> 00:15:28.710
revolutionize X-ray observations of the


00:15:28.720 --> 00:15:31.350
universe.


00:15:31.360 --> 00:15:33.670
It does this with a one-of-a-kind sensor


00:15:33.680 --> 00:15:36.310
that captures data with 36 super cooled


00:15:36.320 --> 00:15:38.710
pixels.


00:15:38.720 --> 00:15:41.670
Yes, you heard that right. This


00:15:41.680 --> 00:15:43.750
groundbreaking detector isn't measured


00:15:43.760 --> 00:15:47.829
in megapixels. It's a 6x6 grid of 36


00:15:47.839 --> 00:15:52.710
pixels. But they're unlike any others.


00:15:52.720 --> 00:15:54.870
Although this detector called Resolve


00:15:54.880 --> 00:15:57.829
can create lowresolution X-ray images,


00:15:57.839 --> 00:16:01.030
that is not what makes it unique. Each


00:16:01.040 --> 00:16:03.030
pixel in Resolve is a microc


00:16:03.040 --> 00:16:05.269
calorimeter, so it can measure tiny


00:16:05.279 --> 00:16:08.470
amounts of heat. A six-stage system


00:16:08.480 --> 00:16:11.990
cools it to 50 ml or a fraction of a


00:16:12.000 --> 00:16:15.110
degree above absolute zero. This extreme


00:16:15.120 --> 00:16:17.189
low temperature allows Resolve to


00:16:17.199 --> 00:16:19.670
measure how much a pixel warms when it


00:16:19.680 --> 00:16:23.030
absorbs a single X-ray and therefore


00:16:23.040 --> 00:16:25.430
measure the energy of that one particle


00:16:25.440 --> 00:16:28.710
of light. It's basically a precise way


00:16:28.720 --> 00:16:31.829
of measuring the X-ray's color.


00:16:31.839 --> 00:16:34.389
As a result, Krism can create the most


00:16:34.399 --> 00:16:37.030
detailed X-ray spectrum ever for distant


00:16:37.040 --> 00:16:40.310
objects. This spectrum can give a great


00:16:40.320 --> 00:16:42.389
deal of useful information like


00:16:42.399 --> 00:16:44.389
temperature, what elements are present


00:16:44.399 --> 00:16:47.030
and in what quantities, and how fast an


00:16:47.040 --> 00:16:49.350
object is moving towards or away from


00:16:49.360 --> 00:16:51.910
us, even if we can only see it as a dot


00:16:51.920 --> 00:16:54.069
in the sky too distant to resolve


00:16:54.079 --> 00:16:55.910
details.


00:16:55.920 --> 00:16:57.269
This would be a revolutionary


00:16:57.279 --> 00:16:59.509
achievement for a detector with a single


00:16:59.519 --> 00:17:03.030
pixel, but Resolve has 36. This allows


00:17:03.040 --> 00:17:05.829
Chrysom to observe extended objects that


00:17:05.839 --> 00:17:08.069
aren't point source dots and create


00:17:08.079 --> 00:17:10.549
spectrum maps of their different regions


00:17:10.559 --> 00:17:13.029
that can reveal speed and temperature


00:17:13.039 --> 00:17:16.069
differences in extremely hot gases.


00:17:16.079 --> 00:17:18.230
Using that information, scientists can


00:17:18.240 --> 00:17:21.029
determine how nebula and galaxy clusters


00:17:21.039 --> 00:17:24.870
have evolved and interacted over time.


00:17:24.880 --> 00:17:27.270
The resolve detector was invented and


00:17:27.280 --> 00:17:29.190
built at NASA's Gddard Space Flight


00:17:29.200 --> 00:17:32.150
Center. The detector success in Crism


00:17:32.160 --> 00:17:34.230
will enable Goddard to further the


00:17:34.240 --> 00:17:36.870
design and follow up with X-ray microc


00:17:36.880 --> 00:17:39.350
calorimeters with hundreds or even


00:17:39.360 --> 00:17:41.669
thousands of pixels.


00:17:41.679 --> 00:17:44.150
So while it may not sound as impressive


00:17:44.160 --> 00:17:47.510
as 4K or 50 megapixels, the resolve


00:17:47.520 --> 00:17:48.950
detector on Chrism will be


00:17:48.960 --> 00:17:51.190
revolutionizing our understanding of the


00:17:51.200 --> 00:17:54.150
large scale high energy universe. And


00:17:54.160 --> 00:17:56.710
that's pretty amazing for a mere three


00:17:56.720 --> 00:18:00.390
dozen pixels. This is spacetime. Still


00:18:00.400 --> 00:18:02.549
to come, the International Space Station


00:18:02.559 --> 00:18:04.630
puts out the full up sign with no spare


00:18:04.640 --> 00:18:06.870
parking spaces available. And later in


00:18:06.880 --> 00:18:09.110
the science report, a new study claims


00:18:09.120 --> 00:18:11.669
flavoroids may help improve insulin


00:18:11.679 --> 00:18:13.830
resistance. All that and more still to


00:18:13.840 --> 00:18:31.029
come on Spaceime.


00:18:31.039 --> 00:18:33.110
For the first time in its history, the


00:18:33.120 --> 00:18:35.029
International Space Station is fully


00:18:35.039 --> 00:18:37.029
occupied with all eight of its docking


00:18:37.039 --> 00:18:40.150
ports now in use. The houseful sign went


00:18:40.160 --> 00:18:41.669
up following the redocking of the


00:18:41.679 --> 00:18:43.590
Northrrook Grumman Signis cargo ship


00:18:43.600 --> 00:18:45.669
under the Earth-facing port of the Unity


00:18:45.679 --> 00:18:47.830
module. The orbiting outpost is


00:18:47.840 --> 00:18:49.430
currently playing host to a pair of


00:18:49.440 --> 00:18:51.830
SpaceX Dragon spacecraft, the Signis


00:18:51.840 --> 00:18:53.830
cargo ship we just mentioned, Jax's


00:18:53.840 --> 00:18:55.350
HTVX1


00:18:55.360 --> 00:18:57.750
cargo ship, two Roscosmos Soyuse


00:18:57.760 --> 00:19:00.070
capsules, and two Roscosmos Progress


00:19:00.080 --> 00:19:02.549
cargo ships. The Signis is flying


00:19:02.559 --> 00:19:04.470
Northrup Grman's 23rd commercial


00:19:04.480 --> 00:19:06.230
resupply mission for NASA and was


00:19:06.240 --> 00:19:08.310
repositioned using the station's Canada


00:19:08.320 --> 00:19:11.830
arm 2 robotic arm. NASA Northrup Grman


00:19:11.840 --> 00:19:14.070
and Ros Cosmos jointly planned the move


00:19:14.080 --> 00:19:15.590
to clear the way for the arrival of the


00:19:15.600 --> 00:19:18.390
soy MS28 spacecraft late last month and


00:19:18.400 --> 00:19:21.350
its new threeperson crew. The signis is


00:19:21.360 --> 00:19:23.430
expected to remain docked until March


00:19:23.440 --> 00:19:25.110
when it will depart loaded with up to


00:19:25.120 --> 00:19:27.669
11,000 lbs of trash and excess gear and


00:19:27.679 --> 00:19:29.430
then re-enter Earth's atmosphere where


00:19:29.440 --> 00:19:31.909
it will burn up. Meanwhile, the 10


00:19:31.919 --> 00:19:35.110
member expedition 7374 crew are about to


00:19:35.120 --> 00:19:37.029
drop down to seven with the scheduled


00:19:37.039 --> 00:19:39.909
departure of the Soyuse MS-27 spacecraft


00:19:39.919 --> 00:19:42.070
and its threeperson crew slated to


00:19:42.080 --> 00:19:44.470
undock from the PAL module and return to


00:19:44.480 --> 00:19:47.029
Earth landing in Kazakhstan.


00:19:47.039 --> 00:20:04.390
This is spaceime


00:20:04.400 --> 00:20:06.070
And time now to take another brief look


00:20:06.080 --> 00:20:07.590
at some of the other stories making news


00:20:07.600 --> 00:20:09.430
in science this week with the science


00:20:09.440 --> 00:20:12.870
report. A new study claims flavoronoids,


00:20:12.880 --> 00:20:15.029
chemicals found in dark colored fruits,


00:20:15.039 --> 00:20:17.510
orange, citrus tea, white wine, and dark


00:20:17.520 --> 00:20:19.590
chocolate may help improve insulin


00:20:19.600 --> 00:20:22.310
resistance. Previous research has linked


00:20:22.320 --> 00:20:24.310
flavonoid intake with benefits for


00:20:24.320 --> 00:20:26.870
cancer and blood pressure. Now, a report


00:20:26.880 --> 00:20:29.190
in the journal plus one examined data


00:20:29.200 --> 00:20:30.870
from Australian health and nutrition


00:20:30.880 --> 00:20:33.029
surveys showing a link between the


00:20:33.039 --> 00:20:35.270
intake of these foods and lower insulin


00:20:35.280 --> 00:20:37.350
resistance, a condition that can lead to


00:20:37.360 --> 00:20:39.669
type 2 diabetes and other metabolic


00:20:39.679 --> 00:20:42.710
events. Now, this type of study can't


00:20:42.720 --> 00:20:44.470
prove flavoronoids are the reason for


00:20:44.480 --> 00:20:46.310
the link, but the authors say their lab


00:20:46.320 --> 00:20:48.230
tests were able to show evidence of


00:20:48.240 --> 00:20:50.230
flavoronoids affecting insulin


00:20:50.240 --> 00:20:53.029
resistance in cells.


00:20:53.039 --> 00:20:55.110
The Israeli Defense Forces banned


00:20:55.120 --> 00:20:57.110
Chinese vehicles from their bases and


00:20:57.120 --> 00:20:59.110
production facilities, issuing blanket


00:20:59.120 --> 00:21:01.190
orders that any military personnel or


00:21:01.200 --> 00:21:03.669
civilian employees who own Chinese-made


00:21:03.679 --> 00:21:05.909
cars must park them well away from


00:21:05.919 --> 00:21:08.950
bases. The new IDF regulations are based


00:21:08.960 --> 00:21:11.350
on security concerns about data leaks


00:21:11.360 --> 00:21:13.669
from built-in cameras, GPS technology,


00:21:13.679 --> 00:21:15.430
and other sensors which are fitted to


00:21:15.440 --> 00:21:17.190
these vehicles and which can be remotely


00:21:17.200 --> 00:21:19.669
controlled and monitored from China. The


00:21:19.679 --> 00:21:21.909
fear is images, audio, or other data


00:21:21.919 --> 00:21:24.470
collected by these devices is being sent


00:21:24.480 --> 00:21:26.630
back to China and then handed over to


00:21:26.640 --> 00:21:29.270
Chinese intelligence agencies. Earlier


00:21:29.280 --> 00:21:31.590
this year, the United Kingdom imposed a


00:21:31.600 --> 00:21:33.590
similar ban on parking electric vehicles


00:21:33.600 --> 00:21:35.350
built with Chinese manufactured parts


00:21:35.360 --> 00:21:37.270
near British military bases because of


00:21:37.280 --> 00:21:40.230
their own espionage fears. Concerns were


00:21:40.240 --> 00:21:42.470
also recently raised in Australia about


00:21:42.480 --> 00:21:44.470
Chinese manufactured solar panels,


00:21:44.480 --> 00:21:46.070
batteries, and inverters, which are


00:21:46.080 --> 00:21:47.750
equipped with unexplained additional


00:21:47.760 --> 00:21:49.750
communications technology, allowing


00:21:49.760 --> 00:21:51.909
Beijing to remotely control them and


00:21:51.919 --> 00:21:53.990
change their settings or turn them off


00:21:54.000 --> 00:21:56.950
without any local approval. And concerns


00:21:56.960 --> 00:21:59.909
about Chinese spying don't end there. In


00:21:59.919 --> 00:22:02.070
2023, the Australian government began


00:22:02.080 --> 00:22:03.830
removing cameras made by Chinese


00:22:03.840 --> 00:22:05.510
companies from government facilities,


00:22:05.520 --> 00:22:08.950
also on the grounds of security.


00:22:08.960 --> 00:22:11.350
A new study suggests that over the past


00:22:11.360 --> 00:22:13.909
50 years, top hit songs have grown to


00:22:13.919 --> 00:22:15.909
become simpler, more negative, and to


00:22:15.919 --> 00:22:18.870
contain more stress related words. The


00:22:18.880 --> 00:22:20.230
finding published in the journal


00:22:20.240 --> 00:22:22.630
Scientific Reports analyze song lyrics


00:22:22.640 --> 00:22:24.630
from the Billboard Hot 100 charts


00:22:24.640 --> 00:22:28.549
between 1973 and 2023. Now, that's some


00:22:28.559 --> 00:22:30.310
2,186


00:22:30.320 --> 00:22:32.710
songs and have found that these changes


00:22:32.720 --> 00:22:34.950
in the lyrics coincided with increasing


00:22:34.960 --> 00:22:37.270
rates of depression and anxiety and also


00:22:37.280 --> 00:22:39.029
with increased levels of negativity in


00:22:39.039 --> 00:22:41.350
the news media and literature. The


00:22:41.360 --> 00:22:43.830
authors also looked at major events and


00:22:43.840 --> 00:22:45.510
they found that the Islamic terrorist


00:22:45.520 --> 00:22:48.230
attacks of September the 11, 2001 and


00:22:48.240 --> 00:22:50.549
the beginning of the CO 19 pandemic in


00:22:50.559 --> 00:22:52.710
2019 were associated with lyrics


00:22:52.720 --> 00:22:54.630
becoming more complex and positive and


00:22:54.640 --> 00:22:56.789
containing fewer stress words, which the


00:22:56.799 --> 00:22:59.110
authors say might signify some form of


00:22:59.120 --> 00:23:02.870
escapism during stressful periods.


00:23:02.880 --> 00:23:05.029
After just a week, it's already clear


00:23:05.039 --> 00:23:07.350
that kids across Australia are easily


00:23:07.360 --> 00:23:09.029
getting around the federal government's


00:23:09.039 --> 00:23:12.230
social media ban for under 16s. The ban,


00:23:12.240 --> 00:23:14.149
which affects some 2 million children,


00:23:14.159 --> 00:23:15.990
was designed to protect them from cyber


00:23:16.000 --> 00:23:17.669
bullying and inappropriate material


00:23:17.679 --> 00:23:20.630
online. But it was hardly selective in


00:23:20.640 --> 00:23:22.870
nature, not including gaming chat rooms


00:23:22.880 --> 00:23:24.950
or left-wing social media platforms like


00:23:24.960 --> 00:23:27.909
Blue Sky. But as forecast, kids are


00:23:27.919 --> 00:23:29.669
fighting back. Kids are easily getting


00:23:29.679 --> 00:23:31.270
around the restrictions by simply


00:23:31.280 --> 00:23:33.029
switching to a range of other platforms


00:23:33.039 --> 00:23:35.510
like Lemonade, Yelope, WhatsApp, and


00:23:35.520 --> 00:23:37.909
Coverstar, or by simply scanning an


00:23:37.919 --> 00:23:40.710
older friend's face, by using VPNs, or


00:23:40.720 --> 00:23:42.549
by using their parents' social media


00:23:42.559 --> 00:23:45.190
accounts. And the age verification


00:23:45.200 --> 00:23:47.590
technology itself has also turned out to


00:23:47.600 --> 00:23:49.350
be fairly poor with many under


00:23:49.360 --> 00:23:51.909
16year-olds being judged as over 16 by


00:23:51.919 --> 00:23:54.549
the software. Technology editor Alex


00:23:54.559 --> 00:23:56.789
Harov Royo from Tech Advice Start Life


00:23:56.799 --> 00:23:58.630
says all of these workarounds were


00:23:58.640 --> 00:23:59.750
always going to happen.


00:23:59.760 --> 00:24:01.350
>> Well, I mean that was already known


00:24:01.360 --> 00:24:02.950
before the ban came into place. There


00:24:02.960 --> 00:24:04.549
were stories of teenagers finding out


00:24:04.559 --> 00:24:07.669
how. as Tohea Field on X who's a


00:24:07.679 --> 00:24:09.909
commentator and was showing lots of


00:24:09.919 --> 00:24:11.669
information about voting and how to vote


00:24:11.679 --> 00:24:13.110
your preferences in the last federal


00:24:13.120 --> 00:24:14.390
election in Australia. He said look


00:24:14.400 --> 00:24:16.310
parents have an obligation to show and


00:24:16.320 --> 00:24:17.750
teach their children because if get


00:24:17.760 --> 00:24:19.190
around the social media banned and they


00:24:19.200 --> 00:24:20.549
can't talk to their parents because


00:24:20.559 --> 00:24:22.470
somebody has subjected them to online


00:24:22.480 --> 00:24:24.149
harm which honestly we should teach the


00:24:24.159 --> 00:24:25.350
children how to deal with if they've


00:24:25.360 --> 00:24:27.029
been subjected to something and well


00:24:27.039 --> 00:24:28.549
they can't talk to the teachers or the


00:24:28.559 --> 00:24:29.590
government about it because it's against


00:24:29.600 --> 00:24:30.789
the law. The only people they have left


00:24:30.799 --> 00:24:32.470
they can trust are their parents. If the


00:24:32.480 --> 00:24:34.149
children know how to get online safely


00:24:34.159 --> 00:24:35.669
and they can talk to their parents about


00:24:35.679 --> 00:24:37.350
it, we have some trust there. Then not


00:24:37.360 --> 00:24:38.549
worried that your kids are going to be


00:24:38.559 --> 00:24:39.990
doing this thing behind your back, which


00:24:40.000 --> 00:24:41.909
is what the government rules have


00:24:41.919 --> 00:24:44.630
created this this reality. So, um, yeah,


00:24:44.640 --> 00:24:46.310
week one, it's chaos already. And of


00:24:46.320 --> 00:24:47.990
course, Albo, our prime minister, has


00:24:48.000 --> 00:24:49.350
said it's the finest thing he's done.


00:24:49.360 --> 00:24:50.470
All throughout history, I've seen this


00:24:50.480 --> 00:24:52.230
on X under Elon Musk and other people


00:24:52.240 --> 00:24:53.669
posting the same thing, but the people


00:24:53.679 --> 00:24:55.510
trying to censor speech are never the


00:24:55.520 --> 00:24:57.990
good guys. And that's really what it


00:24:58.000 --> 00:24:58.549
comes down to.


00:24:58.559 --> 00:25:00.310
>> Now, you're a multiple award winner.


00:25:00.320 --> 00:25:01.909
You've won in creative writing and uh


00:25:01.919 --> 00:25:03.909
this time you've won for controversy.


00:25:03.919 --> 00:25:05.430
>> Ah yes. Well, there's the consensus


00:25:05.440 --> 00:25:06.950
group awards. They've been giving awards


00:25:06.960 --> 00:25:08.870
for over 20 years mainly to companies


00:25:08.880 --> 00:25:11.029
for their innovations in software,


00:25:11.039 --> 00:25:12.710
agricultural technology, medical


00:25:12.720 --> 00:25:14.950
technology, hardware. It's a business


00:25:14.960 --> 00:25:16.950
awards, but they also have an IT writers


00:25:16.960 --> 00:25:18.710
award which you know going for just


00:25:18.720 --> 00:25:20.390
about as long. Well, it's the most


00:25:20.400 --> 00:25:22.390
controversial writer award, and it's an


00:25:22.400 --> 00:25:24.230
article I wrote about Telstra and their


00:25:24.240 --> 00:25:26.549
$10 a month discount, which removed a


00:25:26.559 --> 00:25:28.630
Wi-Fi 7 router that cost several hundred


00:25:28.640 --> 00:25:30.149
to buy if you bought it separately. It


00:25:30.159 --> 00:25:33.190
removes the 4G 5G SIM card backup in


00:25:33.200 --> 00:25:35.830
case your wide connection goes down. If


00:25:35.840 --> 00:25:36.950
you were to have one of those from


00:25:36.960 --> 00:25:38.310
Telstra, it would cost you a lot more


00:25:38.320 --> 00:25:39.750
than $10 a month. You also miss out on


00:25:39.760 --> 00:25:41.830
the AI fix for any Wi-Fi problems that


00:25:41.840 --> 00:25:43.669
you have. And really, the this discount


00:25:43.679 --> 00:25:45.350
makes it easy for Telstra not to serve


00:25:45.360 --> 00:25:47.430
you as a customer properly. and all for


00:25:47.440 --> 00:25:50.549
you to save whopping 32.9 a day. So I


00:25:50.559 --> 00:25:51.750
just said this was a terrible discount


00:25:51.760 --> 00:25:54.070
and it was Telster was playing a joke on


00:25:54.080 --> 00:25:55.909
all of us to offer this and their PR


00:25:55.919 --> 00:25:57.510
people said oh it's competitive with the


00:25:57.520 --> 00:25:59.190
market. I said well it's still bad and


00:25:59.200 --> 00:26:01.350
here I am a few months later winning an


00:26:01.360 --> 00:26:03.190
award for pointing that out and I did


00:26:03.200 --> 00:26:04.789
tell Telster about it but I've heard


00:26:04.799 --> 00:26:05.269
nothing back.


00:26:05.279 --> 00:26:07.830
>> That's Alex Harro from tick advice.life.


00:26:07.840 --> 00:26:23.669
life.


00:26:23.679 --> 00:26:26.470
And that's the show for now. Spacetime


00:26:26.480 --> 00:26:28.310
is available every Monday, Wednesday,


00:26:28.320 --> 00:26:31.590
and Friday through byes.com, Soundcloud,


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00:27:10.159 --> 00:27:11.990
>> You've been listening to Spacetime with


00:27:12.000 --> 00:27:14.310
Stewartgary. This has been another


00:27:14.320 --> 00:27:16.070
quality podcast production from


00:27:16.080 --> 00:27:19.080
byes.com.