Galactic Discoveries, Astronomical Dilemmas & Space Innovations: #485 - Holiday Special 5 |...

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Language: en

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Space Nuts is taking a bit of a break at


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the moment uh Fred and I will be back uh


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in the not too distant future with fresh


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episodes in the meantime enjoy some of


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uh the key episodes that we have


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presented over the years major events in


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astronomy and space science and we'll


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see you real


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soon and I feel fine Space Nuts hello


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once again thanks for joining us on


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Space Nuts where we talk astronomy and


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space science we're also going to look


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at almost literally Sagittarius A


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they've finally got an image of the


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black hole at the center of our solar


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system oh well God we don't want it


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there the center of our


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galaxy uh we'll also be answering


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questions about Dark Matter uh the


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future of astronomy and that's all


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coming up on this edition of Space Nuts


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15 seconds guidance is internal 10 9


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ignition sequence start Space Nuts 5 4 3


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2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 Space Nuts as the


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report it feels good and joining me as


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he always does is Professor Fred Watson


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astronomer at large hello Fred how you


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doing Andrew good to see you you too uh


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we were kind of in the same vicinity on


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the weekend did you get to kuna baraban


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no I didn't oh well we weren't in the


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same vicinity then no what


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happed yeah what happened was the uh the


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event that I was coming to Kun Baran for


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um was can because of an outbreak of Co


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so I of


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course always the way well I was only 40


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km down the road at a little village


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called turuina uh friends of ours were


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staying in the Caravan park there so we


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went up to see them and spent the


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weekend there what a lovely sleepy


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little town it is we went they had a bit


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of a fundraiser on at the pub that night


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so we went along there and uh we we


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thrashed our wives at a a few games of


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uh of pool and uh I I got the most


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amazing image of the Moon through um


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through the clouds as it rose on


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Saturday night and it just um it looks


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like a painting I don't know how it


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worked out that way uh I took that with


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my iPhone it looks extraordinary I've


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put it on the Space Nuts Facebook page


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if anyone wants to have a look at it um


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yeah just one of those photos that


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turned out well without any planning


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whatsoever now Fred uh let's talk about


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one of the most exciting pieces of news


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in astronomy to date uh and I know


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that's a big call but uh we we did not


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so long ago talk about the image of a


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black hole that was uh was created and


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we talked about the fact that they were


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trying to get an image of Sagittarius A


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the black hole at the center of our


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Milky Way galaxy and they have finally


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done it yeah it's uh you know it's a lot


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it's been a long story this because the


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observations for this Andrew were made


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back in April 20


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2017 uh and um you're right we did talk


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about it because the first um image that


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was released which was in 2019 believe


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it or not that's wow three years ago I


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think it was October I can't remember


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anyway um that first image was of the um


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basically the shadow of the Event


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Horizon in the m87 Galaxy which is 55


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million years 55 million light years


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away um and it it surprised astronomers


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actually when that press because there


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was a lot of media hype and I think I


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sat in on the press release just as I


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did last week for the um for the for the


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Sagittarius A star black hole but the


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m87 black hole um surprised everybody


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because it's much further away we all


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thought oh it be much easier to image


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the nearest super massive black hole uh


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the one at the middle of our galaxy it's


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a pretty hefty thing 4.1 million solar


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masses but it turns out that with 6.5


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billion solar masses the m87 black hole


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was actually easier to image so all the


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number crunching that was that took


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place between 2017 and


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2019 uh actually delivered an image that


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looked exactly like a cream donut but


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that's all right we can put up with that


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uh and what you're seeing there is the


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uh you know the material swirling around


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the Black Hole uh and releasing radio


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waves uh but um essentially um um


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avoiding the what what you might call


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the shadow of the Event Horizon because


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the what it is is this is radiation


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that's um that's Bent by the uh the


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Supreme gravity of the black hole but


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doesn't quite make it back into the


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black hole so it shines out like this


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Beam with a hollow center and that's


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what we saw back in 2017 sorry 2019 uh


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and and I guess everybody's been waiting


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uh for for the release of data from the


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center of our galaxy because we knew


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that our galactic center black hole


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Sagittarius A star was on their


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observing list so we knew that they've


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made observations of it but the the um


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collaboration has kept things pretty


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close to their chests uh and uh it was


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so there was a um an announcement it's


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about a month ago saying there's going


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to be a big press release from The Event


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Horizon telescope about something in the


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Milky Way galaxy well that only be one


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thing so it was in some ways the world's


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worst kept secret um just to to run


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through the statistics um yes it's


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27,000 light years away or thereabouts


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uh at the center of our own Galaxy it is


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uh also swirling material around it the


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black hole at 4.1 million times the


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solar mass but in a much more Gentle Way


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than what's happening with m87 because


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m87 is what's called an active Galaxy


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where the black hole is gobbling up a


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lot of stuff


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ours is much more modest in its appetite


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uh and so what it doesn't have yet or at


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least haven't been observed yet is these


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Jets of material that are swept out of


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the black holes poles um because of the


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magnetic forces that are involved with


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that so we haven't seen that uh but


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there's a suspicion that they might be


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there um there is also a suspicion that


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this black hole uh it's poles are


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pointing towards us which might make it


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harder to detect the Jets that was one


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of the solutions that comes out of the


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uh the number crunching that's been done


00:06:32.199 --> 00:06:34.749
for the black C so very exciting news uh


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good to see it uh yes it still looks


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like a an orange cream donut but that's


00:06:39.759 --> 00:06:42.950
fine that's what they look like well I


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hear they're already working on getting


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another image they're they're pretty


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Keen to keep working on this so it's not


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like um that's the end of the story uh


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we we may well learn more uh you it's a


00:06:55.520 --> 00:06:57.350
pretty great achievement though getting


00:06:57.360 --> 00:06:59.950
an image of something that is very


00:06:59.960 --> 00:07:02.029
difficult to say because of the um the


00:07:02.039 --> 00:07:04.990
dirtiness of our galaxy yes that's right


00:07:05.000 --> 00:07:06.909
the the the dust you know the dust


00:07:06.919 --> 00:07:08.710
between ourselves in the galactic center


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certainly switches off any visible light


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observations you can penetrate in


00:07:12.599 --> 00:07:14.469
infrared and that's how we knew the


00:07:14.479 --> 00:07:16.309
black hole was there because there are


00:07:16.319 --> 00:07:18.510
stars that were detected in the infrared


00:07:18.520 --> 00:07:20.309
Wave band which are clearly orbiting


00:07:20.319 --> 00:07:23.029
around something very massive uh that's


00:07:23.039 --> 00:07:25.189
what proved the black hole It produced


00:07:25.199 --> 00:07:27.790
two Nobel prizes a couple of years ago


00:07:27.800 --> 00:07:29.869
um what comes next though is really


00:07:29.879 --> 00:07:32.390
interesting Andrew because um the so


00:07:32.400 --> 00:07:33.990
just to explain the Event Horizon


00:07:34.000 --> 00:07:35.670
telescope is actually a Consortium of


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eight observatories or it was when these


00:07:37.639 --> 00:07:40.430
observations were made all on the the


00:07:40.440 --> 00:07:42.230
side one side of the earth so Australia


00:07:42.240 --> 00:07:44.430
is not part of it because our telescopes


00:07:44.440 --> 00:07:46.749
are on the wrong side of the planet uh


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but they're all linked together um in a


00:07:49.400 --> 00:07:51.510
really interesting way because they you


00:07:51.520 --> 00:07:53.909
know you need very precise observation


00:07:53.919 --> 00:07:56.110
timings and things of that sort but that


00:07:56.120 --> 00:07:57.670
consortium's now been joined by other


00:07:57.680 --> 00:07:59.869
radio observatories which increases its


00:07:59.879 --> 00:08:03.149
power um and what is next on the agenda


00:08:03.159 --> 00:08:05.550
is to make movies of what's going on in


00:08:05.560 --> 00:08:07.830
our galactic center so we might see


00:08:07.840 --> 00:08:10.070
these Blobs of energetic material


00:08:10.080 --> 00:08:13.230
swirling around the Event Horizon uh


00:08:13.240 --> 00:08:15.710
which they do actually um very rapidly


00:08:15.720 --> 00:08:17.469
at the black hole in the middle of our


00:08:17.479 --> 00:08:19.230
galaxy it's a matter of minutes that it


00:08:19.240 --> 00:08:21.309
takes them to go around once whereas in


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m87 it's a matter of I think it's days


00:08:23.879 --> 00:08:25.550
actually rather minutes because it's


00:08:25.560 --> 00:08:27.550
such a massive black hole so there is


00:08:27.560 --> 00:08:30.029
more to come yeah it's it's a


00:08:30.039 --> 00:08:32.149
we may even see more stuff this


00:08:32.159 --> 00:08:36.029
year will the James web Space Telescope


00:08:36.039 --> 00:08:38.670
be able to um because it's infrared will


00:08:38.680 --> 00:08:41.029
it be able to do any Imaging of the


00:08:41.039 --> 00:08:44.310
Sagittarius A star yes I I I'm I mean I


00:08:44.320 --> 00:08:46.949
mean what it will image is the uh


00:08:46.959 --> 00:08:48.949
objects around it there may be there are


00:08:48.959 --> 00:08:50.310
occasionally infrared bursts of


00:08:50.320 --> 00:08:52.470
radiation from the galactic center that


00:08:52.480 --> 00:08:54.350
the James web might well be able to pick


00:08:54.360 --> 00:08:58.870
up so um I think generally uh so these


00:08:58.880 --> 00:09:01.430
wave um observations were made at a


00:09:01.440 --> 00:09:03.750
wavelength of


00:09:03.760 --> 00:09:07.269
1.3 um millimeters that's well into the


00:09:07.279 --> 00:09:10.750
millimeter radio wave band now James web


00:09:10.760 --> 00:09:12.710
is infrared which is much much shorter


00:09:12.720 --> 00:09:15.430
than that but um I think at the long


00:09:15.440 --> 00:09:17.670
wavelength end it will see things coming


00:09:17.680 --> 00:09:20.069
from the galactic center so yes we might


00:09:20.079 --> 00:09:21.750
well see new


00:09:21.760 --> 00:09:24.910
results fascinating all right incredible


00:09:24.920 --> 00:09:29.150
news and it's um something uh we will be


00:09:29.160 --> 00:09:30.910
uh keeping an eye on because I'm I'm


00:09:30.920 --> 00:09:32.790
sure there'll be more to learn from


00:09:32.800 --> 00:09:36.590
Sagittarius A star this is Space Nuts


00:09:36.600 --> 00:09:38.829
Andrew dunkley here with Professor Fred


00:09:38.839 --> 00:09:41.269
Watson astronomer at


00:09:41.279 --> 00:09:43.630
large let's take a little break from the


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online now back to the show


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Space Nuts time for our question and


00:12:34.000 --> 00:12:36.389
answer segment where you ask us


00:12:36.399 --> 00:12:40.430
questions and we say I don't


00:12:40.440 --> 00:12:42.430
know that's how it goes isn't it friend


00:12:42.440 --> 00:12:44.870
more or less yeah there's a little bit


00:12:44.880 --> 00:12:47.790
more to that um it's usually I don't we


00:12:47.800 --> 00:12:49.470
we actually do a lot of talking before


00:12:49.480 --> 00:12:51.110
we say I don't and then we follow it


00:12:51.120 --> 00:12:52.829
with but I'll make it up


00:12:52.839 --> 00:12:57.150
anyway yes yes all right let's go to our


00:12:57.160 --> 00:13:00.389
first question from Mike hi my name's


00:13:00.399 --> 00:13:03.509
Mike I live on Vancouver Island in


00:13:03.519 --> 00:13:06.949
Canada um love the


00:13:06.959 --> 00:13:11.350
show a question about I guess it be


00:13:11.360 --> 00:13:16.870
black matter and dark energy I guess um


00:13:16.880 --> 00:13:21.430
there's a well of gravity where there's


00:13:21.440 --> 00:13:27.110
something with mass what if there was an


00:13:27.120 --> 00:13:30.870
uplifting gravity in the lack of mass


00:13:30.880 --> 00:13:33.269
would that maybe make sense


00:13:33.279 --> 00:13:37.069
for those problems like the Voyager


00:13:37.079 --> 00:13:40.389
slowing down outside of the solar system


00:13:40.399 --> 00:13:43.030
and and


00:13:43.040 --> 00:13:46.509
uh Universe the the galaxies spinning


00:13:46.519 --> 00:13:48.189
faster than they should


00:13:48.199 --> 00:13:49.749
be


00:13:49.759 --> 00:13:55.670
um and maybe even the the the voids in


00:13:55.680 --> 00:13:58.030
between the galaxies making the


00:13:58.040 --> 00:14:02.629
filaments uh of a an upheaval of gravity


00:14:02.639 --> 00:14:04.470
pushing things away and maybe that's why


00:14:04.480 --> 00:14:07.949
we can't see dark matter and dark energy


00:14:07.959 --> 00:14:10.389
because we can only


00:14:10.399 --> 00:14:14.189
see Gravity by its


00:14:14.199 --> 00:14:18.829
it's masses interacting with it anyhow


00:14:18.839 --> 00:14:20.749
it was just a


00:14:20.759 --> 00:14:22.910
thoughts love your


00:14:22.920 --> 00:14:25.790
show thank you very much thank you very


00:14:25.800 --> 00:14:28.670
much Mike um yes all right um some


00:14:28.680 --> 00:14:31.389
interesting theories and and I think we


00:14:31.399 --> 00:14:33.470
talked about this before we started but


00:14:33.480 --> 00:14:35.509
it's good that people are thinking about


00:14:35.519 --> 00:14:38.430
this kind of stuff that's how we learn


00:14:38.440 --> 00:14:40.110
that's how we sort of start


00:14:40.120 --> 00:14:41.829
investigating and finding out what's


00:14:41.839 --> 00:14:45.749
what um so yes so it's a is a great


00:14:45.759 --> 00:14:48.870
question um and I guess we should


00:14:48.880 --> 00:14:50.550
clarify that what we're talking about is


00:14:50.560 --> 00:14:52.790
not dark energy which permeates the


00:14:52.800 --> 00:14:56.230
whole universe and is the force that's


00:14:56.240 --> 00:14:57.910
whatever it is that's driving the


00:14:57.920 --> 00:14:59.910
accelerated expansion of the universe


00:14:59.920 --> 00:15:01.189
what we're talking about is the effect


00:15:01.199 --> 00:15:03.310
of dark matter because Mike specifically


00:15:03.320 --> 00:15:05.749
mentioned gravitational Wells the you


00:15:05.759 --> 00:15:07.829
know the idea the idea that SpaceTime


00:15:07.839 --> 00:15:09.990
has these these wells in it which are


00:15:10.000 --> 00:15:12.389
caused by matter and that's what we feel


00:15:12.399 --> 00:15:14.069
is gravity and it's a really good


00:15:14.079 --> 00:15:15.749
picture to have in your mind when you


00:15:15.759 --> 00:15:19.670
think about these things so um I suppose


00:15:19.680 --> 00:15:23.550
what he's imagining is is sort of other


00:15:23.560 --> 00:15:26.350
Wells that point upwards in space time


00:15:26.360 --> 00:15:29.150
so you know you've got negative gravity


00:15:29.160 --> 00:15:32.470
um but um nothing that we've ever seen


00:15:32.480 --> 00:15:33.790
or


00:15:33.800 --> 00:15:37.230
investigated uh has led us to that idea


00:15:37.240 --> 00:15:41.910
of of a negative gravity um so dark


00:15:41.920 --> 00:15:43.990
negative matter I suppose you'd call it


00:15:44.000 --> 00:15:48.790
rather than dark matter uh and I think


00:15:48.800 --> 00:15:52.110
um given what we do know about dark


00:15:52.120 --> 00:15:54.509
matter because we can detect it exactly


00:15:54.519 --> 00:15:57.230
as as Mike said the fact that galaxies


00:15:57.240 --> 00:15:59.629
are rotating too quickly


00:15:59.639 --> 00:16:01.870
uh for the gravity of what you can see


00:16:01.880 --> 00:16:04.150
in them to hold them together um so


00:16:04.160 --> 00:16:05.430
there must be something else that has


00:16:05.440 --> 00:16:09.309
been well mapped um by you know


00:16:09.319 --> 00:16:11.389
observations made of distant galaxies


00:16:11.399 --> 00:16:13.949
and nearby ones including gravitational


00:16:13.959 --> 00:16:17.309
lenses which really allow you to to map


00:16:17.319 --> 00:16:20.749
the distribution of Dark Matter well uh


00:16:20.759 --> 00:16:23.710
and when you do that uh you would if


00:16:23.720 --> 00:16:25.030
there was something going the other way


00:16:25.040 --> 00:16:27.509
if there was some sort of anti-gravity


00:16:27.519 --> 00:16:30.150
taking place you'd see it you would see


00:16:30.160 --> 00:16:33.790
its effects um but that has not been has


00:16:33.800 --> 00:16:36.189
not been discovered so I think we're


00:16:36.199 --> 00:16:37.790
still left with the problem of dark


00:16:37.800 --> 00:16:41.629
matter being some some sort of hidden um


00:16:41.639 --> 00:16:44.350
material uh which only interacts with


00:16:44.360 --> 00:16:46.870
normal matter through its gravity uh


00:16:46.880 --> 00:16:49.550
maybe interacts with subatom other


00:16:49.560 --> 00:16:52.870
subatomic particles in a very on very


00:16:52.880 --> 00:16:54.749
rare occasions and people are looking


00:16:54.759 --> 00:16:56.389
for those possible interactions you


00:16:56.399 --> 00:16:58.189
might get gamma rays coming from


00:16:58.199 --> 00:17:00.230
collisions between dark matter and and


00:17:00.240 --> 00:17:03.430
normal matter but that's still a work in


00:17:03.440 --> 00:17:05.949
progress and a and a final postcript to


00:17:05.959 --> 00:17:09.110
to Mike's um Mike's question I think


00:17:09.120 --> 00:17:10.870
when he mentioned Voyager he may have


00:17:10.880 --> 00:17:13.789
been referring to Pioneer I think it was


00:17:13.799 --> 00:17:16.429
Pioneer 10 which for many years seemed


00:17:16.439 --> 00:17:20.949
to be leaving its expected uh trajectory


00:17:20.959 --> 00:17:22.870
uh which threw into question our model


00:17:22.880 --> 00:17:25.750
of gravity but that was resolved it's


00:17:25.760 --> 00:17:28.309
probably two or three years ago now by


00:17:28.319 --> 00:17:30.669
more careful thermal modeling of the


00:17:30.679 --> 00:17:32.789
spacecraft and it turned out that there


00:17:32.799 --> 00:17:36.310
was um I think a a panel on the


00:17:36.320 --> 00:17:38.270
spacecraft that was hotter than had been


00:17:38.280 --> 00:17:40.630
previously expected and the thermal


00:17:40.640 --> 00:17:43.390
radiation was actually providing a


00:17:43.400 --> 00:17:45.990
Thrust to the spacecraft which over time


00:17:46.000 --> 00:17:47.710
was pushing it off its


00:17:47.720 --> 00:17:50.150
trajectory isn't that amazing just


00:17:50.160 --> 00:17:53.190
something as simple as that can throw


00:17:53.200 --> 00:17:55.270
things off course you know when you when


00:17:55.280 --> 00:17:57.430
you've got something that's uh so far


00:17:57.440 --> 00:17:59.510
away and been been going for for so long


00:17:59.520 --> 00:18:02.390
that's right yeah maybe that's the


00:18:02.400 --> 00:18:05.270
answer to diverting um asteroids and


00:18:05.280 --> 00:18:07.590
comets we we oh something on to heat


00:18:07.600 --> 00:18:09.470
them up on one side it is it's one of


00:18:09.480 --> 00:18:10.549
the one of the things that's been


00:18:10.559 --> 00:18:13.470
thought of exactly that yeah oh damn I


00:18:13.480 --> 00:18:14.909
thought I figured that I think they I


00:18:14.919 --> 00:18:17.310
think what you do is um you paint one


00:18:17.320 --> 00:18:19.750
side of it white so the other side you


00:18:19.760 --> 00:18:22.110
know releases more Heat and the white


00:18:22.120 --> 00:18:24.149
side


00:18:24.159 --> 00:18:27.070
doesn't yeah are you kidding or is that


00:18:27.080 --> 00:18:29.950
r no I've seen it mentioned yeah you


00:18:29.960 --> 00:18:32.110
know okay don't know how you deal with


00:18:32.120 --> 00:18:34.149
rotating asteroid but never mind hell of


00:18:34.159 --> 00:18:36.430
a lot of pain yes it


00:18:36.440 --> 00:18:40.230
is yeah although U it gives graffiti


00:18:40.240 --> 00:18:42.470
artists a job absolutely yes that's a


00:18:42.480 --> 00:18:44.110
place for them


00:18:44.120 --> 00:18:47.149
yeah all right Mike thank you let's move


00:18:47.159 --> 00:18:49.789
on to a question from Kabir who's in


00:18:49.799 --> 00:18:52.870
India hi I'm Kabir you're listener from


00:18:52.880 --> 00:18:55.870
India I'm here for an advice I completed


00:18:55.880 --> 00:18:58.110
my bachelor's degree in physics so now


00:18:58.120 --> 00:19:00.350
I'm looking for for my


00:19:00.360 --> 00:19:03.149
postgraduation so I'm little bit


00:19:03.159 --> 00:19:06.710
confused uh should I go for Pure physics


00:19:06.720 --> 00:19:09.830
or astronomy I'm actually interested in


00:19:09.840 --> 00:19:12.669
astronomy so I would like to know the


00:19:12.679 --> 00:19:15.789
future of astronomy doing postgraduation


00:19:15.799 --> 00:19:19.549
only in astronomy my parents are


00:19:19.559 --> 00:19:22.750
pressuring me to go for p physics but I


00:19:22.760 --> 00:19:23.789
would like to


00:19:23.799 --> 00:19:27.549
do specialization in astronomy yeah you


00:19:27.559 --> 00:19:31.310
understand so I would like to know the


00:19:31.320 --> 00:19:33.870
future of astronomy that's my


00:19:33.880 --> 00:19:36.350
question okay uh thank you Kabir and


00:19:36.360 --> 00:19:37.909
thanks for putting us under the pump


00:19:37.919 --> 00:19:39.549
because your parents want you to do one


00:19:39.559 --> 00:19:42.789
thing and you're thinking of doing


00:19:42.799 --> 00:19:44.990
another see we're under some pressure


00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:48.630
now Fred um yeah that's so he's done a


00:19:48.640 --> 00:19:51.230
bachelor's degree in physics and now


00:19:51.240 --> 00:19:53.070
he's got to decide whether or not to do


00:19:53.080 --> 00:19:54.950
is


00:19:54.960 --> 00:19:57.549
postor studies postgraduate studies in


00:19:57.559 --> 00:19:59.990
physics or as om his heart says


00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:02.310
astronomy his parents say


00:20:02.320 --> 00:20:04.870
physics um and it's a great question and


00:20:04.880 --> 00:20:06.990
first of all many congratulations what


00:20:07.000 --> 00:20:09.909
and yeah what is what is the future of


00:20:09.919 --> 00:20:12.510
um of astronomy of astronomy yeah and


00:20:12.520 --> 00:20:14.830
yes definitely congratulations well done


00:20:14.840 --> 00:20:16.669
that's that's some pretty heavy duty


00:20:16.679 --> 00:20:18.830
thinking it's a big achievement to to


00:20:18.840 --> 00:20:22.990
get a degree in physics yes um as I


00:20:23.000 --> 00:20:24.630
remember from scraping through mine a


00:20:24.640 --> 00:20:28.029
long time ago um it it's but it's a good


00:20:28.039 --> 00:20:31.510
question to ask as well and um it's


00:20:31.520 --> 00:20:34.149
actually a question I face myself


00:20:34.159 --> 00:20:38.029
because um I did change


00:20:38.039 --> 00:20:40.870
from when I went to un in undergraduate


00:20:40.880 --> 00:20:44.470
I changed from astronomy to physics


00:20:44.480 --> 00:20:48.350
because I got um sort of caught up with


00:20:48.360 --> 00:20:51.110
the idea that astronomy was all


00:20:51.120 --> 00:20:53.710
about keeping me happy because I was


00:20:53.720 --> 00:20:55.990
interested in astronomy whereas physics


00:20:56.000 --> 00:20:58.789
might be a root to be a more productive


00:20:58.799 --> 00:21:00.909
member of the community you know I might


00:21:00.919 --> 00:21:03.029
discover things in physics that would be


00:21:03.039 --> 00:21:06.470
useful to the The World At Large and


00:21:06.480 --> 00:21:09.510
actually find it easier to get a job uh


00:21:09.520 --> 00:21:11.430
so I did so my degrees is actually in


00:21:11.440 --> 00:21:12.630
fact it's a combined degree in


00:21:12.640 --> 00:21:14.390
mathematics and physics but that that's


00:21:14.400 --> 00:21:16.710
what happened I did go to unit to study


00:21:16.720 --> 00:21:20.830
astronomy um and on reflection you know


00:21:20.840 --> 00:21:23.909
um I got back to astronomy anyway


00:21:23.919 --> 00:21:27.470
because uh that's where my heart lay uh


00:21:27.480 --> 00:21:30.350
and um I you know spent my whole life as


00:21:30.360 --> 00:21:32.190
a working astronomer with a strong


00:21:32.200 --> 00:21:35.830
actually strong bias to physics um and


00:21:35.840 --> 00:21:38.470
and Engineering too because I I did


00:21:38.480 --> 00:21:40.710
quite a bit of uh of Engineering in my


00:21:40.720 --> 00:21:42.470
early career worked for a firm that


00:21:42.480 --> 00:21:45.590
built large telescopes um so so I did


00:21:45.600 --> 00:21:47.990
develop skills which are marketable I


00:21:48.000 --> 00:21:51.350
mean I think that's the the bottom line


00:21:51.360 --> 00:21:54.310
uh and uh you might think intuitively


00:21:54.320 --> 00:21:56.510
and maybe your parents imagine this that


00:21:56.520 --> 00:21:59.350
a Physics degree uh gives you would get


00:21:59.360 --> 00:22:02.269
a phys for example a physics PhD would


00:22:02.279 --> 00:22:04.510
give you more job opportunities than an


00:22:04.520 --> 00:22:08.669
astrophysics PhD um but that is not


00:22:08.679 --> 00:22:12.430
necessarily true because uh there are


00:22:12.440 --> 00:22:15.149
certainly you know opportunities in


00:22:15.159 --> 00:22:18.390
astrophysics and astronomy uh which will


00:22:18.400 --> 00:22:20.990
continue so the future of astronomy is


00:22:21.000 --> 00:22:24.830
bright uh it's always a tough gig to get


00:22:24.840 --> 00:22:28.710
into because uh there are typically more


00:22:28.720 --> 00:22:30.710
people who want to do it than there are


00:22:30.720 --> 00:22:34.909
certainly permanent jobs um I I um you


00:22:34.919 --> 00:22:40.190
know I still think though that uh if you


00:22:40.200 --> 00:22:42.630
do do a for example a doctorate or a


00:22:42.640 --> 00:22:45.549
master's in astronomy or astrophysics


00:22:45.559 --> 00:22:48.789
you are not locking yourself out of a


00:22:48.799 --> 00:22:53.390
future career in another area you if


00:22:53.400 --> 00:22:54.870
you're still on track if you want to


00:22:54.880 --> 00:22:57.430
become an astronomer you can you know


00:22:57.440 --> 00:22:59.350
and and you you meet the required


00:22:59.360 --> 00:23:01.350
standards then you will be it will


00:23:01.360 --> 00:23:05.070
happen uh but um even if that doesn't


00:23:05.080 --> 00:23:07.470
work out for you uh there are other


00:23:07.480 --> 00:23:09.630
opportunities because astrophysics is


00:23:09.640 --> 00:23:12.230
basically physics you you know it's just


00:23:12.240 --> 00:23:16.789
physics on a big scale um and the


00:23:16.799 --> 00:23:18.870
computational techniques that are used


00:23:18.880 --> 00:23:22.149
in astronomy uh are very marketable in


00:23:22.159 --> 00:23:24.110
the financial world you will be amazed


00:23:24.120 --> 00:23:26.390
how many people who do a PhD in


00:23:26.400 --> 00:23:28.750
astrophysics or astronomy and decid that


00:23:28.760 --> 00:23:30.430
they want to change they don't want to


00:23:30.440 --> 00:23:32.190
be academics for the rest of their lives


00:23:32.200 --> 00:23:34.990
they go into either industry or finance


00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:37.830
and they do very well so uh it's not


00:23:37.840 --> 00:23:40.070
necessarily A make or break decision uh


00:23:40.080 --> 00:23:42.070
and my advice is always follow your


00:23:42.080 --> 00:23:46.230
heart I I told my own kids that um most


00:23:46.240 --> 00:23:48.350
of them ignored it but I did tell them


00:23:48.360 --> 00:23:50.230
that you know I would support them if


00:23:50.240 --> 00:23:52.909
they one of my daughters wanted to do


00:23:52.919 --> 00:23:55.350
archaeology and I said yep I'll go for


00:23:55.360 --> 00:23:56.710
it that's fantastic because she was


00:23:56.720 --> 00:23:59.310
really interesting interesting in it in


00:23:59.320 --> 00:24:00.750
the end she chickened out and did


00:24:00.760 --> 00:24:03.470
software engineering but now now she's


00:24:03.480 --> 00:24:06.990
very wealthy but that's fine um so maybe


00:24:07.000 --> 00:24:09.750
that was right to ignore my advice one


00:24:09.760 --> 00:24:11.950
other comment if I may um Andrew before


00:24:11.960 --> 00:24:13.830
I let you get a word in edgeways on this


00:24:13.840 --> 00:24:17.269
sorry that's all right um is um I have a


00:24:17.279 --> 00:24:19.510
look at the um website of the


00:24:19.520 --> 00:24:22.110
Astronomical Society of India uh because


00:24:22.120 --> 00:24:23.950
that's the Society of professional


00:24:23.960 --> 00:24:26.990
astronomers and other professionals from


00:24:27.000 --> 00:24:29.909
related disciplines it it's now 50 years


00:24:29.919 --> 00:24:31.269
old founded in


00:24:31.279 --> 00:24:33.630
1972 uh a very well-known Indian


00:24:33.640 --> 00:24:36.389
astronomer Vu bapu uh as the founding


00:24:36.399 --> 00:24:39.110
president uh and uh I don't know what


00:24:39.120 --> 00:24:42.029
their membership is now um it was a


00:24:42.039 --> 00:24:44.590
thousand a few years ago it's U probably


00:24:44.600 --> 00:24:47.430
well in advance of that uh there there


00:24:47.440 --> 00:24:50.830
is um they're a very active Society uh


00:24:50.840 --> 00:24:52.750
there are radio observatories and


00:24:52.760 --> 00:24:55.389
Optical observatories in India uh


00:24:55.399 --> 00:24:58.389
there's a lot to look at so yeah have a


00:24:58.399 --> 00:25:01.510
have a look at their website uh and um


00:25:01.520 --> 00:25:03.110
yeah check it out


00:25:03.120 --> 00:25:06.430
K yeah and and good luck to you and um


00:25:06.440 --> 00:25:08.510
after all that if uh your parents want


00:25:08.520 --> 00:25:12.590
to uh get in touch with um Fred and tell


00:25:12.600 --> 00:25:14.310
him what they really think I'll give you


00:25:14.320 --> 00:25:15.430
his


00:25:15.440 --> 00:25:18.549
address that's right but no um look I


00:25:18.559 --> 00:25:21.269
was always told um find something you


00:25:21.279 --> 00:25:24.510
love and turn it into a career and you


00:25:24.520 --> 00:25:26.909
know I'd always loved radio and I still


00:25:26.919 --> 00:25:29.549
do and I I did it for for I've been


00:25:29.559 --> 00:25:32.149
doing it I still do it for what is it


00:25:32.159 --> 00:25:37.190
now coming up on 40 years and you know I


00:25:37.200 --> 00:25:38.789
I had some good jobs and I had some bad


00:25:38.799 --> 00:25:42.070
jobs but uh overall I did what I loved


00:25:42.080 --> 00:25:44.870
and that that's um and I got paid for it


00:25:44.880 --> 00:25:47.590
so that's really what you should strive


00:25:47.600 --> 00:25:49.310
for I suppose and your heart seems to be


00:25:49.320 --> 00:25:52.389
going towards astronomy and look I think


00:25:52.399 --> 00:25:54.430
the future of astronomy is unlimited


00:25:54.440 --> 00:25:56.149
especially when we get into space


00:25:56.159 --> 00:25:57.909
exploration they will need astronomers


00:25:57.919 --> 00:25:59.909
out there uh they will need I'll need


00:25:59.919 --> 00:26:01.990
them on the moon soon you might need you


00:26:02.000 --> 00:26:04.510
might need to consider that um there's


00:26:04.520 --> 00:26:05.909
just so many


00:26:05.919 --> 00:26:09.909
possibilities quite uh but yeah and um


00:26:09.919 --> 00:26:12.310
look our our regards to your parents


00:26:12.320 --> 00:26:16.990
Kabir and thanks thanks for the


00:26:17.000 --> 00:26:19.830
question here also Space Nuts hello


00:26:19.840 --> 00:26:21.710
space Nutters I'm Anna the host of the


00:26:21.720 --> 00:26:24.750
astronomy daily podcast and I'm here to


00:26:24.760 --> 00:26:26.190
share a couple of the stories we've been


00:26:26.200 --> 00:26:28.630
following this week as special bit extra


00:26:28.640 --> 00:26:31.029
for this holiday edition of Space Nuts


00:26:31.039 --> 00:26:32.630
in some exciting news from the private


00:26:32.640 --> 00:26:34.549
space sector Japanese startup


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Interstellar Technologies has just


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secured a major investment that could


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reshape their future in the space


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industry woven by Toyota the automobile


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Giants Mobility technology arm has


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invested 7 billion yen that's about $44


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million into the space company this


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isn't just about money though it's a


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strategic partnership that could


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revolutionize how rockets and and


00:26:58.399 --> 00:27:00.190
satellites are


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manufactured Interstellar Technologies


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which was originally known for


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developing the zero rocket is looking to


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establish a vertically integrated


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satellite launch manufacturing and


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Communications business similar to what


00:27:12.919 --> 00:27:15.909
SpaceX has done with starlink Toyota's


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involvement actually dates back to 2020


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when their personnel began working with


00:27:20.360 --> 00:27:22.430
Interstellar to reduce manufacturing


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costs and streamline production


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processes now with this formal


00:27:26.840 --> 00:27:29.070
partnership inter seller will be able to


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tap into Toyota's extensive


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manufacturing expertise to improve their


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production methods and strengthen their


00:27:35.240 --> 00:27:37.990
supply chain what makes this partnership


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particularly interesting is Toyota's


00:27:40.360 --> 00:27:42.509
broader vision for the future of


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Mobility at the recent Consumer


00:27:44.640 --> 00:27:47.269
Electronics Show in Las Vegas Toyota's


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chairman Akio Toyota made it clear that


00:27:49.360 --> 00:27:51.509
they see space as the next Frontier for


00:27:51.519 --> 00:27:53.630
Mobility stating that the future of


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Mobility shouldn't be limited to just


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Earth or just one car company for that


00:27:57.840 --> 00:27:59.190
matter


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this investment is part of


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interstellar's Series F funding round


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with additional funding expected from


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Toyota by June the partnership also goes


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beyond just Financial investment a woven


00:28:11.360 --> 00:28:13.269
by Toyota representative will be joining


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interstellar's board of directors


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suggesting a deep level of strategic


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collaboration between the two


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companies big news from NASA about their


00:28:22.200 --> 00:28:24.789
ambitious Mar sample return Mission the


00:28:24.799 --> 00:28:27.070
space agency has just unveiled a major


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overhaul of their strategy to bring


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those precious Martian samples back to


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Earth they're now considering two


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streamlined approaches that could


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significantly reduce both cost and


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complexity the original plan came with a


00:28:40.440 --> 00:28:43.110
whopping price tag of up to 11 billion


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and wouldn't have seen samples return


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until 2040 but now NASA administrator


00:28:47.679 --> 00:28:49.669
Bill Nelson Has announced theyve found


00:28:49.679 --> 00:28:51.710
ways to potentially cut those costs


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nearly in half with new estimates


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ranging between 5.8 and 7.7 billion


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while potentially getting the samples


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back by


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2035 both new options focus on


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delivering the same essential Hardware


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to Mars a Lander carrying the Mars


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Ascent vehicle or MAV this rocket will


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be responsible for launching the samples


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currently being collected by the


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perseverance Rover into Mars


00:29:18.519 --> 00:29:20.870
orbit the key difference between the two


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approaches lies in how they'll land this


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Hardware on the red planet the first


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option would use a scaled up version of


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the tribe and tested sky crane system


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that successfully landed both curiosity


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and perseverance Rovers the second


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approach would involve partnering With


00:29:36.799 --> 00:29:38.389
Private Industry for an alternative


00:29:38.399 --> 00:29:41.110
Landing system in a notable change from


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earlier designs both options will now


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use nuclear power instead of solar


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panels This switch gives the mission


00:29:47.399 --> 00:29:49.870
more operational flexibility allowing it


00:29:49.880 --> 00:29:51.669
to work during dust storms and keep the


00:29:51.679 --> 00:29:53.950
Rocket Motors at their optimal


00:29:53.960 --> 00:29:56.549
temperature NASA isn't rushing to decide


00:29:56.559 --> 00:29:58.549
between these options they're taking


00:29:58.559 --> 00:30:01.269
until mid 2026 to make their final


00:30:01.279 --> 00:30:03.509
choice and while China has announced


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their own Mars sample return Mission


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targeting


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2028 NASA emphasizes that their mission


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offers a more comprehensive scientific


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approach collecting samples from various


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sites that once hosted liquid water and


00:30:17.440 --> 00:30:18.870
that's it from me for this episode of


00:30:18.880 --> 00:30:21.789
Space Nuts I'm Anna and I've thoroughly


00:30:21.799 --> 00:30:23.310
enjoyed sharing these incredible


00:30:23.320 --> 00:30:25.430
developments with you today it's an


00:30:25.440 --> 00:30:27.950
exciting time for space science don't


00:30:27.960 --> 00:30:30.149
don't forget to visit astronomy daily.


00:30:30.159 --> 00:30:31.669
for your daily fix of space and


00:30:31.679 --> 00:30:34.149
astronomy news updates we're constantly


00:30:34.159 --> 00:30:35.830
updating the site with the latest


00:30:35.840 --> 00:30:37.870
discoveries Mission updates and Cosmic


00:30:37.880 --> 00:30:40.070
wonders until our next adventure through


00:30:40.080 --> 00:30:42.389
the cosmos keep looking up and stay


00:30:42.399 --> 00:30:43.669
curious about the Mysteries that


00:30:43.679 --> 00:30:46.669
surround us in space Space Nuts you'll


00:30:46.679 --> 00:30:49.750
be listening to the Space Nuts


00:30:49.760 --> 00:30:52.830
podcast available at Apple podcasts


00:30:52.840 --> 00:30:55.830
Spotify ihart radio or your favorite


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podcast player you can also stream on on


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demand at bites.com this has been


00:31:00.840 --> 00:31:03.230
another qualty podcast production from


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bites.com