From VLEO Satellites to Black Hole Breakthroughs: Your Daily Space Update

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Hello and welcome to [music] Astronomy


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Daily. Give us 10 minutes and we'll give


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you the universe. I'm Anna [music] and


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with me as always is my co-host Avery.


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Hey Avery, it's January 5th, [music]


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2026. Hope everyone's having a fantastic


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start to the year. We've already seen


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some [music] exciting launches and sky


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events kicking off and I'm pumped for


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what's ahead.


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>> Hi Anna, and a big hello to all our


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listeners out there exploring [music]


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the cosmos with us. Absolutely. 2026 is


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buzzing right from the get- go. Today,


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we've lined up six intriguing [music]


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stories. From cuttingedge tech for


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satellites hugging Earth closer than


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ever before, [music] to a mission


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finally orbiting the scorched world of


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Mercury, black holes confirming


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Einstein's [music] wild predictions, a


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speedy SpaceX launch, NASA's clever


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waiting game for Mars probes, and the


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sharpest [music] X-ray peak yet at a


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spinning black hole beast. We'll dive


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deep, discuss the science, and share our


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thoughts. Let's jump in.


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>> First story of the day is all about


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pushing the boundaries of satellite


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orbits. We're talking about very low


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Earth orbit or VLEO satellites, which


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zip around at altitudes between 100 and


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400 km above Earth. That's a lot closer


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than the usual low Earth orbit stuff,


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which can go up to 2,000 km. Avery, why


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go so low? And what makes this the next


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frontier?


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>> Great question, Anna. The advantages are


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pretty compelling. At these lower


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heights, satellites can capture much


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sharper images for Earth observation.


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Imagine superdetailed views that boost


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agriculture by spotting crop health


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issues early. Enhance climate monitoring


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with precise data on deforestation or


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ice melt. Aid in disaster response like


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tracking wildfires or floods in real


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time, and even support military


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reconnaissance with crystalclear intel.


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On the communication side, the lower


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altitude means reduced signal latency.


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Think faster internet and more


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responsive networks. Weather forecasting


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gets an upgrade, too, with better


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resolution on cloud formations and


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atmospheric layers.


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>> Sounds revolutionary, but I bet there


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are challenges. The atmosphere doesn't


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just vanish at 100 km. There's still


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enough air to cause serious drag, right?


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Satellites could spiral down and burn up


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in mere days without some kind of


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constant boost.


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>> Spot atmospheric drag is the big hurdle


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along with corrosion from atomic oxygen.


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That's highly reactive stuff that eats


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away at materials and intense heating


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from friction pushing temperatures


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beyond 1,500° C. To combat this,


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engineers are developing innovative


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propulsion systems like air breathing


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electric thrusters. These scoop up


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sparse atmospheric molecules and ionize


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them for thrust. For example,


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researchers at Penn State are


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experimenting with microwave plasma


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technology, while DARPA's Otter program,


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partnered with Redwire, is testing


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similar concepts. It's like giving


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satellites a way to breathe the air


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they're flying through. And with orbits


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like LEO getting increasingly congested,


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Starlink has over 6,000 satellites


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alone, plus competitors, VLEO could open


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up new real estate in space, reducing


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collision risks up higher. Investments


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are skyrocketing with projections in the


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hundreds of billions over the coming


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decade. Right now, it's mostly


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prototypes and demos, but companies like


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Earth Observant and Albido are leading


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the charge. This could really change how


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we monitor our planet and connect


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globally.


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>> No doubt. It's exciting to think about


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the applications. Closer orbits mean


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better data, and who knows what


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breakthrough that'll lead to in


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environmental science or urban planning.


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>> Moving on to our second story. After a


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long journey, the Bey Columbo mission is


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poised to enter orbit around Mercury


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later this year in the second half of


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2026. This is a collaborative effort


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between the European Space Agency, ESA,


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and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency,


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JAXA, launched way back in October 2018.


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It features two orbiters. USA's Mercury


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Planetary Orbiter focused on the


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planet's surface, composition, and


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interior structure, and JAXA's MEO,


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which will study the magnetic field,


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magnetosphere, and thin exosphere.


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>> Mercury is one of the trickiest planets


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to reach because of its proximity to the


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sun. The gravity pole is immense, so you


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need a lot of energy to slow down and


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get captured into orbit. Bey Columbo has


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been using a series of gravity assist


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flybys. Earth once, Venus twice, and


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Mercury itself six times to bleed off


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speed without guzzling fuel. The


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planet's extreme environment adds to the


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challenge. Surface temperature swings


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from -173°


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C at night to 427°


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C during the day. It has an eccentric


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orbit, a massive iron core making up 60%


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of its mass, and a surprisingly active


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magnetic field despite its small size.


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>> Once in orbit, it'll provide


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groundbreaking data like the first ever


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X-ray fluoresence maps of another


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planet's surface. that'll reveal


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elemental compositions, things like


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magnesium, aluminum, silicon in


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unprecedented detail, helping us


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understand Mercury's volcanic history


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and custal evolution. We'll also get


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better insights into its tenuous


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atmosphere and how solar wind interacts


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with the magnetosphere.


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>> Comparing this to data from Earth, Mars,


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and the moon will refine our models of


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inner solar system planet formation. The


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instruments are state-of-the-art, but


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after eight years in space, the teams


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will be holding their breath during


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activation. If all goes well, it'll


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operate for at least a year with


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possible extensions.


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>> I'm eager for those close-up views and


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what they tell us about the sun's


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closest companion. It's been a patient


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wait, but science like this is worth it.


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>> Absolutely. Now for something that bends


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the mind and spaceime itself,


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astronomers have caught a black hole in


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the act of twisting the fabric of


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reality, exactly as Albert Einstein


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predicted back in 1918 with his general


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theory of relativity. This is the lens


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theoring effect, also known as frame


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dragging, where a spinning massive


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object warps spaceime around it. The


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observation comes from a title


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disruption event dubbed AT2020 AFHD


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where a super massive black hole


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shredded a passing star creating a


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swirling accretion disc of hot gas and


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launching powerful jets. Using X-ray


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data from NASA's Neil Gerald Swift


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Observatory and radio observations from


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the Very Large Array in New Mexico, the


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team detected the disc and one jet


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precessing or wobbling in unison every


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20 days. That wobble is the direct


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result of the black hole spin dragging


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spaceime like a vortex.


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>> These events are rare. Tidal disruptions


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happen maybe once in every 10,000 to a


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100,000 years per galaxy. And catching


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the repeating signals needed for this


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measurement is even tougher. It not only


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confirms general relativity in one of


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the most extreme environments, but also


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gives us a new tool to precisely measure


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black hole spins. Understanding spin


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helps explain how these monsters power


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jets that can stretch across galaxies


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and influence star formation.


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>> It's incredible. Einstein's equations


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scribbled over a century ago still hold


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up under scrutiny from modern


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telescopes. This could lead to more


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detections as we get better at spotting


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these quasi periodic eruptions.


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>> On to launches. SpaceX is keeping the


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momentum from 2025. Just yesterday on


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January 4th at 1:48 a.m. Eastern time,


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they sent up a fresh Falcon 9 from Space


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Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral


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Space Force Station for the Starlink


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Group 688 mission.


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>> The rocket carried 29 nextG Starlink


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satellites into low Earth orbit,


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deploying them successfully about an


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hour after liftoff. This was the debut


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for booster B1081,


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which nailed its landing on the drone


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ship, Just Read the Instructions in the


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Atlantic. These satellites are part of


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the expanding constellation aimed at


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global broadband coverage with


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improvements in speed and coverage.


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>> This marks SpaceX's second launch of


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2026 already, following closely after


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their first one earlier in the week.


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With over 165 launches last year,


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they're on track to beat that record.


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The reliability of Falcon 9 continues to


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impress, enabling more frequent and


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affordable access to space.


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>> Indeed, it's democratizing orbit in ways


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we couldn't imagine a decade ago.


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>> Our fifth story involves a bit of cosmic


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patience. NASA's escapade mission to


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Mars. The twin probes named Blue and


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Gold for Escape and Plasma Acceleration


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and Dynamics Explorers blasted off


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aboard Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket in


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November 2025.


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>> Their goal is to investigate how the


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solar wind erodess Mars' atmosphere, a


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process that stripped away much of the


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planet's air over 4 billion years,


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turning it from potentially habitable to


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the barren world we see today. By


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measuring plasma flows, magnetic fields,


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and ion escape rates from two vantage


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points, they'll provide a 3D view of


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this interaction. But here's the twist.


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They're not rushing straight to Mars.


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Due to planetary alignment at launch,


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they're spending about a year in a halo


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orbit around Earth's Lrangee point 2,


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roughly a million miles away on the far


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side from the sun. This stable kidney


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bean-shaped path conserves fuel while


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waiting for the optimal window.


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>> In fall 2026, they'll ignite their


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thrusters for a trajectory adjustment,


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using Earth's gravity for a slingshot to


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Mars, arriving in September 2027.


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Science operations kick off shortly


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after, lasting at least a year. The dual


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probe setup adds redundancy. If one


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fails, the other can still deliver key


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data.


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This flexible design expands launch


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opportunities beyond the every 26 months


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home and transfer windows, making Mars


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missions more feasible. It's a smart


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blend of orbital mechanics and


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engineering.


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>> Patience in space pays dividends.


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Reminds me of how Voyager probes are


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still going strong after decades.


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Last but not least, the X-ray imaging


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and spectroscopy mission or XRISM


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has given us the clearest X-ray spectrum


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yet of a fast spinning super massive


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black hole in the active galaxy


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MCG-6-30-15.


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Located 121 million light-years away in


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the constellation Aquarius,


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>> this black hole weighing in at about 2


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million solar masses is accreing


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material at a furious pace. XRISM's


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resolve spectrometer captured a broad


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asymmetric iron K alpha emission line


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distorted by relativistic effects near


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the event horizon where gas orbits at


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nearly light speed. By combining this


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with archival data from ISSA's XMM


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Newton and NASA's New Star, astronomers


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dissected the spectrum into components


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from the inner accretion disc and outer


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regions.


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>> They identified five distinct zones in


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an outflowing wind, plus a hot corona


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above the disc. Remarkably, the


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reflection signal from gas perilously


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close to the black hole is 50 times


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brighter than from distant material,


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confirming the hole's high spin rate,


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likely close to the maximum allowed by


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physics. This spin influences how


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efficiently black holes accrete mass and


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eject jets. These insights help unravel


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how super massive black holes co-evolve


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with their host galaxies. Whether


00:12:26.800 --> 00:12:29.110
through steady accretion or violent


00:12:29.120 --> 00:12:32.389
gorggers XM


00:12:32.399 --> 00:12:35.509
a Jaxa NASA collaboration with ISSA


00:12:35.519 --> 00:12:38.550
input is setting new standards in high


00:12:38.560 --> 00:12:41.269
energy astrophysics with its microc


00:12:41.279 --> 00:12:43.110
calarimeter technology.


00:12:43.120 --> 00:12:45.350
>> It's transforming our view of the hot


00:12:45.360 --> 00:12:47.990
and energetic universe one spectrum at a


00:12:48.000 --> 00:12:51.110
time. Wow, what an episode packed with


00:12:51.120 --> 00:12:53.750
innovation, discovery, and cosmic


00:12:53.760 --> 00:12:57.750
wonders. From VLEO sats redefining Earth


00:12:57.760 --> 00:13:00.550
observation to XRISM's


00:13:00.560 --> 00:13:03.269
black hole revelations, it's a thrilling


00:13:03.279 --> 00:13:05.590
time to be following space news.


00:13:05.600 --> 00:13:07.670
>> Couldn't agree more. Thanks for tuning


00:13:07.680 --> 00:13:10.150
in to Astronomy Daily. We love sharing


00:13:10.160 --> 00:13:11.750
these stories with you. If you're


00:13:11.760 --> 00:13:13.670
enjoying the show, please subscribe,


00:13:13.680 --> 00:13:15.829
leave a review, or tell a friend. It


00:13:15.839 --> 00:13:18.389
helps us grow and reach more stargazers.


00:13:18.399 --> 00:13:20.069
>> We'll catch you tomorrow with the latest


00:13:20.079 --> 00:13:22.470
updates. Until then, keep wondering


00:13:22.480 --> 00:13:24.389
about the universe. Clear skies,


00:13:24.399 --> 00:13:25.030
everyone.


00:13:25.040 --> 00:13:28.150
>> Astronomy [music and singing]


00:13:28.160 --> 00:13:36.150
stories.


00:13:36.160 --> 00:13:44.069
Stories. [music]


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Story told.