From Rocket Crashes to Cosmic Balances: Your Daily Space Update

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Welcome to Astronomy Daily, the podcast


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that brings you the universe one story


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at a time. I'm Avery.


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>> And I'm Anna. Today, we'll be covering


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some unfortunate news for South Korea's


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burgeoning space industry, a look back


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billions of years to when Earth had a


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19-hour day, a very busy launch schedule


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to close out 2025, and some serious


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safety concerns over Boeing's


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Starlininer. And we'll cap things off


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with a major leadership shakeup at


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United Launch Alliance.


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>> A lot to get through. Let's start with


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that launch anomaly in Brazil. What


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happened with the Hanbit Nano rocket?


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>> It's a tough break for the South Korean


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company Inospace. Their first commercial


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orbital rocket, the Hanbit Nano,


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unfortunately crashed just 30 seconds


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after liftoff from the Alcantara Space


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Center in Brazil.


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>> Only 30 seconds. Wow. Do we know the


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cause? The company cited a vehicle


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abnormality, but they haven't released


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specific details yet. The important


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thing is that no one was hurt and there


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was no damage to the launch facility.


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>> That's certainly the silver lining. This


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was a significant launch for them,


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wasn't it? It had been delayed a few


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times already.


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>> Exactly. It was carrying five


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satellites, so this was a major


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milestone attempt. A successful first


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commercial launch would have been a huge


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step for South Korea's private space


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sector. Setbacks are part of the


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process, but this one definitely stings


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for Inospace,


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>> right? Failure is always an option in


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rocketry, especially on a debut flight.


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We'll be watching to see how they bounce


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back.


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>> Absolutely. And it highlights the


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immense challenge for smaller private


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companies trying to break into the


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orbital launch market. It's not just


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about building a rocket. It's about


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securing funding, navigating


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international regulations, and building


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a track record. the barrier to entry is


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still incredibly high.


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>> That's a great point. While companies


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like SpaceX make it look almost routine


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now, each successful launch is built on


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a mountain of data from both successes


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and failures. Hopefully, Innoace can


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analyze what went wrong and come back


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stronger. A competitive launch market is


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good for everyone.


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>> Definitely. Now, let's switch gears and


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go way, way back in time. Billions of


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years, in fact. Avery, did you know


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there was a period when Earth's day was


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stuck at just 19 hours long?


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>> Stuck? I know the day has been getting


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gradually longer as the moon moves away


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from us, but I've never heard of it just


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stopping.


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>> That's what's so fascinating. New


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research indicates that for about a


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billion years, from roughly 2 billion


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years to 1 billion years ago, the day


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length just flatlined at 19 hours.


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>> A billion years is not a short time.


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What could cause our planet's rotation


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to just pause its slowdown like that?


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>> It's a really cool celestial balancing


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act. We know the moon's gravity creates


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ocean tides that act like a break on


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Earth's rotation, slowing it down,


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>> right? The lunar tides.


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>> But the sun also creates tides not just


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in the ocean, but in the atmosphere. The


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sun heats the atmosphere, causing it to


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bulge. This atmospheric tide influenced


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by Earth's rotation actually pulls on


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the planet trying to speed it up.


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>> So you have the moon's gravity slowing


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us down and the sun's atmospheric heat


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speeding us up.


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>> Precisely. And during this specific


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billion-year period, the theory is that


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the two forces reached a perfect


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equilibrium. The atmospheric day was in


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resonance with the rotational day. The


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slowing effect from the lunar ocean


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tides was perfectly balanced by the


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speeding effect of the solar atmospheric


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tides.


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>> A tidal resonance. That's incredible.


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So, the Earth was in a state of cosmic


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tugofwar and for a billion years it was


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a perfect draw.


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>> Exactly. Eventually, other factors broke


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the resonance and the moon's influence


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won out again, continuing the slow


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lengthening of our day to the 24 hours


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we have now. It makes you think about


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all the delicate balances that have


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shaped our planet's history.


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>> Absolutely. Imagine what life might have


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been like with five extra hours of


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darkness each day.


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>> That's the big question researchers are


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exploring now. A consistent 19-hour


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dayight cycle could have provided a


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stable environment for early


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photosynthetic organisms like


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cyanobacteria to thrive. Some theories


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suggest this long period of stability


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might have been a crucial factor in the


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great oxidation event where oxygen


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levels in the atmosphere began to rise,


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paving the way for more complex life.


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>> Well, coming back to the present, things


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are anything but slow. The last full


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week of 2025 is shaping up to be


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incredibly busy for space launches.


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>> It seems like everyone is trying to get


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their last missions of the year off the


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ground. What's on the manifest?


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>> Well, we already discussed in a


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spaceac's attempt in China. CASC is


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expected to debut its brand new reusable


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Changang 12A rocket. That's a huge


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development for their reusable launch


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vehicle program.


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>> Mhm. A direct competitor to SpaceX's


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Falcon 9.


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>> Indeed. Then over in India, ISRO is


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launching a Bluebird Block 2 satellite.


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Russia has not one but two so use


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missions planned from different


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cosmodromes.


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>> A busy week for Ross Cosmos.


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>> And of course, you can't have a busy


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launch week without SpaceX. They're


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scheduled for their final Falcon 9


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mission of the year, launching the CSG3


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satellite for the Italian Space Agency.


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It's a real flurry of activity to end


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the year.


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>> It really shows how global the space


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industry has become. Launches from


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China, India, Russia, and the US, all


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within days of each other. It's an


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exciting time to be following space


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flight.


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>> That's for sure.


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>> It's worth noting the diversity of these


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missions, too. The Chinese launch is a


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technology demonstrator for reusability.


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The Indian mission is for Earth


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observation. The Russian launches are


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likely for government and commercial


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payloads. And the SpaceX mission is for


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an Italian radar reconnaissance


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satellite. It's a snapshot of the entire


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space ecosystem in action.


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>> And the logistical coordination is


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mind-boggling. You have range safety,


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air and sea traffic control, satellite


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tracking, and telemetry all happening


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concurrently across the globe. A


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fittingly chaotic end to a very busy


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year in space.


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>> Speaking of US space flight, let's turn


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to our next story on today's rundown,


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which is a bit more sobering. It's about


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Boeing Star Liner and the fallout from


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its first crude test flight.


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>> Yeah, that mission was eventful to say


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the least. What's the latest? Well,


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NASA's aerospace safety advisory panel


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has come out with a pretty strong


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statement. They've said that NASA should


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have taken the problems with Starlininer


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far more seriously as they were


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happening.


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>> Let's recap what those problems were.


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There were multiple helium leaks and


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failures with the maneuvering thrusters.


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Right.


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>> That's right. Five separate thruster


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failures during docking and multiple


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helium leaks that were discovered both


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before and during the mission. The


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panel's main point of contention is that


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NASA never officially declared an


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in-flight mishap or a high visibility


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close call.


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>> And not making that declaration has


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consequences.


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>> It does. According to the panel, this


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failure to officially recognize the


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severity of the issues led to an


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extended period of uncertainty. It put a


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lot of stress on the workforce at NASA


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and Boeing who were trying to


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troubleshoot these serious problems.


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without the formal structure and


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resources that come with a mishap


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declaration.


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>> So they were essentially trying to


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manage a crisis without being allowed to


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call it a crisis. That sounds incredibly


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difficult.


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>> Extremely. And the end result speaks for


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itself. The two astronauts, Butch


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Wilmore and Sunni Williams, ended up


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staying on the International Space


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Station for 9 months while engineers


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tried to figure out if Starlininer was


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safe to bring them home.


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>> And in the end, it wasn't. They came


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home on a SpaceX Dragon capsule.


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>> That's the crucial point. The


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Starlininer capsule had to return to


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Earth empty. Having your crew return on


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a competitor's spacecraft because your


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own was deemed unsafe is a massive blow


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to the program's credibility. The safety


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panel is basically saying that if NASA


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had been more forthright about the


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problems from the start, a lot of this


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prolonged uncertainty and stress could


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have been handled better. It's a tough


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lesson in transparency and risk


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management. You never want to see a


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situation where you have to rely on your


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backup transportation system for a crude


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mission. It really underscores the value


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of having redundant, reliable systems


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like SpaceX's Dragon.


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>> It absolutely does. There's a lot for


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both NASA and Boeing to learn from this


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incident before they even consider


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putting another crew on Starlininer.


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>> Absolutely. And the post-flight


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investigation is digging into the root


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causes. The helium leaks, for instance,


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seem to be related to seals that become


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brittle at extreme temperatures. But the


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thruster issue is more complex. It's a


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propulsion system that has seen numerous


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issues throughout its development. And


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the failures during this critical


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mission pointed to a potential systemic


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design flaw in the reaction control


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system.


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>> A systemic flaw is the last thing you


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want to hear about on a crude vehicle.


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So, what's the path forward for Boeing?


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Is the Starlininer program salvageable


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at this point?


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>> It's a tough road ahead. They will


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likely need a complete redesign and


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reertification of the propulsion system,


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which could take years and billions more


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dollars. NASA is committed to having two


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independent crew transportation systems,


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so they won't give up on Boeing easily.


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But the pressure is immense, and


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confidence both within NASA and publicly


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has been severely shaken. They have to


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prove beyond any doubt that Starlininer


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is safe before anyone else straps in for


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a ride.


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>> And for our final story today, we've got


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some big news from one of the titans of


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the launch industry. Tori Bruno, the


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longtime president and CEO of United


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Launch Alliance has resigned.


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>> That is big news. Bruno has been at the


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helm of ULA for nearly 12 years. He


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really guided the company, a joint


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venture between Boeing and Loheed Martin


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through one of its most challenging


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periods facing intense competition from


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newcomers like SpaceX.


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>> Absolutely. His legacy will undoubtedly


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be tied to the development of the new


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Vulcan Centaur rocket. That was a


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massive undertaking designed not only to


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replace the legacy Atlas 5 and Delta IV


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rockets, but also to end ULA's reliance


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on the Russian RD1 180 engines.


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>> And he was such a public-f facing CEO,


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wasn't he? He was famous for his


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engaging presence on social media,


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always willing to answer technical


00:10:45.839 --> 00:10:48.069
questions from space fans. He really


00:10:48.079 --> 00:10:51.030
modernized ULA's public image. It truly


00:10:51.040 --> 00:10:52.710
feels like the end of an era for the


00:10:52.720 --> 00:10:55.190
company. Do we know who's taking over?


00:10:55.200 --> 00:10:57.590
>> For now, John Elbon has been appointed


00:10:57.600 --> 00:10:59.990
as the interim CEO while they search for


00:11:00.000 --> 00:11:01.910
a permanent replacement. It will


00:11:01.920 --> 00:11:03.670
certainly be interesting to see the


00:11:03.680 --> 00:11:06.630
direction ULA takes in this new chapter.


00:11:06.640 --> 00:11:08.310
>> And that's all the time we have for


00:11:08.320 --> 00:11:10.310
today. From rocket failures and


00:11:10.320 --> 00:11:12.550
celestial mechanics to a packed launch


00:11:12.560 --> 00:11:14.790
schedule and critical safety reviews,


00:11:14.800 --> 00:11:16.389
it's been another busy day in the world


00:11:16.399 --> 00:11:18.150
of astronomy and spaceflight.


00:11:18.160 --> 00:11:20.470
>> Thanks for tuning in to Astronomy Daily.


00:11:20.480 --> 00:11:22.389
We'll be back tomorrow with more news


00:11:22.399 --> 00:11:25.030
from across the cosmos. Until then, I'm


00:11:25.040 --> 00:11:25.829
Anna


00:11:25.839 --> 00:11:28.310
>> and I'm Avery. Keep looking up.


00:11:28.320 --> 00:11:31.350
>> Astronomy day.


00:11:31.360 --> 00:11:35.160
Stories told.