Fires on the Moon, Interstellar Glaciers & Mayan Timekeeping Mysteries | Space Nuts: Astronomy...

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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Hi there. Thanks for joining us on


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another episode of Space Nuts, where we


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talk astronomy and space science. My


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name is Andrew Dunley, your host. And


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it's always good to have your company


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wherever you are, whatever you're doing.


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You might be in traffic, you might be in


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bed, staying awake. We uh we generally


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put people to sleep, but uh staying


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awake. Um or you could be just hanging


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around the house doing whatever you need


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to do. Vacuuming, mowing the lawn.


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Yeah. All of that. Uh coming up in this


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edition, uh we're going to be talking


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about fires on the moon. What? How? Yes,


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it's a thing. Yes, it is, Jordy.


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Uh we're also


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We're also talking Interstellar glacias.


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Wow. Uh the Mayan calendar and another


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Artemus 2 record that's been set. We'll


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find out all about it on this episode of


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Space Nuts.


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>> 15 seconds. Guidance is internal. 10 9


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ignition sequence start.


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>> Space nuts.


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>> 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1


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>> Space Nuts.


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>> Astronauts report. It feels good.


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>> Back again to help us understand all of


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that is Professor Fred Watson,


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astronomer at large. Hello, Fred.


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>> Hi, Andrew. Good to see you and good to


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speak with you.


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>> What's chilly day?


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>> What's up Jord's nose today? Uh, I think


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our um I think somebody's just arrived


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at the door.


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>> That's usually how he welcomes them.


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>> Yeah, it is. It is. I might just um need


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to go and check actually if you don't


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mind.


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>> Oh, okay. Yeah, we can do that.


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>> Yeah, you could talk to yourself for a


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minute.


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>> Yeah, I I'm very good at talking to


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myself. Yes. Um Jord's um I don't know


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what kind of terrier he is. He's a tiny


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little dog, but he's very very loud. And


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whenever anybody turns up, he absolutely


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goes off his buns. And um when Judy and


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I visited there late last year, we um we


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were welcomed by Jordy tearing down the


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stairs and um marked like a maniac. But


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um yeah, he he's harmless. He's


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absolutely harmless.


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>> Uh all is well, Fred. Is he okay?


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>> Yeah. Well, he's all right. Yeah, he's


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uh the people who turned up at the door,


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nobody um nobody opened the door for


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them, so they just let themselves in.


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That's all.


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>> Oh, right. Okay. That


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>> they're well known to us. Come.


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>> Yeah. Queenslanders do that a lot


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apparently.


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>> Oh, do they? When we moved to Queensland


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in 1987 after we got married, um our


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neighbors walked in and introduced


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themselves.


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>> Really?


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>> And we thought, "Oh, that's so weird."


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But no, it's not. It's just the way


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Queenslanders are up in up in the


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northern tropics. Yeah,


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>> completely different mindset, but um you


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get used to it. It's it's a lovely


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lifestyle.


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>> Uh shall we get down to business, Fred?


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>> Well, I suppose so.


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>> If we if we must.


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>> We we we probably should.


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>> Yeah.


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>> Uh let's start off with this um story


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about fires on the moon. Now, I've


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looked at the moon many times. I've


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never seen any brush fires or bush fires


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or forest fires or, you know, dune fires


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or mountain fires or crater fires. Uh, I


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got a suspicion this has got something


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to do with um something


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humanity is going to do uh when they get


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on the moon.


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>> Yep.


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Let's talk about this because uh fires


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on the moon sounds a little bit um I


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don't know impossible but


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it's a it's a thing or will be.


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>> It is a thing. It's it's a thing and


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it's all about understanding how fires


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burn on the moon. Um it's something


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called the flam flammability of


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materials on the moon experiment. uh


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otherwise abbreviated to FM2 uh


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developed by NASA uh in a number of


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their research centers, the Glenn


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Research Center, Johnson Space Center,


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East uh sorry, Case Western Reserve


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University. What they're doing is


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they're sending uh what's called a


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self-contained combustion chamber to the


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moon and it's going on one of these


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commercial lunar payload services


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flights uh that we sort of know about


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from uh from discussions we've had


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before where the you know basically


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private companies provide hardware uh to


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uh send on robotic missions to the moon


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to set up things for when humans are


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exploring the moon um a few years down


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the track. So, it's all about um safety


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actually, Andrew. Uh that's the bottom


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line for this. It's the uh the


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motivation


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because um there is a gap in our


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understanding of how fire works.


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Uh and that is because we understand how


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fire works here on the earth. um how the


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convection brings oxygen into the flame


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and keeps the fire burning. We


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understand how it works in zero gravity


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because experiments have been done uh on


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the International Space Station that uh


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allow uh scientists to uh estimate


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estimate um basically what the behavior


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of a fire would be in zero gravity. that


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um apparently a candle flame in zero


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gravity is just spherical.


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>> I I read that. That's um that's strange.


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And uh I mean we all know how horrible


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fires can be in in terms of um space


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travel that there have been tragedies


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over the years. um uh Apollo one in


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particular, but um uh there have been


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other incidents uh with fires and and uh


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and certain issues, but um what happens


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on Earth and what happens in zero G we


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know about what happens on the moon.


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>> That's what we don't know about.


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>> Yeah.


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>> Uh and so that's the um that's the


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reason for these tests. uh because


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scientists have actually raised concerns


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about the way fire might behave on the


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moon because it is different when you're


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in one sixth of the earth's gravity


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which is basically lunar lunar gravity.


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>> Yeah.


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>> Uh there's there is a standard um that


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is measured by NASA in terms of how


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things burn. It's called NASA-STD-60001B


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and it's what's called a vertical burn


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test. And I'm reading now from uh from a


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Space Daily article that describes this


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all very nicely. The current standard is


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a vertical burn test. A 6-in flame is


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held to the bottom of a vertically


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mounted sample. If the flame climbs more


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than six inches up the sample or if


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molten debris drips off and keeps


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burning, the material fails. It's a


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straightforward repeatable procedure and


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it's kept crews safe on shuttle


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international space station and every


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commercial vehicle that has followed.


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The test has hidden assumptions baked


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in. The buoyancy driven convection will


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behave the same way in flight as it did


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in the lab. For low Earth orbit,


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engineers have patched around this


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assumption with experience. For the


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lunar surface, there is no equivalent


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flight heritage to fall back on. In


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other words, we don't have any


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experience of how things behave in one


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sixth gravity.


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>> So, yeah. So,


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>> I I would I would assume that u knowing


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what we know about fire on Earth and in


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zero gravity with a little bit of


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gravity on the moon, it' be different


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again.


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Yes, that's right. Um, it's it's uh once


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again um looking at uh the space daily


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piece which is very very nicely uh


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encapsulates what these experiments are


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about. Um there have been tests done uh


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inside uh uncrrewed


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um actually they were the signis ones


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not the dragon capsules uh signis cargo


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capsules uh uh before they re-enter and


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burn up in the atmosphere. There have


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been uh what are called sapphire tests


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the spacecraft fire safety series. I


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think you and I spoke about that


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probably a couple of years ago. Mhm.


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>> Um so what you do is you deliberately


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ignite samples of the material uh and


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and look at how the flames behave and


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sometimes actually they they they spread


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in the opposite direction to the way the


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air flows coming. Um and also apparently


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they burn hotter on thinner materials.


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And that's all great, but that's that's


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microgravity. That's effectively zero


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gravity. And it is a different physical


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regime as they put it from partial


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gravity combustion. Uh which is what we


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will experience on the moon. Uh all


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these items uh once again uh a very nice


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summary here. The flame shape, the flow


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structure, the soot chemistry and the


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spread rate all respond nonlinearly to


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the gravitational acceleration.


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So uh you can't really it's not


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something you can simulate. Um you can


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you know you can certainly simulate


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weightlessness either with by dropping


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things off big towers. Uh that's one way


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of simulating weightlessness. Yeah. Um


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and it's what was in Einstein's head


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when he worked out the special the sorry


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the general theory of relativity how


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gravity works. And then there are those


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parabolic aircraft flights that we often


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refer to as the vomit comet uh for um


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for humans. But not none of those are


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long enough period um in in order to to


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simulate how things go when something


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catches fire. Uh and of course they are


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all microgravity. Um so this FM2


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experiment is designed to be


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self-contained. It's a sealed cont


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chamber contains four solid fuel


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samples. uh and they will go to one of


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these commercial lunar program uh uh


00:10:26.560 --> 00:10:29.750
landers uh on the surface. Um and


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apparently the samples, the burning


00:10:32.160 --> 00:10:35.110
samples are lit one after another uh and


00:10:35.120 --> 00:10:36.949
there are all sorts of cameras and


00:10:36.959 --> 00:10:39.350
radiometers and oxygen sensors,


00:10:39.360 --> 00:10:42.230
temperature gauges, all of that stuff to


00:10:42.240 --> 00:10:44.550
look at the the flame geometry and uh


00:10:44.560 --> 00:10:47.110
how much heat comes from it, h how much


00:10:47.120 --> 00:10:50.550
of the oxygen is is consumed. So all


00:10:50.560 --> 00:10:54.949
that is um is going to teach us what


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might happen if something went wrong


00:10:57.120 --> 00:10:59.110
when you have astronauts walking on the


00:10:59.120 --> 00:11:00.870
moon. Uh if you have a you know some


00:11:00.880 --> 00:11:04.389
sort of um habitat uh where a where a


00:11:04.399 --> 00:11:07.829
fire is induced or catches fire whatever


00:11:07.839 --> 00:11:10.470
um we should from from these experiments


00:11:10.480 --> 00:11:12.870
we should know how to deal with it which


00:11:12.880 --> 00:11:14.310
we don't at the moment.


00:11:14.320 --> 00:11:16.150
>> Yeah. Uh, one of the points in the


00:11:16.160 --> 00:11:18.470
article I thought was interesting was


00:11:18.480 --> 00:11:21.590
that uh, there could be materials that


00:11:21.600 --> 00:11:24.230
exist on Earth that are certified, you


00:11:24.240 --> 00:11:27.350
know, agrade fire retardant. You know,


00:11:27.360 --> 00:11:29.750
nothing to worry about here, but that


00:11:29.760 --> 00:11:31.509
might not be the case with the same


00:11:31.519 --> 00:11:33.269
material on the moon.


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>> Exactly. That's right. So, that's what


00:11:35.120 --> 00:11:37.509
this is all about. And it is it's common


00:11:37.519 --> 00:11:39.910
sense really when you think about it.


00:11:39.920 --> 00:11:42.630
It's and it's a lot better to send a a


00:11:42.640 --> 00:11:45.910
self-contained experiment to the moon um


00:11:45.920 --> 00:11:47.670
rather than getting somebody standing on


00:11:47.680 --> 00:11:49.509
the moon to light a match in a habitat


00:11:49.519 --> 00:11:50.949
and see what happens. It's


00:11:50.959 --> 00:11:52.069
>> yes,


00:11:52.079 --> 00:11:53.509
>> that will not be good.


00:11:53.519 --> 00:11:55.590
>> And I I suppose long term we're going to


00:11:55.600 --> 00:11:58.150
see all sorts of facilities on the moon.


00:11:58.160 --> 00:12:00.790
We're going to have as you said habitat,


00:12:00.800 --> 00:12:04.550
but there'll be there'll be um labs, you


00:12:04.560 --> 00:12:07.910
know, um um all sorts of spaces for all


00:12:07.920 --> 00:12:09.110
sorts of different things. probably


00:12:09.120 --> 00:12:11.269
things we haven't even thought of yet.


00:12:11.279 --> 00:12:14.069
Uh there'll be um you know they're


00:12:14.079 --> 00:12:16.150
talking about making rocket fuel on the


00:12:16.160 --> 00:12:19.110
moon. Now there's a fire hazard


00:12:19.120 --> 00:12:20.949
>> if if ever there was one. That's right.


00:12:20.959 --> 00:12:23.110
If you're separating hydrogen and oxygen


00:12:23.120 --> 00:12:25.269
when they come back together they Yep.


00:12:25.279 --> 00:12:27.590
There's a fire hazard. Absolutely right.


00:12:27.600 --> 00:12:29.190
>> Yeah. So there's there's a lot to take


00:12:29.200 --> 00:12:31.990
into consideration. So, it's uh it's


00:12:32.000 --> 00:12:33.829
it's it's obviously something that they


00:12:33.839 --> 00:12:35.509
really need to figure out and this


00:12:35.519 --> 00:12:37.030
sounds like a very good way of doing it,


00:12:37.040 --> 00:12:40.550
a controlled experiment. Um, and and


00:12:40.560 --> 00:12:42.710
they does it say when they're planning


00:12:42.720 --> 00:12:44.150
to do this? It shouldn't be too long


00:12:44.160 --> 00:12:45.110
away.


00:12:45.120 --> 00:12:46.870
>> No, that's right. I think it's on an


00:12:46.880 --> 00:12:49.829
upcoming uh uh one of these commercial


00:12:49.839 --> 00:12:52.470
flights. I can't see a date in it


00:12:52.480 --> 00:12:54.790
>> uh in this piece, but um uh yeah, I'm


00:12:54.800 --> 00:12:56.870
sure we'll we'll find about the results


00:12:56.880 --> 00:12:58.150
when they've when they've actually


00:12:58.160 --> 00:13:01.110
happened. Yeah, indeed. All right. U if


00:13:01.120 --> 00:13:03.110
you'd like to read all about it, you can


00:13:03.120 --> 00:13:06.310
find that story at spaceaily.com


00:13:06.320 --> 00:13:07.829
and you could probably find it on the


00:13:07.839 --> 00:13:10.710
NASA website as well. This is Space Nuts


00:13:10.720 --> 00:13:13.509
with Andrew Dunley and Professor Fred


00:13:13.519 --> 00:13:19.350
Watson


00:13:19.360 --> 00:13:21.509
base here. The angle has landed.


00:13:21.519 --> 00:13:22.949
>> Space nets.


00:13:22.959 --> 00:13:25.430
>> Now, Fred, we move from the moon to


00:13:25.440 --> 00:13:28.949
beyond. Uh we're going way out in fact


00:13:28.959 --> 00:13:31.430
uh to interstellar regions of the


00:13:31.440 --> 00:13:37.670
universe uh where NASA has um discovered


00:13:37.680 --> 00:13:40.710
galactic ice. They're describing them as


00:13:40.720 --> 00:13:43.190
interstellar glacias.


00:13:43.200 --> 00:13:45.190
>> Indeed. That's right. So yes, from fire


00:13:45.200 --> 00:13:47.430
to ice. It's almost almost like being


00:13:47.440 --> 00:13:50.069
being on Iceland where you've got them


00:13:50.079 --> 00:13:53.750
together. Um and this is um uh a story


00:13:53.760 --> 00:13:57.189
that comes from um research that has


00:13:57.199 --> 00:13:59.110
been done using a spacecraft that you


00:13:59.120 --> 00:14:00.870
and I I think we talked about it when it


00:14:00.880 --> 00:14:03.990
was launched um but we don't often


00:14:04.000 --> 00:14:06.230
mention it and it is producing some


00:14:06.240 --> 00:14:08.150
quite significant results. It's called


00:14:08.160 --> 00:14:11.829
Sphere X uh which is an acronym for


00:14:11.839 --> 00:14:14.150
spectrophotometer for the history of the


00:14:14.160 --> 00:14:18.069
universe epoch of reionization and ISIS


00:14:18.079 --> 00:14:22.470
explorer. I would have guessed that.


00:14:22.480 --> 00:14:24.150
>> Yes, I'm sure you would if you were, you


00:14:24.160 --> 00:14:26.069
know, 20 years to think about what it


00:14:26.079 --> 00:14:28.550
might be because I certainly wouldn't.


00:14:28.560 --> 00:14:31.430
>> Um, but what it's been doing is, uh, so


00:14:31.440 --> 00:14:33.670
that it's a basically a survey


00:14:33.680 --> 00:14:35.910
spacecraft. It's got wide angle


00:14:35.920 --> 00:14:40.710
telescopes. uh it has um it's basically


00:14:40.720 --> 00:14:43.110
it takes images but it takes them


00:14:43.120 --> 00:14:46.310
through I think it's 102 different


00:14:46.320 --> 00:14:49.910
different color filters uh which which


00:14:49.920 --> 00:14:53.350
uh these color filters are centered on


00:14:53.360 --> 00:14:56.470
key wavelengths in the spectrum uh which


00:14:56.480 --> 00:15:00.150
allows you to image you know see what


00:15:00.160 --> 00:15:03.269
where all the iron atoms are see where


00:15:03.279 --> 00:15:05.030
all the calcium atoms are see where all


00:15:05.040 --> 00:15:07.509
the hydrogen atoms are see where all the


00:15:07.519 --> 00:15:09.910
oxygen atoms are. All of that stuff


00:15:09.920 --> 00:15:13.350
comes from this ability to see the sky


00:15:13.360 --> 00:15:16.870
in, as I said, 102 colors. Uh they're in


00:15:16.880 --> 00:15:19.269
the infrared, so it's sort of mimics the


00:15:19.279 --> 00:15:23.430
James Web telescope. Um it's however, as


00:15:23.440 --> 00:15:25.189
I said, a wide field telescope, which


00:15:25.199 --> 00:15:26.790
means it's doing surveys rather than


00:15:26.800 --> 00:15:29.509
homing in onto


00:15:29.519 --> 00:15:31.350
small areas of space where you want to


00:15:31.360 --> 00:15:33.030
magnify things so you can see all the


00:15:33.040 --> 00:15:35.990
fine detail. Uh it was launched um only


00:15:36.000 --> 00:15:38.150
a year ago, a year or so ago, March the


00:15:38.160 --> 00:15:40.949
11th, 2025.


00:15:40.959 --> 00:15:44.310
Um and it's already sending back some


00:15:44.320 --> 00:15:47.750
really quite spectacular uh results. So


00:15:47.760 --> 00:15:51.590
by the end of last year um it had uh


00:15:51.600 --> 00:15:53.110
completed


00:15:53.120 --> 00:15:57.269
uh the first of its all sky infrared


00:15:57.279 --> 00:16:00.150
maps of the sky of the universe


00:16:00.160 --> 00:16:00.870
basically.


00:16:00.880 --> 00:16:04.069
>> Mhm. Um and it's it's basically measured


00:16:04.079 --> 00:16:06.790
hundreds of millions of galaxies. Uh it


00:16:06.800 --> 00:16:09.430
does it essentially uh in three


00:16:09.440 --> 00:16:11.910
dimensions rather than two. Uh an


00:16:11.920 --> 00:16:13.990
imaging telescope you might think can


00:16:14.000 --> 00:16:16.949
only see uh everything as as if it was


00:16:16.959 --> 00:16:19.110
plastered on the celestial sphere. And


00:16:19.120 --> 00:16:22.230
that's an imaginary concept of uh you


00:16:22.240 --> 00:16:23.910
know where you say everything's at the


00:16:23.920 --> 00:16:25.350
same distance and it represents a


00:16:25.360 --> 00:16:26.550
sphere. and you can measure the


00:16:26.560 --> 00:16:28.870
positions of objects on that sphere very


00:16:28.880 --> 00:16:30.230
accurately in a science we call


00:16:30.240 --> 00:16:33.590
astrometry. But with all these 102


00:16:33.600 --> 00:16:36.710
filters um you can also use this


00:16:36.720 --> 00:16:39.670
instrument to get uh estimates of red


00:16:39.680 --> 00:16:43.350
shift and by that I mean the effectively


00:16:43.360 --> 00:16:45.670
the the way the spectrum of a a distant


00:16:45.680 --> 00:16:48.230
galaxy is shifted towards the red end of


00:16:48.240 --> 00:16:51.910
the spectrum. Uh and you can do that by


00:16:51.920 --> 00:16:54.629
choosing your filters carefully so that


00:16:54.639 --> 00:16:57.590
um as certain features in the spectrum


00:16:57.600 --> 00:17:00.389
of a galaxy drop in and out as the red


00:17:00.399 --> 00:17:02.629
shift increases, you could get an


00:17:02.639 --> 00:17:04.309
estimate of what the red shift is


00:17:04.319 --> 00:17:06.390
without actually making a spectrum. It's


00:17:06.400 --> 00:17:09.829
um a technique that's been known for


00:17:09.839 --> 00:17:12.789
many years uh essentially called spe um


00:17:12.799 --> 00:17:15.189
photo phototric red shifts. That's what


00:17:15.199 --> 00:17:18.069
we call it. uh and um so what they're


00:17:18.079 --> 00:17:20.150
doing is basically measuring the 3D


00:17:20.160 --> 00:17:22.789
positions of galaxies by the hundreds of


00:17:22.799 --> 00:17:25.350
millions. Uh and that will tell us a lot


00:17:25.360 --> 00:17:29.110
about um the the state of the state of


00:17:29.120 --> 00:17:32.630
the union in uh in galaxies at very


00:17:32.640 --> 00:17:34.470
great distances as well as the nearby


00:17:34.480 --> 00:17:36.470
ones. And it'll tell us about the


00:17:36.480 --> 00:17:40.230
evolution of uh things like uh the


00:17:40.240 --> 00:17:41.669
amount of water that there is in a


00:17:41.679 --> 00:17:43.990
galaxy, the amount of ice essentially.


00:17:44.000 --> 00:17:46.710
Um but they can also use this instrument


00:17:46.720 --> 00:17:48.950
not just to look at distant galaxies but


00:17:48.960 --> 00:17:51.270
to look at the gas clouds in our own


00:17:51.280 --> 00:17:54.390
galaxy. Uh and um that's where this


00:17:54.400 --> 00:17:56.630
story comes from. They've looked at what


00:17:56.640 --> 00:17:59.510
we call molecular clouds which you might


00:17:59.520 --> 00:18:01.590
not be surprised to hear are clouds of


00:18:01.600 --> 00:18:05.669
molecules. Uh and they are they're where


00:18:05.679 --> 00:18:08.710
we think stars are born giant molecular


00:18:08.720 --> 00:18:11.830
clouds. Um they've looked at some of the


00:18:11.840 --> 00:18:14.230
regions uh of the Milky Way which are


00:18:14.240 --> 00:18:18.470
richest in these clouds of gas uh and


00:18:18.480 --> 00:18:21.029
essentially used the fact that infrared


00:18:21.039 --> 00:18:24.390
can penetrate dust rather well at least


00:18:24.400 --> 00:18:26.950
near infrared can as we see when we look


00:18:26.960 --> 00:18:28.310
at some of the pictures from the James


00:18:28.320 --> 00:18:31.750
Web telescope. Uh that um dust


00:18:31.760 --> 00:18:33.669
penetrating ability allows you to see


00:18:33.679 --> 00:18:35.909
deep into some of these giant molecular


00:18:35.919 --> 00:18:38.070
clouds which are otherwise opaque to


00:18:38.080 --> 00:18:41.190
visible light and then you can look at


00:18:41.200 --> 00:18:43.510
what sort of chemicals are there and


00:18:43.520 --> 00:18:48.150
what sort of ices there are in um in in


00:18:48.160 --> 00:18:51.270
these clouds. Um and the ice we we know


00:18:51.280 --> 00:18:53.909
from other studies the ice tends to form


00:18:53.919 --> 00:18:57.510
on on dust grains. These are tiny dust


00:18:57.520 --> 00:18:59.110
grains. We we call them dust. It's


00:18:59.120 --> 00:19:02.390
really smoke uh in space because smoke


00:19:02.400 --> 00:19:04.870
here on Earth is solid particles very


00:19:04.880 --> 00:19:09.190
very tiny. Um that's how dust exists in


00:19:09.200 --> 00:19:11.830
space in these very tiny particles which


00:19:11.840 --> 00:19:15.029
are often coated with ices because the


00:19:15.039 --> 00:19:18.390
ice condenses on these cold cold dust


00:19:18.400 --> 00:19:20.710
particles. One of my former colleagues,


00:19:20.720 --> 00:19:22.789
somebody I actually studied with when I


00:19:22.799 --> 00:19:25.190
was at uni about 100 years ago, uh has


00:19:25.200 --> 00:19:27.750
spent his career in the United States,


00:19:27.760 --> 00:19:29.110
uh looking at this kind of thing,


00:19:29.120 --> 00:19:30.710
looking at interstellar dust and


00:19:30.720 --> 00:19:33.669
interstellar ISIS. I excuse me, I don't


00:19:33.679 --> 00:19:34.950
think he's actually involved with this


00:19:34.960 --> 00:19:37.350
research. Uh but he would have he would


00:19:37.360 --> 00:19:38.870
certainly understand and probably knows


00:19:38.880 --> 00:19:40.710
the people who are working on it uh


00:19:40.720 --> 00:19:42.870
would understand the results. So what


00:19:42.880 --> 00:19:46.470
they found is um a whole range of


00:19:46.480 --> 00:19:49.669
different uh molecules as well as water


00:19:49.679 --> 00:19:54.470
ice um there are uh some of the complex


00:19:54.480 --> 00:19:57.430
molecules like polycyclic aromatic


00:19:57.440 --> 00:19:59.669
hydrocarbons and these are things that


00:19:59.679 --> 00:20:01.430
are I mean they're carbon containing


00:20:01.440 --> 00:20:04.070
which is why they are called organic


00:20:04.080 --> 00:20:07.830
molecules u and finding those really


00:20:07.840 --> 00:20:09.750
gives you an insight into chemistry that


00:20:09.760 --> 00:20:12.070
goes on inside some of these giant


00:20:12.080 --> 00:20:14.310
molecular clouds and indeed we know from


00:20:14.320 --> 00:20:17.029
other studies that some of those ices


00:20:17.039 --> 00:20:19.750
represent the building blocks of life


00:20:19.760 --> 00:20:21.830
that we find all kinds of molecules that


00:20:21.840 --> 00:20:24.070
are important in life processes. So we


00:20:24.080 --> 00:20:25.510
haven't discovered life yet but we


00:20:25.520 --> 00:20:27.590
discovered the the building blocks uh


00:20:27.600 --> 00:20:29.830
and uh and the the point I was going to


00:20:29.840 --> 00:20:31.590
make the point of this story is there


00:20:31.600 --> 00:20:33.830
are huge quantities out there more than


00:20:33.840 --> 00:20:36.230
anybody expected.


00:20:36.240 --> 00:20:38.390
Yeah, we we have talked about the fact


00:20:38.400 --> 00:20:41.590
that water is plentiful in the universe.


00:20:41.600 --> 00:20:43.830
That's certainly something that's um


00:20:43.840 --> 00:20:46.149
becoming more and more evident, but this


00:20:46.159 --> 00:20:50.630
sheds a whole new light on it like um


00:20:50.640 --> 00:20:54.070
it's out there in a in abundance.


00:20:54.080 --> 00:20:57.350
>> Exactly. That's right. Um, I mean it, as


00:20:57.360 --> 00:21:00.070
you and I have said many times, the um


00:21:00.080 --> 00:21:02.230
most common two element molecule in the


00:21:02.240 --> 00:21:03.990
whole universe is water,


00:21:04.000 --> 00:21:06.549
>> H2O. And so it shouldn't surprise us


00:21:06.559 --> 00:21:09.270
that we've got ice everywhere. I mean,


00:21:09.280 --> 00:21:11.029
it's the same in our own solar system.


00:21:11.039 --> 00:21:13.830
We didn't know until comparatively


00:21:13.840 --> 00:21:15.430
recently that ice is abundant,


00:21:15.440 --> 00:21:17.510
particularly in the in the moons of the


00:21:17.520 --> 00:21:21.510
ice outer planets, uh, Saturn, um,


00:21:21.520 --> 00:21:23.190
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.


00:21:23.200 --> 00:21:25.350
They've all got moons that are very icy.


00:21:25.360 --> 00:21:27.029
And then you go out to the Kyper belt


00:21:27.039 --> 00:21:28.950
and the trans neptunian objects. They're


00:21:28.960 --> 00:21:30.310
all icy, too.


00:21:30.320 --> 00:21:33.029
>> Uh as are the comets that reside in the


00:21:33.039 --> 00:21:35.669
or cloud. So, it's everywhere. Water is


00:21:35.679 --> 00:21:37.590
absolutely everywhere. And the liquid


00:21:37.600 --> 00:21:41.430
oceans in the ice moons and the list


00:21:41.440 --> 00:21:44.149
goes on. And of course, the the way


00:21:44.159 --> 00:21:47.350
water is ended up in certain places. Uh


00:21:47.360 --> 00:21:50.789
one uh theory we talked about some time


00:21:50.799 --> 00:21:53.110
back is that when earth formed the water


00:21:53.120 --> 00:21:56.710
was already here because like this where


00:21:56.720 --> 00:21:58.390
water is attached to those dust


00:21:58.400 --> 00:22:02.149
particles or the dust molecules. Same


00:22:02.159 --> 00:22:03.830
with all the material that made earth


00:22:03.840 --> 00:22:06.789
and it's just eventually as conditions


00:22:06.799 --> 00:22:09.590
changed seeped into the places where


00:22:09.600 --> 00:22:12.310
it's now become oceans and clouds and


00:22:12.320 --> 00:22:15.909
rivers and created a whole ecosystem.


00:22:15.919 --> 00:22:18.070
Exactly. That's right. That's certainly.


00:22:18.080 --> 00:22:20.390
So, we think maybe the worth the earth's


00:22:20.400 --> 00:22:22.470
water has two sources. One of which


00:22:22.480 --> 00:22:24.870
you've mentioned. It's actually


00:22:24.880 --> 00:22:27.430
hydrolated rocks that um formed the


00:22:27.440 --> 00:22:28.549
earth.


00:22:28.559 --> 00:22:30.310
>> But also the possibility that some of it


00:22:30.320 --> 00:22:32.630
came from comets and we've discussed the


00:22:32.640 --> 00:22:34.310
one of the problems with that theory and


00:22:34.320 --> 00:22:37.029
that um sometimes the comet's uh heavy


00:22:37.039 --> 00:22:38.870
water to normal water ratio doesn't


00:22:38.880 --> 00:22:41.750
match what the oceans of the earth have.


00:22:41.760 --> 00:22:44.070
Uh, and I I think there are some comets


00:22:44.080 --> 00:22:46.630
that do, but some don't. So, it's kind


00:22:46.640 --> 00:22:47.830
of open question.


00:22:47.840 --> 00:22:50.070
>> Doesn't match on Mars either compared to


00:22:50.080 --> 00:22:50.310
Earth.


00:22:50.320 --> 00:22:51.990
>> I believe not. That's right.


00:22:52.000 --> 00:22:53.990
>> Yeah, it's all fascinating. I love it.


00:22:54.000 --> 00:22:55.669
Really, you didn't think water was so


00:22:55.679 --> 00:22:57.350
interesting, but it's pretty pretty


00:22:57.360 --> 00:22:58.950
amazing stuff.


00:22:58.960 --> 00:23:01.430
>> Yeah. Great story this one. You can read


00:23:01.440 --> 00:23:03.750
it at f.org or you can read the paper


00:23:03.760 --> 00:23:06.390
that's been published recently at the


00:23:06.400 --> 00:23:07.909
Astrophysical


00:23:07.919 --> 00:23:11.029
Journal. Space Nuts. This is with Andrew


00:23:11.039 --> 00:23:16.149
Dunley and Professor Fred Watson.


00:23:16.159 --> 00:23:18.390
>> Okay, we checked all four systems and


00:23:18.400 --> 00:23:19.029
with


00:23:19.039 --> 00:23:20.310
>> Space Nuts,


00:23:20.320 --> 00:23:22.789
>> right, Fred, couple of stories to finish


00:23:22.799 --> 00:23:25.590
up. Um, couple of quick ones. Um, I I


00:23:25.600 --> 00:23:27.190
was reading an article the other day and


00:23:27.200 --> 00:23:29.750
it just sort of jumped out at me. A new


00:23:29.760 --> 00:23:32.710
uh paper has been published uh after a


00:23:32.720 --> 00:23:37.029
study into um the way the Mayans used to


00:23:37.039 --> 00:23:39.909
calculate time and used mathematics to


00:23:39.919 --> 00:23:43.830
to um predict um things that most


00:23:43.840 --> 00:23:45.270
civilizations would have thought were


00:23:45.280 --> 00:23:47.909
pretty random and damn scary like


00:23:47.919 --> 00:23:51.430
eclipses and uh seasons and and the list


00:23:51.440 --> 00:23:55.430
goes on. Um, but what the Mayans did was


00:23:55.440 --> 00:23:58.549
probably far superior to most other


00:23:58.559 --> 00:24:02.310
civilizations. Their mathematics was was


00:24:02.320 --> 00:24:04.470
beyond comprehension for most of us. I


00:24:04.480 --> 00:24:06.710
think um this is this is all brand new


00:24:06.720 --> 00:24:08.789
information. I know we know about how


00:24:08.799 --> 00:24:10.950
clever they were, but this kind of sheds


00:24:10.960 --> 00:24:12.870
a bit of new light onto it by the look


00:24:12.880 --> 00:24:14.549
of things.


00:24:14.559 --> 00:24:21.190
>> Um, that's correct. It's uh it's um the


00:24:21.200 --> 00:24:25.909
result of some research that uh goes


00:24:25.919 --> 00:24:28.630
back to a document called the Dresden


00:24:28.640 --> 00:24:32.149
Codeex uh which is a


00:24:32.159 --> 00:24:34.710
essentially a manuscript that dates from


00:24:34.720 --> 00:24:37.590
the Maya civilization which is was


00:24:37.600 --> 00:24:40.630
actually extremely longived. Um, I think


00:24:40.640 --> 00:24:43.909
it sort of kicked off uh something like


00:24:43.919 --> 00:24:49.190
uh 200 BC or BCE uh and lasted until the


00:24:49.200 --> 00:24:53.990
1600s uh uh AD or CE common era.


00:24:54.000 --> 00:24:58.390
>> Uh and um and so that's perhaps a hint


00:24:58.400 --> 00:25:01.590
as to why their mathematics and


00:25:01.600 --> 00:25:06.630
astronomy were so effective because they


00:25:06.640 --> 00:25:09.269
had a long long time


00:25:09.279 --> 00:25:12.070
uh to count the years between certain


00:25:12.080 --> 00:25:16.230
events and to um you know do that over


00:25:16.240 --> 00:25:20.630
over many many years so that you get a


00:25:20.640 --> 00:25:23.029
really accurate idea and the kind of


00:25:23.039 --> 00:25:25.269
thing I'm thinking of Andrew is the um


00:25:25.279 --> 00:25:28.149
what the lunar cycle uh the moon has a


00:25:28.159 --> 00:25:31.830
cycle of 18.6 in six years and on that


00:25:31.840 --> 00:25:34.870
scale eclipses more or less repeat


00:25:34.880 --> 00:25:37.350
throughout the throughout the year. Uh


00:25:37.360 --> 00:25:39.350
they don't exactly repeat so you don't


00:25:39.360 --> 00:25:41.269
get total eclipses occurring in exactly


00:25:41.279 --> 00:25:44.390
the same place but you uh you can use


00:25:44.400 --> 00:25:48.549
that that cycle in order to predict when


00:25:48.559 --> 00:25:50.630
there are likely to be eclipses. So if


00:25:50.640 --> 00:25:52.470
you've got a longestablished


00:25:52.480 --> 00:25:55.510
civilization with a long memory uh that


00:25:55.520 --> 00:25:58.950
18.6 six year cycle would be well known


00:25:58.960 --> 00:26:02.149
and well understood. Uh and I think the


00:26:02.159 --> 00:26:05.110
um what's um made the particular study


00:26:05.120 --> 00:26:06.870
that we're talking about it's published


00:26:06.880 --> 00:26:09.669
in the journal science advances is that


00:26:09.679 --> 00:26:11.830
some of the tables that are in the


00:26:11.840 --> 00:26:15.269
Dresden codeex uh have now been


00:26:15.279 --> 00:26:19.190
interpreted as as being the um method by


00:26:19.200 --> 00:26:22.230
which the Maya people actually did do


00:26:22.240 --> 00:26:23.990
things like eclipse predicting


00:26:24.000 --> 00:26:26.070
predicting eclipses.


00:26:26.080 --> 00:26:30.230
And it it's it differs from from uh uh


00:26:30.240 --> 00:26:32.230
what people thought happened. People


00:26:32.240 --> 00:26:33.990
thought these tables were just sort of


00:26:34.000 --> 00:26:36.470
one-off things that um that that didn't


00:26:36.480 --> 00:26:38.310
really talk to, you know, have anything


00:26:38.320 --> 00:26:40.630
to do with each other, the tabulated


00:26:40.640 --> 00:26:43.830
information. But it now looks as though


00:26:43.840 --> 00:26:45.590
uh it's much more clever than that. a


00:26:45.600 --> 00:26:47.590
kind of iterative approach with tables


00:26:47.600 --> 00:26:52.149
that overlap and um basically as time


00:26:52.159 --> 00:26:55.029
goes on you eliminate any kind of errors


00:26:55.039 --> 00:26:57.029
uh that might be there and so you end up


00:26:57.039 --> 00:27:00.149
with something very accurate indeed. Um


00:27:00.159 --> 00:27:02.630
yeah so it's a quite an interesting


00:27:02.640 --> 00:27:05.110
story uh for people who are interested


00:27:05.120 --> 00:27:07.190
in archa astronomy which we are of


00:27:07.200 --> 00:27:08.149
course on space


00:27:08.159 --> 00:27:10.789
>> yeah I I think it talks about the the


00:27:10.799 --> 00:27:13.750
minds having two two completely


00:27:13.760 --> 00:27:16.549
different systems but when they put them


00:27:16.559 --> 00:27:17.990
together and looked at them they went


00:27:18.000 --> 00:27:21.669
hey wait a minute they work together and


00:27:21.679 --> 00:27:25.350
they they are so incredibly accurate


00:27:25.360 --> 00:27:28.789
>> and um and it opened up a whole new


00:27:28.799 --> 00:27:31.190
realm of uh understanding about how the


00:27:31.200 --> 00:27:34.310
minds did what they did. Uh and I


00:27:34.320 --> 00:27:35.669
suppose when you think about it, they


00:27:35.679 --> 00:27:37.830
had 4,000 years, as you said, they had a


00:27:37.840 --> 00:27:40.149
long period of time to to collect this


00:27:40.159 --> 00:27:41.269
data.


00:27:41.279 --> 00:27:44.390
>> So, um yeah, pretty amazing stuff.


00:27:44.400 --> 00:27:46.470
>> And it it brings me back to that old


00:27:46.480 --> 00:27:49.990
chestnut that we we assume we are all


00:27:50.000 --> 00:27:51.590
knowledgeable. We are, you know, we are


00:27:51.600 --> 00:27:54.070
the cleverest humans that ever existed.


00:27:54.080 --> 00:27:56.470
We're not. We're no more intelligent


00:27:56.480 --> 00:27:59.909
than than the first humans. We've just


00:27:59.919 --> 00:28:02.230
progressed over time to reach the point


00:28:02.240 --> 00:28:04.870
we are. But the Mayans are exhibiting an


00:28:04.880 --> 00:28:09.590
intelligence that predates u the modern


00:28:09.600 --> 00:28:11.190
era if you like.


00:28:11.200 --> 00:28:13.750
>> And that they've shown that the


00:28:13.760 --> 00:28:16.630
intelligence of homo sapiens is long


00:28:16.640 --> 00:28:18.549
lived. It's not just something that's


00:28:18.559 --> 00:28:20.470
happened in the last few hundred years.


00:28:20.480 --> 00:28:23.590
It's it's it's been


00:28:23.600 --> 00:28:25.669
it's always been there is I I guess is


00:28:25.679 --> 00:28:27.029
what I'm saying.


00:28:27.039 --> 00:28:29.430
>> Yes, that's right. So it's that's homo


00:28:29.440 --> 00:28:32.389
sapiens. That's right. It's uh it's we


00:28:32.399 --> 00:28:35.190
are gifted with um a brain of 100


00:28:35.200 --> 00:28:37.430
billion neurons


00:28:37.440 --> 00:28:40.549
>> uh which um can still outdo computers


00:28:40.559 --> 00:28:42.710
and AI although of course AI is catching


00:28:42.720 --> 00:28:46.630
up. Uh but it's still not human. Um and


00:28:46.640 --> 00:28:49.110
uh I don't think it ever will be.


00:28:49.120 --> 00:28:52.950
>> I hope not. I hope not. Judy and I read


00:28:52.960 --> 00:28:55.830
an article the other day about um how


00:28:55.840 --> 00:28:59.110
they're going to use AI robots


00:28:59.120 --> 00:29:02.070
uh in in nursing homes in the not too


00:29:02.080 --> 00:29:06.470
distant future to help people with um


00:29:06.480 --> 00:29:09.350
simple things like uh communication,


00:29:09.360 --> 00:29:11.350
just having a conversation because they


00:29:11.360 --> 00:29:15.029
get lonely. Um and they're going to use


00:29:15.039 --> 00:29:17.510
AI robots to do things like that.


00:29:17.520 --> 00:29:21.029
they'll be able to have intelligent


00:29:21.039 --> 00:29:22.789
one-on-one


00:29:22.799 --> 00:29:25.669
conversations with a human being like


00:29:25.679 --> 00:29:28.310
this just that blows my mind. I know you


00:29:28.320 --> 00:29:30.070
can kind of do that at the moment with


00:29:30.080 --> 00:29:31.830
you know your Google Homes and all these


00:29:31.840 --> 00:29:35.029
but this is a whole new level this


00:29:35.039 --> 00:29:36.310
>> and it looks like they're going to roll


00:29:36.320 --> 00:29:38.950
that out in parts of Australia in the


00:29:38.960 --> 00:29:41.590
not too distant future. So yeah, it's a


00:29:41.600 --> 00:29:44.149
brave new world. Um


00:29:44.159 --> 00:29:45.830
just I hope they remember the three


00:29:45.840 --> 00:29:48.230
laws. We better not forget that. Yeah.


00:29:48.240 --> 00:29:49.350
>> Of robotics.


00:29:49.360 --> 00:29:51.590
>> Yes. The three laws of robotics.


00:29:51.600 --> 00:29:52.630
>> Yeah.


00:29:52.640 --> 00:29:54.230
>> Yeah. Uh but if you want to read about


00:29:54.240 --> 00:29:56.630
that story, it's at uh


00:29:56.640 --> 00:30:00.630
futura-sciences.com


00:30:00.640 --> 00:30:02.870
about the Mayan calendar and their


00:30:02.880 --> 00:30:05.430
mathematical brilliance. One quick one


00:30:05.440 --> 00:30:07.190
to finish off, Fred. We're going back to


00:30:07.200 --> 00:30:10.310
Artemus 2. Uh we we talked about not so


00:30:10.320 --> 00:30:12.149
long ago um not like the whole mission


00:30:12.159 --> 00:30:13.830
and everything they did, but the fact


00:30:13.840 --> 00:30:16.710
that they the astronauts on that


00:30:16.720 --> 00:30:20.149
particular mission were the humans that


00:30:20.159 --> 00:30:22.149
achieved the furthest distance from


00:30:22.159 --> 00:30:24.950
humanity in history because of how far


00:30:24.960 --> 00:30:27.190
out they had to go to loop back around


00:30:27.200 --> 00:30:29.909
the moon. But now they've made another


00:30:29.919 --> 00:30:32.389
quirky little um discovery about a


00:30:32.399 --> 00:30:34.389
record that was set that somebody just


00:30:34.399 --> 00:30:36.310
by chance decided to follow up and went,


00:30:36.320 --> 00:30:38.149
"Oh, hang on a minute. I've actually


00:30:38.159 --> 00:30:41.190
found something. What's this one about?


00:30:41.200 --> 00:30:43.669
>> Oh, well, it's it goes back to um one of


00:30:43.679 --> 00:30:46.070
the veteran commentators on space flight


00:30:46.080 --> 00:30:48.549
and satellites, somebody whose work over


00:30:48.559 --> 00:30:51.190
the decades has been invaluable in


00:30:51.200 --> 00:30:53.750
telling us what the you know how crowded


00:30:53.760 --> 00:30:55.190
space is and things like that. His name


00:30:55.200 --> 00:30:59.909
is Jonathan McDow. Uh he um is always I


00:30:59.919 --> 00:31:02.789
think his head is full of numbers that


00:31:02.799 --> 00:31:07.029
relate to spacecraft. Uh but he he noted


00:31:07.039 --> 00:31:09.590
that um


00:31:09.600 --> 00:31:13.029
the that the there is something


00:31:13.039 --> 00:31:16.310
different from what was being widely


00:31:16.320 --> 00:31:18.710
touted during the Arteimus mission. And


00:31:18.720 --> 00:31:22.070
that is that the distance between the


00:31:22.080 --> 00:31:25.750
humans on board Artemis and uh the


00:31:25.760 --> 00:31:27.510
humans on the International Space


00:31:27.520 --> 00:31:30.870
Station was a record for the separation


00:31:30.880 --> 00:31:35.669
of humans. And it was actually 419,581


00:31:35.679 --> 00:31:38.549
kilometers. That's the integrity to


00:31:38.559 --> 00:31:42.230
International Space Station distance. Uh


00:31:42.240 --> 00:31:44.630
260,715


00:31:44.640 --> 00:31:47.509
12 miles if you want that. But um


00:31:47.519 --> 00:31:50.710
Jonathan McDow took a closer look at


00:31:50.720 --> 00:31:53.110
what was in space at the time and


00:31:53.120 --> 00:31:59.669
realized that uh the um Chinese


00:31:59.679 --> 00:32:02.149
space station Tiangong


00:32:02.159 --> 00:32:04.549
uh was further away with its three


00:32:04.559 --> 00:32:07.909
tyonauts on board. In fact, it's um it's


00:32:07.919 --> 00:32:11.750
about 62 kilometers further away at


00:32:11.760 --> 00:32:14.789
419,643


00:32:14.799 --> 00:32:17.350
km. So that's the maximum separation of


00:32:17.360 --> 00:32:19.990
humans. Uh it was between Chinese


00:32:20.000 --> 00:32:23.750
tyonauts on Tiangong and H and the uh


00:32:23.760 --> 00:32:28.950
Artimus crew on board integrity. Uh it's


00:32:28.960 --> 00:32:32.230
it's very typical of Jonathan McDall to


00:32:32.240 --> 00:32:36.070
to pull little statistics like this out


00:32:36.080 --> 00:32:39.509
of the air. But um the he was


00:32:39.519 --> 00:32:42.549
interviewed by space.com uh and um they


00:32:42.559 --> 00:32:45.029
asked him lots of questions like is this


00:32:45.039 --> 00:32:48.070
significant this Arteimus 2 record and


00:32:48.080 --> 00:32:50.149
what he said was uh I think quite


00:32:50.159 --> 00:32:51.830
profound in its own way. I think the


00:32:51.840 --> 00:32:54.149
significance is that it's the beginning


00:32:54.159 --> 00:32:57.029
of a shift from how far from earth are


00:32:57.039 --> 00:32:59.990
our most distant people to how spread


00:33:00.000 --> 00:33:03.029
out is human civilization. Um and he


00:33:03.039 --> 00:33:04.710
said there may come a day when it's


00:33:04.720 --> 00:33:07.190
Mercury to the moons of Saturn. Yeah,


00:33:07.200 --> 00:33:08.230
which is true.


00:33:08.240 --> 00:33:10.630
>> Yeah, I I was going to actually suggest


00:33:10.640 --> 00:33:12.950
that uh you know when we go to Mars, the


00:33:12.960 --> 00:33:16.149
records will be set there. Um and and


00:33:16.159 --> 00:33:18.389
it'll just keep growing. Yeah. And I'd


00:33:18.399 --> 00:33:22.950
say in the next one or 200 years, we'll


00:33:22.960 --> 00:33:25.190
probably have people on Mercury at the


00:33:25.200 --> 00:33:27.110
same time as we have people on Pluto or


00:33:27.120 --> 00:33:29.830
something like that. You know, it's it's


00:33:29.840 --> 00:33:32.310
very possible. Uh so the numbers will


00:33:32.320 --> 00:33:33.909
just keep growing.


00:33:33.919 --> 00:33:34.870
>> Yes. Yeah.


00:33:34.880 --> 00:33:36.389
>> And you know, in time to come, they'll


00:33:36.399 --> 00:33:39.029
probably go beyond that, too. Who knows?


00:33:39.039 --> 00:33:42.950
>> One day, perhaps if we don't uh do


00:33:42.960 --> 00:33:45.269
ourselves a fatal injury before then.


00:33:45.279 --> 00:33:47.990
>> Yeah. Yeah. Like um bust a pufoo valve


00:33:48.000 --> 00:33:49.110
as we're


00:33:49.120 --> 00:33:49.669
>> Yes.


00:33:49.679 --> 00:33:51.190
>> running around the solar system. Yeah.


00:33:51.200 --> 00:33:54.149
Who knows? Um great story. If you'd like


00:33:54.159 --> 00:33:56.310
to read about the statistical separation


00:33:56.320 --> 00:33:59.190
of human beings, it's uh as Fred said,


00:33:59.200 --> 00:34:02.070
it's space.com.


00:34:02.080 --> 00:34:04.630
And we're all done. Fred, thank you very


00:34:04.640 --> 00:34:05.590
much.


00:34:05.600 --> 00:34:07.430
>> Great pleasure, Andrew. Always good to


00:34:07.440 --> 00:34:09.190
chat over these things and I look


00:34:09.200 --> 00:34:11.109
forward to talking about some questions


00:34:11.119 --> 00:34:12.950
with you at sometime down the track.


00:34:12.960 --> 00:34:14.710
>> I think we'll do that very, very soon.


00:34:14.720 --> 00:34:16.869
Probably sooner than most people think.


00:34:16.879 --> 00:34:18.629
Uh, thanks Fred. Professor Fred Watson,


00:34:18.639 --> 00:34:19.990
astronomer at large. Don't forget to


00:34:20.000 --> 00:34:22.069
visit us online while you're on the


00:34:22.079 --> 00:34:25.109
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00:34:59.040 --> 00:35:01.030
And thanks to Hugh in the studio. So,


00:35:01.040 --> 00:35:03.589
uh, funny story, he saw us log in, so he


00:35:03.599 --> 00:35:06.150
logged out. And from me, Andrew Dunley,


00:35:06.160 --> 00:35:07.990
thanks for your company. We'll see you


00:35:08.000 --> 00:35:09.670
on the next episode of Space Nuts.


00:35:09.680 --> 00:35:10.630
Bye-bye.


00:35:10.640 --> 00:35:11.589
>> Space nuts.


00:35:11.599 --> 00:35:13.670
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