Exoplanet Discovery, Dark Energy Evolution

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is Spaceime Series 28 episode 37


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for broadcast on the 26th of March


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2025 coming up on Spaceime a new


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exoplanet discovery using a new system a


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new study claims dark energy could be


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evolving over cosmic time scales and


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claims the moon's magnetic field is more


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dynamic and lasted far longer than


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previously thought all that and more


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coming up on Spaceime


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welcome to Space Time with Stuart


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[Music]




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Garry astronomers have discovered a


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potential new exoplanet the new


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planetary candidate cataloged as TOI


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2818C is estimated to be between 10 and


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16 times the size of the Earth but with


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an orbital period less than 16 Earth


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days it was found just over a thousand


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lighty years away in the planetary


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system in the constellation Papus a


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report in the Astrophysical Journal


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claims the new discovery was made using


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transit timing variations these involved


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using the timing of a known planet


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transiting across the host star to infer


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the presence of a second exoplanet in


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the system after identifying an unusual


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trend in the movement of the hot Jupiter


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planet TOI 2818b the authors ran a


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series of model


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simulations they pointed to the presence


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of a small planetary companion the


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study's lead author Ben Monte from the


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University of New South Wales says it's


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rare for hot Jupiters to have other


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planets near them so this new planet


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could have serious implications for how


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hot Jupiters form and in turn it could


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help astronomers understand other


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systems an exoplanet is any planet


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outside our solar system like the


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planets in our solar system which orbit


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the sun most exoplanets orbit a host


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star so far over 5,500 exoplanets have


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been confirmed by NASA but there are


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trillions more expected to be out there


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waiting to be discovered and that's just


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in our Milky Way galaxy of the known


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exoplanets around 500 are known to be


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hot Jupiters these are hot gaseous


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worlds like Jupiter but orbiting


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extremely close to their host stars


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usually each orbit takes just a few


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hours or a couple of days at most even


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lesser known are companion planets the


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hot Jupiters planets orbiting the same


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star as the hot Jupiter one way of


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hunting exoplanets is known as the


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transit method it involves monitoring


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planets as they pass in front of a star


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as seen from Earth when this happens the


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planet briefly blocks out some of the


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stars light that dip in stellar light


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the regularity of the dip and its


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duration can tell astronomers a lot


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about the planet's orbit and size and if


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it's close enough for a spectra to be


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taken scientists can also find out about


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the planet's atmosphere possibly even


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its composition m says planets usually


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make good clocks and an exoplanet's


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orbit around a star should remain


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reasonably stable ensuring consistent


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timing between transits however if you


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have more than one planet at play in the


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system then the planets will tend to


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push each other around with their


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gravity and that will make each of the


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planets speed up and slow down just a


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little bit this means the transits will


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arrive slightly earlier or slightly


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later than normal and you can then use


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that to infer another planet is causing


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these timing variations monte colleagues


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made their discovery by going through


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three years of data from the NASA


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transiting exoplanet survey satellite


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tests one known exoplanet is TOI


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2818b it was discovered using the


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transit method however when analyzing


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the data the authors noticed that its


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transit dips were not evenly spaced they


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were occurring closer together over time


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something must have been influencing


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this planet's orbit and that prompted a


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closer investigation the tricky thing is


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there are a number of plausible


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explanations as to why a planet should


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arrive early for example tides of the


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star itself can impact the gravitational


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pull on the planet exactly the same as


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what we see between the moon and the


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earth but when this is the case the


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planet is typically spiraling inwards


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about to get swallowed by the star that


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would make the transits of this planet


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arrive earlier and earlier so Monte and


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colleagues needed to work through all


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the possible variations of explanations


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that could cause the timing variation


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seen in the data after extensive


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examination the only option that fitted


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all the observations was the existence


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of another planet in the system the


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first exoplanets were discovered back in


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the mid1 1990s while scientists haven't


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yet found an exoplanet that can support


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life like the Earth they have identified


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a number of Earth-sized rocky exoplanets


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some of which are in the habitable zones


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of their host stars that's the region


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around the star where temperatures would


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allow liquid water essential for life as


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we know it to exist on a planet's


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surface monte says whenever astronomers


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find new planets they throw up new


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puzzles about how these planets are


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formed and hot Jupiters are a great


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example of that hot Jupiters were the


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first exoplanets discovered but


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scientists really don't fully understand


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exactly how they form or even why


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they're there we know that when stars


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have planets and these planets are


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transiting so they pass along our line


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of sight blocking the star these planets


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make excellent clocks they orbit their


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stars perfectly in motion every time


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they come back around they block the


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star in the same way for the same amount


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of time and so when that doesn't happen


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if these transits are occurring early or


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late we know something else is going on


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there's something else in the system


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that's causing some sort of dynamics to


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occur and that's affecting the planet


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that we see and so that's exactly what


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happened here this is one star that we


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knew had a planet already a hot Jupiter


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so every 4 days this giant planet went


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around the star blocked the light but in


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our team working with a PhD student here


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Brendan McKe we found that this hot


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Jupiter was arriving earlier and earlier


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and earlier so it looked like it was


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almost spiraling into its host star


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which led us to think something else was


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going on here to look at the system more


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closely and ultimately we're able to


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determine that the thing that's going on


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is that there's another planet in the


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system now this is not unusual a lot of


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exoplanets that we find have siblings


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orbiting the host star but uh we don't


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see that very often with hot Jupiters


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yeah that's right so we know that most


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planets are in multiple systems like the


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solar system right there's eight planets


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here and about 10% of all of the planet


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systems that we see have these timing


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variations so we see the interactions


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between two planets these are typically


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planets near what we call a resonance


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and so they orbit each other in some


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ratio of periods so say 10 days and 20


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days or something like that so you get


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the same effect of pushing a child on a


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swing that every time the two planets


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come to each other at the same point in


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the orbit they give each other a little


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kick and so these little kicks add up


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and all of a sudden you get a big


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perturbation what is rare is to see this


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in a hot Jupiter system there's only


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about five or so hot Jupiters that have


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any sort of companion that has been


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detected meaning another planet and so


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this is a fairly small sample that we've


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added to and these are important because


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they help us understand how these hot


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Jupiters form we're talking about


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something near the hot Jupiter not


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something much further out I take it


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that's right so we weren't able to


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uniquely say exactly where the other


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planet is there's a solution at 8 days


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so the hot Jupiter goes around every 4


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days this other planet could be at 8


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days or 12 days or inside of the hot


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Jupiter even at 2 days and there's a


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solution that works with all of these we


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need more data to figure out in which of


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these orbits it is but we know that yeah


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in a resonance with the hot Jupiter


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there's a planet that's probably between


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about 5 and 10 Earth masses and that's


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all you need to create these


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pertabbations so it's a small thing it


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could have even started perhaps as a


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moon of this hot Jupiter and got pulled


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away by the tidal forces from the host


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star over time it's possible we don't


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really know where how where it's formed


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from there are a lot of questions which


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are being raised as a result of this


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such as a sort of dynamical forces that


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could be involved and you looked at two


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hot excitations and another one called


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cold migration yeah that's right so


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there's two main theories for how hot


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Jupiters form we think that in almost


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all cases they would have formed much


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further away from their star like where


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Jupiter is in our solar system there's


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just not enough material close to a star


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early in it life to create a Jupiter so


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it forms further away and it moves in


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and there's two different ways that


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could happen one is that it moves very


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smoothly through the protolanetary disc


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when the system is young and just


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migrates in in a very calm way we call


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this cold migration and the second one


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is warm or hot migration where there's


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some sort of interaction and say two


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giant planets nearly collide with each


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other kicks one into a big orbit that


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eventually spirals inwards towards a


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star and so that's a much more dynamic


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process probably perturbs everything


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else in the disc we would expect if that


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was common then these planets typically


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wouldn't have other planets in the


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system they would all get ejected


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through this exciting process where cold


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migration would preserve planets along


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the way they just kind of smoothly


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migrated with a hot Jupiter and so the


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more hot Jupiters we can find with


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companions or rule out companions with


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that can help us understand how common


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these two different methods are we don't


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think it's strictly one or strictly the


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other we think both happen at different


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amounts of time it's just a matter of


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then trying to figure out how common


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each one is and so this and other


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planets like this will help us really


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understand how common cold migration is


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that doesn't just work for distant


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exoplanets we can employ that same


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technique to try and find out more about


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our own solar system because if you look


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at the nice model we think that's how


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our Jupiter and behind it Saturn acted


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in the early days of the solar system


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they moved inwards a little bit and then


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migrated back outwards again yeah


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absolutely this isn't a theory that was


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developed recently the theory that goes


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back to our own solar system and a lot


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of what we think we understand about


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planet formation comes from our solar


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system the nice model and then the grand


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tac model which kind of built on the


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niece model both predict that Jupiter


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and Saturn all that the planets would


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have moved around quite a bit in the


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early solar system because of


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interactions with the protolanetary disc


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when the system was young we're talking


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the first 10 20 30 million years of the


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solar systems life and so that is


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certainly something that the exos solar


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systems resemble in many ways and as


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Jupiter moved inwards it did two things


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one it flung a lot of material into the


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outer part of the solar system but at


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the same time it also caused the


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compression of protolanetary material


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that was already in front of it that is


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towards the sun and that helped form


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Mercury Venus Mars and the Earth yeah


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what what we really need for planets to


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form is a change in density if you have


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everything just in a disc and it's all


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uniform you don't really get the


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interactions that you need for stuff to


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clump together to start forming a planet


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you need stuff to move past each other


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and then thing you know different


00:10:35.760 --> 00:10:37.670
material gets caught either just through


00:10:37.680 --> 00:10:39.670
electrostatic forces or through gravity


00:10:39.680 --> 00:10:40.790
and then you start building little


00:10:40.800 --> 00:10:42.230
clumps that get bigger and bigger in


00:10:42.240 --> 00:10:43.829
time and so anything you can do to speed


00:10:43.839 --> 00:10:45.670
up that process helps this the


00:10:45.680 --> 00:10:47.350
protolanetary disc only lasts a few


00:10:47.360 --> 00:10:48.550
million years so you need to form your


00:10:48.560 --> 00:10:50.389
planets quickly and so if you can have


00:10:50.399 --> 00:10:52.389
giant planets moving around causing


00:10:52.399 --> 00:10:54.710
clumps causing over dense regions


00:10:54.720 --> 00:10:56.949
causing material to just shift its orbit


00:10:56.959 --> 00:10:58.949
a little bit to bump into new stuff that


00:10:58.959 --> 00:11:00.790
really helps you form planets more


00:11:00.800 --> 00:11:02.710
quickly and more effectively before your


00:11:02.720 --> 00:11:04.949
protolanetary disc dissipates so where


00:11:04.959 --> 00:11:07.910
to now with this research so uh there's


00:11:07.920 --> 00:11:10.230
still a lot of planets to be


00:11:10.240 --> 00:11:12.150
characterized with TESS tess has now


00:11:12.160 --> 00:11:14.949
been observe observing for just over


00:11:14.959 --> 00:11:17.590
five years so the baseline how long we


00:11:17.600 --> 00:11:19.350
have data for is longer than the Kepler


00:11:19.360 --> 00:11:20.710
mission so we can start looking at


00:11:20.720 --> 00:11:22.630
systems and seeing more subtle dynamical


00:11:22.640 --> 00:11:23.829
effects that you couldn't see with


00:11:23.839 --> 00:11:25.190
Kepler because the time scale wasn't


00:11:25.200 --> 00:11:26.790
long enough the machine the the mission


00:11:26.800 --> 00:11:28.550
only went for four years uh we can now


00:11:28.560 --> 00:11:31.030
start seeing in TESS it also is all sky


00:11:31.040 --> 00:11:33.110
so where Kepler was only one field of


00:11:33.120 --> 00:11:35.110
view tess is reobserving across the


00:11:35.120 --> 00:11:37.030
whole sky and so there's a lot of data a


00:11:37.040 --> 00:11:38.870
lot of hot Jupiters that haven't even


00:11:38.880 --> 00:11:40.150
been discovered yet in test because


00:11:40.160 --> 00:11:41.670
there's just so much data to sift


00:11:41.680 --> 00:11:43.269
through that not only will we be able to


00:11:43.279 --> 00:11:45.269
find thousands of these things they're


00:11:45.279 --> 00:11:47.269
big signals giant planets close to their


00:11:47.279 --> 00:11:48.470
stars but we're going to have this


00:11:48.480 --> 00:11:50.150
manyear baseline to start looking at the


00:11:50.160 --> 00:11:51.750
dynamics of these so it's a really


00:11:51.760 --> 00:11:54.310
exciting time to be working on this


00:11:54.320 --> 00:11:56.389
because the data is just so rich and


00:11:56.399 --> 00:11:58.230
every month becomes richer so that's one


00:11:58.240 --> 00:11:59.750
aspect that we're excited about we're


00:11:59.760 --> 00:12:03.110
also going on into the dynamics of


00:12:03.120 --> 00:12:05.670
planets around binary stars so in the


00:12:05.680 --> 00:12:07.509
same way that we can have perturbations


00:12:07.519 --> 00:12:09.030
when a planet interacts with another


00:12:09.040 --> 00:12:10.949
planet if there's two stars like


00:12:10.959 --> 00:12:13.030
canonically Tatooine from Star Wars if


00:12:13.040 --> 00:12:14.710
you have two stars with a planet going


00:12:14.720 --> 00:12:16.230
around it you'll see interactions


00:12:16.240 --> 00:12:18.470
between those three objects together and


00:12:18.480 --> 00:12:21.110
so we can measure the two eclipses very


00:12:21.120 --> 00:12:23.110
well over lots of different telescopes


00:12:23.120 --> 00:12:24.470
lots of different data sets going back


00:12:24.480 --> 00:12:26.389
decades combining those together to look


00:12:26.399 --> 00:12:27.590
for really subtle signals that are the


00:12:27.600 --> 00:12:29.430
sign of a planet and so our next big


00:12:29.440 --> 00:12:31.430
project is trying to find circum planets


00:12:31.440 --> 00:12:33.110
around binary stars that's senior


00:12:33.120 --> 00:12:35.430
lecturer Ben Monte from the University


00:12:35.440 --> 00:12:39.350
of New South Wales and this is spacetime


00:12:39.360 --> 00:12:41.829
still to come a new study claims dark


00:12:41.839 --> 00:12:43.910
energy could be evolving over cosmic


00:12:43.920 --> 00:12:45.910
time and the reclaims the moon's


00:12:45.920 --> 00:12:48.150
magnetic field has lasted far longer


00:12:48.160 --> 00:12:50.389
than expected all that and more still to


00:12:50.399 --> 00:12:59.110
come on Spaceime


00:12:59.120 --> 00:13:07.509
[Music]


00:13:07.519 --> 00:13:09.750
A new study suggests that the mysterious


00:13:09.760 --> 00:13:11.670
force known as dark energy may be


00:13:11.680 --> 00:13:14.150
evolving changing how it will affect the


00:13:14.160 --> 00:13:16.470
ultimate fate of our universe the


00:13:16.480 --> 00:13:18.150
findings come from the dark energy


00:13:18.160 --> 00:13:20.629
spectroscopic instrument DESI a survey


00:13:20.639 --> 00:13:22.069
putting together the largest


00:13:22.079 --> 00:13:23.590
three-dimensional map of the universe


00:13:23.600 --> 00:13:26.550
ever made it's designed to track dark


00:13:26.560 --> 00:13:28.790
energy's influence over the past 11


00:13:28.800 --> 00:13:31.350
billion years the new observations


00:13:31.360 --> 00:13:32.870
reported on the pre-press physics


00:13:32.880 --> 00:13:35.110
website archive.org are showing hints


00:13:35.120 --> 00:13:37.350
that dark energy widely thought to be a


00:13:37.360 --> 00:13:39.509
cosmological constant might actually be


00:13:39.519 --> 00:13:41.790
evolving over time and in unexpected


00:13:41.800 --> 00:13:44.790
ways desi is an international experiment


00:13:44.800 --> 00:13:46.949
with more than 900 scientists from over


00:13:46.959 --> 00:13:49.110
70 institutions around the world and


00:13:49.120 --> 00:13:50.550
it's managed by the United States


00:13:50.560 --> 00:13:52.389
Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley


00:13:52.399 --> 00:13:55.350
National Laboratory desi scientist Alexi


00:13:55.360 --> 00:13:57.750
Laund from the University of California


00:13:57.760 --> 00:13:59.670
Santa Cruz says the findings are


00:13:59.680 --> 00:14:02.470
extremely intriguing they suggest that


00:14:02.480 --> 00:14:04.069
science is on the cusp of a major


00:14:04.079 --> 00:14:05.910
discovery about dark energy and the


00:14:05.920 --> 00:14:08.870
fundamental nature of the universe taken


00:14:08.880 --> 00:14:11.350
alone Desi's data are consistent with


00:14:11.360 --> 00:14:13.430
the standard model of the universe the


00:14:13.440 --> 00:14:16.629
so-called lambda cold dark matter theory


00:14:16.639 --> 00:14:17.990
however when paired with other


00:14:18.000 --> 00:14:19.269
measurements there are mounting


00:14:19.279 --> 00:14:21.110
indications that the impact of dark


00:14:21.120 --> 00:14:23.750
energy may be weakening over time and


00:14:23.760 --> 00:14:25.590
that other models may actually be a


00:14:25.600 --> 00:14:27.829
better fit now those other measurements


00:14:27.839 --> 00:14:29.509
include the light left over from the


00:14:29.519 --> 00:14:31.590
dawn of the universe known as the cosmic


00:14:31.600 --> 00:14:34.790
microwave background radiation or CMB


00:14:34.800 --> 00:14:36.990
others include exploding stars known as


00:14:37.000 --> 00:14:39.430
supernova and how light from distant


00:14:39.440 --> 00:14:42.030
galaxies warp by gravity known as weak


00:14:42.040 --> 00:14:44.710
lensing the findings suggest astronomers


00:14:44.720 --> 00:14:46.790
need to modify their standard model of


00:14:46.800 --> 00:14:48.550
cosmology in order to make these


00:14:48.560 --> 00:14:51.269
different data sets make sense together


00:14:51.279 --> 00:14:53.590
so far the preference for evolving dark


00:14:53.600 --> 00:14:55.990
energy hasn't risen to five sigma that's


00:14:56.000 --> 00:14:57.670
the gold standard in physics that


00:14:57.680 --> 00:14:59.150
represents the threshold of a new


00:14:59.160 --> 00:15:01.670
discovery however different combinations


00:15:01.680 --> 00:15:03.350
of the desi data with the cosmic


00:15:03.360 --> 00:15:05.590
microwave background weak lensing and


00:15:05.600 --> 00:15:08.470
supernova data sets range from 2.8 to


00:15:08.480 --> 00:15:11.430
4.2 sigma and anything above a three


00:15:11.440 --> 00:15:14.790
sigma event has a 0.3% chance of being a


00:15:14.800 --> 00:15:17.430
statistical fluke nevertheless many


00:15:17.440 --> 00:15:19.750
three sigma events do fade away as more


00:15:19.760 --> 00:15:22.389
data becomes available desi is one of


00:15:22.399 --> 00:15:24.710
the most extensive surveys of the cosmos


00:15:24.720 --> 00:15:26.870
ever conducted the state-of-the-art


00:15:26.880 --> 00:15:28.550
instrument which captured light from


00:15:28.560 --> 00:15:31.110
5,000 galaxies simultaneously is now in


00:15:31.120 --> 00:15:33.389
its fourth of 5 years of surveying the


00:15:33.399 --> 00:15:35.670
skies and there are plans to measure


00:15:35.680 --> 00:15:37.670
approximately 50 million galaxies and


00:15:37.680 --> 00:15:40.870
quazars by the time the project ends the


00:15:40.880 --> 00:15:43.110
new analysis uses data from the first 3


00:15:43.120 --> 00:15:44.870
years of observations and includes


00:15:44.880 --> 00:15:47.030
nearly 15 million of the best measured


00:15:47.040 --> 00:15:50.069
galaxies and quazars it's a major leap


00:15:50.079 --> 00:15:51.829
forward improving the experiment's


00:15:51.839 --> 00:15:53.829
precision with a data set that more than


00:15:53.839 --> 00:15:55.749
doubles what was used in Desi's first


00:15:55.759 --> 00:15:57.910
analysis which also hinted at an


00:15:57.920 --> 00:16:00.790
evolving dark energy and it's not just


00:16:00.800 --> 00:16:02.389
that the data continues to show a


00:16:02.399 --> 00:16:04.790
preference for evolving dark energy but


00:16:04.800 --> 00:16:06.629
that the evidence is becoming stronger


00:16:06.639 --> 00:16:09.350
and stronger now than what it was before


00:16:09.360 --> 00:16:11.829
desi tracks dark energy's influence by


00:16:11.839 --> 00:16:14.030
studying how matter is spread across the


00:16:14.040 --> 00:16:16.790
universe see events in the very early


00:16:16.800 --> 00:16:19.189
universe left subtle patterns in how the


00:16:19.199 --> 00:16:21.670
matter is distributed through space it's


00:16:21.680 --> 00:16:23.910
a feature which scientists refer to as


00:16:23.920 --> 00:16:25.629
barionic acoustic


00:16:25.639 --> 00:16:28.150
oscillations that pattern is providing a


00:16:28.160 --> 00:16:30.629
cosmic scale standard ruler with its


00:16:30.639 --> 00:16:32.470
size at different times directly


00:16:32.480 --> 00:16:35.189
affecting how the universe is expanding


00:16:35.199 --> 00:16:36.790
by measuring the ruler at different


00:16:36.800 --> 00:16:38.550
distances it shows scientists the


00:16:38.560 --> 00:16:41.030
strength of dark energy through history


00:16:41.040 --> 00:16:42.629
as the data is getting more and more


00:16:42.639 --> 00:16:44.389
precise astronomers are finding


00:16:44.399 --> 00:16:46.069
potential cracks in the model and


00:16:46.079 --> 00:16:47.910
they're realizing they may need


00:16:47.920 --> 00:16:50.230
something new in order to explain all


00:16:50.240 --> 00:16:52.470
the results when they're put together


00:16:52.480 --> 00:16:54.710
it's a fascinating puzzle and needless


00:16:54.720 --> 00:16:56.790
to say we'll keep you informed with what


00:16:56.800 --> 00:17:00.949
they find this is spaceime still to come


00:17:00.959 --> 00:17:03.030
claims the moon's magnetic field lasted


00:17:03.040 --> 00:17:04.789
longer than expected and later in the


00:17:04.799 --> 00:17:06.870
science report a new study warns that


00:17:06.880 --> 00:17:08.949
sugary beverages may be increasing a


00:17:08.959 --> 00:17:11.029
woman's risk of mouth cancer all that


00:17:11.039 --> 00:17:29.029
and more still to come on Spaceime


00:17:29.039 --> 00:17:31.270
new data released by Beijing from its


00:17:31.280 --> 00:17:33.350
Changi 6 sample return mission to the


00:17:33.360 --> 00:17:35.190
far side of the moon has shown evidence


00:17:35.200 --> 00:17:36.789
of what appears to have been a


00:17:36.799 --> 00:17:38.549
significant resurgence of the moon's


00:17:38.559 --> 00:17:41.350
magnetic field about 2.8 billion years


00:17:41.360 --> 00:17:43.669
ago the findings are offering new


00:17:43.679 --> 00:17:45.590
insights into the dynamic history of the


00:17:45.600 --> 00:17:47.830
lunar magnetic field and consequently


00:17:47.840 --> 00:17:50.150
its impact on the moon's interior and


00:17:50.160 --> 00:17:53.029
surface evolution china's Changi 6


00:17:53.039 --> 00:17:54.710
mission was launched back on May the 3rd


00:17:54.720 --> 00:17:56.789
last year from the Wing Chang satellite


00:17:56.799 --> 00:17:59.909
launch center on Hinan Island its lander


00:17:59.919 --> 00:18:02.150
and rover touched down on the lunar far


00:18:02.160 --> 00:18:04.710
side on June the 1st the lander's


00:18:04.720 --> 00:18:06.710
robotic scoop and drill then took


00:18:06.720 --> 00:18:08.789
samples of the lunar regular total mass


00:18:08.799 --> 00:18:10.190
of


00:18:10.200 --> 00:18:13.510
1,935.3 g these were placed into an


00:18:13.520 --> 00:18:15.110
ascent module which was then launched


00:18:15.120 --> 00:18:17.190
back into lunar orbit where it rendevous


00:18:17.200 --> 00:18:18.470
with the orbiter module and was


00:18:18.480 --> 00:18:20.230
transferred to an atmospheric re-entry


00:18:20.240 --> 00:18:22.549
module for the return to earth the


00:18:22.559 --> 00:18:24.710
samples have provided the first basaltic


00:18:24.720 --> 00:18:26.549
rocks and regular from the moon's far


00:18:26.559 --> 00:18:29.110
side in the process filling a crucial


00:18:29.120 --> 00:18:30.870
gap in science's understanding of the


00:18:30.880 --> 00:18:33.430
lunar magnetic field's history see


00:18:33.440 --> 00:18:35.430
previous studies based on samples from


00:18:35.440 --> 00:18:37.350
the lunar knee side were able to put


00:18:37.360 --> 00:18:39.110
together a general timeline of the


00:18:39.120 --> 00:18:41.830
moon's magnetic field but they left out


00:18:41.840 --> 00:18:44.470
key uncertainties about its evolution


00:18:44.480 --> 00:18:46.070
the new research has undertaken


00:18:46.080 --> 00:18:48.310
paleomagnetic analysis of the samples


00:18:48.320 --> 00:18:49.990
measuring the ancient magnetic field


00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:52.669
strength ranging from 5 to 21


00:18:52.679 --> 00:18:54.710
microteslas the findings show a


00:18:54.720 --> 00:18:56.789
resurgence in magnetic field intensity


00:18:56.799 --> 00:19:00.070
at 2.8 billion years that follows a


00:19:00.080 --> 00:19:02.950
decline around 3.1 billion years ago the


00:19:02.960 --> 00:19:04.549
findings challenge the previous


00:19:04.559 --> 00:19:06.630
hypothesis that the lunar dynamo


00:19:06.640 --> 00:19:08.549
weakened after 3 billion years and the


00:19:08.559 --> 00:19:10.470
lunar core solidified and has remained


00:19:10.480 --> 00:19:12.789
inactive ever since the authors believe


00:19:12.799 --> 00:19:14.549
the magnetic revival could have been


00:19:14.559 --> 00:19:16.870
driven by a basaltic magma ocean or


00:19:16.880 --> 00:19:18.870
possibly processional forces with


00:19:18.880 --> 00:19:20.630
potential contributions from core


00:19:20.640 --> 00:19:22.150
crystallization


00:19:22.160 --> 00:19:24.150
now it all suggests that the moon's


00:19:24.160 --> 00:19:25.830
interior has remained geologically


00:19:25.840 --> 00:19:27.830
active for far longer than originally


00:19:27.840 --> 00:19:29.590
thought and that suggests significant


00:19:29.600 --> 00:19:31.590
fluctuations in the lunar magnetic field


00:19:31.600 --> 00:19:34.789
between 3.5 and 2.8 billion years ago


00:19:34.799 --> 00:19:37.190
all as a result of a highly unstable


00:19:37.200 --> 00:19:39.990
dynamo during this period it's a


00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:42.310
fascinating discovery and changes our


00:19:42.320 --> 00:19:45.430
understanding of the moon's history this


00:19:45.440 --> 00:19:46.740
is spaceime


00:19:46.750 --> 00:20:02.470
[Music]


00:20:02.480 --> 00:20:04.230
and time now to take another brief look


00:20:04.240 --> 00:20:05.669
at some of the other stories making news


00:20:05.679 --> 00:20:07.549
in science this week with the science


00:20:07.559 --> 00:20:09.830
report a new study has found that


00:20:09.840 --> 00:20:11.750
consuming lots of sugary beverages may


00:20:11.760 --> 00:20:13.830
increase a woman's risk of mouth cancer


00:20:13.840 --> 00:20:16.549
regardless of whether or not they smoke


00:20:16.559 --> 00:20:18.390
the findings reported in the Journal of


00:20:18.400 --> 00:20:20.470
the American Medical Association looked


00:20:20.480 --> 00:20:22.350
at data on


00:20:22.360 --> 00:20:25.830
162,62 women 124 of whom developed mouth


00:20:25.840 --> 00:20:27.870
cancer over 30 years of follow-up


00:20:27.880 --> 00:20:30.789
studies overall women who drank one or


00:20:30.799 --> 00:20:33.830
more sugary beverages per day were 4.87


00:20:33.840 --> 00:20:35.590
times more likely to develop mouth


00:20:35.600 --> 00:20:37.669
cancer than those who consumed less than


00:20:37.679 --> 00:20:40.149
one sugary drink a month now that's


00:20:40.159 --> 00:20:41.990
equivalent to an extra three cases of


00:20:42.000 --> 00:20:44.789
mouth cancer for every 100,000 people


00:20:44.799 --> 00:20:46.710
when heavy smokers were excluded the


00:20:46.720 --> 00:20:48.470
increased risk from sugary drinks was


00:20:48.480 --> 00:20:50.549
even higher with women who drank one or


00:20:50.559 --> 00:20:53.350
more drinks per day at 5.46 times the


00:20:53.360 --> 00:20:55.029
risk of mouth cancer compared to women


00:20:55.039 --> 00:20:57.430
who drank less than one drink per month


00:20:57.440 --> 00:20:59.430
the authors say the findings may reveal


00:20:59.440 --> 00:21:01.430
a previously unknown cause of mouth


00:21:01.440 --> 00:21:03.669
cancer in women and so further studies


00:21:03.679 --> 00:21:05.510
should look to see if the same thing is


00:21:05.520 --> 00:21:07.990
true among men


00:21:08.000 --> 00:21:10.390
a new study claims agricultural drought


00:21:10.400 --> 00:21:12.549
is likely to become harder to predict as


00:21:12.559 --> 00:21:14.950
the world continues to heat up the


00:21:14.960 --> 00:21:16.789
findings reported in the journal Nature


00:21:16.799 --> 00:21:18.710
Climate Change is based on statistics


00:21:18.720 --> 00:21:20.950
and computer simulations showing that


00:21:20.960 --> 00:21:23.110
predictability of droughts may decrease


00:21:23.120 --> 00:21:25.750
by more than 70% if the world warms to


00:21:25.760 --> 00:21:29.350
either 2° or 3° C above pre-industrial


00:21:29.360 --> 00:21:32.230
levels it shows Australia is one of the


00:21:32.240 --> 00:21:34.470
most affected regions in the world along


00:21:34.480 --> 00:21:37.029
with North America Amazonia Europe and


00:21:37.039 --> 00:21:39.350
both Eastern and Southern Asia the


00:21:39.360 --> 00:21:40.789
authors say this decrease in


00:21:40.799 --> 00:21:43.029
predictability is due to changes in the


00:21:43.039 --> 00:21:44.950
soil as well as the interactions between


00:21:44.960 --> 00:21:46.950
the land and the air and increasingly


00:21:46.960 --> 00:21:49.070
dry conditions more


00:21:49.080 --> 00:21:51.669
generally a new study warns that less


00:21:51.679 --> 00:21:54.149
than half the claims made about ADHD


00:21:54.159 --> 00:21:56.549
symptoms in popular Tik Tok videos align


00:21:56.559 --> 00:21:58.390
with current scientific and clinical


00:21:58.400 --> 00:22:00.789
standards the findings are reported in


00:22:00.799 --> 00:22:02.549
the journal plus one assessed the


00:22:02.559 --> 00:22:04.070
content of more than a 100 of the most


00:22:04.080 --> 00:22:06.510
popular Tik Tok videos with a hashtag


00:22:06.520 --> 00:22:09.110
ADHD they found that less than half of


00:22:09.120 --> 00:22:11.590
the videos claims about ADHD were


00:22:11.600 --> 00:22:14.549
accurate they then asked 843


00:22:14.559 --> 00:22:16.310
undergraduate students about their Tik


00:22:16.320 --> 00:22:18.789
Tok ADHD viewing habits and what videos


00:22:18.799 --> 00:22:21.190
they would recommend students either


00:22:21.200 --> 00:22:23.590
formally or self-dagnosed with ADHD


00:22:23.600 --> 00:22:26.470
reported watching #ADHD Tik Toks more


00:22:26.480 --> 00:22:28.350
frequently than students who didn't have


00:22:28.360 --> 00:22:30.950
ADHD and those who watched those videos


00:22:30.960 --> 00:22:32.549
were more likely to say they would


00:22:32.559 --> 00:22:33.990
recommend them regardless of how


00:22:34.000 --> 00:22:36.149
accurate they really were while the


00:22:36.159 --> 00:22:37.909
authors acknowledge social media can


00:22:37.919 --> 00:22:39.830
provide useful information and a sense


00:22:39.840 --> 00:22:42.230
of community for those with ADHD they


00:22:42.240 --> 00:22:44.630
often don't match expert opinion and


00:22:44.640 --> 00:22:47.270
could lead to people overestimating ADHD


00:22:47.280 --> 00:22:49.110
prevalence and think more negatively


00:22:49.120 --> 00:22:50.909
about their own


00:22:50.919 --> 00:22:53.510
symptoms lg and Samsung have just


00:22:53.520 --> 00:22:56.310
released their latest high-tech TVs with


00:22:56.320 --> 00:22:57.909
the details we're joined by technology


00:22:57.919 --> 00:23:01.110
editor Alex Harro from techadvice.life


00:23:01.120 --> 00:23:04.070
i just saw LG's 2025 range that go from


00:23:04.080 --> 00:23:05.909
smaller TVs that also work beautifully


00:23:05.919 --> 00:23:08.070
as monitors you know 32 in all the way


00:23:08.080 --> 00:23:10.630
through to 100in TVs i mean there was an


00:23:10.640 --> 00:23:13.590
80in transparent LED all that stuff


00:23:13.600 --> 00:23:15.029
we've seen in science fiction but one of


00:23:15.039 --> 00:23:17.110
the TVs that LG has been working on for


00:23:17.120 --> 00:23:18.950
some years as well as their market


00:23:18.960 --> 00:23:21.990
leading OLED where each pixel is its own


00:23:22.000 --> 00:23:23.750
light source and you can have ultimate


00:23:23.760 --> 00:23:25.270
blacks because everything is switched


00:23:25.280 --> 00:23:27.270
off there's no light shining through a


00:23:27.280 --> 00:23:29.750
liquid crystal display that then has to


00:23:29.760 --> 00:23:31.510
show black and then also have light


00:23:31.520 --> 00:23:33.909
going through it qet is quantum dot and


00:23:33.919 --> 00:23:36.070
nano cell technologies and these use


00:23:36.080 --> 00:23:39.190
mini LED backlighting to create a um


00:23:39.200 --> 00:23:41.350
vibrant picture now there are different


00:23:41.360 --> 00:23:44.149
levels of this QNET technology lg uses a


00:23:44.159 --> 00:23:46.870
branding called EVO to denote the higher


00:23:46.880 --> 00:23:48.710
quality versions of its technologies and


00:23:48.720 --> 00:23:52.070
when I saw a QLED and then an QLED Evo


00:23:52.080 --> 00:23:53.590
side by side well you can see that the


00:23:53.600 --> 00:23:56.950
EVO version had even more rich colors it


00:23:56.960 --> 00:23:58.390
was able to display even more colors


00:23:58.400 --> 00:24:00.549
than the cheaper version but this is all


00:24:00.559 --> 00:24:03.430
in the aim of giving consumers a modern


00:24:03.440 --> 00:24:05.510
television with all the streaming and


00:24:05.520 --> 00:24:07.830
all the apps that you expect now one of


00:24:07.840 --> 00:24:09.909
the things that LG is doing is they're


00:24:09.919 --> 00:24:12.950
offering 5 years of updates for the


00:24:12.960 --> 00:24:15.430
television operating system this is


00:24:15.440 --> 00:24:16.789
important because just like when you buy


00:24:16.799 --> 00:24:18.789
a phone it has all sorts of security and


00:24:18.799 --> 00:24:20.630
feature updates and you know you get the


00:24:20.640 --> 00:24:22.149
next version of iOS or the next version


00:24:22.159 --> 00:24:24.310
of Android and you've got new features


00:24:24.320 --> 00:24:25.990
and also as we were saying before


00:24:26.000 --> 00:24:28.070
importantly security updates so this is


00:24:28.080 --> 00:24:29.669
important for TVs because if your TV's


00:24:29.679 --> 00:24:31.269
stuck you had it for 5 years and you


00:24:31.279 --> 00:24:32.630
can't update it anymore maybe


00:24:32.640 --> 00:24:34.070
vulnerabilities i mean there's a reason


00:24:34.080 --> 00:24:35.510
why they don't have the little cameras


00:24:35.520 --> 00:24:37.269
on televisions anymore now they have


00:24:37.279 --> 00:24:38.789
microphones now again because you can


00:24:38.799 --> 00:24:40.390
now talk to your TVs and get it to


00:24:40.400 --> 00:24:41.990
change channels or change brightness or


00:24:42.000 --> 00:24:44.549
improve the vocal track so the voices


00:24:44.559 --> 00:24:46.149
are louder but if your TV is several


00:24:46.159 --> 00:24:48.230
years old can have vulnerabilities now


00:24:48.240 --> 00:24:51.029
Samsung has also come out with its new


00:24:51.039 --> 00:24:53.830
range of OLED TVs and Samsung is the


00:24:53.840 --> 00:24:55.669
other company that's making OLEDs and


00:24:55.679 --> 00:24:58.149
these TVs come with 7 years of security


00:24:58.159 --> 00:25:00.549
and OS updates it's really sad but isn't


00:25:00.559 --> 00:25:02.390
it in the olden days in the days of


00:25:02.400 --> 00:25:05.110
cathode ray tubes you'd buy a TV it last


00:25:05.120 --> 00:25:07.830
you 20 years or so and uh you'd only


00:25:07.840 --> 00:25:10.470
upgrade when color TV came out or when


00:25:10.480 --> 00:25:12.630
we moved to flat screens well in a way


00:25:12.640 --> 00:25:14.390
it's the same because flat screens from


00:25:14.400 --> 00:25:16.149
10 years ago a lot of them wouldn't


00:25:16.159 --> 00:25:17.590
necessarily have had internet


00:25:17.600 --> 00:25:18.789
connections or you would have had to


00:25:18.799 --> 00:25:21.269
have plugged in an Ethernet cable or


00:25:21.279 --> 00:25:23.110
Wi-Fi and that can be turned off so the


00:25:23.120 --> 00:25:25.190
TV the flat screen TV is still a flat


00:25:25.200 --> 00:25:27.269
screen TV it'll still pick up free toear


00:25:27.279 --> 00:25:29.269
channels it might have some measure of


00:25:29.279 --> 00:25:30.950
internet connectivity but if that is


00:25:30.960 --> 00:25:33.190
turned off the TV cannot be hacked into


00:25:33.200 --> 00:25:35.590
so it still can do what it can do but it


00:25:35.600 --> 00:25:37.430
just misses out on the newer features it


00:25:37.440 --> 00:25:39.350
does and the benefit of being able to


00:25:39.360 --> 00:25:41.830
plug an Amazon Fire Stick or a Google


00:25:41.840 --> 00:25:44.070
Stream Box or an Apple TV is that that


00:25:44.080 --> 00:25:46.310
is then on HDMI 1 or whichever HDMI


00:25:46.320 --> 00:25:47.350
you've got and this could also be like


00:25:47.360 --> 00:25:50.070
for a Fox box as well and you are using


00:25:50.080 --> 00:25:52.390
that as the TV operating system because


00:25:52.400 --> 00:25:54.789
it's plugged into an HDMI source so


00:25:54.799 --> 00:25:56.149
you're sort of bypassing any of the


00:25:56.159 --> 00:25:58.070
smarts in the TV at all and you're


00:25:58.080 --> 00:25:59.590
offloading it all to whatever's plugged


00:25:59.600 --> 00:26:01.830
into the HDMI port and that device is


00:26:01.840 --> 00:26:03.350
connected to the internet and that


00:26:03.360 --> 00:26:04.870
device is getting updates that's Alex


00:26:04.880 --> 00:26:09.610
Aarov from techadvice.life


00:26:09.620 --> 00:26:22.950
[Music]


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