Eos: The Nearby Molecular Cloud; Jupiter’s Polar Cyclones...

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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This is Spacetime Series 28, episode 54


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for broadcast on the 5th of May,


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2025. Coming up on Spaceime, discovery


00:00:10.160 --> 00:00:12.950
of a vast molecular gas and dust cloud


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right next door to our solar system,


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Jupiter's giant polar cyclones under the


00:00:18.199 --> 00:00:21.029
microscope, and the sky is falling. An


00:00:21.039 --> 00:00:23.189
out of control Russian spacecraft about


00:00:23.199 --> 00:00:25.750
to crash back to Earth. All that and


00:00:25.760 --> 00:00:29.509
more coming up on Spaceime.


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Welcome to Spaceime with Stuart


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[Music]




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Garry. Astronomers have discovered a


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vast invisible molecular gas and dust


00:00:52.559 --> 00:00:55.430
cloud right near our solar system. This


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massive potentially star forming body


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reported in the journal Nature Astronomy


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is one of the largest single structures


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in the sky and among the closest ever to


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be detected near the sun and earth. The


00:01:06.960 --> 00:01:09.510
vast ball of hydrogen long invisible to


00:01:09.520 --> 00:01:11.429
scientists was revealed by looking for


00:01:11.439 --> 00:01:14.310
its main constituent molecular hydrogen.


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This discovery marks the first time that


00:01:16.640 --> 00:01:18.469
a molecular cloud has been detected


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using light emitted in the far


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ultraviolet realm of the electromagnetic


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spectrum and it opens the way for


00:01:24.479 --> 00:01:26.990
further explorations using the same


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approach. Astronomers have named this


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molecular hydrogen cloud AOS after the


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Greek goddess of mythology who was the


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personification of dawn. The study's


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lead author, Blexley Burkhard from


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Rutgers University, says the discovery


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opens up new possibilities for studying


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the molecular universe. Molecular clouds


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are composed of gas and dust with the


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most common molecule being hydrogen, the


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fundamental building block of stars and


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planets and essential for life as we


00:01:54.159 --> 00:01:56.310
know it. But they also contain other


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molecules such as carbon monoxide.


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Molecular clouds are often detected


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using conventional methods such as radio


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and infrared astronomy. This can easily


00:02:05.200 --> 00:02:06.709
pick up the chemical signatures for


00:02:06.719 --> 00:02:09.430
carbon monoxide. But for this work,


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scientists employed a different


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approach. Burkard says it's the first


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ever molecular cloud discovered by


00:02:15.520 --> 00:02:17.510
looking for far ultraviolet emissions of


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molecular hydrogen directly. And the


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data showed glowing hydrogen molecules


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detected by fluoresence in the far


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ultraviolet. The cloud is literally


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glowing in the dark. EOS poses no danger


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to Earth in the solar system, but its


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proximity does present some unique


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opportunities for astronomers to study


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the properties of a structure within the


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interstellar medium. The interstellar


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medium made up of gas and dust that


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fills the space between the stars within


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the galaxy serves as the raw material


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for new star formation. Burkart points


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out that when astronomers look through


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their telescopes, they can catch whole


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star systems in the act of forming, but


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they really don't know in much detail


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what's going on. That's why this new


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discovery of EOS is so exciting. It


00:03:01.760 --> 00:03:03.670
allows astronomers to directly measure


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how molecular clouds are forming and


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disassociating and how a galaxy begins


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to transform interstellar dust and gas


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into stars and planets. Aos, the


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crescent-shaped gas cloud is located


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about 300 lighty years away from Earth.


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It sits on the edge of what's known as


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the local bubble. A huge gas field


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cavity in space that encompasses our


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entire solar system. Astronomers


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estimate that AOS is vast in projection


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across the sky and it has at least 3,400


00:03:32.159 --> 00:03:34.869
times the mass of the sun. But it's not


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going to last long, at least not in


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cosmic time. Computer simulations say


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it'll probably evaporate within the next


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6 million years. But it's a fascinating


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discovery because it shows that the use


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of the far ultraviolet fluorescent


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emission technique could rewrite


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science's understanding of the


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interstellar medium, uncovering hidden


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clouds across the galaxy and even out to


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the furthest detectable limits of the


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cosmic dawn. EOS was revealed in data


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collected by a far ultraviolet


00:04:02.799 --> 00:04:04.710
fluoresence imaging spectrograph on the


00:04:04.720 --> 00:04:08.470
Korean STSAT1 satellite. Now a far


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ultraviolet spectrograph breaks down the


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far ultraviolet light being emitted by


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material into its component wavelengths


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just as a regular prism does with


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visible light creating a spectrum which


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astronomers can then analyze. EOS is


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dominated by molecular hydrogen gas, but


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is mostly carbon monoxide dark, meaning


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it doesn't contain much of the material


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and doesn't emit the characteristic


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signatures detected by conventional


00:04:32.120 --> 00:04:34.870
approaches. And that explains why EOS


00:04:34.880 --> 00:04:38.310
has eluded discovery for so long. This


00:04:38.320 --> 00:04:41.430
is spaceime. Still to come, Jupiter's


00:04:41.440 --> 00:04:43.189
giant polar cyclones under the


00:04:43.199 --> 00:04:45.510
microscope and an outofcrol Russian


00:04:45.520 --> 00:04:47.909
spacecraft crashing back to Earth this


00:04:47.919 --> 00:04:50.550
week. All that and more still to come.


00:04:50.560 --> 00:04:52.990
on


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Spaceime. Hey there, Spacetime


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[Music]


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New data from NASA's Juno mission is


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shedding fresh light on the fierce winds


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and cyclones which are raging in the far


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north of the gas giant Jupiter. And it's


00:06:52.400 --> 00:06:54.629
also been examining the extreme volcanic


00:06:54.639 --> 00:06:57.909
actions witnessed on its fiery moon Io.


00:06:57.919 --> 00:06:59.589
The new findings presented at the


00:06:59.599 --> 00:07:01.430
European Geosciences Union General


00:07:01.440 --> 00:07:03.510
Assembly in Vienna are based on fresh


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observations peering below the Jovian


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atmosphere's cloud tops and updated


00:07:07.919 --> 00:07:11.670
scans of Io's crust. Not only has the


00:07:11.680 --> 00:07:13.510
new data helped develop a model to


00:07:13.520 --> 00:07:15.510
better understand the fastmoving jet


00:07:15.520 --> 00:07:17.510
streams which encircled Jupiter's cloud


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fu north pole, it's also revealed for


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the first time the subsurface


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temperature profile of Io, providing


00:07:23.520 --> 00:07:25.430
fresh insights into the moon's inner


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structure and volcanic activity.


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The study's lead author, Scott Bolton


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from the Southwest Research Institute in


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San Antonio, Texas, says everything


00:07:34.400 --> 00:07:36.950
about Jupiter's extreme. The planet's


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home to gigantic polar cyclones bigger


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than continental Australia. Fierce jet


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streams faster than anything seen on


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Earth, and the most volcanic world in


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our solar system, Io. And it also has


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powerful auroral activity, and the


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harshest of all, radiation belts. While


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Juno's microwave radiometer was designed


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to peer beneath Jupiter's cloud tops,


00:07:58.080 --> 00:07:59.670
mission managers have also trained the


00:07:59.680 --> 00:08:01.909
instrument on Io, combining its data


00:08:01.919 --> 00:08:03.830
with that of Juno's Jovian infrared


00:08:03.840 --> 00:08:06.270
auroral mapper to provide a far deeper


00:08:06.280 --> 00:08:08.629
insight. And when they combine the


00:08:08.639 --> 00:08:11.270
microwave and infrared data on Io, they


00:08:11.280 --> 00:08:13.430
saw evidence of still warm magma that


00:08:13.440 --> 00:08:15.430
hadn't yet solidified below the moon's


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crust. And not just in one spot. In


00:08:18.319 --> 00:08:20.790
fact, the data suggest about 10% of Io's


00:08:20.800 --> 00:08:22.629
crust has these remnants of slowly


00:08:22.639 --> 00:08:25.749
cooling lava just below the surface. The


00:08:25.759 --> 00:08:27.909
results may help provide fresh insights


00:08:27.919 --> 00:08:30.150
into how the moon renews its surface so


00:08:30.160 --> 00:08:32.389
quickly, as well as how heat moves from


00:08:32.399 --> 00:08:35.430
its deep interior up to the surface. The


00:08:35.440 --> 00:08:37.430
infrared data alone shows that the most


00:08:37.440 --> 00:08:39.430
energetic eruption in Io's known


00:08:39.440 --> 00:08:41.110
history, which was identified during


00:08:41.120 --> 00:08:43.990
Juno's December 27th IO flyby last year,


00:08:44.000 --> 00:08:46.070
was still spewing lava and ash as


00:08:46.080 --> 00:08:48.710
recently as March the 2nd. And Juno's


00:08:48.720 --> 00:08:50.389
mission scientists believe it's probably


00:08:50.399 --> 00:08:53.110
still active today. In fact, that should


00:08:53.120 --> 00:08:54.710
be confirmed later this week when the


00:08:54.720 --> 00:08:57.110
spacecraft's current IO flyby takes


00:08:57.120 --> 00:08:59.509
place. That's when Juno will swoop to


00:08:59.519 --> 00:09:01.829
within 89,000 kilometers of the moon's


00:09:01.839 --> 00:09:05.110
volcanic surface. On its 53rd orbit back


00:09:05.120 --> 00:09:07.829
in February 2023, Juno began radio


00:09:07.839 --> 00:09:09.750
occultation experiments to explore the


00:09:09.760 --> 00:09:11.870
gas giant's atmospheric temperature


00:09:11.880 --> 00:09:14.310
structure. Now, this involves the


00:09:14.320 --> 00:09:15.990
transmission of a radio signal from


00:09:16.000 --> 00:09:18.310
Earth to Juno and back again, passing


00:09:18.320 --> 00:09:20.150
through Jupiter's atmosphere on both


00:09:20.160 --> 00:09:22.550
legs of the journey. As the planet's


00:09:22.560 --> 00:09:24.630
atmospheric layers bend those radio


00:09:24.640 --> 00:09:26.710
waves, astronomers can precisely measure


00:09:26.720 --> 00:09:28.389
the effects of this refraction, and they


00:09:28.399 --> 00:09:30.230
can derive detailed information about


00:09:30.240 --> 00:09:31.750
the temperature and density of the


00:09:31.760 --> 00:09:34.310
atmosphere. The process works so well


00:09:34.320 --> 00:09:36.470
and provides so much data that Juno has


00:09:36.480 --> 00:09:39.150
now completed 26 radio occultation


00:09:39.160 --> 00:09:41.350
soundings. Among the most compelling


00:09:41.360 --> 00:09:43.590
discoveries so far was the first ever


00:09:43.600 --> 00:09:45.190
temperature measurement of Jupiter's


00:09:45.200 --> 00:09:47.350
north pole stratospheric cap which


00:09:47.360 --> 00:09:50.070
revealed that the region's some 11° C


00:09:50.080 --> 00:09:52.070
cooler than the surrounding area and


00:09:52.080 --> 00:09:55.389
it's encircled by winds exceeding 160


00:09:55.399 --> 00:09:58.150
kmh. The new findings also focused on


00:09:58.160 --> 00:09:59.990
the cyclones that haunt Jupiter's


00:10:00.000 --> 00:10:02.710
northern latitudes. Years of data from


00:10:02.720 --> 00:10:04.790
both the Juno Cam visible light imager


00:10:04.800 --> 00:10:06.790
and the infrared auroral mapper have


00:10:06.800 --> 00:10:08.790
allowed Juno scientists to observe


00:10:08.800 --> 00:10:10.949
long-term movements in Jupiter's massive


00:10:10.959 --> 00:10:13.110
northern polar cyclone and the eight


00:10:13.120 --> 00:10:15.670
daughter cyclones that encircle it.


00:10:15.680 --> 00:10:17.829
Unlike tropical cyclones, hurricanes,


00:10:17.839 --> 00:10:19.590
and typhoons here on Earth, which


00:10:19.600 --> 00:10:21.750
typically occur in isolation and at


00:10:21.760 --> 00:10:24.069
lower latitudes, Jupiters are confined


00:10:24.079 --> 00:10:26.630
to the polar regions. By tracking the


00:10:26.640 --> 00:10:28.230
cyclones movements across multiple


00:10:28.240 --> 00:10:29.990
orbits, scientists were able to observe


00:10:30.000 --> 00:10:32.230
that each storm gradually drifts towards


00:10:32.240 --> 00:10:35.030
the pole. That's due to a process called


00:10:35.040 --> 00:10:37.110
beta drift. The interaction between the


00:10:37.120 --> 00:10:39.110
corololis effect and the cyclone


00:10:39.120 --> 00:10:41.670
circular wind patterns. It's similar to


00:10:41.680 --> 00:10:43.829
how hurricans, typhoons, and tropical


00:10:43.839 --> 00:10:46.150
cyclones on Earth migrate. Earth


00:10:46.160 --> 00:10:47.990
cyclones break up before reaching the


00:10:48.000 --> 00:10:50.150
poles due to the lack of warm moist air


00:10:50.160 --> 00:10:51.670
needed to fuel them as well as the


00:10:51.680 --> 00:10:53.509
weakening of the corololis effect near


00:10:53.519 --> 00:10:56.550
the poles. What's more, Jupiter cyclones


00:10:56.560 --> 00:10:58.310
tend to cluster while approaching the


00:10:58.320 --> 00:11:00.470
pole and their motion slows as they


00:11:00.480 --> 00:11:02.350
begin interacting with neighboring


00:11:02.360 --> 00:11:05.110
cyclones. The study's co-author, Juno


00:11:05.120 --> 00:11:06.710
investigator Yoha Caspia from the


00:11:06.720 --> 00:11:08.790
Viceman Institute of Science in Israel


00:11:08.800 --> 00:11:11.190
says these competing forces result in


00:11:11.200 --> 00:11:13.269
the cyclones bouncing off one another in


00:11:13.279 --> 00:11:15.110
a manner reminiscent of springs in a


00:11:15.120 --> 00:11:17.509
mechanical system. The interaction not


00:11:17.519 --> 00:11:19.990
only stabilizes the entire configuration


00:11:20.000 --> 00:11:21.750
but also causes the cyclones to


00:11:21.760 --> 00:11:23.829
oscillate around their central positions


00:11:23.839 --> 00:11:26.470
as they slowly drift westward clockwise


00:11:26.480 --> 00:11:29.030
around the Jovian poles. This new


00:11:29.040 --> 00:11:30.790
atmospheric model helps explain the


00:11:30.800 --> 00:11:32.790
motion of cyclones not only on Jupiter


00:11:32.800 --> 00:11:34.790
but potentially also on other planets


00:11:34.800 --> 00:11:36.710
including the Earth. One of the great


00:11:36.720 --> 00:11:38.550
things about Juno is its extremely


00:11:38.560 --> 00:11:40.870
elongated orbit which is designed to


00:11:40.880 --> 00:11:42.790
avoid as much of Jupiter's intense


00:11:42.800 --> 00:11:45.350
radiation belts as possible. Now, this


00:11:45.360 --> 00:11:47.430
everchanging orbit means scientists get


00:11:47.440 --> 00:11:49.750
a new vantage point during each flyby,


00:11:49.760 --> 00:11:51.430
thereby increasing the cascade of


00:11:51.440 --> 00:11:53.190
discoveries being made about the solar


00:11:53.200 --> 00:11:55.509
systems largest planet and its multitude


00:11:55.519 --> 00:11:58.949
of moons. This backgrounder from mission


00:11:58.959 --> 00:12:01.110
principal investigator Scott Bolton from


00:12:01.120 --> 00:12:03.190
the Southwest Research Institute in San


00:12:03.200 --> 00:12:06.629
Antonio, Texas. The main goals of Juno


00:12:06.639 --> 00:12:09.829
are to study the origin of Jupiter and


00:12:09.839 --> 00:12:13.030
it represents giant planets as we know


00:12:13.040 --> 00:12:15.509
uh around our star as around other stars


00:12:15.519 --> 00:12:18.870
and uh it holds a lot of key secrets on


00:12:18.880 --> 00:12:21.110
how we formed the solar system where


00:12:21.120 --> 00:12:23.030
Jupiter came from and also the rest of


00:12:23.040 --> 00:12:25.030
the solar system. There's a couple of


00:12:25.040 --> 00:12:27.750
unique things about Juno. Uh we're solar


00:12:27.760 --> 00:12:29.590
powered. We're the first ones to go out


00:12:29.600 --> 00:12:32.230
that far to to Jupiter's distance. uh


00:12:32.240 --> 00:12:35.269
solar powered. Jupiter's five times the


00:12:35.279 --> 00:12:37.350
distance from the sun as the Earth. So,


00:12:37.360 --> 00:12:39.350
uh the amount of sunlight is 25 times


00:12:39.360 --> 00:12:42.230
less. So, we're very efficient and we're


00:12:42.240 --> 00:12:44.230
pushing the envelope on uh on solar


00:12:44.240 --> 00:12:46.629
power there. When we get to Jupiter, we


00:12:46.639 --> 00:12:48.389
go into a polar orbit. It's the first


00:12:48.399 --> 00:12:50.150
time a spacecraft's gone into polar


00:12:50.160 --> 00:12:52.870
orbit at Jupiter. Um we go into a very


00:12:52.880 --> 00:12:54.629
close polar orbit. So, not only are we


00:12:54.639 --> 00:12:56.389
over the poles, but we're getting closer


00:12:56.399 --> 00:12:58.629
to Jupiter in our orbit than any other


00:12:58.639 --> 00:13:01.350
spacecraft has gone uh orbiting Jupiter.


00:13:01.360 --> 00:13:03.670
We're only 5,000 kilometers above the


00:13:03.680 --> 00:13:05.829
cloud tops. And so we're skimming right


00:13:05.839 --> 00:13:07.910
over those cloud tops. Um, and we're


00:13:07.920 --> 00:13:09.750
actually dipping down beneath the


00:13:09.760 --> 00:13:11.269
radiation belts, which is a very


00:13:11.279 --> 00:13:13.269
important thing for us because those


00:13:13.279 --> 00:13:14.949
radiation belts at Jupiter are the most


00:13:14.959 --> 00:13:16.710
hazardous region in the entire solar


00:13:16.720 --> 00:13:18.509
system other than going right to the sun


00:13:18.519 --> 00:13:21.190
itself. And um, and we have a vault in


00:13:21.200 --> 00:13:22.949
the middle that holds our electronics to


00:13:22.959 --> 00:13:25.190
protect them from these uh, these high


00:13:25.200 --> 00:13:28.069
energy particles. Um, we're basically an


00:13:28.079 --> 00:13:31.110
armored tank going to Jupiter. Jupiter


00:13:31.120 --> 00:13:33.430
probably formed first. It's the largest


00:13:33.440 --> 00:13:34.949
of all the planets. In fact, it's got


00:13:34.959 --> 00:13:36.949
more material in it than all the rest of


00:13:36.959 --> 00:13:38.710
the solar system combined. If I took


00:13:38.720 --> 00:13:40.150
everything in the solar system, it could


00:13:40.160 --> 00:13:42.310
all fit inside Jupiter. And in due fact,


00:13:42.320 --> 00:13:43.910
Jupiter is probably more than twice as


00:13:43.920 --> 00:13:45.750
massive as the rest of the solar system


00:13:45.760 --> 00:13:49.190
put together. So after the sun formed,


00:13:49.200 --> 00:13:51.990
it got the majority of the leftovers.


00:13:52.000 --> 00:13:54.069
And that's why it's very interesting to


00:13:54.079 --> 00:13:56.470
us if we want to go back in time and


00:13:56.480 --> 00:13:58.790
understand where we came from and how


00:13:58.800 --> 00:14:01.030
the planets were made. Jupiter holds


00:14:01.040 --> 00:14:03.350
this secret because it's got most of the


00:14:03.360 --> 00:14:05.750
leftovers after the sun formed. And so


00:14:05.760 --> 00:14:07.670
we want to know that ingredient list.


00:14:07.680 --> 00:14:09.269
What we're really after is discovering


00:14:09.279 --> 00:14:11.509
the recipe for making planets and we're


00:14:11.519 --> 00:14:13.750
back at the first step of making sure we


00:14:13.760 --> 00:14:15.829
have all the ingredients in that recipe.


00:14:15.839 --> 00:14:18.310
So there's two key experiments that we


00:14:18.320 --> 00:14:20.870
have to help us understand the origin of


00:14:20.880 --> 00:14:23.509
Jupiter. One is we go after the water


00:14:23.519 --> 00:14:24.870
abundance. We want to know how much


00:14:24.880 --> 00:14:27.189
water is inside Jupiter, which


00:14:27.199 --> 00:14:29.430
represents how much oxygen. Oxygen is


00:14:29.440 --> 00:14:31.189
the third most abundant element in the


00:14:31.199 --> 00:14:32.949
universe and in the sun. So, it's a big


00:14:32.959 --> 00:14:34.790
missing piece if we don't understand it.


00:14:34.800 --> 00:14:37.110
The other is whether Jupiter has a core


00:14:37.120 --> 00:14:39.269
of heavy elements at the center, whether


00:14:39.279 --> 00:14:41.430
it's just gas all the way down. There


00:14:41.440 --> 00:14:43.189
are zones and belts, different colors.


00:14:43.199 --> 00:14:45.509
There's a giant red spot. We've uh been


00:14:45.519 --> 00:14:47.750
observing this giant storm for over 300


00:14:47.760 --> 00:14:49.750
years. One of the fundamental questions


00:14:49.760 --> 00:14:51.829
is how deep are the roots to that red


00:14:51.839 --> 00:14:53.910
spot? How does it maintain itself for so


00:14:53.920 --> 00:14:55.910
long? How deep are the roots to the


00:14:55.920 --> 00:14:58.150
zones and belts? Are they just a surface


00:14:58.160 --> 00:15:00.069
feature like a meteorological layer


00:15:00.079 --> 00:15:02.470
that's very very thin or does it go down


00:15:02.480 --> 00:15:05.189
deeper and maybe uh is it demonstrating


00:15:05.199 --> 00:15:07.750
to us how Jupiter is structured inside?


00:15:07.760 --> 00:15:10.069
So our microwave experiment tell us a


00:15:10.079 --> 00:15:12.949
lot about this deep uh underneath the


00:15:12.959 --> 00:15:15.990
clouds uh dynamics and the composition.


00:15:16.000 --> 00:15:17.509
two of the other questions which is


00:15:17.519 --> 00:15:20.310
what's inside of Jupiter magnetic and


00:15:20.320 --> 00:15:22.790
gravity fields and the way we measure


00:15:22.800 --> 00:15:24.230
the gravity field is through something


00:15:24.240 --> 00:15:25.829
called a Doppler shift. So what's


00:15:25.839 --> 00:15:27.670
happening is as that spacecraft flies by


00:15:27.680 --> 00:15:30.790
Jupiter very very close and we watch how


00:15:30.800 --> 00:15:34.150
the Jupiter's pushes and pulls on its


00:15:34.160 --> 00:15:37.350
velocity. So we model it as if all of


00:15:37.360 --> 00:15:40.150
the mass in Jupiter's in one point and


00:15:40.160 --> 00:15:42.470
then we look at how the spacecraft has


00:15:42.480 --> 00:15:45.110
behaved differently in its trajectory


00:15:45.120 --> 00:15:47.110
from that assumption and then we're able


00:15:47.120 --> 00:15:50.310
to back that out and uh be able to say


00:15:50.320 --> 00:15:52.150
how the mass is distributed inside the


00:15:52.160 --> 00:15:53.749
planet. In fact you can even say how the


00:15:53.759 --> 00:15:55.990
planet is rotating inside whether it's a


00:15:56.000 --> 00:15:58.230
solid body or a series of concentric


00:15:58.240 --> 00:16:01.430
cylinders. Also partway down through


00:16:01.440 --> 00:16:04.310
Jupiter uh the m the hydrogen actually


00:16:04.320 --> 00:16:06.389
becomes metallic. It's under such great


00:16:06.399 --> 00:16:08.069
pressure. This is a very strange


00:16:08.079 --> 00:16:09.590
substance very different than what we


00:16:09.600 --> 00:16:11.670
have here on the earth. The hydrogen


00:16:11.680 --> 00:16:13.829
starts behaving like a fluid a little


00:16:13.839 --> 00:16:16.110
bit like mercury in your uh old


00:16:16.120 --> 00:16:18.470
thermometers and it conducts and


00:16:18.480 --> 00:16:21.110
somewhere in that layer is the magnetic


00:16:21.120 --> 00:16:22.870
field is created. That's probably the


00:16:22.880 --> 00:16:24.470
source region. So we're very interested


00:16:24.480 --> 00:16:26.389
in understanding the magnetic field.


00:16:26.399 --> 00:16:28.629
Jupiter's magnetic field is tilted about


00:16:28.639 --> 00:16:30.949
10 degrees with respect to its rotation


00:16:30.959 --> 00:16:33.749
axis. So on the end of one of Juno's


00:16:33.759 --> 00:16:37.110
solar arrays are magnetometers. It's in


00:16:37.120 --> 00:16:38.949
fact got a magnetometer boom and that's


00:16:38.959 --> 00:16:40.470
one of one solar array looks a little


00:16:40.480 --> 00:16:41.749
bit different than the other. And that's


00:16:41.759 --> 00:16:44.069
the reason another of our objectives is


00:16:44.079 --> 00:16:46.230
to study the polar magnetosphere because


00:16:46.240 --> 00:16:47.749
we're going over the poles. We're


00:16:47.759 --> 00:16:49.749
perfectly suited to study the great


00:16:49.759 --> 00:16:52.470
aurora, the most the strongest aurora in


00:16:52.480 --> 00:16:53.990
the entire solar system. In fact,


00:16:54.000 --> 00:16:55.829
Jupiter has the strongest magnetic field


00:16:55.839 --> 00:16:57.910
and the brightest aurora. We have a


00:16:57.920 --> 00:17:00.389
number of instruments that go over right


00:17:00.399 --> 00:17:02.150
over those magnetic field lines and see


00:17:02.160 --> 00:17:04.470
the particles coming down and causing


00:17:04.480 --> 00:17:06.309
that aurora. And then when we learn


00:17:06.319 --> 00:17:08.630
about Jupiter's polar magnetosphere and


00:17:08.640 --> 00:17:10.309
aurora, we'll be able to compare it to


00:17:10.319 --> 00:17:12.230
Earth's. That's Scott Bolton, the


00:17:12.240 --> 00:17:14.150
mission's chief investigator from the


00:17:14.160 --> 00:17:16.230
Southwest Research Institute in San


00:17:16.240 --> 00:17:17.470
Antonio,


00:17:17.480 --> 00:17:21.350
Texas. This is Spaceime. Still to come,


00:17:21.360 --> 00:17:23.669
an outofc control Russian spacecraft


00:17:23.679 --> 00:17:25.590
about to crash back to Earth in the next


00:17:25.600 --> 00:17:27.750
few days. And later in the science


00:17:27.760 --> 00:17:30.190
report, a new study warns that


00:17:30.200 --> 00:17:33.190
83.7% of the world's coral reef area is


00:17:33.200 --> 00:17:35.669
now being impacted by heat stress. All


00:17:35.679 --> 00:17:51.140
that and more still to come on


00:17:51.150 --> 00:17:53.470
[Music]


00:17:53.480 --> 00:17:56.710
Spaceime. A failed Soviet era spacecraft


00:17:56.720 --> 00:17:59.029
designed to land on the planet Venus is


00:17:59.039 --> 00:18:01.510
about to crash back on Earth. The


00:18:01.520 --> 00:18:04.549
Vaniraa 8 or Cosmos 482 spacecraft is


00:18:04.559 --> 00:18:06.230
expected to reenter Earth's atmosphere


00:18:06.240 --> 00:18:08.310
on an uncontrolled tumbling flight path


00:18:08.320 --> 00:18:11.270
on May the 10th. Launched way back in


00:18:11.280 --> 00:18:15.270
March 1972, the Cosmos 482 failed to


00:18:15.280 --> 00:18:17.669
escape low Earth orbit. That was due to


00:18:17.679 --> 00:18:19.510
flight systems programming errors which


00:18:19.520 --> 00:18:22.630
caused premature stage separation that


00:18:22.640 --> 00:18:24.390
prevented the probe from escaping Earth


00:18:24.400 --> 00:18:26.549
orbit, leaving it doomed to spend the


00:18:26.559 --> 00:18:29.669
last 53 years circling the planet. Now,


00:18:29.679 --> 00:18:31.190
shortly after being placed in its


00:18:31.200 --> 00:18:33.350
parking orbit, the spacecraft split into


00:18:33.360 --> 00:18:35.430
four sections, two of which re-entered


00:18:35.440 --> 00:18:37.909
Earth's atmosphere within a month. These


00:18:37.919 --> 00:18:41.669
included a group of four 13.6 kg, 38 cm


00:18:41.679 --> 00:18:43.590
wide spherical titanium alloy fuel


00:18:43.600 --> 00:18:45.830
tanks. They eventually crashed back to


00:18:45.840 --> 00:18:48.070
the ground within 16 km of each other


00:18:48.080 --> 00:18:50.710
near Ash Burton in southern New Zealand.


00:18:50.720 --> 00:18:53.190
And six years later in 1978, another


00:18:53.200 --> 00:18:55.270
piece of space debris suspected of being


00:18:55.280 --> 00:18:56.950
another spherical fuel tank from the


00:18:56.960 --> 00:18:59.669
Cosmos 482 was discovered half buried in


00:18:59.679 --> 00:19:01.430
the ground just outside the southern New


00:19:01.440 --> 00:19:04.150
Zealand town of Effton. Now the two


00:19:04.160 --> 00:19:06.310
remaining sections, the descent landing


00:19:06.320 --> 00:19:08.150
module and the propulsion unit were


00:19:08.160 --> 00:19:11.830
circling the planet in a 210 by 9,800 km


00:19:11.840 --> 00:19:14.909
orbit at an inclination of


00:19:14.919 --> 00:19:17.669
51.7°. And slowly over the last half


00:19:17.679 --> 00:19:20.390
century that orbit has been degrading.


00:19:20.400 --> 00:19:21.909
It's now reached a point where it's


00:19:21.919 --> 00:19:23.510
skipping on the upper atmosphere and


00:19:23.520 --> 00:19:25.710
will soon slow down enough to begin


00:19:25.720 --> 00:19:28.350
re-entry. And that's where things get


00:19:28.360 --> 00:19:31.750
dangerous. See, the 495 kg spacecraft


00:19:31.760 --> 00:19:34.070
was heavily engineered, designed to


00:19:34.080 --> 00:19:35.669
withstand the high temperatures and


00:19:35.679 --> 00:19:37.590
extreme pressures of landing on the


00:19:37.600 --> 00:19:40.630
hostile world of Venus. It's therefore


00:19:40.640 --> 00:19:42.950
expected to easily survive its re-entry


00:19:42.960 --> 00:19:44.549
into Earth's atmosphere, it should


00:19:44.559 --> 00:19:47.029
remain mostly intact. Now, because of


00:19:47.039 --> 00:19:48.710
the uncontrolled nature of its flight


00:19:48.720 --> 00:19:50.310
path and the constantly changing


00:19:50.320 --> 00:19:52.230
atmospheric conditions, scientists can't


00:19:52.240 --> 00:19:54.669
be sure exactly where or when it will


00:19:54.679 --> 00:19:57.029
re-enter. The best they can tell us is


00:19:57.039 --> 00:19:58.710
that it could crash down anywhere,


00:19:58.720 --> 00:20:01.549
Europe, Asia, the Americas, Africa, or


00:20:01.559 --> 00:20:03.750
Australia. Although, given the vast


00:20:03.760 --> 00:20:05.669
amounts of ocean covering the Earth, a


00:20:05.679 --> 00:20:08.230
watery demise is the most likely. The


00:20:08.240 --> 00:20:09.990
bottom line is we'll only know for sure


00:20:10.000 --> 00:20:12.230
exactly where and when it hits when we


00:20:12.240 --> 00:20:14.310
get those first reports of a bright,


00:20:14.320 --> 00:20:17.870
slowmoving fireball streaking across the


00:20:17.880 --> 00:20:20.090
skies. This is


00:20:20.100 --> 00:20:34.830
[Music]


00:20:34.840 --> 00:20:37.270
spaceime. And time now for a brief look


00:20:37.280 --> 00:20:38.870
at some of the other stories making news


00:20:38.880 --> 00:20:41.070
in science this week with a science


00:20:41.080 --> 00:20:43.909
report. The worsening crisis being faced


00:20:43.919 --> 00:20:45.669
by the world's coal reefs has been put


00:20:45.679 --> 00:20:47.430
into focus with the release of a new


00:20:47.440 --> 00:20:49.990
study showing that over 80% of them have


00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:52.310
now been hit by bleaching levels of heat


00:20:52.320 --> 00:20:54.390
since 2023.


00:20:54.400 --> 00:20:56.070
The findings by the United States


00:20:56.080 --> 00:20:57.830
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric


00:20:57.840 --> 00:20:59.669
Administration, Noah, says the most


00:20:59.679 --> 00:21:01.750
recent coral reef watch report shows


00:21:01.760 --> 00:21:04.390
that some 83.7% of the world's coral


00:21:04.400 --> 00:21:06.789
reef area has now been impacted by heat


00:21:06.799 --> 00:21:08.710
stress capable of causing coral


00:21:08.720 --> 00:21:11.270
bleaching in the last 2 years. The


00:21:11.280 --> 00:21:13.190
report also says mass coral bleaching


00:21:13.200 --> 00:21:15.029
has already been documented in at least


00:21:15.039 --> 00:21:16.870
83 countries and territories since


00:21:16.880 --> 00:21:18.350
January the 1st,


00:21:18.360 --> 00:21:21.190
2023. Noah says the ongoing bleaching


00:21:21.200 --> 00:21:24.789
event is the biggest ever recorded.


00:21:24.799 --> 00:21:26.710
A new study claims people who use


00:21:26.720 --> 00:21:28.710
cannabis have a far higher risk of


00:21:28.720 --> 00:21:30.310
having a heart attack, even among


00:21:30.320 --> 00:21:32.950
younger, otherwise healthy adults. The


00:21:32.960 --> 00:21:34.630
findings presented at the American


00:21:34.640 --> 00:21:36.710
College of Cardiy's annual scientific


00:21:36.720 --> 00:21:39.750
session covered over 4.6 million people


00:21:39.760 --> 00:21:42.630
aged under 50. It showed that over a


00:21:42.640 --> 00:21:44.630
three-year period, cannabis users had


00:21:44.640 --> 00:21:46.549
more than a six-fold increased risk of


00:21:46.559 --> 00:21:48.630
heart attack, a four-fold increased risk


00:21:48.640 --> 00:21:51.029
of eskeemic stroke, a two-fold increased


00:21:51.039 --> 00:21:53.350
risk of heart failure, and a three-fold


00:21:53.360 --> 00:21:55.590
increased risk of cardiovascular death,


00:21:55.600 --> 00:21:57.909
heart attack, or stroke. The findings


00:21:57.919 --> 00:22:00.070
are based on data pulled together by


00:22:00.080 --> 00:22:02.630
researchers from 12 previous studies,


00:22:02.640 --> 00:22:04.549
finding that for these studies, active


00:22:04.559 --> 00:22:06.390
cannabis users were at least one and a


00:22:06.400 --> 00:22:08.470
half times as likely to suffer a heart


00:22:08.480 --> 00:22:10.230
attack.


00:22:10.240 --> 00:22:12.390
New research has raised fresh questions


00:22:12.400 --> 00:22:14.149
about the evolutionary history of some


00:22:14.159 --> 00:22:16.870
of our most unique mammals. Up until


00:22:16.880 --> 00:22:18.789
now, the expected understanding about


00:22:18.799 --> 00:22:21.270
akidnas and platypus, arguably the most


00:22:21.280 --> 00:22:22.950
unique animals on the planet, was that


00:22:22.960 --> 00:22:24.549
they were both descended from a


00:22:24.559 --> 00:22:26.950
land-based ancestor. And while the


00:22:26.960 --> 00:22:29.430
platypus eventually became semi-aquatic,


00:22:29.440 --> 00:22:32.070
akidnas stayed on the land, or so the


00:22:32.080 --> 00:22:34.630
story went. But a new study by the


00:22:34.640 --> 00:22:36.710
University of New South Wales reported


00:22:36.720 --> 00:22:39.510
in the journal PNAS has analyzed a small


00:22:39.520 --> 00:22:42.070
bone found 30 years ago and it shows


00:22:42.080 --> 00:22:43.990
that the ancestors of akidnas and


00:22:44.000 --> 00:22:46.549
platypi that's the term actually evolved


00:22:46.559 --> 00:22:48.990
from a water dwelling


00:22:49.000 --> 00:22:51.669
ancestor. For decades now frightening


00:22:51.679 --> 00:22:54.070
ghost lanterns in South Carolina have


00:22:54.080 --> 00:22:55.830
struck fear into the hearts of many


00:22:55.840 --> 00:22:58.870
local residents. But now, a new study


00:22:58.880 --> 00:23:00.630
reported in the journal Seismological


00:23:00.640 --> 00:23:02.470
Research Letters, claims the strange


00:23:02.480 --> 00:23:04.390
orbs, which appear along railroad tracks


00:23:04.400 --> 00:23:06.310
in the area and have been known to slam


00:23:06.320 --> 00:23:07.990
doors and cause other paranormal


00:23:08.000 --> 00:23:09.830
activity, probably actually being caused


00:23:09.840 --> 00:23:12.470
by earthquakes. Tim Mum from Australian


00:23:12.480 --> 00:23:14.630
Skeptics says the findings will, dare I


00:23:14.640 --> 00:23:16.549
say, shake up believers who thought they


00:23:16.559 --> 00:23:17.990
were being caused by, well, at least


00:23:18.000 --> 00:23:19.830
according to the legend, the ghost of a


00:23:19.840 --> 00:23:21.830
railroad widow. This is a thing that's


00:23:21.840 --> 00:23:23.270
been around for a while and people at


00:23:23.280 --> 00:23:25.029
certain times of the probably the night


00:23:25.039 --> 00:23:27.190
actually see these lights that appear in


00:23:27.200 --> 00:23:28.789
the sky and then they disappear and it


00:23:28.799 --> 00:23:30.630
happens a fair amount of times and


00:23:30.640 --> 00:23:32.230
people say ah it's a spirits of the


00:23:32.240 --> 00:23:35.110
ghost. Someone said it's the wife of a


00:23:35.120 --> 00:23:37.270
train conductor who never came back as


00:23:37.280 --> 00:23:39.110
an accident. So she after a death is now


00:23:39.120 --> 00:23:40.710
wandering up and down the the railway


00:23:40.720 --> 00:23:42.710
tracks trying to find her husband. And


00:23:42.720 --> 00:23:43.830
that's actually quite telling because


00:23:43.840 --> 00:23:45.669
it's about the railway tracks as much as


00:23:45.679 --> 00:23:47.029
anything. Uh there's a researcher who


00:23:47.039 --> 00:23:48.470
looked at these particular ones in South


00:23:48.480 --> 00:23:50.470
Carolina who said that this area where


00:23:50.480 --> 00:23:52.390
these things is prone to minor


00:23:52.400 --> 00:23:53.669
earthquakes but earthquakes you know


00:23:53.679 --> 00:23:55.190
most of them you probably can't feel and


00:23:55.200 --> 00:23:57.029
they said train lines tend to follow an


00:23:57.039 --> 00:23:58.950
area which is easy to build because


00:23:58.960 --> 00:24:00.149
they're saying that earthquakes and this


00:24:00.159 --> 00:24:01.350
is true when they happen an earthquake


00:24:01.360 --> 00:24:03.029
you're grinding rocks together quartz


00:24:03.039 --> 00:24:04.710
does it especially other rocks as well


00:24:04.720 --> 00:24:05.990
you're grinding them together in the


00:24:06.000 --> 00:24:07.590
same way as you'd like to bash rocks


00:24:07.600 --> 00:24:09.750
together to to start your campfire one


00:24:09.760 --> 00:24:11.269
rock against another you get sparks


00:24:11.279 --> 00:24:12.870
crashing rocks together to get sparks is


00:24:12.880 --> 00:24:14.630
is real and so the researcher is


00:24:14.640 --> 00:24:16.310
suggesting that this is a This might be


00:24:16.320 --> 00:24:17.830
the reason why they see light. Wouldn't


00:24:17.840 --> 00:24:19.269
be a reason for seeing lights that are


00:24:19.279 --> 00:24:20.630
up there for a while. But they also


00:24:20.640 --> 00:24:22.870
suggest perhaps gas escaping gets lit by


00:24:22.880 --> 00:24:24.390
these rocks crashing together. Who


00:24:24.400 --> 00:24:25.909
knows? But suggesting that there are


00:24:25.919 --> 00:24:27.669
alternative explanations that fit in


00:24:27.679 --> 00:24:29.750
well with the evidence because no one's


00:24:29.760 --> 00:24:31.029
there hardly ever there to actually


00:24:31.039 --> 00:24:32.870
catch a photograph. It's too fleeting.


00:24:32.880 --> 00:24:34.310
If it's certainly if it's sparks coming


00:24:34.320 --> 00:24:35.830
from rocks, it's extremely fleeting.


00:24:35.840 --> 00:24:37.350
This is a suggestion especially in the


00:24:37.360 --> 00:24:39.029
night sky. They can't feel anything.


00:24:39.039 --> 00:24:40.630
They can't feel an earthquake that there


00:24:40.640 --> 00:24:42.149
might have been. Yeah. Ball lightning,


00:24:42.159 --> 00:24:43.430
that sort of thing. They have no idea


00:24:43.440 --> 00:24:44.870
what it is. But yeah, no idea what it


00:24:44.880 --> 00:24:46.549
is. They don't give the explanation for


00:24:46.559 --> 00:24:47.990
they just got to work it out. Yeah. I


00:24:48.000 --> 00:24:49.350
mean there are there are thousands of


00:24:49.360 --> 00:24:51.430
earthquakes every day. Most of you have


00:24:51.440 --> 00:24:53.669
a feel minor ones but all over the place


00:24:53.679 --> 00:24:55.110
predictors and psychics will say there


00:24:55.120 --> 00:24:56.909
will be an earthquake in California.


00:24:56.919 --> 00:24:59.430
Yep. Quite a lot every day. There's


00:24:59.440 --> 00:25:00.789
probably a better explanation than a


00:25:00.799 --> 00:25:02.310
widow walking up and down the railway


00:25:02.320 --> 00:25:05.149
line with a lantern. If you


00:25:05.159 --> 00:25:07.430
car land now, but you can see the ghost


00:25:07.440 --> 00:25:08.870
land. Never mind. A few slight problems


00:25:08.880 --> 00:25:10.870
with that story. That's Tim Mindum from


00:25:10.880 --> 00:25:14.300
Australian Skeptics.


00:25:14.310 --> 00:25:27.590
[Music]


00:25:27.600 --> 00:25:30.390
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