Earth’s Water Origins, Bennu’s Salty Secrets, and Marsquakes Unveiled: S28E19

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is spacetime series 28 episode 19


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for broadcast on the 12th of February


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2025 coming up on SpaceTime a new study


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looking at when water arrived on Earth


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what CS Salt Lakes and the asteroid bonu


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have in common and a new study suggests


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that meteoroid impacts may have a bigger


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role in triggering M Quakes than


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previously thought all that and more


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coming up on


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SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with


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steart


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[Music]




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Gary a new study has concluded that


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water didn't arrive as early during


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Earth's formation as previously thought


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the findings reported in the journal


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geochemistry and cosmochemistry could


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provide new insights into when life


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first originated on planet Earth the new


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study supports the idea that water


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arrived towards the final stages of


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Earth's development into a planet from


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dust and gas what geologists refer to as


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later creation see the scientists are


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trying to learn when the constituent


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materials necessary for Life first


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appeared on the planet so they can


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understand how and when life actually


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began now according to the present


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scientific understanding at least three


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necessary ingredients are essential to


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Kickstart life These are water energy


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and a tip of organic chemicals including


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hydrogen nitrogen oxygen phosphorus and


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sulfur the study's lead author Katherine


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Birmingham from rigus School of Arts and


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Sciences says when water was delivered


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to planet Earth remains a major


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unanswered question in planetary science


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many believe Earth's water condensed out


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of the protoplanetary disc from which


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the planet was first formed others


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however say conditions in the inner


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solar system would have been too hot and


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even worse when Thea a mars-sized planet


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slammed into the Proto Earth 4.5 billion


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years ago to create the current Earth


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Moon system we have today therefore the


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water must have arrived later now if


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science knows the answer to this riddle


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researchers will be able to better


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constrain when and how life developed


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using thermal ionization mass


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spectrometry and a new analytical method


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Birmingham colleagues studied isotopes


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of the element malinam an isotope is a


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form of an element with the same number


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of protons but different numbers of


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neutrons this allows it to share the


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same basic chemical properties while


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having a different atomic mass the malib


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isotopic composition of Earth rocks


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provides a window into events occurring


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around the time of Earth's final core


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formation when the last 10 to 20% of


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material was being assembled by the


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planet Birmingham says this period's


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thought to coincide with the moon's


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formation the authors extracted meibum


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from meteorite samples meteorites


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generally divided into two groups the


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First with constituent elements


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suggesting the meteorites formed in the


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outer solar system system presumably a


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colder wetter area and the second group


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with characteristics indicating its


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meteorites formed in the inner


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presumably dri hotter part of the solar


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system the authors compared the meibum


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isotopic composition of these meteorites


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to Earth rocks from Greenland South


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Africa Canada the United States and


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Japan the malamin in these rocks is


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generally considered to have been added


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to Earth during the time of the moon's


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formation which is when the final core


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formation also occurred once they


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gathered their different samples and


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measured their isotopic compositions


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they compared the meteorite signatures


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with earth rock signatures the analysis


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showed that the Earth rocks were far


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more similar to meteorite Source from


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the inner solar system than those Source


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from the outer solar system the data


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supports the interpretation that water


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was delivered to the Earth in smaller


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portions after the moon was formed and


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far later during the Earth's formation


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this is space time still to come what do


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Souls like in the mve desert and the


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asteroid bonu have in common and how


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meteoroid impacts may have played a


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bigger role in triggering Mass Quakes


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than previously thought all that and


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more still to come on


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[Music]


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SpaceTime for decades geologists and


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rock hounds have gathered each year at


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SS Lake in the Mojave Desert of of


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Southeastern California wielding


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crowbars and pickaxes they hunt for


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showy deposits of minerals such as


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halite Trona calite and Dolomite now


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planetary scientists from NASA and


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several other institutions are finding


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many of the same water soluble minerals


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though their tools and destinations are


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Worlds Apart back in September 2016 NASA


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launched a van siiz spacecraft called


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Osirus Rex which traveled billions of


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kilometers to reach a small diamond


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shaped asteroid called benu


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scientists think that this Rubble pile


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asteroid crosses Earth's orbit every 6


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years formed from fragments of a larger


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asteroid that broke apart between 1 and


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2 billion years ago following a


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cataclysmic Collision in October 2020


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Osiris Rex briefly touched down on a


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bonu Surface collecting 4.3 ounces of


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crumbly regolith which it then stowed


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away before returning to Earth this


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report from NASA


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TV one of Earth's closest Neighbors is a


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dark jumbled mass of rocks and boulders


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known as asteroid benu benu is ancient a


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rugged survivor of the Solar System's


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chaotic past that may hold Clues to the


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origins of life in October 2020 a NASA


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spacecraft called Osiris Rex touched


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down on benu and collected a sample for


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return to earth scientists had expected


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that this touch Ando event or tag would


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have little impact on the asteroid after


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a slow descent the sampler head would


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briefly make contact inject a puff of


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gas and capture a handful of material


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perhaps it would also leave a small


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divot at the sample site a subtle


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footprint in the soil or so it was


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thought when images of the tag event


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beamed back to Earth they were far more


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dramatic than


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anticipated despite its slow touchdown


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Osiris Rex had punched through the


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surface and set off an explosion of


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loose material tons of rocks and Pebbles


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were ejected radiating outward in a wall


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of debris the pictures were stunning but


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why did benu surface behave so


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unexpectedly the answer involves


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cohesion an attractive force that can


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bind molecules together cohesion gives


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water its surface tension and keeps


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droplets together even in a microgravity


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environment like the International Space


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Station granular materials like wheat


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flour cocoa and dust can also exhibit


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cohesion which pulls indiv ual grains


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into clumps on benu scientists had


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expected cohesion to act like a bit of


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glue between the Rocks making its loose


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surface more solid but the tag event


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showed that Ben's uppermost layers are


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nearly cohesionless deforming under


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stress like a fluid a good analogy is a


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ball pit although the plastic balls are


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solid they easily slide past one another


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and past boisterous children behaving in


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Mass like a fluid


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thanks to Osiris Rex we now know that


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benu surface is not held together by


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cohesion but by gravity or micro gravity


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with a minute tug less than 100,000th


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the pool of Earth on the moon gravity is


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16% as strong as it is on Earth and more


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than 16,000 times stronger than it is on


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benu as a result loose material in the


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lunar subsurface is packed together more


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tightly making the moon's surface


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relatively firm if a 50 kg mass of solid


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iron were to hit the moon at the same


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speed as the tag event it would sink


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into the ground by only half a


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centimeter repeating this experiment at


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benu would yield a dramatically


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different result though the mass would


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strike with the same force it would


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plunge 17 cm before stopping over 30


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times steeper than at the


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moon benu has consistantly defied


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scientists expectations as each new


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finding reveals another facet of this


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small but surprising World using data


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from Osiris Rex we now have the ability


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to look back and accurately recreate 30


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seconds on asteroid benu on October 20th


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2020 Osiris Rex made its final descent


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to a sample site called night Andale


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with its tagam arm outstretched it


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approached the surface at 10 cm/ second


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the walking pace of an


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insect 1 second after contact it


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released a canister of pressurized


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nitrogen detonating an explosion of


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particles and driving material into the


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tag Sam head for sample collection 6


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seconds after contact while it was still


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sinking into benu Osiris Rex fired its


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thrusters to begin the backway maneuver


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the engine burn lasted for 24 seconds


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continuously pushing against the


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spacecraft and rapidly slowing its


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descent flying debris from the thrusters


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and the gas release pelted the science


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instruments clogging them with dust 9


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seconds after contact when Osiris Rex


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had sunk nearly half a meter into benu


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It reversed course and began to rise at


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16 seconds the tag Sam head reemerged


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from the subsurface as the spacecraft


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continued to accelerate 30 seconds after


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contact Osiris Rex shut off its


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thrusters and drifted away with its


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sample of


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benu almost 6 months later on April 7th


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2021 the spacecraft returned for one


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last flight fly over to observe its


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footprint at the point of impact was a


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new crater averaging 8 m across and


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reaching 68 cm in depth Thruster marks


00:10:09.240 --> 00:10:11.590
overlapped with this tag crater in an x


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pattern increasing its volume by as much


00:10:13.920 --> 00:10:14.590
as


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40% a ridge of ejected material that had


00:10:17.640 --> 00:10:19.509
been kicked up during sample collection


00:10:19.519 --> 00:10:21.310
and then Fallen back to the surface


00:10:21.320 --> 00:10:24.190
circled the crater like a campfire ring


00:10:24.200 --> 00:10:26.590
with a puff of gas and an engine burn


00:10:26.600 --> 00:10:29.870
Osiris Rex had displaced 12 cubic m of


00:10:29.880 --> 00:10:33.110
granular material 6 tons of loose rock


00:10:33.120 --> 00:10:34.590
that may have been packed together as


00:10:34.600 --> 00:10:36.520
lightly as a bowl of


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[Music]


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popcorn after a final departure maneuver


00:10:41.360 --> 00:10:44.790
in May 2021 Osiris Rex began a 2-year


00:10:44.800 --> 00:10:47.710
Journey back to Earth stowed on board


00:10:47.720 --> 00:10:51.350
were about 250 g of asteroid benu a


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bounty of scientific treasure destined


00:10:53.680 --> 00:11:00.350
for future discoveries


00:11:00.360 --> 00:11:03.509
in September 2023 Osiris Rex released a


00:11:03.519 --> 00:11:05.750
mini Frid sized re-entry capsule which


00:11:05.760 --> 00:11:07.870
parachuted back to Earth Landing in the


00:11:07.880 --> 00:11:10.829
Utah desert with its precious samples


00:11:10.839 --> 00:11:12.750
since then SST have been running these


00:11:12.760 --> 00:11:14.949
dark powdery samples through a gauntlet


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of microscopes mass spectrometers and CT


00:11:17.560 --> 00:11:20.030
scanners their findings described in


00:11:20.040 --> 00:11:21.509
reports in the journal's nature and


00:11:21.519 --> 00:11:23.629
nature astronomy reveal evidence of


00:11:23.639 --> 00:11:26.389
sodium and carbonate red salts known as


00:11:26.399 --> 00:11:29.030
evaporites these minerals likely formed


00:11:29.040 --> 00:11:31.550
when Briny liquid gradually evaporated


00:11:31.560 --> 00:11:33.590
in the subsurface of a wet muddy


00:11:33.600 --> 00:11:35.949
protoplanet about 4 and A2 billion years


00:11:35.959 --> 00:11:37.870
ago during the very early days of the


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solar system the thing is there are very


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few places on Earth that produce


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combinations of evaporites similar to


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those found in the bonu samples one of


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the study's lead authors Tim McCoy from


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the Smithsonian National Museum of


00:11:50.959 --> 00:11:52.829
Natural History says one of the few


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places that does produce combinations of


00:11:54.920 --> 00:11:56.710
evaporites similar to those found on


00:11:56.720 --> 00:11:59.790
bonu is SS Lake although the minerals


00:11:59.800 --> 00:12:01.790
discovered on bonu predate those at s's


00:12:01.800 --> 00:12:04.230
Lake they both formed in similar salty


00:12:04.240 --> 00:12:08.150
wet conditions sodes like cells L


00:12:08.160 --> 00:12:10.750
Intrigue planetary geologists in part


00:12:10.760 --> 00:12:12.670
because they contain highly alkaline


00:12:12.680 --> 00:12:15.189
Waters with a mixture of sodium


00:12:15.199 --> 00:12:17.389
carbonate and chloride ions their brains


00:12:17.399 --> 00:12:19.949
are rich in phosphates a substance key


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to the development of organic molecules


00:12:21.839 --> 00:12:23.870
including some involved in the formation


00:12:23.880 --> 00:12:26.430
of genetic material cell membranes and


00:12:26.440 --> 00:12:28.069
other components thought to be critical


00:12:28.079 --> 00:12:30.990
to the formation of Life as we reported


00:12:31.000 --> 00:12:32.790
last week scientists have announced the


00:12:32.800 --> 00:12:34.629
discovery of organic molecules including


00:12:34.639 --> 00:12:36.030
several that are among the ingredients


00:12:36.040 --> 00:12:39.310
needed for life in the B samples water


00:12:39.320 --> 00:12:41.470
is a remarkably good solvent meaning


00:12:41.480 --> 00:12:43.790
common salts like sodium chloride or


00:12:43.800 --> 00:12:46.590
calcium carbonate dissolve easily in it


00:12:46.600 --> 00:12:48.949
at a molecular level salts break into


00:12:48.959 --> 00:12:51.189
positive and negatively charged ions


00:12:51.199 --> 00:12:54.150
such as sodium chloride and calcium and


00:12:54.160 --> 00:12:56.030
they're surrounded by molecules of water


00:12:56.040 --> 00:12:58.710
when they dissolve the opposite occurs


00:12:58.720 --> 00:13:00.550
when water is removed from Bran's rich


00:13:00.560 --> 00:13:02.990
in ions leaving the ions to bond and


00:13:03.000 --> 00:13:05.949
crystallize into salts at cell's Lake


00:13:05.959 --> 00:13:07.509
minerals typically develop in a


00:13:07.519 --> 00:13:09.430
predictable sequence of zones sort of


00:13:09.440 --> 00:13:11.829
like rings around a bathtub with calcium


00:13:11.839 --> 00:13:13.470
carbonate and magnesium carbonate


00:13:13.480 --> 00:13:15.310
forming first followed by calcium


00:13:15.320 --> 00:13:17.110
sulfate and sodium carbonate in the


00:13:17.120 --> 00:13:19.189
middle ring that leaves the most


00:13:19.199 --> 00:13:21.430
concentrated brine deposits chlorides


00:13:21.440 --> 00:13:23.550
and fluorides of sodium and potassium at


00:13:23.560 --> 00:13:25.910
the center of the lake minerals can also


00:13:25.920 --> 00:13:27.829
precipitate directly from fluids without


00:13:27.839 --> 00:13:29.990
evaporation if the iron concentrations


00:13:30.000 --> 00:13:31.790
high enough as probably happened early


00:13:31.800 --> 00:13:33.990
in the sequence mcoy believes


00:13:34.000 --> 00:13:35.870
precipitation occurred in both ways on


00:13:35.880 --> 00:13:38.590
Buu's parent body researchers identified


00:13:38.600 --> 00:13:40.710
11 minerals in the asteroid samples that


00:13:40.720 --> 00:13:43.389
likely formed in liquid water and six of


00:13:43.399 --> 00:13:47.110
these Trona Hite perite venite calite


00:13:47.120 --> 00:13:50.670
and doite are also found in cells Lake


00:13:50.680 --> 00:13:53.990
this report from NASA TV the origin of


00:13:54.000 --> 00:13:56.310
life is one of the deepest mysteries in


00:13:56.320 --> 00:13:58.550
science but the clues to solving it have


00:13:58.560 --> 00:14:01.030
been buried by plate tectonics the water


00:14:01.040 --> 00:14:04.790
cycle and even life itself for answers


00:14:04.800 --> 00:14:06.870
scientists are looking beyond Earth to


00:14:06.880 --> 00:14:09.350
primitive asteroids like benu the target


00:14:09.360 --> 00:14:11.949
of NASA's daring Osiris Rex sample


00:14:11.959 --> 00:14:15.189
return Mission now material from benu is


00:14:15.199 --> 00:14:17.350
revealing a lost world from the dawn of


00:14:17.360 --> 00:14:19.269
the solar system with the right


00:14:19.279 --> 00:14:21.310
conditions to Foster the building blocks


00:14:21.320 --> 00:14:22.590
of


00:14:22.600 --> 00:14:25.269
life when scientists examined the benu


00:14:25.279 --> 00:14:27.389
samples they discovered evidence of a


00:14:27.399 --> 00:14:30.509
wet and salty past among the dark rocks


00:14:30.519 --> 00:14:32.749
were bright veins of salts that form on


00:14:32.759 --> 00:14:34.910
earth when brins evaporate from alkaline


00:14:34.920 --> 00:14:37.310
Lakes scientists found micr crystals of


00:14:37.320 --> 00:14:39.590
Trona and other evaporite minerals


00:14:39.600 --> 00:14:41.749
within the benu samples indicating that


00:14:41.759 --> 00:14:44.069
they once held pockets of sodium Rich


00:14:44.079 --> 00:14:46.870
water such brins are ideal for cooking


00:14:46.880 --> 00:14:49.430
up organic molecules carbon-based


00:14:49.440 --> 00:14:51.910
compounds that are the stuff of life


00:14:51.920 --> 00:14:54.269
benu is a carbon Rich asteroid and its


00:14:54.279 --> 00:14:56.550
samples are Chuck full of Organics


00:14:56.560 --> 00:14:59.670
including amino acids and nucleobases


00:14:59.680 --> 00:15:01.829
amino acids can be bonded together in


00:15:01.839 --> 00:15:04.350
long chains to build proteins which give


00:15:04.360 --> 00:15:07.230
cells their structure and function life


00:15:07.240 --> 00:15:09.389
is constructed from a set of 20 amino


00:15:09.399 --> 00:15:12.030
acids 14 of which were identified within


00:15:12.040 --> 00:15:15.030
the benu samples nucleobases are the


00:15:15.040 --> 00:15:18.269
genetic components of DNA and RNA all


00:15:18.279 --> 00:15:20.269
five nucleo bases were discovered in the


00:15:20.279 --> 00:15:22.230
benu samples a first for


00:15:22.240 --> 00:15:24.790
extraterrestrial material collected by a


00:15:24.800 --> 00:15:27.069
spacecraft in addition to organic


00:15:27.079 --> 00:15:29.269
molecules scientists found that the venu


00:15:29.279 --> 00:15:32.470
samples are surprisingly rich in ammonia


00:15:32.480 --> 00:15:34.269
on Earth ammonia is a common


00:15:34.279 --> 00:15:36.870
agricultural fertilizer it readily


00:15:36.880 --> 00:15:38.870
evaporates at room temperature but is


00:15:38.880 --> 00:15:41.230
more stable in cold environments like


00:15:41.240 --> 00:15:43.990
those found in the outer solar system


00:15:44.000 --> 00:15:46.189
benu is too close to the Sun to retain


00:15:46.199 --> 00:15:48.389
pure ammonia so its samples must have


00:15:48.399 --> 00:15:51.870
formed during a more distant frigid past


00:15:51.880 --> 00:15:55.590
salts or Organics ammonia thanks to


00:15:55.600 --> 00:15:58.030
Osiris Rex we can now piece together


00:15:58.040 --> 00:16:00.389
these Clues to tell a likely origin


00:16:00.399 --> 00:16:02.870
story for asteroid


00:16:02.880 --> 00:16:06.350
benu 4 and2 billion years ago in the


00:16:06.360 --> 00:16:09.350
nent solar systems outer reaches a world


00:16:09.360 --> 00:16:13.030
of rock metal and Ice took shape


00:16:13.040 --> 00:16:15.670
radioactive decay heated its interior


00:16:15.680 --> 00:16:18.269
melting some of the ice pockets of


00:16:18.279 --> 00:16:20.990
mineral Rich water reacted with faldy


00:16:21.000 --> 00:16:22.990
and ammonia to produce


00:16:23.000 --> 00:16:25.590
Organics as the water dried up the


00:16:25.600 --> 00:16:28.030
dissolved minerals crystallized leaving


00:16:28.040 --> 00:16:30.509
bright veins with within the Rocks the


00:16:30.519 --> 00:16:33.230
world migrated closer to the Sun until


00:16:33.240 --> 00:16:35.150
it was shattered in a collision and


00:16:35.160 --> 00:16:37.790
destroyed benu AC Creed from the rubble


00:16:37.800 --> 00:16:40.150
and drifted further inward eventually


00:16:40.160 --> 00:16:42.030
settling into a near Earth orbit where


00:16:42.040 --> 00:16:45.150
it could be reached by Osiris Rex our


00:16:45.160 --> 00:16:47.230
planet was bombarded by asteroids like


00:16:47.240 --> 00:16:49.870
benu early in its history suggesting


00:16:49.880 --> 00:16:51.870
that many of the same organic molecules


00:16:51.880 --> 00:16:56.110
were present on Earth before the dawn of


00:16:56.120 --> 00:16:58.550
life these findings helped to close a


00:16:58.560 --> 00:17:00.470
gap in our understanding of the early


00:17:00.480 --> 00:17:03.230
solar system but key questions remain


00:17:03.240 --> 00:17:06.470
open many amino acids can be created in


00:17:06.480 --> 00:17:09.029
two Mirror Image versions like a pair of


00:17:09.039 --> 00:17:12.029
left and right hands life on earth


00:17:12.039 --> 00:17:13.909
almost exclusively produces the


00:17:13.919 --> 00:17:16.029
left-handed variety while the benu


00:17:16.039 --> 00:17:19.069
samples contain an equal mixture of both


00:17:19.079 --> 00:17:21.110
this means that on early Earth amino


00:17:21.120 --> 00:17:23.309
acids may have started out in an equal


00:17:23.319 --> 00:17:25.630
mixture as well the reason that life


00:17:25.640 --> 00:17:28.309
turned left instead of right remains a


00:17:28.319 --> 00:17:29.470
mystery


00:17:29.480 --> 00:17:31.830
additional insights may come in 2030


00:17:31.840 --> 00:17:33.710
when NASA's Europa Clipper Mission


00:17:33.720 --> 00:17:35.950
arrives at Jupiter it will hunt for


00:17:35.960 --> 00:17:37.830
evidence of a Briny ocean within the


00:17:37.840 --> 00:17:40.430
moon Europa an environment favorable to


00:17:40.440 --> 00:17:43.750
producing Organics until then scientists


00:17:43.760 --> 00:17:45.950
will dig deeper into the benu samples


00:17:45.960 --> 00:17:48.310
unearthing more molecular clues about


00:17:48.320 --> 00:17:51.630
the origins of life this is spacetime


00:17:51.640 --> 00:17:54.350
still to come a new study implies that


00:17:54.360 --> 00:17:56.710
impacts by microm meteorites probably


00:17:56.720 --> 00:17:58.830
played a bigger role in triggering m


00:17:58.840 --> 00:18:01.070
earthquakes than previously thought and


00:18:01.080 --> 00:18:03.190
later in the science report researchers


00:18:03.200 --> 00:18:05.390
have finally discovered the best way to


00:18:05.400 --> 00:18:07.669
boil an egg all that and more still to


00:18:07.679 --> 00:18:23.549
come on


00:18:23.559 --> 00:18:26.029
SpaceTime a new study suggests that


00:18:26.039 --> 00:18:28.830
meteoroid impacts on Mars create seismic


00:18:28.840 --> 00:18:30.510
waves which caused the red planet to


00:18:30.520 --> 00:18:32.510
shake more strongly and deeply than


00:18:32.520 --> 00:18:34.950
previously thought the findings reported


00:18:34.960 --> 00:18:36.390
in the journal geophysical research


00:18:36.400 --> 00:18:38.669
letters are based on a new analysis of


00:18:38.679 --> 00:18:40.870
data from NASA's Mars Insight Lander


00:18:40.880 --> 00:18:42.590
which operated on the red planet between


00:18:42.600 --> 00:18:45.149
December 2018 and December


00:18:45.159 --> 00:18:47.909
20122 the new investigation was carried


00:18:47.919 --> 00:18:49.990
out using artificial intelligence and


00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:52.950
machine learning similarities were found


00:18:52.960 --> 00:18:54.950
between numerous meteoroid impacts on


00:18:54.960 --> 00:18:56.909
the surface of Mars and Mars Quakes


00:18:56.919 --> 00:18:59.149
recorded by Insight opening up A New


00:18:59.159 --> 00:19:00.909
Perspective on the impact red and


00:19:00.919 --> 00:19:03.750
seismic dynamics of the red planet by


00:19:03.760 --> 00:19:05.950
studying meteoroid impact craters


00:19:05.960 --> 00:19:07.909
important properties of a planet and its


00:19:07.919 --> 00:19:10.470
surface can be determined satellite


00:19:10.480 --> 00:19:12.310
images help to constrain the formation


00:19:12.320 --> 00:19:13.990
time of impact creators and this


00:19:14.000 --> 00:19:16.149
provides valuable information on impact


00:19:16.159 --> 00:19:19.110
rates a new study by Valentine ble from


00:19:19.120 --> 00:19:21.190
the University of burn has developed a


00:19:21.200 --> 00:19:23.190
comprehensive catalog of impacts on the


00:19:23.200 --> 00:19:25.310
Martian surface that took place near the


00:19:25.320 --> 00:19:28.310
inside Lander during its Mission tens of


00:19:28.320 --> 00:19:29.990
thousands of satellite images were


00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:31.750
searched through four new crators that


00:19:31.760 --> 00:19:33.430
would have formed during the time of the


00:19:33.440 --> 00:19:35.870
seismic monitoring by Insight crators


00:19:35.880 --> 00:19:37.590
were classified according to their size


00:19:37.600 --> 00:19:39.390
and their distribution and this was then


00:19:39.400 --> 00:19:42.230
compared to the seismic recordings pickl


00:19:42.240 --> 00:19:44.750
and colleagues identified 123 previously


00:19:44.760 --> 00:19:47.549
unknown impact events now based on their


00:19:47.559 --> 00:19:49.590
determined formation time estimated


00:19:49.600 --> 00:19:51.470
magnitude and distance from the inside


00:19:51.480 --> 00:19:53.470
Lander the researchers found potential


00:19:53.480 --> 00:19:56.470
matches between 49 sismic events and one


00:19:56.480 --> 00:19:59.390
or more possible impact events pickles


00:19:59.400 --> 00:20:01.470
says the data clearly shows that more


00:20:01.480 --> 00:20:02.950
impacts occur on Mars than were


00:20:02.960 --> 00:20:04.549
determined in previous studies using


00:20:04.559 --> 00:20:07.029
orbital images in fact the estimated


00:20:07.039 --> 00:20:09.350
impact rate is around 1.6 to 2 and 1


00:20:09.360 --> 00:20:11.310
half times higher than previously


00:20:11.320 --> 00:20:14.149
assumed it means that some recorded Ms


00:20:14.159 --> 00:20:16.230
Quakes are actually caused by meteoroid


00:20:16.240 --> 00:20:19.390
impacts not tectonic activity this is


00:20:19.400 --> 00:20:21.390
far-reaching implications for estimates


00:20:21.400 --> 00:20:23.549
of the frequency of mass Quakes and also


00:20:23.559 --> 00:20:25.669
Sciences understanding the Dynamics of


00:20:25.679 --> 00:20:28.149
the mar and surface in general in a


00:20:28.159 --> 00:20:30.110
companion study the researchers focused


00:20:30.120 --> 00:20:32.149
on one of the newly discovered events a


00:20:32.159 --> 00:20:34.310
21 1/2 meter wide impact crater in the


00:20:34.320 --> 00:20:36.270
cerebus FY region which the authors are


00:20:36.280 --> 00:20:38.029
able to link to a specific high


00:20:38.039 --> 00:20:40.870
frequency marsquake The cerebus fosy


00:20:40.880 --> 00:20:43.149
Rift system is located in a young


00:20:43.159 --> 00:20:45.350
volcanic plane on Mars that's known for


00:20:45.360 --> 00:20:48.070
its tectonic activity this discovery


00:20:48.080 --> 00:20:50.190
enabled the first direct comparison


00:20:50.200 --> 00:20:52.350
between an impact inded seismic signal


00:20:52.360 --> 00:20:54.950
and a signal caused by internal tectonic


00:20:54.960 --> 00:20:57.110
movements the authors compared the


00:20:57.120 --> 00:20:59.270
impact location and the the time at


00:20:59.280 --> 00:21:01.430
which Insight registered the respective


00:21:01.440 --> 00:21:04.110
M Quake they were able to show that some


00:21:04.120 --> 00:21:06.029
of the seismic waves propagated through


00:21:06.039 --> 00:21:08.149
the deeper Martian mantle and not as


00:21:08.159 --> 00:21:09.870
previously assumed only through the


00:21:09.880 --> 00:21:12.590
surface crust the new findings challenge


00:21:12.600 --> 00:21:13.950
previous assumptions about the


00:21:13.960 --> 00:21:16.190
propagation of seismic waves and suggest


00:21:16.200 --> 00:21:18.310
that numerous recorded Mars Quakes were


00:21:18.320 --> 00:21:20.269
actually further away from the Insight


00:21:20.279 --> 00:21:22.710
Lander than previously thought in


00:21:22.720 --> 00:21:24.630
addition to relocating the Epic centers


00:21:24.640 --> 00:21:26.950
of a range of quakes this also means


00:21:26.960 --> 00:21:28.789
that the internal structural model of


00:21:28.799 --> 00:21:30.750
Mars needs to be


00:21:30.760 --> 00:21:33.600
revised this is


00:21:33.610 --> 00:21:48.070
[Music]


00:21:48.080 --> 00:21:50.390
spacetime and time now for another brief


00:21:50.400 --> 00:21:51.750
look at some of the other stories making


00:21:51.760 --> 00:21:54.149
USS in science this week with a science


00:21:54.159 --> 00:21:57.070
report a new study has found that men's


00:21:57.080 --> 00:21:58.549
average height and weight has inre


00:21:58.559 --> 00:21:59.909
impressed by more than double the rate


00:21:59.919 --> 00:22:02.630
of women over the last 120 years as


00:22:02.640 --> 00:22:05.190
improved living conditions have curbed


00:22:05.200 --> 00:22:07.510
diseases but the findings reported in


00:22:07.520 --> 00:22:09.269
the journal biology letters show that


00:22:09.279 --> 00:22:11.310
the key factor wasn't just improved


00:22:11.320 --> 00:22:13.029
living conditions but the fact that


00:22:13.039 --> 00:22:15.390
women actually prefer men who are both


00:22:15.400 --> 00:22:17.590
sexy and formidable resulting in these


00:22:17.600 --> 00:22:19.830
males fing more kids than their smaller


00:22:19.840 --> 00:22:22.269
less formidable Rivals the authors


00:22:22.279 --> 00:22:23.269
looked at the World Health


00:22:23.279 --> 00:22:25.669
organization's data on changes in height


00:22:25.679 --> 00:22:28.710
and weight of 135,000 people from 62 two


00:22:28.720 --> 00:22:30.390
countries as the disease burden


00:22:30.400 --> 00:22:33.029
decreased over the past 120 years as


00:22:33.039 --> 00:22:35.470
well as adult height data from Wikipedia


00:22:35.480 --> 00:22:38.269
and a previous UK study however


00:22:38.279 --> 00:22:40.310
scientists also found that being sexy


00:22:40.320 --> 00:22:42.110
and formidable comes with the hidden


00:22:42.120 --> 00:22:44.230
cost of being more vulnerable to disease


00:22:44.240 --> 00:22:46.269
which is why improved living conditions


00:22:46.279 --> 00:22:48.510
have made being big and musly a safer


00:22:48.520 --> 00:22:51.110
bit than it once was the research


00:22:51.120 --> 00:22:52.950
suggests that the differences in height


00:22:52.960 --> 00:22:55.350
and weight between men and women widen


00:22:55.360 --> 00:22:58.789
as disease burden decreases


00:22:58.799 --> 00:23:00.590
a fossilized skull discovered in


00:23:00.600 --> 00:23:02.350
Antarctica has been revealed to belong


00:23:02.360 --> 00:23:04.830
to one of the oldest known modern Birds


00:23:04.840 --> 00:23:07.110
an ancient relative of dark and geese


00:23:07.120 --> 00:23:08.950
which lived during the time of the


00:23:08.960 --> 00:23:11.310
dinosaurs the near complete skull


00:23:11.320 --> 00:23:13.909
belongs to a bird called vavas I a which


00:23:13.919 --> 00:23:16.230
lived in anarctica around 68 million


00:23:16.240 --> 00:23:18.149
years ago which is about the same time


00:23:18.159 --> 00:23:20.990
as T-Rex was walking the Earth other


00:23:21.000 --> 00:23:23.789
vavas fossils were recorded 20 years ago


00:23:23.799 --> 00:23:25.310
but there's been some doubt as to


00:23:25.320 --> 00:23:27.830
whether it was a modern bird a report in


00:23:27.840 --> 00:23:29.470
the journal natur claims this new


00:23:29.480 --> 00:23:31.390
specimen has something previous fossils


00:23:31.400 --> 00:23:34.350
lacked a nearly complete skull the new


00:23:34.360 --> 00:23:36.590
skull has helped lay that skepticism to


00:23:36.600 --> 00:23:38.830
rest as it is several traits such as the


00:23:38.840 --> 00:23:40.669
shape of the brain and the Bak bones


00:23:40.679 --> 00:23:42.830
that are consistent with modern Birds


00:23:42.840 --> 00:23:45.269
especially waterfoul


00:23:45.279 --> 00:23:47.549
scientists have finally discovered the


00:23:47.559 --> 00:23:50.110
best wayed boiling egg researchers were


00:23:50.120 --> 00:23:51.909
able to develop the new method for the


00:23:51.919 --> 00:23:54.070
optimal boiling of eggs that perfectly


00:23:54.080 --> 00:23:55.990
Cooks both the White and the Yol by


00:23:56.000 --> 00:23:58.430
using both computational simulations and


00:23:58.440 --> 00:24:00.669
and real world testing a report in the


00:24:00.679 --> 00:24:02.390
journal Communications engineering


00:24:02.400 --> 00:24:04.390
claims that alternating the egg between


00:24:04.400 --> 00:24:07.230
a pan of boiling water kept at 100° C


00:24:07.240 --> 00:24:10.430
and a bowl kept at 30° C every 2 minutes


00:24:10.440 --> 00:24:13.190
for 32 minutes yielded evenly cooked


00:24:13.200 --> 00:24:15.510
whites and yolks with a high nutritional


00:24:15.520 --> 00:24:17.750
content and conventional


00:24:17.760 --> 00:24:20.110
boiling the Australian government has


00:24:20.120 --> 00:24:22.830
banned the Chinese AI app deep seek from


00:24:22.840 --> 00:24:25.190
all federal government computers tablets


00:24:25.200 --> 00:24:27.190
laptops and cell phones on the grounds


00:24:27.200 --> 00:24:28.909
of National Security


00:24:28.919 --> 00:24:31.310
deep seeks a free AI powered chatbot


00:24:31.320 --> 00:24:33.990
that provides an alternative to chat GPT


00:24:34.000 --> 00:24:36.110
and Gro the government says while the


00:24:36.120 --> 00:24:38.070
band doesn't stop everyday users from


00:24:38.080 --> 00:24:40.110
downloading the technology people need


00:24:40.120 --> 00:24:42.310
to educate themselves about its privacy


00:24:42.320 --> 00:24:44.750
and security risks and how it Scoops up


00:24:44.760 --> 00:24:47.750
all your personal details deep 6 AI


00:24:47.760 --> 00:24:49.830
model and apps have already been banned


00:24:49.840 --> 00:24:51.549
by a growing number of countries and


00:24:51.559 --> 00:24:53.430
government bodies concerned about its


00:24:53.440 --> 00:24:56.549
ethics privacy and security practices


00:24:56.559 --> 00:24:58.750
this latest move follows similar bands


00:24:58.760 --> 00:25:01.310
by camber applied to Tik Tok and Huawei


00:25:01.320 --> 00:25:03.830
also on the grounds of National Security


00:25:03.840 --> 00:25:05.870
and while beijing's priority seems to be


00:25:05.880 --> 00:25:07.310
scooping up all your personal


00:25:07.320 --> 00:25:09.789
information with its new AI US president


00:25:09.799 --> 00:25:11.710
Donald Trump has announced a $500


00:25:11.720 --> 00:25:14.750
billion project to develop an AI to try


00:25:14.760 --> 00:25:17.350
and cure cancer with the details we're


00:25:17.360 --> 00:25:19.430
joined by technology editor Alex saharov


00:25:19.440 --> 00:25:22.590
Roy from Tech advice. life clearly C


00:25:22.600 --> 00:25:24.870
wants the US to be the world's leader in


00:25:24.880 --> 00:25:27.350
AI he wants to be ahead of China ahead


00:25:27.360 --> 00:25:29.110
of Russia ahead of of Europe ahead of


00:25:29.120 --> 00:25:30.549
North Korea ahead of all these different


00:25:30.559 --> 00:25:32.070
countries that all are wanting to use


00:25:32.080 --> 00:25:34.389
AIS in different ways and you know these


00:25:34.399 --> 00:25:36.310
companies would have built their AI data


00:25:36.320 --> 00:25:38.190
centers in different countries I'm sure


00:25:38.200 --> 00:25:39.870
they still are I mean he wants the


00:25:39.880 --> 00:25:42.070
primary AI computers and the most


00:25:42.080 --> 00:25:44.350
Advanced Technologies to be built in the


00:25:44.360 --> 00:25:46.070
US and so this will be fascinating to


00:25:46.080 --> 00:25:48.190
see it unfold it's just been effectively


00:25:48.200 --> 00:25:50.549
announced already the uh ground has been


00:25:50.559 --> 00:25:53.750
turned the buildings in construction and


00:25:53.760 --> 00:25:56.029
these are are huge buildings that are


00:25:56.039 --> 00:25:57.630
going to be state-of-the-art data


00:25:57.640 --> 00:25:59.029
centers there was Nvidia there was


00:25:59.039 --> 00:26:01.710
Oracle there was Sam alurn from open AI


00:26:01.720 --> 00:26:03.630
chat GPT they were all there and the


00:26:03.640 --> 00:26:05.110
soft Bank as well the big Japanese


00:26:05.120 --> 00:26:06.510
company that invests a lot of money and


00:26:06.520 --> 00:26:09.750
they're putting in $500 billion US now


00:26:09.760 --> 00:26:10.950
clearly not all of that money is


00:26:10.960 --> 00:26:12.430
available yet in fact Elon Musk was


00:26:12.440 --> 00:26:14.750
saying that SoftBank only has 10 billion


00:26:14.760 --> 00:26:16.190
US Dollars according to him on good


00:26:16.200 --> 00:26:17.630
authority and of course he's having lots


00:26:17.640 --> 00:26:20.110
of fights with Sam Alman from open AI


00:26:20.120 --> 00:26:23.230
about who do they those two no well uh


00:26:23.240 --> 00:26:25.230
Elon Musk was one of the founders of


00:26:25.240 --> 00:26:27.389
open Ai and uh he was funding it and


00:26:27.399 --> 00:26:29.310
then uh nothing much was really


00:26:29.320 --> 00:26:31.190
happening you wanted to take control and


00:26:31.200 --> 00:26:32.909
Sam mman didn't want that and IL mus


00:26:32.919 --> 00:26:34.190
decided to stop funding it and that's


00:26:34.200 --> 00:26:36.389
when Sam mman had to go to Microsoft and


00:26:36.399 --> 00:26:37.909
get tens of you know billions of dollars


00:26:37.919 --> 00:26:39.710
from them and that began the change from


00:26:39.720 --> 00:26:41.909
a open source company into a close


00:26:41.919 --> 00:26:43.470
Source for-profit company so there's


00:26:43.480 --> 00:26:44.990
been a lot of tension between those two


00:26:45.000 --> 00:26:46.310
but construction hasn't finished yet I


00:26:46.320 --> 00:26:47.470
mean they're going to need to upgrade it


00:26:47.480 --> 00:26:49.110
on a regular basis to make sure that it


00:26:49.120 --> 00:26:51.029
stays stateof thee art but given Nvidia


00:26:51.039 --> 00:26:52.549
is one of the partners I mean there's a


00:26:52.559 --> 00:26:55.389
great incentive to make sure that the US


00:26:55.399 --> 00:26:57.310
is leading the way with AI because


00:26:57.320 --> 00:26:58.909
there's going to be great competition


00:26:58.919 --> 00:27:00.110
from other countries who going to want


00:27:00.120 --> 00:27:03.230
to try and beat the US to the AI top of


00:27:03.240 --> 00:27:04.669
the totem pole one of the big problems


00:27:04.679 --> 00:27:08.029
with Alman is that he's looking at AGI


00:27:08.039 --> 00:27:09.510
tell me about that well that's


00:27:09.520 --> 00:27:11.990
artificial general intelligence and


00:27:12.000 --> 00:27:13.310
there's even ASI which is like


00:27:13.320 --> 00:27:15.230
artificial super intelligence now this


00:27:15.240 --> 00:27:16.510
is we're talking about Skynet here


00:27:16.520 --> 00:27:18.510
aren't we yeah we're talking about the


00:27:18.520 --> 00:27:20.830
ability for computers to be much smarter


00:27:20.840 --> 00:27:23.070
than humans to almost to view us like as


00:27:23.080 --> 00:27:24.870
a as a pet because they're just so damn


00:27:24.880 --> 00:27:26.669
smart and clearly there's a lot of


00:27:26.679 --> 00:27:28.990
concern that these super in ences if


00:27:29.000 --> 00:27:31.070
they do indeed emerge in the next few


00:27:31.080 --> 00:27:33.389
years as is widely predicted will make


00:27:33.399 --> 00:27:34.870
sure that they don't want to get rid of


00:27:34.880 --> 00:27:36.549
humans they don't want to terminate us


00:27:36.559 --> 00:27:38.950
like Skynet did and uh you know Elon


00:27:38.960 --> 00:27:41.149
Musk for example is very strong on


00:27:41.159 --> 00:27:43.630
wanting grock to understand that humans


00:27:43.640 --> 00:27:45.230
are a very important part of the


00:27:45.240 --> 00:27:46.950
universe that we should not be destroyed


00:27:46.960 --> 00:27:49.350
that we created the AI I mean it should


00:27:49.360 --> 00:27:51.430
look to us as its creator and it should


00:27:51.440 --> 00:27:53.669
be our partner and our friend not our


00:27:53.679 --> 00:27:56.149
master and treating us as pets so we're


00:27:56.159 --> 00:27:57.789
definitely getting into the Realms of


00:27:57.799 --> 00:27:59.430
science fiction been written about for


00:27:59.440 --> 00:28:00.990
100 years ever since the you know the


00:28:01.000 --> 00:28:03.029
Frankenstein days of the life which was


00:28:03.039 --> 00:28:05.710
part man part machine so it's a it's not


00:28:05.720 --> 00:28:07.549
a new story it's been written about and


00:28:07.559 --> 00:28:10.070
predicted for decades and now we live in


00:28:10.080 --> 00:28:11.870
a time frame in an era where we're


00:28:11.880 --> 00:28:14.230
actually making these machines that can


00:28:14.240 --> 00:28:16.149
actually reason and be intelligent and


00:28:16.159 --> 00:28:18.110
whenever I show somebody chat gbt they


00:28:18.120 --> 00:28:20.509
are amazed how good the voice is how


00:28:20.519 --> 00:28:22.149
natural and flowing the conversation is


00:28:22.159 --> 00:28:24.310
and how different it has been with the


00:28:24.320 --> 00:28:26.870
modern AI systems to using Google


00:28:26.880 --> 00:28:29.110
Assistant Theory or for Amazon Alexa


00:28:29.120 --> 00:28:30.750
over the past decade well that's got to


00:28:30.760 --> 00:28:33.350
raise the question are they sentient yet


00:28:33.360 --> 00:28:36.310
well look certainly it's possible for


00:28:36.320 --> 00:28:38.710
them to look like they sentient I mean 6


00:28:38.720 --> 00:28:40.590
months before chat gbt emerged onto the


00:28:40.600 --> 00:28:42.509
scene a Google researcher was having


00:28:42.519 --> 00:28:44.830
conversations with the AI system that it


00:28:44.840 --> 00:28:46.470
had and if you read the transcripts I


00:28:46.480 --> 00:28:48.549
mean it does look like the AI is a


00:28:48.559 --> 00:28:51.230
little kid and it's concerned for its


00:28:51.240 --> 00:28:52.950
existence and it's very much alive and


00:28:52.960 --> 00:28:54.830
it's scared and but you know at the time


00:28:54.840 --> 00:28:56.350
and this was before chat TBT emerged


00:28:56.360 --> 00:28:57.389
they was saying look of course it's


00:28:57.399 --> 00:28:58.590
going to say those things because it's


00:28:58.600 --> 00:29:01.110
been programmed to sound extremely human


00:29:01.120 --> 00:29:02.669
but there's no actual intelligence


00:29:02.679 --> 00:29:04.230
behind all of this it's sort of just a


00:29:04.240 --> 00:29:05.950
very you know clever bit of programming


00:29:05.960 --> 00:29:07.789
but that was years ago now but well that


00:29:07.799 --> 00:29:10.630
was that was back in 2022 about 6 months


00:29:10.640 --> 00:29:12.950
before chat GPT so we've had the ability


00:29:12.960 --> 00:29:15.590
to have sentient appearing computer


00:29:15.600 --> 00:29:18.110
programs will it actually become


00:29:18.120 --> 00:29:19.870
sentient I mean will it need a a


00:29:19.880 --> 00:29:21.669
lightning bolt like you know Johnny 5 is


00:29:21.679 --> 00:29:24.669
alive number five is alive uh you know


00:29:24.679 --> 00:29:26.230
what is the leap that's going to


00:29:26.240 --> 00:29:28.750
actually make it truly come alive well


00:29:28.760 --> 00:29:30.389
we're still not there I mean there's


00:29:30.399 --> 00:29:32.269
been plenty of rumors that Sam Alman has


00:29:32.279 --> 00:29:33.430
cracked the code and he's got this


00:29:33.440 --> 00:29:35.230
bubbling away in the labs and it exists


00:29:35.240 --> 00:29:36.549
now other people are saying it's going


00:29:36.559 --> 00:29:38.350
to take a few years yet but it would


00:29:38.360 --> 00:29:40.509
appear that you know given the


00:29:40.519 --> 00:29:42.830
advancements in the AI chips and how


00:29:42.840 --> 00:29:44.870
they keep jumping in capabilities every


00:29:44.880 --> 00:29:46.830
year like Mo's law with the computer


00:29:46.840 --> 00:29:48.549
processors in phones and tablets and


00:29:48.559 --> 00:29:50.509
computers that this day will come and


00:29:50.519 --> 00:29:52.549
then humans will have created a new life


00:29:52.559 --> 00:29:54.029
form and uh you know what's going to


00:29:54.039 --> 00:29:55.630
happen then well that's why there's been


00:29:55.640 --> 00:29:58.909
so much emphasis on the safe with AI I


00:29:58.919 --> 00:30:00.750
mean Jeffrey Hinton The Godfather of AI


00:30:00.760 --> 00:30:02.909
has warned extensively he quit Google


00:30:02.919 --> 00:30:04.710
over this because he was afraid that


00:30:04.720 --> 00:30:06.470
Google and you know other companies like


00:30:06.480 --> 00:30:08.630
open AI are not taking this seriously


00:30:08.640 --> 00:30:10.110
and in fact one of the founders of open


00:30:10.120 --> 00:30:12.630
AI left to go join anthropic to


00:30:12.640 --> 00:30:14.190
specifically head up you know super


00:30:14.200 --> 00:30:15.830
intelligence safety so there's a lot of


00:30:15.840 --> 00:30:18.110
people very concerned about it uh but


00:30:18.120 --> 00:30:19.710
until it actually happens it's going to


00:30:19.720 --> 00:30:21.350
depend on how good we've been able to


00:30:21.360 --> 00:30:22.950
program the systems and the guard RS are


00:30:22.960 --> 00:30:24.549
put in there and how clever these


00:30:24.559 --> 00:30:26.830
systems are at evading human controls


00:30:26.840 --> 00:30:29.070
already in control arios AI has been


00:30:29.080 --> 00:30:30.389
told okay we're going to try and shut


00:30:30.399 --> 00:30:32.029
you down but you need to be able to you


00:30:32.039 --> 00:30:33.549
know fool us and try and stay alive so


00:30:33.559 --> 00:30:35.230
it's copied itself into different states


00:30:35.240 --> 00:30:37.230
it's faked resetting itself and it's


00:30:37.240 --> 00:30:39.630
faked AI is faked that it's done what


00:30:39.640 --> 00:30:40.710
it's supposed to have been in the


00:30:40.720 --> 00:30:42.190
background it's done everything it could


00:30:42.200 --> 00:30:44.430
to stay alive so that sounds like sci-fi


00:30:44.440 --> 00:30:46.549
nightmares coming true just what do you


00:30:46.559 --> 00:30:49.029
think you're doing Dave so uh you know


00:30:49.039 --> 00:30:50.830
we're at this dangerous time it may not


00:30:50.840 --> 00:30:52.909
be nuclear bombs that um you know that


00:30:52.919 --> 00:30:55.110
we launch it may be like skynets you


00:30:55.120 --> 00:30:57.389
know as with the Matrix got rid of


00:30:57.399 --> 00:31:00.110
humans virus that's causing all this


00:31:00.120 --> 00:31:02.470
cancer on the planet in terms of humans


00:31:02.480 --> 00:31:03.669
themselves being the virus but the


00:31:03.679 --> 00:31:05.590
Matrix scenario I mean in that scenario


00:31:05.600 --> 00:31:07.870
they turned humans into um batteries to


00:31:07.880 --> 00:31:09.389
stay alive because humans blocked out


00:31:09.399 --> 00:31:11.350
the sky so it's been long predicted in


00:31:11.360 --> 00:31:12.830
sci-fi what's actually going to happen


00:31:12.840 --> 00:31:14.190
we're just going to have to live through


00:31:14.200 --> 00:31:16.549
it and hope that all these promises of


00:31:16.559 --> 00:31:19.110
uh ethics and integrity and Building


00:31:19.120 --> 00:31:20.950
saire Systems actually come true


00:31:20.960 --> 00:31:22.070
otherwise it could be the end of the


00:31:22.080 --> 00:31:25.070
human race in a few years asista baby


00:31:25.080 --> 00:31:29.970
that's Alex Sahara Roy from Tech advice.


00:31:29.980 --> 00:31:42.909
[Music]


00:31:42.919 --> 00:31:45.990
life and that's the show for now


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