Earth’s Elemental Mysteries, Ariel’s Geological Secrets, and Comet Atlas’s Demise: S28E20

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is spacetime series 28 episode 20


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for broadcast on the 14th of February


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2025 coming up on SpaceTime new


00:00:08.840 --> 00:00:10.629
discoveries challenge leld theories


00:00:10.639 --> 00:00:12.470
about Earth's missing elements


00:00:12.480 --> 00:00:14.589
trench-like features on Uranus's Moon


00:00:14.599 --> 00:00:17.590
Ariel may be a window into its interior


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and the comet Atlas destined to die all


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that and more coming up on


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SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with


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Stuart Gary


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[Music]


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a new study has revealed a surprising


00:00:46.480 --> 00:00:48.670
twist in the story of Earth's formation


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4.6 billion years ago understanding


00:00:51.960 --> 00:00:53.549
where Earth's Essential Elements came


00:00:53.559 --> 00:00:55.510
from and why some are missing has long


00:00:55.520 --> 00:00:58.470
puzzled scientists now a report in the


00:00:58.480 --> 00:01:00.590
journal science advances challenges


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traditional theories about why the Earth


00:01:02.840 --> 00:01:05.109
and Mars are depleted in moderately


00:01:05.119 --> 00:01:07.830
volatile elements these elements like


00:01:07.840 --> 00:01:10.230
copper and zinc play a crucial role in


00:01:10.240 --> 00:01:12.270
planetary chemistry often accompanying


00:01:12.280 --> 00:01:14.270
life Essential Elements such as water


00:01:14.280 --> 00:01:16.830
carbon and nitrogen understanding their


00:01:16.840 --> 00:01:19.429
origin provides vital clues about why


00:01:19.439 --> 00:01:22.109
the Earth became a habitable world the


00:01:22.119 --> 00:01:23.950
problem is Earth and Mars contains


00:01:23.960 --> 00:01:25.950
significantly fewer moderately volatile


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elements than primitive meteorites known


00:01:27.840 --> 00:01:30.109
as condres and that's raising


00:01:30.119 --> 00:01:32.350
fundamental questions about planetary


00:01:32.360 --> 00:01:34.550
formation this new research takes a


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Fresh Approach by analyzing iron


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meteorites remnants of the metallic


00:01:38.320 --> 00:01:39.950
cause of the earliest planetary building


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blocks in order to uncover new insights


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the study's lead author Diamond V gral


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from Arizona State University says the


00:01:47.520 --> 00:01:49.510
team found conclusive evidence that


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first generation planetesimals in the


00:01:51.320 --> 00:01:53.630
inner solar system were unexpectedly


00:01:53.640 --> 00:01:56.109
rich in these elements the discovery


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reshaped science's understanding of how


00:01:58.240 --> 00:02:00.670
planets acquired their ingredients


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see until now scientists believe that


00:02:02.799 --> 00:02:04.910
moderately volatile elements were lost


00:02:04.920 --> 00:02:06.270
either because they never fully


00:02:06.280 --> 00:02:08.309
condensed in the early solar system or


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because they escaped during planetesimal


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differentiation however this study is


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revealing a different story it seems


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many of the first planetesimals held


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onto their moderately volatile elements


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suggesting that the building blocks of


00:02:21.640 --> 00:02:23.710
Earth and Mars must have lost their


00:02:23.720 --> 00:02:25.910
later during a period of violent Cosmic


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collisions which shaped their formation


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surprisingly the author's that many in a


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solar system planetesimals retain


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condite like moderately volatile element


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abundances showing they created and


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preserved them despite undergoing


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differentiation this suggests that the


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progenitors of Earth and Mars did not


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start out depleted in these elements but


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instead their loss occurred over a


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prolonged period of collisional growth


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rather than through incomplete


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condensation in the solar nebula or


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through planetary


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differentiation this work redefines how


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science understands the chemical


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evolution of planets it shows that the


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building blocks of the Earth and Mars


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were originally rich in these life


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Essential Elements but intense


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collisions during planetary growth caus


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their depletion this is spacetime still


00:03:13.280 --> 00:03:16.030
to come trench-like features on Uranus's


00:03:16.040 --> 00:03:18.550
Moon arel may be a window into its


00:03:18.560 --> 00:03:21.309
interior and as we predicted last month


00:03:21.319 --> 00:03:24.390
Comet G3 Atlas is dying after it swooped


00:03:24.400 --> 00:03:26.710
too close to the Sun causing its nucleus


00:03:26.720 --> 00:03:28.830
to break apart all that and more still


00:03:28.840 --> 00:03:30.960
to come on


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[Music]


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SpaceTime a new study has raised the


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possibility that a giant trench-like


00:03:49.840 --> 00:03:52.789
feature on Uranus's Moon RL could be a


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window into its interior last year a


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study led by planetary scientist Richard


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cartright from the Johns Hopkins applied


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Physics laboratory in lurel Maryland


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proposed that deposits of carbon dioxide


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ice and other carbon bearing molecules


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on ARL likely originated from chemical


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processes inside the moon possibly even


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from the subsurface ocean Now new


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research May shed light on how these


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minerals reached or even is still


00:04:17.680 --> 00:04:20.189
reaching the moon's surface the new


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study led by Khloe bingfield also from


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John's Hopkins points to medial grooves


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trenches that cut through Ariel's


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massive Canyons as likely conures for


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for this exchange the findings are


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reported in the planetary science


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journal suggest that these grooves are


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spreading centers like mid ocean ridges


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creating new crust on Earth seaf floors


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by bringing up internal material that


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forms a new Surface bingfield says if


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correct these medial grooves are


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probably the best candidates for


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sourcing those carbon dioxide deposits


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and uncovering more details about the


00:04:52.720 --> 00:04:55.629
moon's interior among Ariel's youngest


00:04:55.639 --> 00:04:57.629
known surface features the grooves have


00:04:57.639 --> 00:04:59.749
long been suspected to be products of a


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complex interplay between tectonic and


00:05:02.000 --> 00:05:04.909
Volcanic activities using images taken


00:05:04.919 --> 00:05:07.310
by NASA's Voyer 2 spacecraft the only


00:05:07.320 --> 00:05:09.590
mission to pass by Uranus and its moons


00:05:09.600 --> 00:05:11.390
the authors considered that the grooves


00:05:11.400 --> 00:05:13.150
may have formed through fishes or


00:05:13.160 --> 00:05:15.990
volcanic conduits but the new analysis


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leads strongly towards spreading centers


00:05:18.759 --> 00:05:20.510
for example the canyon walls flanking


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the grooves fit together like puzzle


00:05:22.319 --> 00:05:24.150
pieces when their Central floors are


00:05:24.160 --> 00:05:27.110
digitally removed and the canyon floors


00:05:27.120 --> 00:05:29.110
display regularly spaced ridges in some


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locations are Kinder The Tracks of a


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construction excavator consistent with a


00:05:33.199 --> 00:05:36.070
series of material depositions spreading


00:05:36.080 --> 00:05:38.230
centers arise from convection cells


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beneath the crust and heat from Ariel's


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interior would cause material to ascend


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splitting the surface and forcing it


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apart as the material is imp placed and


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gradually cools curiously Ariel and


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several other of Uranus's moons


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experienced multiple periods of


00:05:53.960 --> 00:05:56.309
geological activity driven by tidal


00:05:56.319 --> 00:05:58.990
forces these forces stemming from period


00:05:59.000 --> 00:06:00.710
resonances that is where each of the


00:06:00.720 --> 00:06:02.870
moon's orbital periods align in precise


00:06:02.880 --> 00:06:05.830
ratios causes the icy Interiors to cycle


00:06:05.840 --> 00:06:07.790
between phases of heating and in some


00:06:07.800 --> 00:06:10.070
instances even melting and then freezing


00:06:10.080 --> 00:06:12.589
again scientists think these resonances


00:06:12.599 --> 00:06:15.029
helping to sustain oceans beneath arel


00:06:15.039 --> 00:06:17.629
and also its smaller neighbor Miranda


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for instance in 2024 a study proposed


00:06:20.080 --> 00:06:21.950
that such residences formed an ocean


00:06:21.960 --> 00:06:24.110
within Miranda's interior and that this


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ocean might still exist there today when


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it comes to Ariel's possible ocean the


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author's highlight of the importance of


00:06:30.520 --> 00:06:32.629
the medial grooves for understanding the


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likely short lifespan of carbon oxides


00:06:36.039 --> 00:06:38.270
it suggests a possible mechanism for imp


00:06:38.280 --> 00:06:39.990
placing fresh material in shortlived


00:06:40.000 --> 00:06:42.230
compounds including carbon monoxide and


00:06:42.240 --> 00:06:44.670
perhaps ammonia bearing species on the


00:06:44.680 --> 00:06:48.189
surface Ariel 2 May host a thin Remnant


00:06:48.199 --> 00:06:50.110
ocean although bingfield remains


00:06:50.120 --> 00:06:51.950
cautious about drawing direct links


00:06:51.960 --> 00:06:53.950
between that Ocean and the medial


00:06:53.960 --> 00:06:56.430
grooves the size of Ariel's possible


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ocean and its depth beneath the surface


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can only be estimated but it may be too


00:07:00.680 --> 00:07:02.909
isolated to interact with any spreading


00:07:02.919 --> 00:07:05.550
centers and while carbon dioxide ises


00:07:05.560 --> 00:07:08.150
are present on Ariel surface it's still


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unclear as to whether they are


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associated with the grooves that's


00:07:11.759 --> 00:07:13.150
because Voyer 2 didn't have the


00:07:13.160 --> 00:07:15.110
instruments on board to allow it to map


00:07:15.120 --> 00:07:17.830
the distribution of the ises to find the


00:07:17.840 --> 00:07:19.950
answers cart rits emphasize the need for


00:07:19.960 --> 00:07:22.150
further exploration and the importance


00:07:22.160 --> 00:07:24.830
of a new dedicated Uranus Mission he


00:07:24.840 --> 00:07:26.629
says ssts need an orbit that can make


00:07:26.639 --> 00:07:29.150
close passes of Ariel map its medial


00:07:29.160 --> 00:07:31.430
grooves in detail and then analyze their


00:07:31.440 --> 00:07:33.350
spectral signatures for components like


00:07:33.360 --> 00:07:36.550
carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide if


00:07:36.560 --> 00:07:38.029
carbon bearing molecules are


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concentrated near these grooves then


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that would strongly support the idea


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that they are windows into Ariel's


00:07:44.919 --> 00:07:47.390
interior with Uranus now climbing in the


00:07:47.400 --> 00:07:49.830
ranks of exploration priorities Ariel


00:07:49.840 --> 00:07:51.830
and its enigmatic medial grooves May


00:07:51.840 --> 00:07:54.149
soon come under closer scrutiny offering


00:07:54.159 --> 00:07:55.990
scientists an unprecedented look into


00:07:56.000 --> 00:07:58.189
the moon's past possibly even its


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presence this


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SpaceTime still to come as we predicted


00:08:02.960 --> 00:08:05.950
last month Comet G3 Atlas is dying after


00:08:05.960 --> 00:08:08.070
it swooped too close to the Sun causing


00:08:08.080 --> 00:08:10.350
its nucleus to break apart and the


00:08:10.360 --> 00:08:12.790
constellation of Ryan the hunter the red


00:08:12.800 --> 00:08:14.869
super giant bleo getting ready to go


00:08:14.879 --> 00:08:18.070
supern over the PES open star cluster


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and the spectacular melenic clouds are


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among the highlights of the February


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night skies on Skywatch


00:08:25.080 --> 00:08:32.279
[Music]




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well as we predicted last month Comet G3


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Atlas is dying after it swooped too


00:08:44.120 --> 00:08:46.230
close to the Sun causing its nucleus to


00:08:46.240 --> 00:08:48.949
break apart Atlas passed well inside the


00:08:48.959 --> 00:08:50.710
orbit of mercury as it reached parah


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helium its closest orbital position to


00:08:52.720 --> 00:08:55.230
the sun it's a location where the sun


00:08:55.240 --> 00:08:58.150
heats and destroys many comets now as it


00:08:58.160 --> 00:08:59.949
moves away from the Sun the the Comets


00:08:59.959 --> 00:09:01.949
becoming dimmer and dimmer a sort of


00:09:01.959 --> 00:09:04.710
headless Wonder flying through space


00:09:04.720 --> 00:09:06.110
it's currently lighting up the southern


00:09:06.120 --> 00:09:08.230
hemisphere Skies with impressive Tales


00:09:08.240 --> 00:09:10.790
near the Horizon just after sunset


00:09:10.800 --> 00:09:12.790
images taken in mid January show the


00:09:12.800 --> 00:09:14.829
comet's ice and Rocky nucleus still


00:09:14.839 --> 00:09:17.470
looking bright and centrally condensed


00:09:17.480 --> 00:09:19.870
but over successive nights across late


00:09:19.880 --> 00:09:22.190
January the nucleus became more diffused


00:09:22.200 --> 00:09:24.150
as it fragmented and began to


00:09:24.160 --> 00:09:25.949
disintegrate some of the Comet


00:09:25.959 --> 00:09:27.949
scattering remains of rocks and ice will


00:09:27.959 --> 00:09:30.190
continue to orbit the Sun some in nearly


00:09:30.200 --> 00:09:32.069
the same outward section of the orbit


00:09:32.079 --> 00:09:33.350
that the comet's nucleus would have


00:09:33.360 --> 00:09:36.389
taken Atlas has been an impressive sight


00:09:36.399 --> 00:09:38.430
so bright or inspiring that it may


00:09:38.440 --> 00:09:40.430
eventually become known as the great


00:09:40.440 --> 00:09:41.710
Comet of


00:09:41.720 --> 00:09:46.660
2025 this is spacetime


00:09:46.670 --> 00:10:00.829
[Music]


00:10:00.839 --> 00:10:02.430
and time now to turn our eyes to the


00:10:02.440 --> 00:10:04.710
skies and check out the celestial spere


00:10:04.720 --> 00:10:08.069
for February on Skywatch February is the


00:10:08.079 --> 00:10:09.949
second month of the year in the Julian


00:10:09.959 --> 00:10:12.069
and gorian calendars it's also the


00:10:12.079 --> 00:10:13.990
shortest month of the year and the only


00:10:14.000 --> 00:10:15.990
one which is a length of less than 30


00:10:16.000 --> 00:10:18.870
days the month is 28 days in common


00:10:18.880 --> 00:10:21.590
years and 29 in leap years with a


00:10:21.600 --> 00:10:25.110
quadral 29th day being caught a leap day


00:10:25.120 --> 00:10:27.230
this additional day every fourth year is


00:10:27.240 --> 00:10:28.870
needed to keep the calendar year


00:10:28.880 --> 00:10:30.710
synchronized ized with the astronomical


00:10:30.720 --> 00:10:33.230
year because seasons and astronomical


00:10:33.240 --> 00:10:35.269
events don't repeat in whole numbers of


00:10:35.279 --> 00:10:37.350
days calendars that have the same number


00:10:37.360 --> 00:10:39.750
of days in each year tend to drift over


00:10:39.760 --> 00:10:41.550
time with respect to the event the year


00:10:41.560 --> 00:10:44.069
is supposed to track by inserting an


00:10:44.079 --> 00:10:46.030
additional day every fourth year this


00:10:46.040 --> 00:10:48.710
drift can be corrected the extra days


00:10:48.720 --> 00:10:50.470
occur in years which are multiples of


00:10:50.480 --> 00:10:52.230
four with the exception of years


00:10:52.240 --> 00:10:56.030
divisible by 100 but not by 400


00:10:56.040 --> 00:10:58.150
similarly in the Looney solar Hebrew


00:10:58.160 --> 00:11:01.750
calendar Ada a 13th month is added seven


00:11:01.760 --> 00:11:04.550
times every 19 years to the 12 lunar


00:11:04.560 --> 00:11:06.629
months in its common years in order to


00:11:06.639 --> 00:11:08.509
keep its calendar from also drifting


00:11:08.519 --> 00:11:11.030
through the seasons and in the bar High


00:11:11.040 --> 00:11:12.870
calendar elip days added whenever it's


00:11:12.880 --> 00:11:14.710
needed in order to ensure that the


00:11:14.720 --> 00:11:16.710
following year begins on the vernal


00:11:16.720 --> 00:11:19.030
equinox the length of the day is also


00:11:19.040 --> 00:11:20.829
occasionally Changed by the insertion of


00:11:20.839 --> 00:11:23.110
leap seconds into coordinated universal


00:11:23.120 --> 00:11:26.030
time or UTC more often referred to as


00:11:26.040 --> 00:11:29.470
GMT or Greenwich meantime this is needed


00:11:29.480 --> 00:11:30.990
because of the variability in Earth


00:11:31.000 --> 00:11:34.230
rotational period but unlike leap days


00:11:34.240 --> 00:11:36.110
leap seconds aren't introduced on a


00:11:36.120 --> 00:11:38.190
regular schedule since the variability


00:11:38.200 --> 00:11:41.110
in the length of the day is not entirely


00:11:41.120 --> 00:11:42.949
predictable okay let's turn our


00:11:42.959 --> 00:11:45.030
attention to the sky now and throughout


00:11:45.040 --> 00:11:47.030
most of February Sky Watchers in the


00:11:47.040 --> 00:11:48.710
southern hemisphere may be lucky enough


00:11:48.720 --> 00:11:50.990
to catch sight of the occasional meteor


00:11:51.000 --> 00:11:52.870
associated with the alpha and Betto


00:11:52.880 --> 00:11:56.030
centur meteor showers now as their names


00:11:56.040 --> 00:11:58.269
suggest they appear to radiate out from


00:11:58.279 --> 00:11:59.829
the direction of the con constellation


00:11:59.839 --> 00:12:02.550
senturus as two separate streams


00:12:02.560 --> 00:12:04.509
although they RAR produce more than one


00:12:04.519 --> 00:12:07.190
or two meteors per hour they usually


00:12:07.200 --> 00:12:09.509
peek around February the 8th and to see


00:12:09.519 --> 00:12:11.269
them at their best you really should be


00:12:11.279 --> 00:12:12.990
looking towards the east a few hours


00:12:13.000 --> 00:12:13.990
before


00:12:14.000 --> 00:12:16.829
Dawn okay looking North now and high in


00:12:16.839 --> 00:12:19.470
the sky is the famous constellation of


00:12:19.480 --> 00:12:22.509
Orion the hunter Orion is one of the


00:12:22.519 --> 00:12:24.310
best known and most recognized


00:12:24.320 --> 00:12:26.870
constellations in the sky in Greek


00:12:26.880 --> 00:12:29.389
mythology Orion was the son of a Goro


00:12:29.399 --> 00:12:31.710
and Poseidon was also known as Neptune


00:12:31.720 --> 00:12:34.389
the god of the sea in Roman mythology


00:12:34.399 --> 00:12:36.949
Orion was a mighty but egotistical and


00:12:36.959 --> 00:12:39.189
conceited Hunter who once boasted that


00:12:39.199 --> 00:12:41.069
his skill would allow him to kill all


00:12:41.079 --> 00:12:44.030
the world's animals so the Earth goddess


00:12:44.040 --> 00:12:46.269
Gia sent scorpus the Scorpion to kill


00:12:46.279 --> 00:12:49.150
him and save the animals Orion was stung


00:12:49.160 --> 00:12:52.030
in the shoulder but then the Healer ofus


00:12:52.040 --> 00:12:53.870
intervened to save him and crushed the


00:12:53.880 --> 00:12:56.269
Scorpion both Orion and the Scorpion


00:12:56.279 --> 00:12:57.910
were then placed in the Heavens to play


00:12:57.920 --> 00:12:59.710
out the story each year


00:12:59.720 --> 00:13:01.949
with scorpus rising in the east as the


00:13:01.959 --> 00:13:05.150
defeated Orion sets in the west now A


00:13:05.160 --> 00:13:07.470
variation of this Fable speaks of Orion


00:13:07.480 --> 00:13:09.590
getting a little bit too close to emus


00:13:09.600 --> 00:13:12.189
the goddess of Chastity now her brother


00:13:12.199 --> 00:13:14.030
Apollo didn't approve of this


00:13:14.040 --> 00:13:16.230
relationship and tricked Artemus into


00:13:16.240 --> 00:13:18.470
testing her skill by shooting an arrow


00:13:18.480 --> 00:13:20.910
at a distant Speck on the ocean what


00:13:20.920 --> 00:13:23.189
emus didn't know was that that Speck was


00:13:23.199 --> 00:13:25.710
actually Aion swimming to escape the


00:13:25.720 --> 00:13:28.350
giant scorpion created to kill him when


00:13:28.360 --> 00:13:30.590
adamus discovered what she had done she


00:13:30.600 --> 00:13:32.949
placed Orion's body in the sky as the


00:13:32.959 --> 00:13:36.110
Stars we see today similar variations to


00:13:36.120 --> 00:13:37.870
this story appear in other cultures


00:13:37.880 --> 00:13:39.990
including ancient Egypt where Orion is


00:13:40.000 --> 00:13:41.629
known as Osiris the god of the


00:13:41.639 --> 00:13:43.189
underworld and of


00:13:43.199 --> 00:13:45.550
regeneration the very earliest depiction


00:13:45.560 --> 00:13:47.150
that's been linked to the constellation


00:13:47.160 --> 00:13:49.910
Orion is a prehistoric mammoth ivory


00:13:49.920 --> 00:13:52.310
carving found in a cave in the arch


00:13:52.320 --> 00:13:54.629
Valley in West Germany


00:13:54.639 --> 00:13:57.430
1979 archaeologists have estimated that


00:13:57.440 --> 00:13:58.710
it would have been fashioned somewhere


00:13:58.720 --> 00:14:02.710
between 32,000 and 38,000 years ago the


00:14:02.720 --> 00:14:04.749
distinctive pattern of Orion has been


00:14:04.759 --> 00:14:06.629
recognized in numerous cultures around


00:14:06.639 --> 00:14:08.910
the world including ancient Babylonian


00:14:08.920 --> 00:14:10.870
star catalogs dating back to the late


00:14:10.880 --> 00:14:13.949
Bronze Age Orion's easily identified by


00:14:13.959 --> 00:14:16.430
its rectangle of four stars surrounding


00:14:16.440 --> 00:14:18.870
a central Trio of stars in a row which


00:14:18.880 --> 00:14:21.749
form aion's belt and hanging from the


00:14:21.759 --> 00:14:24.310
belt are stars which make up the sword


00:14:24.320 --> 00:14:26.629
of Orion to those of our listeners in


00:14:26.639 --> 00:14:28.629
the southern hemisphere Orion appears to


00:14:28.639 --> 00:14:30.949
be up side down with the sword on his


00:14:30.959 --> 00:14:33.550
belt pointing upwards and if you look


00:14:33.560 --> 00:14:35.790
really really carefully you'll notice


00:14:35.800 --> 00:14:38.030
that the Middle star in the sword looks


00:14:38.040 --> 00:14:40.590
a bit fuzzy that's because it's not a


00:14:40.600 --> 00:14:43.150
star but rather a huge star forming


00:14:43.160 --> 00:14:46.829
region that is Messier 42 or m42 the


00:14:46.839 --> 00:14:51.150
great nebula in Orion located some 1,344


00:14:51.160 --> 00:14:53.990
light years away m42 is the nearest


00:14:54.000 --> 00:14:56.350
large star forming region to Earth


00:14:56.360 --> 00:14:58.509
containing hundreds of newly forming


00:14:58.519 --> 00:15:01.670
Stars and Proto Stars a light year is


00:15:01.680 --> 00:15:04.310
about 10 trillion kilomet the distance a


00:15:04.320 --> 00:15:06.430
photon can travel in a year at 300,000


00:15:06.440 --> 00:15:08.749
km per second the speed of light in a


00:15:08.759 --> 00:15:10.749
vacuum and the ultimate speed limit of


00:15:10.759 --> 00:15:13.069
the universe the Orion Nebula is more


00:15:13.079 --> 00:15:15.310
than 24 light years across and it


00:15:15.320 --> 00:15:18.790
contains as much mass as 2,000 Suns it's


00:15:18.800 --> 00:15:20.350
one of the most scrutinized and


00:15:20.360 --> 00:15:22.590
photographed objects in the night sky


00:15:22.600 --> 00:15:24.629
and is among the most intensely studied


00:15:24.639 --> 00:15:27.550
Celestial features AR nebula has


00:15:27.560 --> 00:15:30.030
revealed much about the pro of how stars


00:15:30.040 --> 00:15:32.069
and planetary systems are formed from


00:15:32.079 --> 00:15:34.949
collapsing molecular gas and dust clouds


00:15:34.959 --> 00:15:37.430
by studying m42 astronomers have


00:15:37.440 --> 00:15:40.150
directly observed protoplanetary discs


00:15:40.160 --> 00:15:42.710
Brown dwarfs intense and turbulent


00:15:42.720 --> 00:15:45.430
motions of gas and the fertile ionizing


00:15:45.440 --> 00:15:47.949
effects of nearby massive stars in the


00:15:47.959 --> 00:15:50.790
nebula the Orion Nebula contains a very


00:15:50.800 --> 00:15:53.269
young open cluster known as trapezium


00:15:53.279 --> 00:15:55.550
due to the asterism of its four primary


00:15:55.560 --> 00:15:58.150
Stars the trapezium itself is a


00:15:58.160 --> 00:16:00.110
component of the much larger Orion


00:16:00.120 --> 00:16:02.910
Nebula cluster an association of around


00:16:02.920 --> 00:16:05.990
2,800 Stars within a diameter of just 20


00:16:06.000 --> 00:16:07.309
light


00:16:07.319 --> 00:16:09.590
years the brightest star in the


00:16:09.600 --> 00:16:11.430
constellation of Orion is the


00:16:11.440 --> 00:16:13.749
semi-regular variable red super giant


00:16:13.759 --> 00:16:16.269
bleers which represents the scorpion


00:16:16.279 --> 00:16:18.990
sting on Orion's shoulder currently


00:16:19.000 --> 00:16:21.550
known as bleers and commonly referred to


00:16:21.560 --> 00:16:23.629
by the public as Beetle Juice don't say


00:16:23.639 --> 00:16:25.470
it three times the names of both


00:16:25.480 --> 00:16:27.230
tortured mispronunciations of the


00:16:27.240 --> 00:16:29.870
original Arabic name iptal haza meaning


00:16:29.880 --> 00:16:31.990
the hand of the big man the big man


00:16:32.000 --> 00:16:35.430
being a Ryan the hunter located some 643


00:16:35.440 --> 00:16:37.870
light years away bleers is the ninth


00:16:37.880 --> 00:16:41.150
brightest star in the night sky and it's


00:16:41.160 --> 00:16:44.150
big really big in fact red giants like


00:16:44.160 --> 00:16:46.550
bleg girl are among the largest stars in


00:16:46.560 --> 00:16:49.069
the universe at least in terms of volume


00:16:49.079 --> 00:16:50.670
although they're by no means the most


00:16:50.680 --> 00:16:51.910
massive or


00:16:51.920 --> 00:16:55.150
luminous calculations of ble G's Mass


00:16:55.160 --> 00:16:57.269
range from slightly under 10 to a little


00:16:57.279 --> 00:16:59.509
over 20 times that of the Sun


00:16:59.519 --> 00:17:02.150
and it shines with some 100,000 times


00:17:02.160 --> 00:17:04.789
the sun's brightness if it were placed


00:17:04.799 --> 00:17:06.510
at the location of our sun at the center


00:17:06.520 --> 00:17:08.829
of our solar system its visible surface


00:17:08.839 --> 00:17:10.829
would extend almost as far out as


00:17:10.839 --> 00:17:12.829
Jupiter engulfing the orbits of the


00:17:12.839 --> 00:17:15.750
planets Mercury Venus Earth and Mars as


00:17:15.760 --> 00:17:18.510
well as the main asteroid belt pgar


00:17:18.520 --> 00:17:20.590
began its life around 10 million years


00:17:20.600 --> 00:17:24.390
ago as a spectral type O or B blue star


00:17:24.400 --> 00:17:26.470
astronomers describe stars in terms of


00:17:26.480 --> 00:17:29.230
spectral types A classification system


00:17:29.240 --> 00:17:31.750
based on temperature and characteristics


00:17:31.760 --> 00:17:33.390
the hottest most massive and most


00:17:33.400 --> 00:17:35.789
luminous stars are known as spectr type


00:17:35.799 --> 00:17:38.510
O blue stars they're followed by spectr


00:17:38.520 --> 00:17:41.310
type B blue white stars then spectr type


00:17:41.320 --> 00:17:44.110
a white stars spectr type f whitish


00:17:44.120 --> 00:17:47.310
yellow stars spectr type G yellow stars


00:17:47.320 --> 00:17:49.070
that's where our sun fits in then there


00:17:49.080 --> 00:17:51.830
are spectr type K orange stars and the


00:17:51.840 --> 00:17:53.990
coolest and least massive stars are


00:17:54.000 --> 00:17:56.830
spectr Type M red stars often referred


00:17:56.840 --> 00:17:59.110
to as red dwarves each spectral


00:17:59.120 --> 00:18:01.350
classification system is also subdivided


00:18:01.360 --> 00:18:03.390
using a numeric digit to represent


00:18:03.400 --> 00:18:05.310
temperature with zero being the hottest


00:18:05.320 --> 00:18:07.350
and nine being the coolest and then


00:18:07.360 --> 00:18:09.630
aroman numerals added to represent


00:18:09.640 --> 00:18:12.230
Luminosity put them all together and our


00:18:12.240 --> 00:18:16.190
sun is officially classified as a g2v or


00:18:16.200 --> 00:18:19.950
G25 yellow dwarf star also included in


00:18:19.960 --> 00:18:21.870
the Stellar classification system are


00:18:21.880 --> 00:18:24.350
special types LT and Y which are


00:18:24.360 --> 00:18:26.350
assigned to failed Stars known as brown


00:18:26.360 --> 00:18:28.470
dwarves some of which were actually born


00:18:28.480 --> 00:18:30.950
as spectral type M red stars but became


00:18:30.960 --> 00:18:32.950
Brown dwarves after losing some of their


00:18:32.960 --> 00:18:35.549
Mass Brown dwarves fital category


00:18:35.559 --> 00:18:37.190
between the largest planets which are


00:18:37.200 --> 00:18:39.310
about 13 times the mass of Jupiter and


00:18:39.320 --> 00:18:41.430
the smaller spectr type Mr red dwarf


00:18:41.440 --> 00:18:44.110
stars which are between 75 and 80 times


00:18:44.120 --> 00:18:47.990
the mass of Jupiter or about 0.08 solar


00:18:48.000 --> 00:18:51.070
masses red super Giants are fascinating


00:18:51.080 --> 00:18:53.590
objects after spending billions of years


00:18:53.600 --> 00:18:55.630
fusing hydrogen into helium in their


00:18:55.640 --> 00:18:58.149
core a star's core hydrogen Supply


00:18:58.159 --> 00:19:00.630
eventually Runs Out And The Balancing


00:19:00.640 --> 00:19:02.630
Act between nuclear fusion pushing


00:19:02.640 --> 00:19:04.950
outwards and gravity pushing inward


00:19:04.960 --> 00:19:08.669
stops with gravity winning the entire


00:19:08.679 --> 00:19:10.669
mass of the star then comes crashing


00:19:10.679 --> 00:19:13.710
down on the core this causes a dramatic


00:19:13.720 --> 00:19:15.549
increase in the cause pressure and


00:19:15.559 --> 00:19:18.110
consequently temperature things get hot


00:19:18.120 --> 00:19:19.789
enough to trigger what's called a helium


00:19:19.799 --> 00:19:22.070
flash this causes the core helium which


00:19:22.080 --> 00:19:24.230
is being created in the star to begin


00:19:24.240 --> 00:19:26.950
fusing into carbon and oxygen at the


00:19:26.960 --> 00:19:29.350
same time the hydrogen Rich region


00:19:29.360 --> 00:19:31.510
around the Stellar core has now moved


00:19:31.520 --> 00:19:32.950
down into that region where the


00:19:32.960 --> 00:19:34.430
temperatures and pressures are high


00:19:34.440 --> 00:19:36.549
enough for hydrogen fusion into helium


00:19:36.559 --> 00:19:39.029
to commence in a shell around the core


00:19:39.039 --> 00:19:40.430
now as all this is going on the


00:19:40.440 --> 00:19:42.390
increasing core temperature results in


00:19:42.400 --> 00:19:44.549
an increasing level of luminosity and


00:19:44.559 --> 00:19:46.270
the resulting radiation pressure from


00:19:46.280 --> 00:19:48.149
the shell burning causes the OU of


00:19:48.159 --> 00:19:50.310
diffuse gasas envelope of the star to


00:19:50.320 --> 00:19:53.270
expand to hundreds of times its previous


00:19:53.280 --> 00:19:56.029
radius and as the now blured Stars


00:19:56.039 --> 00:19:58.029
chromosphere or visible surface moves


00:19:58.039 --> 00:20:01.190
further away from its core it cools down


00:20:01.200 --> 00:20:03.830
turning redder hence the star has become


00:20:03.840 --> 00:20:06.909
a red giant small stars like the sun


00:20:06.919 --> 00:20:08.710
eventually lose their outer envelopes


00:20:08.720 --> 00:20:10.750
completely which continue expanding


00:20:10.760 --> 00:20:13.230
outwards as planetary nebula this


00:20:13.240 --> 00:20:15.390
ultimately exposes the Stars white heart


00:20:15.400 --> 00:20:18.270
St core as a white dwarf which is then


00:20:18.280 --> 00:20:20.549
left to slowly cool down over the aons


00:20:20.559 --> 00:20:24.230
of time however stars with masses more


00:20:24.240 --> 00:20:26.149
than around eight times that of the sun


00:20:26.159 --> 00:20:28.750
experience a very different fate unlike


00:20:28.760 --> 00:20:31.110
the sun their Fusion cycle doesn't end


00:20:31.120 --> 00:20:32.950
with helium in the core fusing into


00:20:32.960 --> 00:20:35.590
carbon and oxygen they have enough Mass


00:20:35.600 --> 00:20:37.710
to fuse carbon and oxygen in their core


00:20:37.720 --> 00:20:39.430
into progressively heavier and heavier


00:20:39.440 --> 00:20:41.669
elements through a different process


00:20:41.679 --> 00:20:43.630
while the shell burning around the core


00:20:43.640 --> 00:20:45.549
also fuses progressively heavier and


00:20:45.559 --> 00:20:48.909
heavier elements carbon nitrogen oxygen


00:20:48.919 --> 00:20:52.270
neon magnesium silicon sulfur nickel and


00:20:52.280 --> 00:20:55.590
eventually iron these stars have become


00:20:55.600 --> 00:20:58.430
super Giants eventually they'll explode


00:20:58.440 --> 00:21:01.430
as core collapse Supernova ending up as


00:21:01.440 --> 00:21:03.630
either superdense strange objects called


00:21:03.640 --> 00:21:06.669
neutron stars or even stranger objects


00:21:06.679 --> 00:21:09.430
called black holes singularities of


00:21:09.440 --> 00:21:11.789
infinite density and zero volume where


00:21:11.799 --> 00:21:13.710
the laws of physics the science


00:21:13.720 --> 00:21:16.269
understands them no longer apply it's


00:21:16.279 --> 00:21:18.549
too early to tell whether BG's ultimate


00:21:18.559 --> 00:21:21.230
fate will be as a neutron star or black


00:21:21.240 --> 00:21:24.710
hole as a red super giant balgar is


00:21:24.720 --> 00:21:26.909
reaching the end of its life and it's


00:21:26.919 --> 00:21:29.350
expected to explode as a core or type 2


00:21:29.360 --> 00:21:32.110
supern over any day now of course in


00:21:32.120 --> 00:21:34.269
astronomical terms any day now could


00:21:34.279 --> 00:21:36.350
mean tomorrow or it could mean a million


00:21:36.360 --> 00:21:38.830
years from now when it does explode


00:21:38.840 --> 00:21:41.190
balos will temporarily outshine all the


00:21:41.200 --> 00:21:43.430
other stars in our galaxy and it will be


00:21:43.440 --> 00:21:45.710
clearly visible in the daytime sky on


00:21:45.720 --> 00:21:48.430
Earth the last star to be seen by humans


00:21:48.440 --> 00:21:50.950
to go supernova in our galaxy was tyo


00:21:50.960 --> 00:21:53.789
star that was in 1572 and that was


00:21:53.799 --> 00:21:56.029
before the invention of the


00:21:56.039 --> 00:21:58.909
telescope diagonally opposite ble girl


00:21:58.919 --> 00:22:00.990
marking Orion's left foot is the blue


00:22:01.000 --> 00:22:03.149
super giant star Riel the second


00:22:03.159 --> 00:22:04.870
brightest star in the constellation


00:22:04.880 --> 00:22:07.990
Orion riel's part of a triple possibly


00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:10.190
quadruple star system with three or four


00:22:10.200 --> 00:22:13.070
small companion Stars the primary star


00:22:13.080 --> 00:22:16.390
Riel a is located some 863 light years


00:22:16.400 --> 00:22:18.870
away and is about 23 times the mass of


00:22:18.880 --> 00:22:21.710
the Sun the Stars already exhausted its


00:22:21.720 --> 00:22:24.149
core hydrogen Supply and it's swollen


00:22:24.159 --> 00:22:26.990
out to between 79 and 115 times the


00:22:27.000 --> 00:22:29.510
sun's radius and it's somewhere between


00:22:29.520 --> 00:22:34.230
120,000 and 279,000 times as luminous


00:22:34.240 --> 00:22:36.070
like battle G it's now fusing


00:22:36.080 --> 00:22:37.669
progressively heavier and heavier


00:22:37.679 --> 00:22:40.149
elements in its core meaning it too will


00:22:40.159 --> 00:22:41.350
soon go


00:22:41.360 --> 00:22:44.110
supernova rul a pulsates quy


00:22:44.120 --> 00:22:46.350
periodically and is classified as an


00:22:46.360 --> 00:22:49.310
alpha signy variable star Alpha signy


00:22:49.320 --> 00:22:51.510
variables are variable blue or white


00:22:51.520 --> 00:22:53.470
super giant starss which exhibit


00:22:53.480 --> 00:22:56.390
non-radial pulsations meaning some areas


00:22:56.400 --> 00:22:58.269
of the star surface are Contracting


00:22:58.279 --> 00:23:01.070
while others are expanding this causes


00:23:01.080 --> 00:23:03.430
irregular variations in brightness due


00:23:03.440 --> 00:23:06.470
to beating of multiple pulsation periods


00:23:06.480 --> 00:23:08.630
the pulsations are likely caused by eyon


00:23:08.640 --> 00:23:10.630
opacy variations and typically have


00:23:10.640 --> 00:23:12.549
periods ranging from several days to a


00:23:12.559 --> 00:23:16.510
few weeks rajula's companion star Riel B


00:23:16.520 --> 00:23:19.070
is some 500 times fainter than the super


00:23:19.080 --> 00:23:21.110
giant and it's only visible with a


00:23:21.120 --> 00:23:23.590
telescope Riel B itself is a


00:23:23.600 --> 00:23:26.029
spectroscopic binary system comprising


00:23:26.039 --> 00:23:28.990
two main sequence blue white stars


00:23:29.000 --> 00:23:30.870
main sequence stars are those happily


00:23:30.880 --> 00:23:33.070
fusing hydrogen into helium in their


00:23:33.080 --> 00:23:35.950
core and spectroscopic binaries a double


00:23:35.960 --> 00:23:38.029
star systems orbiting each other so


00:23:38.039 --> 00:23:40.029
closely and at such an angle that they


00:23:40.039 --> 00:23:41.870
can only be visually separated at least


00:23:41.880 --> 00:23:43.710
from our viewpoint on Earth by the


00:23:43.720 --> 00:23:46.590
spectroscopic signatures the two stars


00:23:46.600 --> 00:23:48.909
making up rajel B are estimated to be


00:23:48.919 --> 00:23:52.149
3.9 and 2.9 times the mass of the Sun


00:23:52.159 --> 00:23:54.269
respectively and one of those Stars


00:23:54.279 --> 00:23:57.830
rajel BB itself may be a binary it


00:23:57.840 --> 00:23:59.470
appears to have a very close visual


00:23:59.480 --> 00:24:02.950
companion R you see of almost identical


00:24:02.960 --> 00:24:05.029
appearance the third brightest star in


00:24:05.039 --> 00:24:08.390
Orion is bellatrx Ryan's left shoulder


00:24:08.400 --> 00:24:10.669
it's a spectr type B main sequence blue


00:24:10.679 --> 00:24:13.230
star with about 8.6 times the mass and


00:24:13.240 --> 00:24:15.669
six times the radius of the Sun


00:24:15.679 --> 00:24:18.269
Bellatrix is located about 250 light


00:24:18.279 --> 00:24:21.149
years away it has an estimated age of


00:24:21.159 --> 00:24:23.669
approximately 25 million years now


00:24:23.679 --> 00:24:25.549
that's old enough for sty of this Mass


00:24:25.559 --> 00:24:27.350
to have consumed much of the hydrogen in


00:24:27.360 --> 00:24:29.710
its core and and begin the process of


00:24:29.720 --> 00:24:31.950
evolving away off the main sequence into


00:24:31.960 --> 00:24:32.950
a blue


00:24:32.960 --> 00:24:35.430
giant one the most stunning nebula in


00:24:35.440 --> 00:24:38.590
Orion is the spectacular HSE head nebula


00:24:38.600 --> 00:24:42.070
Bard 33 the HSE head is a dark nebula


00:24:42.080 --> 00:24:44.510
located just south of the star alac


00:24:44.520 --> 00:24:46.389
which is the furthest East on Orion's


00:24:46.399 --> 00:24:48.310
build and is part of the much larger


00:24:48.320 --> 00:24:51.310
Orion molecular cloud complex located


00:24:51.320 --> 00:24:53.750
around 1500 L years away the HSE head


00:24:53.760 --> 00:24:55.909
nebula was first recorded in


00:24:55.919 --> 00:24:58.389
1888 it's one of the most identifiable


00:24:58.399 --> 00:25:00.470
nebula simply because of the shape of


00:25:00.480 --> 00:25:03.669
its swirling clouds of dark dust and gas


00:25:03.679 --> 00:25:05.669
which really does bear an incredible


00:25:05.679 --> 00:25:08.870
resemblance to a horse's head to the


00:25:08.880 --> 00:25:10.669
west of Orion's Belt you'll see a


00:25:10.679 --> 00:25:12.470
v-shaped grouping of stars which


00:25:12.480 --> 00:25:14.630
represent the head of Taurus the Bull


00:25:14.640 --> 00:25:17.110
who in Greek mythology was changed by


00:25:17.120 --> 00:25:19.549
the god Zeus to carry princess Europa


00:25:19.559 --> 00:25:22.029
off to creit the V is also part of a


00:25:22.039 --> 00:25:24.350
large open star cluster known as the


00:25:24.360 --> 00:25:27.389
Hades one of Taurus's eyes is the giant


00:25:27.399 --> 00:25:30.070
orange star called auran or the follower


00:25:30.080 --> 00:25:32.350
which is located around 65 light years


00:25:32.360 --> 00:25:34.510
away and has about 1 and a half times


00:25:34.520 --> 00:25:37.430
the mass of the Sun aloran is thought to


00:25:37.440 --> 00:25:39.590
contain a number of Jupiter sized


00:25:39.600 --> 00:25:42.590
planets uran's already evolved off the


00:25:42.600 --> 00:25:45.190
main sequence having exhausted its core


00:25:45.200 --> 00:25:48.510
hydrogen fuel supply it follows the ples


00:25:48.520 --> 00:25:51.389
or seven sisters a spectacular open star


00:25:51.399 --> 00:25:54.029
cluster to the northwest of the V


00:25:54.039 --> 00:25:56.149
located in the constellation tourus the


00:25:56.159 --> 00:25:58.510
ples is one of the nearest and youngest


00:25:58.520 --> 00:26:01.430
star clusters to Earth located just 443


00:26:01.440 --> 00:26:03.750
light years away there's a story in


00:26:03.760 --> 00:26:05.549
Greek mythology which tells us that


00:26:05.559 --> 00:26:07.430
Orion fell in love with the Seven


00:26:07.440 --> 00:26:10.750
Sisters and pursued them for a long time


00:26:10.760 --> 00:26:12.950
eventually Zeus turned both the Ryan and


00:26:12.960 --> 00:26:15.950
the ples into Stars interestingly a


00:26:15.960 --> 00:26:18.110
similar story is told in the Aboriginal


00:26:18.120 --> 00:26:20.149
dream time culture of the great Victoria


00:26:20.159 --> 00:26:22.269
desert region NE old Deere in our back


00:26:22.279 --> 00:26:24.990
south Australia Orion's described as a


00:26:25.000 --> 00:26:27.389
young male Hunter who chases but never


00:26:27.399 --> 00:26:29.470
catches the pl who are a group of seven


00:26:29.480 --> 00:26:32.149
young women in Orion's right hand is a


00:26:32.159 --> 00:26:34.029
club filled with magic fire and


00:26:34.039 --> 00:26:36.389
represented by the Red Giant star


00:26:36.399 --> 00:26:39.310
balgar however the pl's oldest sister


00:26:39.320 --> 00:26:41.269
represented by the Hades star cluster


00:26:41.279 --> 00:26:44.190
taunt standing in front of him she


00:26:44.200 --> 00:26:46.070
defensively lifts her foot which is the


00:26:46.080 --> 00:26:49.430
St aleran and is also full of Fire magic


00:26:49.440 --> 00:26:51.710
and this causes Orion great humiliation


00:26:51.720 --> 00:26:53.430
putting out his fire and allowing the


00:26:53.440 --> 00:26:56.389
Seven Sisters to escape now one of the


00:26:56.399 --> 00:26:57.789
interesting facts about this ancient


00:26:57.799 --> 00:27:00.070
dream time story is that it accurately


00:27:00.080 --> 00:27:02.470
describes the variability of bleers


00:27:02.480 --> 00:27:05.070
which brightens and Fades over a 400 day


00:27:05.080 --> 00:27:08.190
period the play7 sisters story is


00:27:08.200 --> 00:27:10.149
remarkably similar to Legends found in


00:27:10.159 --> 00:27:12.149
many other cultures around the world and


00:27:12.159 --> 00:27:13.990
which haven't had any contact with each


00:27:14.000 --> 00:27:16.669
other for tens of thousands of years to


00:27:16.679 --> 00:27:18.430
play these seven brighter Stars can be


00:27:18.440 --> 00:27:20.630
seen with the uned eye hence the Seven


00:27:20.640 --> 00:27:23.389
Sisters nickname but this spectacular


00:27:23.399 --> 00:27:25.549
open star cluster actually consists of


00:27:25.559 --> 00:27:26.909
more than 100


00:27:26.919 --> 00:27:29.669
stars now if you follow Orion's built to


00:27:29.679 --> 00:27:31.950
the east it brings you to Sirus one of


00:27:31.960 --> 00:27:33.870
the nearest and brightest stars in the


00:27:33.880 --> 00:27:37.310
sky located just 8.7 light years away


00:27:37.320 --> 00:27:39.830
Sirus is a binary star system with a


00:27:39.840 --> 00:27:42.509
spectral type a white star orbited by a


00:27:42.519 --> 00:27:45.149
white dwarf it's the brightest star in


00:27:45.159 --> 00:27:47.509
the constellation Canis Major the great


00:27:47.519 --> 00:27:50.509
dog in Greek mythology Sirius was the


00:27:50.519 --> 00:27:52.789
dog star and the canine companion of


00:27:52.799 --> 00:27:54.950
Orion the hunter to the ancient


00:27:54.960 --> 00:27:56.909
Egyptians Sirus was known as the god


00:27:56.919 --> 00:27:59.110
Anubis lord of the underworld who had


00:27:59.120 --> 00:28:01.590
the head of a dog and who invented eming


00:28:01.600 --> 00:28:03.950
the funeral rights and who guided one


00:28:03.960 --> 00:28:06.149
through the underworld to judgment where


00:28:06.159 --> 00:28:07.549
he attended the scales during the


00:28:07.559 --> 00:28:09.110
weighing of the heart that determine


00:28:09.120 --> 00:28:12.269
one's fate in the afterlife later Anubis


00:28:12.279 --> 00:28:14.269
was replaced by Osiris as lord of the


00:28:14.279 --> 00:28:16.750
underworld Sirius also represented the


00:28:16.760 --> 00:28:19.029
god Isis and ancient Egyptians initially


00:28:19.039 --> 00:28:20.990
based their calendar on the Stars yearly


00:28:21.000 --> 00:28:22.590
motion across the


00:28:22.600 --> 00:28:25.070
sky now if you look high in the southern


00:28:25.080 --> 00:28:27.149
sky in February you'll see the star


00:28:27.159 --> 00:28:30.909
kopus a a white super giant located 313


00:28:30.919 --> 00:28:32.950
light years away the second brightest


00:28:32.960 --> 00:28:36.190
star in the night sky after Sirius in


00:28:36.200 --> 00:28:38.470
Greek mythology canopus was the Helmsman


00:28:38.480 --> 00:28:40.630
of the Greek king Manus and the


00:28:40.640 --> 00:28:42.909
brightest St the constellation Kina


00:28:42.919 --> 00:28:44.789
which represents the KE of the boat used


00:28:44.799 --> 00:28:46.710
by Jason and the Argonauts in their


00:28:46.720 --> 00:28:49.350
quest for the Golden Fleece located


00:28:49.360 --> 00:28:51.470
nearby are the vessel's sails


00:28:51.480 --> 00:28:53.710
represented by the constellation V and


00:28:53.720 --> 00:28:55.509
the roof of the boat's rear cabin or


00:28:55.519 --> 00:28:57.310
poop deck which is represented by the


00:28:57.320 --> 00:28:58.669
constellation


00:28:58.679 --> 00:29:01.110
purus also in the southern Skies this


00:29:01.120 --> 00:29:03.149
time of year you'll see the large and


00:29:03.159 --> 00:29:05.710
small melenic clouds which are two dwarf


00:29:05.720 --> 00:29:07.870
galaxies orbiting our own galaxy The


00:29:07.880 --> 00:29:10.750
Milky Way the melanic clouds were known


00:29:10.760 --> 00:29:13.029
to the Polynesians and Mari and served


00:29:13.039 --> 00:29:15.669
as important navigation markers they're


00:29:15.679 --> 00:29:17.230
named in honor of the Portuguese


00:29:17.240 --> 00:29:19.269
Navigator Ferdinand mellan who was the


00:29:19.279 --> 00:29:21.070
first European to site them during the


00:29:21.080 --> 00:29:22.950
first circum navigation of the earth


00:29:22.960 --> 00:29:25.029
between 1519 and


00:29:25.039 --> 00:29:27.710
1522 mellan himself didn't complete the


00:29:27.720 --> 00:29:30.149
circle navigation he was killed in the


00:29:30.159 --> 00:29:32.029
Philippines during the Battle of


00:29:32.039 --> 00:29:34.789
mtan right now the large melenic cloud


00:29:34.799 --> 00:29:36.789
is located almost directly overhead and


00:29:36.799 --> 00:29:40.149
is about 163,000 L years away although


00:29:40.159 --> 00:29:42.269
it looks like an irregular dwarf Galaxy


00:29:42.279 --> 00:29:43.990
astronomers have classified it as a


00:29:44.000 --> 00:29:47.710
disrupted B spiral it's around 14,000 L


00:29:47.720 --> 00:29:49.669
years in diameter and contains about 10


00:29:49.679 --> 00:29:52.269
billion times the mass of the Sun


00:29:52.279 --> 00:29:54.269
located slightly lower and to the West


00:29:54.279 --> 00:29:56.430
you'll see the small melenic Cloud which


00:29:56.440 --> 00:29:58.750
is located around 200,000 light years


00:29:58.760 --> 00:30:01.269
away it's classified as an irregular


00:30:01.279 --> 00:30:04.350
dwarf Galaxy about 7,000 L years wide


00:30:04.360 --> 00:30:06.470
with about 7 billion times the mass of


00:30:06.480 --> 00:30:08.950
the Sun astronomers speculate that it


00:30:08.960 --> 00:30:11.630
too was once a bad spiral galaxy but


00:30:11.640 --> 00:30:13.509
become disrupted by the gravitational


00:30:13.519 --> 00:30:17.310
title perturbations of the Milky Way and


00:30:17.320 --> 00:30:18.990
joining us now for the rest of our tour


00:30:19.000 --> 00:30:20.990
of the febr night skies is science


00:30:21.000 --> 00:30:22.830
writer Jonathan Elli from sky and


00:30:22.840 --> 00:30:25.269
Telescope magazine St it well February


00:30:25.279 --> 00:30:27.430
evenings if you have nice Dark Skies you


00:30:27.440 --> 00:30:29.070
can see the Milky Way stretching right


00:30:29.080 --> 00:30:30.509
across the sky from the south to the


00:30:30.519 --> 00:30:32.630
north Milky Way of course is our galaxy


00:30:32.640 --> 00:30:35.070
seeing from the inside gets the name


00:30:35.080 --> 00:30:37.269
milky because each St is sort of too


00:30:37.279 --> 00:30:39.269
faint and too indistinct on its own to


00:30:39.279 --> 00:30:41.110
pick out with the human eye but you put


00:30:41.120 --> 00:30:42.470
them all together and just big sort of


00:30:42.480 --> 00:30:45.549
Milky hazy wispy patch throughout the


00:30:45.559 --> 00:30:47.269
whole sky so it's how Galaxy seen from


00:30:47.279 --> 00:30:49.110
the inside honestly if you get to some


00:30:49.120 --> 00:30:51.669
Dark Skies which unfortunately most


00:30:51.679 --> 00:30:53.190
people these days don't because we all


00:30:53.200 --> 00:30:54.669
grow up in cities and things and you got


00:30:54.679 --> 00:30:55.830
terrible light pollution and you never


00:30:55.840 --> 00:30:57.310
see the Mooky way but if you do get out


00:30:57.320 --> 00:30:59.149
in the country and you can see the Moy W


00:30:59.159 --> 00:31:01.509
and you see our galaxy from the inside


00:31:01.519 --> 00:31:03.430
and you see what anyone would have seen


00:31:03.440 --> 00:31:05.950
every night 70 80 100 years ago when we


00:31:05.960 --> 00:31:07.230
had cities that didn't have lights


00:31:07.240 --> 00:31:09.149
blaring out all the time everywhere and


00:31:09.159 --> 00:31:10.549
all this light pollution and stuff it's


00:31:10.559 --> 00:31:12.029
terrible you just can't see your thing


00:31:12.039 --> 00:31:13.629
these and now when you have blackouts


00:31:13.639 --> 00:31:15.909
people ring up emergency services and


00:31:15.919 --> 00:31:17.350
concern that there are all these lights


00:31:17.360 --> 00:31:18.789
in the sky well I think I mentioned this


00:31:18.799 --> 00:31:20.149
on the program once before that you know


00:31:20.159 --> 00:31:22.269
when that famous TV series Cosmos came


00:31:22.279 --> 00:31:23.629
out in the beginning of the 80s about


00:31:23.639 --> 00:31:26.310
1980 I think it was car Caren version


00:31:26.320 --> 00:31:28.830
yeah yeah yeah the um I I remember


00:31:28.840 --> 00:31:30.950
reading that they got letters from


00:31:30.960 --> 00:31:32.190
people around the world saying what a


00:31:32.200 --> 00:31:33.350
great show it was but they got letters


00:31:33.360 --> 00:31:35.470
from people like kids who live in places


00:31:35.480 --> 00:31:37.470
like Tokyo that's of that sort of cities


00:31:37.480 --> 00:31:39.590
where there's so much life pollution 34


00:31:39.600 --> 00:31:41.629
million people here well they lit these


00:31:41.639 --> 00:31:43.789
letter said oh wow we didn't realize


00:31:43.799 --> 00:31:45.110
that stars are real we thought stars


00:31:45.120 --> 00:31:46.750
were made up to science fiction because


00:31:46.760 --> 00:31:48.870
we've never seen we've never seen Stars


00:31:48.880 --> 00:31:50.149
that's how bad it was back then it's


00:31:50.159 --> 00:31:51.389
even worse now because there so many


00:31:51.399 --> 00:31:53.070
more people in living living the cities


00:31:53.080 --> 00:31:54.389
anyway we're getting a bit depressed


00:31:54.399 --> 00:31:55.870
here um let's get back to the Milky Way


00:31:55.880 --> 00:31:57.110
so down in the South we've got the


00:31:57.120 --> 00:31:58.789
Southern Cross Everyone likes to see


00:31:58.799 --> 00:32:00.190
it's the smallest constellation in the


00:32:00.200 --> 00:32:01.750
sky it looks a bit like a kite and at


00:32:01.760 --> 00:32:03.230
the moment it's lying on its left hand


00:32:03.240 --> 00:32:04.629
side and sort of pointing slightly


00:32:04.639 --> 00:32:06.590
downwards high above the something cross


00:32:06.600 --> 00:32:08.190
you've got a constellation called Karina


00:32:08.200 --> 00:32:10.029
now assuming you do have dark skies and


00:32:10.039 --> 00:32:11.909
you've let your eyes adapt to the


00:32:11.919 --> 00:32:13.750
darkness you got to give a good 20 30


00:32:13.760 --> 00:32:15.750
minutes away from any sources of light


00:32:15.760 --> 00:32:17.470
then you should be able to make a whisky


00:32:17.480 --> 00:32:19.230
make out a whisky patch of light in


00:32:19.240 --> 00:32:20.870
Karina it's about the size of a couple


00:32:20.880 --> 00:32:23.070
of full moons now this is the Kina


00:32:23.080 --> 00:32:24.629
nebula and it's considered to be one of


00:32:24.639 --> 00:32:27.470
the best nebulas in in the entire Sky


00:32:27.480 --> 00:32:29.389
it's just really spectacular if you look


00:32:29.399 --> 00:32:31.509
at it through a a telescope to the uned


00:32:31.519 --> 00:32:34.470
eye it's just a faint diffuse glow but


00:32:34.480 --> 00:32:36.830
if you try using averted Vision that's


00:32:36.840 --> 00:32:38.190
where you don't look directly at


00:32:38.200 --> 00:32:39.789
something you look out of the sort of


00:32:39.799 --> 00:32:41.190
side of your eye out the corner of your


00:32:41.200 --> 00:32:43.190
eye you will get a bit of a better view


00:32:43.200 --> 00:32:44.509
of it because looking out the side of


00:32:44.519 --> 00:32:46.230
your eye ensures that you're using the


00:32:46.240 --> 00:32:47.870
part of your retina that's most


00:32:47.880 --> 00:32:49.549
sensitive to the low light levels you


00:32:49.559 --> 00:32:51.509
get at night time so try that try vered


00:32:51.519 --> 00:32:53.710
Vision when you in the night sky looking


00:32:53.720 --> 00:32:55.549
at things you you sometimes do get a bit


00:32:55.559 --> 00:32:57.310
of a better view now Kina is one of the


00:32:57.320 --> 00:32:58.789
three con ation that used to belong to


00:32:58.799 --> 00:33:00.990
one much bigger constellation called


00:33:01.000 --> 00:33:03.789
aronas or the ship of the Argonauts Kina


00:33:03.799 --> 00:33:05.269
is the Keel of the ship there's another


00:33:05.279 --> 00:33:06.629
constellation called V which is the


00:33:06.639 --> 00:33:08.310
sales and another constellation called


00:33:08.320 --> 00:33:10.669
puppet which is the deck or Qui deck now


00:33:10.679 --> 00:33:12.470
V and puppet are also visible at this


00:33:12.480 --> 00:33:13.909
time of the year they're up even higher


00:33:13.919 --> 00:33:16.310
in the sky up above Kina and the


00:33:16.320 --> 00:33:17.990
Southern Cross and each of them each of


00:33:18.000 --> 00:33:19.269
those constellations have lots of great


00:33:19.279 --> 00:33:20.909
things to see if you have a small


00:33:20.919 --> 00:33:22.310
telescope or even a pair of binoculars


00:33:22.320 --> 00:33:24.350
flb when I was a teenager just looking


00:33:24.360 --> 00:33:26.350
through a tiny pair of binoculars around


00:33:26.360 --> 00:33:28.110
this part of the sky and it's amazing


00:33:28.120 --> 00:33:30.110
what you can see stars look good to them


00:33:30.120 --> 00:33:31.629
naked eye but you look through even the


00:33:31.639 --> 00:33:33.269
small pair of binoculars and you really


00:33:33.279 --> 00:33:35.590
see them sparkle and shine it really


00:33:35.600 --> 00:33:37.830
does make them seem brighter I quite


00:33:37.840 --> 00:33:39.590
often prefer to stargaze through


00:33:39.600 --> 00:33:42.350
binoculars I've got a pair of 8X 56


00:33:42.360 --> 00:33:45.190
which are pretty good size you go high


00:33:45.200 --> 00:33:46.509
than that they're hard to hold they get


00:33:46.519 --> 00:33:48.750
a bit heavy 7 by 50s are a good size


00:33:48.760 --> 00:33:51.230
binoculars are great for just staring


00:33:51.240 --> 00:33:53.470
they really really are uh when you use a


00:33:53.480 --> 00:33:55.389
TOS scope yeah sure you can see galaxies


00:33:55.399 --> 00:33:56.830
and things but you get a very narrow


00:33:56.840 --> 00:33:58.669
field of view typically whereas


00:33:58.679 --> 00:34:00.549
binoculars give you a nice wide feeling


00:34:00.559 --> 00:34:02.470
of view which is great for when you're


00:34:02.480 --> 00:34:03.990
just sweeping around the night sky for


00:34:04.000 --> 00:34:05.509
enjoyment purposes or if you just


00:34:05.519 --> 00:34:06.830
beginning to learn your way around the


00:34:06.840 --> 00:34:08.750
night sky so if you got a pair ofs have


00:34:08.760 --> 00:34:09.669
a look around that area the


00:34:09.679 --> 00:34:11.430
constellation Karina V and puppet


00:34:11.440 --> 00:34:12.669
because they're all in the Milky Way and


00:34:12.679 --> 00:34:14.190
they've got lots of great things to see


00:34:14.200 --> 00:34:15.710
now higher still than puppet and pretty


00:34:15.720 --> 00:34:17.190
much overhead in fact for people who


00:34:17.200 --> 00:34:19.470
live the midle southern latitudes we've


00:34:19.480 --> 00:34:21.550
got the constellation Canis Major the


00:34:21.560 --> 00:34:23.389
constellation of the large dog and yes


00:34:23.399 --> 00:34:26.230
there is a canis minor the small dog a


00:34:26.240 --> 00:34:28.310
little way away the brightest star in


00:34:28.320 --> 00:34:30.230
tenis major and that's actually the


00:34:30.240 --> 00:34:32.030
brightest star in that night sky overall


00:34:32.040 --> 00:34:33.950
is called Sirius it's actually a binary


00:34:33.960 --> 00:34:35.990
star system so we have to say not the


00:34:36.000 --> 00:34:37.550
brighter star on the side brighter star


00:34:37.560 --> 00:34:39.669
system but the secondary star is far too


00:34:39.679 --> 00:34:41.669
faint to be seen far too faint you


00:34:41.679 --> 00:34:43.149
really only seen that's a white dwarf


00:34:43.159 --> 00:34:45.030
isn't it the secondary star yeah a tiny


00:34:45.040 --> 00:34:46.230
little thing and it's very very close


00:34:46.240 --> 00:34:47.710
and the primary star when you get a


00:34:47.720 --> 00:34:49.349
binary star system that's what they


00:34:49.359 --> 00:34:50.990
astronomist call this you know they said


00:34:51.000 --> 00:34:52.550
is a primary star and the secondary star


00:34:52.560 --> 00:34:53.869
the primary star being usually the


00:34:53.879 --> 00:34:55.510
bigger brighter one the secondary star


00:34:55.520 --> 00:34:57.790
is very often far too faint to be seen


00:34:57.800 --> 00:35:00.310
or too close to the primary star so it's


00:35:00.320 --> 00:35:02.230
lost in the glare of the primary the


00:35:02.240 --> 00:35:03.270
brighter star in that other


00:35:03.280 --> 00:35:05.190
constellation pis minor the smaller dog


00:35:05.200 --> 00:35:07.630
is called prion and it's the eighth


00:35:07.640 --> 00:35:09.190
brightest star in the night sky or we


00:35:09.200 --> 00:35:10.310
should say it's the eighth brightest


00:35:10.320 --> 00:35:12.310
star system because it too is a binary


00:35:12.320 --> 00:35:13.950
star system now if we keep going along


00:35:13.960 --> 00:35:15.829
the Milky Way we get Beyond Canis Major


00:35:15.839 --> 00:35:17.510
we find the constellations Orion the


00:35:17.520 --> 00:35:20.069
hunter then Gemini the Twins and Taurus


00:35:20.079 --> 00:35:21.910
the Bull Gemini is really easy to spot


00:35:21.920 --> 00:35:23.510
because it has two Bright Stars fairly


00:35:23.520 --> 00:35:24.829
close to each other they're called


00:35:24.839 --> 00:35:28.349
Castor and Pollock now Castor is a six


00:35:28.359 --> 00:35:31.190
star system made up of three binary star


00:35:31.200 --> 00:35:33.030
systems all together there are are quite


00:35:33.040 --> 00:35:34.670
a few six star systems out there the


00:35:34.680 --> 00:35:36.950
other star Pollock it's the oy it's just


00:35:36.960 --> 00:35:39.550
a lone star like our son it's you know


00:35:39.560 --> 00:35:40.829
so many stars out there are part of


00:35:40.839 --> 00:35:42.270
binary systems or triple systems or


00:35:42.280 --> 00:35:44.030
puple or whatever they make up the most


00:35:44.040 --> 00:35:46.030
common types of star systems we know


00:35:46.040 --> 00:35:47.550
multiple star systems yeah there are


00:35:47.560 --> 00:35:48.950
stacks of multiple star systems up there


00:35:48.960 --> 00:35:50.069
a lot of the Stars you look up in the


00:35:50.079 --> 00:35:51.349
night St you think oh that's a lovely


00:35:51.359 --> 00:35:52.910
looking star you may not realize it but


00:35:52.920 --> 00:35:55.309
it might be a binary system or triple or


00:35:55.319 --> 00:35:56.870
a quadruple or whatever so that one


00:35:56.880 --> 00:35:59.349
cator just looks like one star but we


00:35:59.359 --> 00:36:02.109
know it is six stars poock its neighbor


00:36:02.119 --> 00:36:04.390
is just a single star now Taurus I


00:36:04.400 --> 00:36:06.430
mentioned Taurus Taurus is easy to spot


00:36:06.440 --> 00:36:08.309
because it has a very obvious wedg


00:36:08.319 --> 00:36:10.390
shaped grouping of stars it's a star


00:36:10.400 --> 00:36:12.630
cluster called the hiades and also just


00:36:12.640 --> 00:36:14.910
on the edge of that star cluster is but


00:36:14.920 --> 00:36:16.550
not part of the cluster itself is a


00:36:16.560 --> 00:36:18.670
bright star called Al Deon let's have a


00:36:18.680 --> 00:36:20.430
look at the planets and we have really


00:36:20.440 --> 00:36:21.990
good Planet observing conditions at the


00:36:22.000 --> 00:36:23.630
moment really really good because four


00:36:23.640 --> 00:36:25.190
of the five bright planets can all be


00:36:25.200 --> 00:36:27.069
seen in the sky at the same time this


00:36:27.079 --> 00:36:29.069
month so starting just after Sunset


00:36:29.079 --> 00:36:32.470
you'll see Saturn about 15° above the


00:36:32.480 --> 00:36:33.950
Western Horizon it just looks like a


00:36:33.960 --> 00:36:35.670
fairly bright star might have a sort of


00:36:35.680 --> 00:36:38.470
a yellowish ttin to Saturn's right or or


00:36:38.480 --> 00:36:40.190
going sort of north from Saturn you'll


00:36:40.200 --> 00:36:43.270
see a much much brighter star looking


00:36:43.280 --> 00:36:45.150
thing well that in fact is the planet


00:36:45.160 --> 00:36:47.430
Venus it's really bright at the moment


00:36:47.440 --> 00:36:49.390
you simply cannot miss it now to the


00:36:49.400 --> 00:36:50.910
north there's another bright object


00:36:50.920 --> 00:36:52.510
looks like a star but is in fact a


00:36:52.520 --> 00:36:54.510
planet this is Jupiter and you will find


00:36:54.520 --> 00:36:56.270
it right next to that star cluster in


00:36:56.280 --> 00:36:59.190
Taurus right next to high 80s very close


00:36:59.200 --> 00:37:02.829
to um that star Al Deon and Jupiter's


00:37:02.839 --> 00:37:04.190
going to be brighter than Al Deon so you


00:37:04.200 --> 00:37:06.150
should be a EAS tell them apart and


00:37:06.160 --> 00:37:08.150
around to the Northeast find me there's


00:37:08.160 --> 00:37:10.430
Mars and Mars with like an orange


00:37:10.440 --> 00:37:12.910
colored star in Inver fairly bright at


00:37:12.920 --> 00:37:14.790
the moment because we've only just gone


00:37:14.800 --> 00:37:16.390
past the point of closest approach to


00:37:16.400 --> 00:37:18.710
Earth which happened mid January so when


00:37:18.720 --> 00:37:21.190
a planet is closest to us it appears


00:37:21.200 --> 00:37:23.990
bigger and therefore a bit brighter so


00:37:24.000 --> 00:37:25.790
that's why Mars is going to be you


00:37:25.800 --> 00:37:27.109
reasonably bright when you go out and


00:37:27.119 --> 00:37:28.470
have a look at of this month for people


00:37:28.480 --> 00:37:29.990
looking through tat a bit of a


00:37:30.000 --> 00:37:31.990
disappointing Apparition as astronomers


00:37:32.000 --> 00:37:33.990
call it this time because while yes it


00:37:34.000 --> 00:37:36.430
was closest in the current years to us


00:37:36.440 --> 00:37:38.230
in mid January closest approach comes


00:37:38.240 --> 00:37:40.829
around every 26 months and this one is


00:37:40.839 --> 00:37:42.710
not a particularly close approach now if


00:37:42.720 --> 00:37:44.670
the Earth had a perfectly circular orbit


00:37:44.680 --> 00:37:46.109
around the Sun and Mars had a perfect


00:37:46.119 --> 00:37:48.069
circular orbit around the sun then every


00:37:48.079 --> 00:37:49.790
time we got to the point of closest


00:37:49.800 --> 00:37:51.550
approach there' be the same distance and


00:37:51.560 --> 00:37:52.910
Mars will be the same brightness and it


00:37:52.920 --> 00:37:54.750
would look the same size for a telescope


00:37:54.760 --> 00:37:56.190
because our orbit is not perfectly


00:37:56.200 --> 00:37:57.829
circular Mars orbit isn't perfectly


00:37:57.839 --> 00:37:59.550
circular sometimes the point of clest


00:37:59.560 --> 00:38:01.349
approach Mars is closer to us and


00:38:01.359 --> 00:38:02.309
sometimes it's further away and


00:38:02.319 --> 00:38:03.470
unfortunately this is one of the further


00:38:03.480 --> 00:38:05.309
away ones and even through a telescope


00:38:05.319 --> 00:38:07.589
it looks quite small and you're not


00:38:07.599 --> 00:38:09.510
going to see a lot of detail on it so we


00:38:09.520 --> 00:38:12.069
have to wait for future apparitions at


00:38:12.079 --> 00:38:14.349
26- month intervals to get a better view


00:38:14.359 --> 00:38:16.470
of the red planet and Stuart is the sky


00:38:16.480 --> 00:38:18.030
for febrary that's science writer


00:38:18.040 --> 00:38:20.589
Jonathan Nelly from sky and Telescope


00:38:20.599 --> 00:38:25.240
magazine this is spacetime


00:38:25.250 --> 00:38:38.550
[Music]


00:38:38.560 --> 00:38:41.430
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