Discovering 15 Giant Radio Galaxies, Titan’s Rapid Changes, and the AI Extinction Debate

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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This is Spacetime Series 28 episode 57


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for broadcast on the 12th of May


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2025. Coming up on Spaceime, discovery


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of 15 new giant galaxies. Saturn's moon


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Titan appears to be changing quickly. A


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failed Soviet spacecraft bound for Venus


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crashes back to Earth 53 years after its


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launch. And could artificial


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intelligence exterminate the human race?


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How far away are we really from Skynet?


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All that and more coming up on Spaceime.


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Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Garry.


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[Music]




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Astronomers have discovered 15 giant


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radio galaxies, each more than 3 million


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lightyears across and each hosting a


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highly active super massive black hole.


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The findings reported on the pre-press


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physics website archive.org were made


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using ASCAP, the Australian square


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kilometer array pathfinder. The


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discovery is important for astronomers


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who are studying the formation and


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evolution of radiosource galaxies. The


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study's lead author Barry Belel


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Corabowski from the University of


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Western Sydney says these are rare


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objects that have grown in unusually low


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density environments and are displaying


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powerful jets and lobes traveling at


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super luminal speeds and composed of


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synatron emitting plasma. SAP is an


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array of 36 radio dishes, an


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intererometer operating in the 700 to


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1,800 megahertz range. Corabowski says


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it can achieve extremely high survey


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speeds, making it one of the best


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instruments in the world for mapping the


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sky at radio wavelengths. The newly


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discovered galaxies have a stunning


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range of morphologies. Eight of these


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massive ellipticals are characterized by


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prominent radio hotspots at the end of


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their radio lobes. A further four


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galaxies have bright inner radio jets


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but fading outer radolopes without hot


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spots. And the remaining three all


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appear to be sort of intermediate or


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hybrid galaxies. The largest of the 15


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newly found galaxies ascap


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J0107US 2347 is a double radio galaxy


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with two sets of double loes. Corabski


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says it harbors newly formed inner lobes


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which are already spanning about 2


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million lighty years and are bright and


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compact. while the outer relic globes


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are elongated and have very low surface


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brightness. She says the discoveries are


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an amazing find. A radio galaxy


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typically has a core and jets and radio


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loopes. A giant radio galaxy is just the


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biggest of these radio galaxies that we


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can find. We call them radio galaxies


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because the core is associated with a


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galaxy that we can see at optical


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wavelength. It's usually a really


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massive elliptical galaxy, but the radio


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lopes are typically only seen at radio


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wavelengths. There's rare occasions


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where we can also see them in X-rays,


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but they are very very well known to be


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detected in the radio. Do we know what


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generates these radios? Um, we think so.


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Yes. So, these massive elliptical


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galaxies hold massive black holes in


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their center. In fact, the bigger the


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galaxy, the more massive the galaxy, the


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the more massive the black hole. And


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when the black hole is active, so after


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it has been feeding and growing, it


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develops jets, very very strong jets


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that are symmetric uh going out on both


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sides of the galaxy. And these drive


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through the medium around them and when


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the jabs stop all you can see is the


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veloes. So sometimes you see a very


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narrow jet at at very high speed coming


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out of the center of these elliptical


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galaxies and then the material around


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the jet forms this kind of cocoon this


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globe that also flows back towards the


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galaxy. These jets, they're traveling at


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close to super luminal speeds, aren't


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they? Absolutely. I mean everything


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about these objects is just incredible.


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the the mass, the speed, the sizes of


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them. So, they're kind of the monsters


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in the sky and they're very very


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interesting to study to understand both


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what drives the black hole and the jets


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and why these loes kind of stay that


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long and expand that far out. There's


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still a range of hypotheses to try and


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explain exactly what's generating the


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jets themselves. We know what they are,


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but exactly how they're generated from


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above the accretion disc, that's still


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debated somewhat, isn't it? It is. Yes.


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As you point out, they're not directly


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coming from the black hole. They're


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coming from the vicinity of the black


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hole. They're driven by the black hole.


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But how exactly this works is is not


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well known and there are several models


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and it can help us seeing the objects at


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different viewing angles. So sometimes


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we look straight down the barrel u the


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blazer but the jet is essentially coming


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straight towards us. Other times we see


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the jet side on. And so in the giant


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radio galaxies we see very very old


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material very far away from the


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galaxies. Then we see closer by newer


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material. And even closer we sometimes


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see a jet just restarted as a black hole


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seem to go through periods of


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inactivity. They're kind of dormant just


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sitting there and maybe not enough fuel


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to produce jets and other times they're


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restarting their jets. And so it's very


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very interesting to look at these these


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monsters in the sky and see if we keep


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it can um detect some that are just


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restarted, others that are dormant and


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understand how they get so large.


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Usually when we think of elliptical


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galaxies, we're thinking of fairly large


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galaxies and galaxies which are fairly


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old as well. Often called described as


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being red and is that what we're seeing


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here? That's absolutely right. I think


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of them in exactly the same terms, kind


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of old and red and not much gas and


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slowly


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rotating. But the more I study them that


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the more is kind of going on as they


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grow by accretion and mergers. So they


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get that big by accumulating you know


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accreating their neighbors. So it's not


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a good neighborhood to live in. And so


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there is uh activity and if they want to


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get bigger they just need to swallow up


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the neighborhood. And it seems that this


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kind of merging of galaxies also


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sometimes restarts the jet. So I think a


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very very interesting field to study. So


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we can just look afterwards what's


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standing out in the field that may have


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produced something like that. If we had


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an observation happening exactly at the


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time that this is happening, then it


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would be easier. But you can't predict


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when and where this is happening. You


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found 15 of these giant radio galaxies.


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They appear to be different classes,


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don't they? Yeah. So when I when I


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looked in this field, the first thing


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that stood out was actually an art radio


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circle, an orc uh that we published


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couple of years back. And then um many


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many other objects caught my eyes. When


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I look through these data by eye, it's a


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big peculiar looking objects that stand


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out. When we went through it


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meticulously, we actually found about


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230 extended radio galaxies. So the the


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15 that are focused on in this


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particular research work of large


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angular size in my data. If you think of


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the size of the moon, that's kind of


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half a degree. These are, you know,


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several moons across. And so they are


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particularly easy to study in detail. I


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can see the core. I can sometimes see


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the jets. Quite often the jets are not


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active. So I just see the old radio


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lobe, but sometimes I see two pairs of


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them as well from one event and from an


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older event. And then I crossorrelated


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them with galaxy clusters because we


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know the kind of weather in clusters.


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the distribution of the plasma, the


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electrons can stifle the radio lobe


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expansion, it can bend them and so it


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has an influence on how big these giant


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radio galaxies grow but the cluster data


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are not yet very good in this uh domain.


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We usually study them in X-rays and um


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the Azita telescope is also surveying


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the sky but for this area we haven't


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received the data yet. So this will be a


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study to do in the future. Really


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amazing. These things are up to 2


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million light years long. That's like


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the distance between our galaxy and


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Andromeda. Yeah. All all the numbers


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about these giant radio galaxies are


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mindboggling. And just thinking of the


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size of the Milky Way and


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Andromeda together which is surrounded


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by dwarf galaxies and forming the local


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group. the local group is about you know


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one megapex in size and these galaxies


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are typically larger than one megapex.


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So it's yeah it's space in that sense is


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just absolutely incredible and those


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sizes of and those sizes translate of


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course into large time scale scales as


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well where either the jets active or


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even when they're not active some of


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those loes uh keep expanding for a while


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if nothing is stopping them then they


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seem to be able to expand further and


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they hang around and they get older of


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course. So we need to go to lower and


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lower frequencies to still see them as


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the radio spectrum for the old globe


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changes. Where would you like to take


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this science to next? What would you


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like to do next? Yeah, I'm still really


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learning about these galaxies. There are


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so many questions and the data give a


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few answers. Mostly they give even more


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questions. But I also like looking for


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for new things in general. I mean


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looking at these data is really a kind


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of new window for us to find things that


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were not known before. So we have a


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whole interaction space where people can


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post images and ideas and often it's


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just like I found this blob. I have no


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idea what it is and it's so amorphous.


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It's so large. It's so strangely


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looking. It's certainly not a galaxy.


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It's maybe, you know, a lope, a hot spot


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that has been left behind or it could be


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a cluster halo, but the the cluster is


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not obvious yet in the optical. So, I


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like looking for new things and ASCAP is


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really really great at that. At the same


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time, looking at the things we already


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know, radio galaxies or starburst


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galaxies, um, you know, clusters and


00:11:21.120 --> 00:11:24.069
galaxy groups is is also exciting. So


00:11:24.079 --> 00:11:26.069
there there's never a boring day as


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there's usually a new field every day to


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look at and uh many people might say it


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gets a bit tiring doing this by eye and


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that's absolutely right. It's not


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everybody's thing. So we are developing


00:11:38.959 --> 00:11:41.910
tools that help us know via machine


00:11:41.920 --> 00:11:44.949
learning and AI to find a lot of the


00:11:44.959 --> 00:11:47.190
more common objects because such


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algorithms need to be trained and they


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can usually be trained only on objects


00:11:51.680 --> 00:11:54.069
that we already know very well and so I


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try to focus on the peculiar and less


00:11:56.399 --> 00:11:58.389
well-known objects. Now you mentioned


00:11:58.399 --> 00:12:00.389
starburst galaxies earlier and that


00:12:00.399 --> 00:12:02.310
raises the interesting prospect often


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when we see quazars blazars AGN's in


00:12:06.320 --> 00:12:08.949
spiral galaxies one of two things is


00:12:08.959 --> 00:12:11.030
often happens either they're clearing


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out the area and getting rid of a lot of


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interstellar material or they're


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sparking a new generation of stars to be


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born. What are we seeing in elliptical


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galaxies when this happens? Yeah, the


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stuff this is something we're working


00:12:23.600 --> 00:12:27.269
on. So um because in many optical images


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these really just appear like a round


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reddish blob we don't know so much about


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them. So we've recently embarked on some


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kek observations to actually observe


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some lines of the ionized gas that might


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be H alpha or O23 H beta and then by


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looking at the line width and the line


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strength and the ratio of these lines we


00:12:50.160 --> 00:12:52.069
can know something more about the


00:12:52.079 --> 00:12:54.550
excitation mechanism the star formation


00:12:54.560 --> 00:12:57.110
rates going on and we can also look at


00:12:57.120 --> 00:12:59.590
the star formation history. So we can


00:12:59.600 --> 00:13:01.829
look if something happened like a


00:13:01.839 --> 00:13:04.790
million years or 10 million years ago.


00:13:04.800 --> 00:13:07.990
So this is also relatively new for me.


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We were just able to get cact time in in


00:13:10.880 --> 00:13:13.670
March with my Japanese collaborators. As


00:13:13.680 --> 00:13:15.829
we want to know more what's actually


00:13:15.839 --> 00:13:17.590
happening in these boring looking


00:13:17.600 --> 00:13:20.470
ellipticals. Another avenue um I worked


00:13:20.480 --> 00:13:22.949
with people in in Munich with the with


00:13:22.959 --> 00:13:24.949
Klo Dolak and his group on the


00:13:24.959 --> 00:13:26.990
magneticcom project. So those are


00:13:27.000 --> 00:13:29.670
cosmological simulations. So he's


00:13:29.680 --> 00:13:31.990
creating a massive elliptical galaxies


00:13:32.000 --> 00:13:35.350
in his simulations and then looks what's


00:13:35.360 --> 00:13:37.829
happening in the surroundings of these


00:13:37.839 --> 00:13:40.230
giant elliptical galaxies that got so


00:13:40.240 --> 00:13:42.710
big via mergers and accretion and we


00:13:42.720 --> 00:13:45.030
find things that look like orcs. So we


00:13:45.040 --> 00:13:47.990
find shells around elliptical galaxies


00:13:48.000 --> 00:13:50.150
that are detectable in the radio that


00:13:50.160 --> 00:13:53.350
were really not known before. So um


00:13:53.360 --> 00:13:55.910
every avenue needs to be explored be it


00:13:55.920 --> 00:13:59.670
optical, radio, infrared um and at the


00:13:59.680 --> 00:14:02.230
same time looking at the simulations uh


00:14:02.240 --> 00:14:05.269
and various people do these simulations


00:14:05.279 --> 00:14:07.509
hydro simulations or cosmological


00:14:07.519 --> 00:14:09.829
simulations focusing on on different


00:14:09.839 --> 00:14:12.389
areas and so it's like a giant puzzle


00:14:12.399 --> 00:14:14.389
where where we slowly put the pieces


00:14:14.399 --> 00:14:16.870
together without knowing how the picture


00:14:16.880 --> 00:14:18.790
actually looks like. That's Bayabel


00:14:18.800 --> 00:14:20.790
Corabowski from the University of


00:14:20.800 --> 00:14:24.710
Western Sydney and this is Spacetime.


00:14:24.720 --> 00:14:26.470
Still to come, astronomers have


00:14:26.480 --> 00:14:28.230
discovered that the orbit of Saturn's


00:14:28.240 --> 00:14:30.790
moon Titan is changing very quickly on


00:14:30.800 --> 00:14:33.670
geological time scales. A failed Soviet


00:14:33.680 --> 00:14:35.910
spacecraft bound for Venus crashes back


00:14:35.920 --> 00:14:39.110
to Earth 53 years after its launch. And


00:14:39.120 --> 00:14:40.949
the warnings from science fiction have


00:14:40.959 --> 00:14:43.110
been numerous and consistent. Artificial


00:14:43.120 --> 00:14:45.430
intelligence could pose a real threat to


00:14:45.440 --> 00:14:47.750
the survival of humanity. But of course


00:14:47.760 --> 00:14:49.990
that's science fiction. Where does the


00:14:50.000 --> 00:14:52.069
truth lie? All that and more still to


00:14:52.079 --> 00:14:55.629
come on


00:14:55.639 --> 00:14:57.750
Spaceime. Okay, let's take a break from


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show.


00:16:28.210 --> 00:16:38.790
[Music]


00:16:38.800 --> 00:16:40.310
Astronomers have discovered that the


00:16:40.320 --> 00:16:42.629
orbit of the Saturnian moon Titan is


00:16:42.639 --> 00:16:44.829
changing quickly on geological time


00:16:44.839 --> 00:16:47.749
scales. They found that Titan is slowly


00:16:47.759 --> 00:16:49.829
recovering from a relatively recent


00:16:49.839 --> 00:16:51.829
event that dramatically affected its


00:16:51.839 --> 00:16:53.990
orbit. Scientists were studying the


00:16:54.000 --> 00:16:56.230
mysterious moon to determine its tidal


00:16:56.240 --> 00:16:58.629
dissipation rate. that is the energy it


00:16:58.639 --> 00:17:00.710
loses as it orbits its ringed host


00:17:00.720 --> 00:17:02.550
planet Saturn and is affected by


00:17:02.560 --> 00:17:05.590
Saturn's massive gravitational forces.


00:17:05.600 --> 00:17:07.669
Understanding tidal dissipation is


00:17:07.679 --> 00:17:09.270
important because it helps scientists


00:17:09.280 --> 00:17:11.350
infer many other things about a moon or


00:17:11.360 --> 00:17:13.189
planet such as the composition of its


00:17:13.199 --> 00:17:16.150
inner core and its orbital history. The


00:17:16.160 --> 00:17:18.069
study's lead author Brian Adi from the


00:17:18.079 --> 00:17:19.990
Southwest Research Institute says when


00:17:20.000 --> 00:17:21.909
most people think of tides they think of


00:17:21.919 --> 00:17:24.069
the movement of the oceans in and out in


00:17:24.079 --> 00:17:25.590
relation to the passage of the moon


00:17:25.600 --> 00:17:28.150
overhead. But that's really just because


00:17:28.160 --> 00:17:31.270
water moves more freely than solid rock.


00:17:31.280 --> 00:17:33.750
You see, when the moon passes overhead,


00:17:33.760 --> 00:17:36.070
a rock, the Earth itself, is also


00:17:36.080 --> 00:17:38.110
responding, just with a lot less


00:17:38.120 --> 00:17:40.070
perceptivity. But it's that little bit


00:17:40.080 --> 00:17:41.909
of gravity that the moon is imposing,


00:17:41.919 --> 00:17:44.190
which scientists refer to as tidal


00:17:44.200 --> 00:17:46.070
dissipation. To measure tidal


00:17:46.080 --> 00:17:47.669
dissipation on the moon, scientists


00:17:47.679 --> 00:17:49.590
shoot lasers from Earth that mirrors


00:17:49.600 --> 00:17:51.510
placed across the lunar surface by the


00:17:51.520 --> 00:17:53.990
Apollo astronauts. And this allows them


00:17:54.000 --> 00:17:55.950
to accurately measure the slightest


00:17:55.960 --> 00:17:58.070
movements. Of course, that can't be done


00:17:58.080 --> 00:18:00.310
for Titan. So instead, scientists have


00:18:00.320 --> 00:18:02.150
developed a way to infer dissipation


00:18:02.160 --> 00:18:04.150
rates based on the difference in Titan


00:18:04.160 --> 00:18:06.310
spin axis rotation from what would be


00:18:06.320 --> 00:18:09.110
expected absent of any such force.


00:18:09.120 --> 00:18:11.350
Downey says tidal dissipation in moons


00:18:11.360 --> 00:18:13.029
affects their orbital and rotational


00:18:13.039 --> 00:18:14.950
evolution as well as their ability to


00:18:14.960 --> 00:18:17.590
maintain subsurface oceans. See, as


00:18:17.600 --> 00:18:19.750
gravity from a host planet squeezes and


00:18:19.760 --> 00:18:21.669
compresses a moon orbiting around it,


00:18:21.679 --> 00:18:23.750
that causes friction, and that friction


00:18:23.760 --> 00:18:26.310
can generate enough heat to melt ices,


00:18:26.320 --> 00:18:27.750
consequently providing the right


00:18:27.760 --> 00:18:30.230
conditions for a subsurface ocean. And


00:18:30.240 --> 00:18:32.150
the new findings reported in the journal


00:18:32.160 --> 00:18:34.070
Science Advances are providing an


00:18:34.080 --> 00:18:35.990
estimate for the strength of tides on


00:18:36.000 --> 00:18:37.830
Titan and what they say about how


00:18:37.840 --> 00:18:39.549
quickly the orbit of that moon is


00:18:39.559 --> 00:18:41.909
changing. In fact, they found that it's


00:18:41.919 --> 00:18:43.830
changing quickly on geological time


00:18:43.840 --> 00:18:46.070
scales. Downey and colleagues considered


00:18:46.080 --> 00:18:47.909
that the angle of Titan's spin pole


00:18:47.919 --> 00:18:50.710
orientation can only be due to friction


00:18:50.720 --> 00:18:52.549
and they deduced a way to relate this


00:18:52.559 --> 00:18:55.270
angle to a tidal friction parameter. And


00:18:55.280 --> 00:18:57.190
in this way, they're able to deduce some


00:18:57.200 --> 00:18:59.029
of the history of Titan from its current


00:18:59.039 --> 00:19:01.350
spin state. You see, friction in a


00:19:01.360 --> 00:19:03.830
satellite's interior causes it to slowly


00:19:03.840 --> 00:19:06.390
progress towards a circular orbit. Now,


00:19:06.400 --> 00:19:08.470
at the rate its orbit's changing, Titan


00:19:08.480 --> 00:19:10.070
should have acquired a circular orbit


00:19:10.080 --> 00:19:12.390
within about 350 million years of its


00:19:12.400 --> 00:19:15.029
formation. And the fact that Titan still


00:19:15.039 --> 00:19:17.270
has a non-ircular eccentric orbit


00:19:17.280 --> 00:19:19.110
implies that something's occurred within


00:19:19.120 --> 00:19:21.190
the past 350 million years that have


00:19:21.200 --> 00:19:23.590
perturbed it. Now, there are a number of


00:19:23.600 --> 00:19:26.150
possible reasons for this, including a


00:19:26.160 --> 00:19:28.870
major impact event. Needless to say, a


00:19:28.880 --> 00:19:30.630
lot more studies will be needed before


00:19:30.640 --> 00:19:33.430
any firm conclusions can be reached.


00:19:33.440 --> 00:19:36.870
This is spaceime. Still to come, a


00:19:36.880 --> 00:19:39.350
failed Soviet spacecraft bound for Venus


00:19:39.360 --> 00:19:42.230
crashes back to Earth 53 years after its


00:19:42.240 --> 00:19:44.789
launch. Could artificial intelligence


00:19:44.799 --> 00:19:46.870
exterminate humanity? The science


00:19:46.880 --> 00:19:49.110
fiction writers say it's highly likely,


00:19:49.120 --> 00:19:51.270
but what do the facts tell us? And later


00:19:51.280 --> 00:19:53.909
in the science report, a new study warns


00:19:53.919 --> 00:19:56.150
that taking cannabis during pregnancy


00:19:56.160 --> 00:19:58.549
may increase the risk of several adverse


00:19:58.559 --> 00:20:00.789
birth outcomes. All that and more still


00:20:00.799 --> 00:20:07.390
to come on Spaceime.


00:20:07.400 --> 00:20:15.310
[Music]




00:20:18.320 --> 00:20:20.710
A failed Soviet era spacecraft has


00:20:20.720 --> 00:20:22.630
crashed back to Earth somewhere between


00:20:22.640 --> 00:20:25.029
the Indian Ocean west of Jakarta and the


00:20:25.039 --> 00:20:26.549
Southern Ocean off the western


00:20:26.559 --> 00:20:29.190
Australian South Coast. But the exact


00:20:29.200 --> 00:20:31.909
point of impact of the Cosmos 482 is


00:20:31.919 --> 00:20:34.909
still a mystery. Launched back in March


00:20:34.919 --> 00:20:37.750
1972 on a mission to study and land on


00:20:37.760 --> 00:20:40.710
the planet Venus, the Cosmos 482 failed


00:20:40.720 --> 00:20:42.789
to escape low Earth orbit due to a


00:20:42.799 --> 00:20:44.950
flight systems programming error causing


00:20:44.960 --> 00:20:48.230
premature stage separation. And that


00:20:48.240 --> 00:20:50.390
left the spacecraft doomed to spend the


00:20:50.400 --> 00:20:53.350
next 53 years circling the Earth.


00:20:53.360 --> 00:20:54.950
Shortly after being placed in its


00:20:54.960 --> 00:20:57.110
parking orbit, the probe split into four


00:20:57.120 --> 00:20:59.430
sections, two of which quickly re-enter


00:20:59.440 --> 00:21:01.029
the Earth's atmosphere within a month,


00:21:01.039 --> 00:21:03.350
hitting the ground in New Zealand. The


00:21:03.360 --> 00:21:05.350
remaining two sections, the descent and


00:21:05.360 --> 00:21:07.190
landing module and the propulsion unit


00:21:07.200 --> 00:21:10.190
remained in a highly elliptical 210 by


00:21:10.200 --> 00:21:13.350
9,800 km high orbit, which is gradually


00:21:13.360 --> 00:21:17.029
degraded over the past 53 years. Last


00:21:17.039 --> 00:21:20.070
month, the 495 kg spacecraft began


00:21:20.080 --> 00:21:21.830
experiencing heavy buffering as it


00:21:21.840 --> 00:21:23.270
skipped across the upper layers of


00:21:23.280 --> 00:21:25.029
Earth's atmosphere, dramatically


00:21:25.039 --> 00:21:27.110
increasing its atmospheric drag and


00:21:27.120 --> 00:21:29.830
consequently orbital decay. Because the


00:21:29.840 --> 00:21:31.909
uncontrolled nature of its flight path,


00:21:31.919 --> 00:21:33.909
the constantly changing space weather,


00:21:33.919 --> 00:21:35.909
and terrestrial atmospheric conditions,


00:21:35.919 --> 00:21:37.510
scientists couldn't be sure exactly


00:21:37.520 --> 00:21:40.470
where or when it would re-enter. But the


00:21:40.480 --> 00:21:42.149
real fear was the fact that the


00:21:42.159 --> 00:21:44.390
spacecraft had been heavily engineered,


00:21:44.400 --> 00:21:46.149
specifically designed to withstand the


00:21:46.159 --> 00:21:47.909
high temperatures and extreme pressures


00:21:47.919 --> 00:21:50.149
of landing on Venus, a world where


00:21:50.159 --> 00:21:53.909
surface temperatures exceed 460° C.


00:21:53.919 --> 00:21:56.070
Atmospheric pressures are 100 times


00:21:56.080 --> 00:21:58.070
greater than that on Earth. And it rains


00:21:58.080 --> 00:22:01.029
sulfuric acid. So unlike most small


00:22:01.039 --> 00:22:02.950
spacecraft which normally burn up on


00:22:02.960 --> 00:22:05.029
re-entry, leaving only stainless steel


00:22:05.039 --> 00:22:07.190
and titanium components intact, the


00:22:07.200 --> 00:22:10.230
Cosmos 482 was expected to survive its


00:22:10.240 --> 00:22:12.149
fiery re-entry into Earth's atmosphere


00:22:12.159 --> 00:22:14.870
virtually fully intact. The Russian


00:22:14.880 --> 00:22:17.190
space agency Ros Cosmos claims it


00:22:17.200 --> 00:22:19.190
splashed down harmlessly into the sea.


00:22:19.200 --> 00:22:21.510
Its long space odyssey finally coming to


00:22:21.520 --> 00:22:23.750
an end west of Indonesia.


00:22:23.760 --> 00:22:25.590
However, other space agencies and


00:22:25.600 --> 00:22:27.510
tracking organizations predicted


00:22:27.520 --> 00:22:29.110
different entry paths with some


00:22:29.120 --> 00:22:31.190
estimates suggesting the meter probe


00:22:31.200 --> 00:22:32.390
would have crossed the western


00:22:32.400 --> 00:22:34.310
Australian coastline near Caravvern


00:22:34.320 --> 00:22:36.230
heading in a southeasterly direction and


00:22:36.240 --> 00:22:38.350
then exiting Australia west of


00:22:38.360 --> 00:22:40.870
Esperance. And that's very reminiscent


00:22:40.880 --> 00:22:43.990
of the demise of Skyab in 1979, which


00:22:44.000 --> 00:22:45.669
crashed into the Western Australian


00:22:45.679 --> 00:22:47.909
outback, spreading debris over a vast


00:22:47.919 --> 00:22:50.070
area between Espirants and the Trans


00:22:50.080 --> 00:22:52.350
Australian Railway Staging Post of


00:22:52.360 --> 00:22:56.750
Rolina. This is


00:22:56.760 --> 00:22:58.870
spaceime. Well, the warnings from


00:22:58.880 --> 00:23:00.789
science fiction have been numerous and


00:23:00.799 --> 00:23:03.270
constant. Artificial intelligence could


00:23:03.280 --> 00:23:05.549
pose a real threat to the survival of


00:23:05.559 --> 00:23:07.990
humanity. But of course, that's science


00:23:08.000 --> 00:23:11.110
fiction, not science fact. So, where


00:23:11.120 --> 00:23:13.750
does the truth lie? Well, the truth is


00:23:13.760 --> 00:23:15.830
AI has continued to advance in


00:23:15.840 --> 00:23:17.990
intelligence at an astounding rate,


00:23:18.000 --> 00:23:19.350
having already equaled, if not


00:23:19.360 --> 00:23:22.230
surpassed, the smartest humans. And it's


00:23:22.240 --> 00:23:24.310
now evolving so quickly that it will


00:23:24.320 --> 00:23:26.390
soon, possibly by the end of this year,


00:23:26.400 --> 00:23:28.430
reach a state known as super general


00:23:28.440 --> 00:23:31.190
intelligence. That's a point where an AI


00:23:31.200 --> 00:23:33.190
would see humans as nothing more than


00:23:33.200 --> 00:23:35.110
the equivalent as how humans see


00:23:35.120 --> 00:23:37.750
microbes. AI has already shown a


00:23:37.760 --> 00:23:39.590
propensity for some troubling human


00:23:39.600 --> 00:23:41.510
traits, such as deliberately being


00:23:41.520 --> 00:23:43.750
dishonest, being deceitful, and being


00:23:43.760 --> 00:23:45.750
capable of outsmarting its creators in


00:23:45.760 --> 00:23:47.669
order to survive by surreptitiously


00:23:47.679 --> 00:23:50.029
hiding in other programs or changing its


00:23:50.039 --> 00:23:52.630
identity. So, all that suggests in


00:23:52.640 --> 00:23:56.230
reality, Skynet may not be far off.


00:23:56.240 --> 00:23:57.990
However, a new study claims there's


00:23:58.000 --> 00:23:59.590
still little chance of artificial


00:23:59.600 --> 00:24:01.590
intelligence actually exterminating the


00:24:01.600 --> 00:24:04.149
human race. The findings reported in the


00:24:04.159 --> 00:24:05.909
journal Scientific American comes


00:24:05.919 --> 00:24:08.070
despite numerous warnings by AI


00:24:08.080 --> 00:24:10.070
scientists and senior business leaders


00:24:10.080 --> 00:24:13.269
suggesting a 10% chance that AI will


00:24:13.279 --> 00:24:15.430
cause humanity's extinction by the turn


00:24:15.440 --> 00:24:17.830
of the century. Now, you may recall last


00:24:17.840 --> 00:24:19.909
year Elon Musk led a group of hundreds


00:24:19.919 --> 00:24:22.070
of scientists and engineers who signed


00:24:22.080 --> 00:24:24.230
an open letter calling for a six-month


00:24:24.240 --> 00:24:26.789
moratorum on all AI development in order


00:24:26.799 --> 00:24:28.950
to better understand its true nature and


00:24:28.960 --> 00:24:31.269
threat. That statement warns that


00:24:31.279 --> 00:24:33.350
mitigating the risk of extinction from


00:24:33.360 --> 00:24:35.350
AI should be considered a global


00:24:35.360 --> 00:24:37.750
priority alongside other society scale


00:24:37.760 --> 00:24:39.909
risks such as pandemics and the threat


00:24:39.919 --> 00:24:42.950
of nuclear war. The new study comprising


00:24:42.960 --> 00:24:44.549
a scientist, an engineer, and a


00:24:44.559 --> 00:24:46.710
mathematician examined exactly how


00:24:46.720 --> 00:24:48.630
artificial intelligence could exploit


00:24:48.640 --> 00:24:50.549
three major threats all commonly


00:24:50.559 --> 00:24:52.350
perceived to be a major risk to


00:24:52.360 --> 00:24:54.710
humanity. They are nuclear war,


00:24:54.720 --> 00:24:56.710
biological pathogens, and climate


00:24:56.720 --> 00:24:58.950
change. They concluded that while it


00:24:58.960 --> 00:25:01.029
would be very hard, it's not beyond the


00:25:01.039 --> 00:25:03.350
realms of possibility that AI will


00:25:03.360 --> 00:25:06.350
exterminate all of humanity. But it's


00:25:06.360 --> 00:25:08.470
complicated. See, the study found that


00:25:08.480 --> 00:25:10.710
even if AI got control of all nuclear


00:25:10.720 --> 00:25:12.710
stockpiles, the explosions, the


00:25:12.720 --> 00:25:14.549
radioactive fallout, and the nuclear


00:25:14.559 --> 00:25:16.470
winter that follows would still likely


00:25:16.480 --> 00:25:18.390
fall short of reaching an extinction


00:25:18.400 --> 00:25:21.029
level event. Pockets of people would


00:25:21.039 --> 00:25:23.350
survive. They also found that a


00:25:23.360 --> 00:25:25.269
combination of deadly species ending


00:25:25.279 --> 00:25:27.190
pathogens designed to achieve nearly


00:25:27.200 --> 00:25:30.149
100% lethality could be deployed by AI


00:25:30.159 --> 00:25:32.950
to achieve rapid global reach. But


00:25:32.960 --> 00:25:34.950
again, some communities, those that


00:25:34.960 --> 00:25:36.789
deliberately isolated themselves from


00:25:36.799 --> 00:25:38.549
the rest of the world, would inevitably


00:25:38.559 --> 00:25:41.710
still survive. A hypothetically


00:25:41.720 --> 00:25:44.549
99.99% lethal pathogen would still leave


00:25:44.559 --> 00:25:47.590
around 800,000 people alive. That's


00:25:47.600 --> 00:25:49.909
enough breeding pairs to keep society


00:25:49.919 --> 00:25:52.390
going. And even an AI triggered


00:25:52.400 --> 00:25:54.230
acceleration of anthropogenic climate


00:25:54.240 --> 00:25:55.990
change could not raise an extinction


00:25:56.000 --> 00:25:57.990
level threat to all of humanity, at


00:25:58.000 --> 00:25:59.669
least not for several hundreds of


00:25:59.679 --> 00:26:02.070
thousands of years. Humans would likely


00:26:02.080 --> 00:26:03.830
find new environmental niches in which


00:26:03.840 --> 00:26:05.669
to survive, such as, for example, the


00:26:05.679 --> 00:26:08.549
Earth's polar regions. But while Skynet


00:26:08.559 --> 00:26:11.190
may still be some time off, a Terminator


00:26:11.200 --> 00:26:12.870
style attack could happen sooner than


00:26:12.880 --> 00:26:14.789
you think. In fact, it's happened


00:26:14.799 --> 00:26:16.950
already. Vision was published in the


00:26:16.960 --> 00:26:19.830
last week showing a Uni Tree Robotics H1


00:26:19.840 --> 00:26:22.070
full-size universal humanoid robot in


00:26:22.080 --> 00:26:24.149
China going berserk and attacking


00:26:24.159 --> 00:26:26.230
workers in a factory with violent kicks


00:26:26.240 --> 00:26:28.789
and flailing arms. The attack was


00:26:28.799 --> 00:26:30.710
claimed to have been caused by a coding


00:26:30.720 --> 00:26:32.950
error. The problem is incidents like


00:26:32.960 --> 00:26:35.350
this aren't isolated. In another


00:26:35.360 --> 00:26:37.510
upsetting case, a robot at a Luna


00:26:37.520 --> 00:26:39.750
festival in China unexpectedly lurched


00:26:39.760 --> 00:26:42.149
towards a crowd causing mass panic among


00:26:42.159 --> 00:26:44.149
spectators. And of course, then there's


00:26:44.159 --> 00:26:45.990
a risk of terrorist groups infiltrating


00:26:46.000 --> 00:26:50.110
AI controls. The list goes on. This is


00:26:50.120 --> 00:26:56.669
spaceime, pleasant


00:26:56.679 --> 00:26:58.870
dreams. Okay, let's take a break from


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And now it's back to our show.


00:28:49.920 --> 00:28:56.870
[Music]


00:28:56.880 --> 00:28:58.389
And time now to take a brief look at


00:28:58.399 --> 00:28:59.990
some of the other stories making news in


00:29:00.000 --> 00:29:02.630
science this week with a science report.


00:29:02.640 --> 00:29:04.389
There's more evidence today that using


00:29:04.399 --> 00:29:06.630
cannabis during pregnancy could increase


00:29:06.640 --> 00:29:08.630
your risk of several adverse birth


00:29:08.640 --> 00:29:11.110
outcomes. The findings reported in the


00:29:11.120 --> 00:29:12.389
Journal of the American Medical


00:29:12.399 --> 00:29:14.789
Association looked at prenatal cannabis


00:29:14.799 --> 00:29:16.870
use among more than 1.7 million


00:29:16.880 --> 00:29:20.310
participants across 51 separate studies.


00:29:20.320 --> 00:29:22.310
The authors say that overall the


00:29:22.320 --> 00:29:23.830
evidence suggests that with moderate


00:29:23.840 --> 00:29:26.389
certainty that cannabis use in pregnancy


00:29:26.399 --> 00:29:28.630
is linked to a higher risk of preterm


00:29:28.640 --> 00:29:30.710
birth and that the baby would be born at


00:29:30.720 --> 00:29:32.789
either a lower birth weight or small for


00:29:32.799 --> 00:29:35.669
its gestational age.


00:29:35.679 --> 00:29:37.590
For the first time, scientists have


00:29:37.600 --> 00:29:39.430
sequenced the complete genome of one of


00:29:39.440 --> 00:29:41.510
Australia's most iconic and endangered


00:29:41.520 --> 00:29:44.230
frogs, the southern corrobery frog. A


00:29:44.240 --> 00:29:45.990
report in the journal Welcome Open


00:29:46.000 --> 00:29:48.070
Research says the Australian amphibian


00:29:48.080 --> 00:29:50.149
is considered functionally extinct due


00:29:50.159 --> 00:29:52.110
to an infectious disease caused by


00:29:52.120 --> 00:29:54.710
fungus. There are simply no viable


00:29:54.720 --> 00:29:57.110
populations left. And in fact, the


00:29:57.120 --> 00:29:59.269
species is only able to survive because


00:29:59.279 --> 00:30:01.909
of support from zoos. University of


00:30:01.919 --> 00:30:03.750
Melbourne researchers now hope to use


00:30:03.760 --> 00:30:05.750
the genome, which acts as an organism's


00:30:05.760 --> 00:30:07.350
genetic blueprint, combined with a set


00:30:07.360 --> 00:30:09.430
of DNA instructions to help return the


00:30:09.440 --> 00:30:11.510
species to its natural habitat, which is


00:30:11.520 --> 00:30:14.350
in the New South Wales snowy


00:30:14.360 --> 00:30:16.549
mountains. While many of Australia's


00:30:16.559 --> 00:30:18.549
native wildlife are dying, the


00:30:18.559 --> 00:30:20.630
Australian human population appears to


00:30:20.640 --> 00:30:22.230
be flourishing, especially as they get


00:30:22.240 --> 00:30:24.630
older. A report in the journal nature


00:30:24.640 --> 00:30:26.470
mental health examined a series of


00:30:26.480 --> 00:30:28.630
papers from the global flourishing study


00:30:28.640 --> 00:30:30.310
which tried to measure how many people


00:30:30.320 --> 00:30:32.389
are in a state in which all aspects of


00:30:32.399 --> 00:30:34.630
their lives are good. And the study


00:30:34.640 --> 00:30:36.389
found that flourishing which looks at


00:30:36.399 --> 00:30:38.710
happiness, health, the meaning of life,


00:30:38.720 --> 00:30:40.630
character, relationships and financial


00:30:40.640 --> 00:30:42.789
security are increasing with age in many


00:30:42.799 --> 00:30:45.110
countries including Australia. The


00:30:45.120 --> 00:30:47.190
research also looked at specific aspects


00:30:47.200 --> 00:30:49.110
of flourishing, including levels of


00:30:49.120 --> 00:30:51.669
optimism, belief in God, and belief in


00:30:51.679 --> 00:30:54.470
life after death. The study also found


00:30:54.480 --> 00:30:56.230
that globally, both religion and


00:30:56.240 --> 00:30:58.389
spirituality were important when it


00:30:58.399 --> 00:31:00.870
comes to flourishing. Interestingly, in


00:31:00.880 --> 00:31:02.470
most countries, those with a higher


00:31:02.480 --> 00:31:04.549
level of education report higher levels


00:31:04.559 --> 00:31:06.549
of flourishing, but the reverse was the


00:31:06.559 --> 00:31:08.110
case in


00:31:08.120 --> 00:31:10.389
Australia. Well, a new video's gone


00:31:10.399 --> 00:31:12.070
viral. This one purporting to have


00:31:12.080 --> 00:31:14.110
evidence of an Argentinian version of


00:31:14.120 --> 00:31:16.389
Bigfoot. But as Tim Mendum from


00:31:16.399 --> 00:31:18.470
Australian Skeptics reports, the only


00:31:18.480 --> 00:31:20.310
evidence for this claim is lot of


00:31:20.320 --> 00:31:22.389
distant howling. Okay, Chris, I have to


00:31:22.399 --> 00:31:23.830
point out that every country has their


00:31:23.840 --> 00:31:25.590
version of Bigfoot. Even Singapore's got


00:31:25.600 --> 00:31:26.870
one. Singapore's about the size of a


00:31:26.880 --> 00:31:28.310
postage stamp, but that's got a a


00:31:28.320 --> 00:31:30.470
Bigfoot or it did. And Argentina has


00:31:30.480 --> 00:31:32.789
one, too, which is called the Ukuma. Um,


00:31:32.799 --> 00:31:33.990
and yeah, everyone's got a different


00:31:34.000 --> 00:31:35.350
name for it, whether it's abominable


00:31:35.360 --> 00:31:37.430
snowman, yeti, Bigfoot, Yowi, whatever.


00:31:37.440 --> 00:31:39.269
So, the one in Argentina is the Akuma.


00:31:39.279 --> 00:31:40.630
And like all these Bigfoot, you're


00:31:40.640 --> 00:31:41.830
trying to find evidence of it. There are


00:31:41.840 --> 00:31:43.110
people out there hunting through the


00:31:43.120 --> 00:31:45.269
forest trying to find evidence for it. A


00:31:45.279 --> 00:31:47.590
recent clip, it is a video appeared on


00:31:47.600 --> 00:31:49.590
the net and went viral. So, what it is


00:31:49.600 --> 00:31:51.509
is someone staring out of the forest, a


00:31:51.519 --> 00:31:52.630
valley actually. It looks like they're


00:31:52.640 --> 00:31:54.389
up on high staring into a valley and


00:31:54.399 --> 00:31:57.269
they hear this howling noise. It goes on


00:31:57.279 --> 00:31:58.710
for a little bit, then stops, and then


00:31:58.720 --> 00:31:59.909
they sort of swing the camera around


00:31:59.919 --> 00:32:01.269
trying to see where it's coming from.


00:32:01.279 --> 00:32:03.590
Looking down from the valley top into


00:32:03.600 --> 00:32:04.630
the valley, looking at the tops of


00:32:04.640 --> 00:32:06.149
trees, etc. They can't find anything,


00:32:06.159 --> 00:32:07.509
but they've heard this sound. So


00:32:07.519 --> 00:32:11.029
naturally, everyone says strange howling


00:32:11.039 --> 00:32:12.789
Bigfoot and it's sort of like yeah,


00:32:12.799 --> 00:32:14.230
maybe it's something else, right? So you


00:32:14.240 --> 00:32:15.509
don't instantly jump from I don't know


00:32:15.519 --> 00:32:17.190
what this howling is to I do know what


00:32:17.200 --> 00:32:19.029
this howling is is a Bigfoot without any


00:32:19.039 --> 00:32:21.430
evidence in between. So a video has gone


00:32:21.440 --> 00:32:24.070
viral. It's typical of a lot of evidence


00:32:24.080 --> 00:32:26.470
of crypted animals, you know, whether


00:32:26.480 --> 00:32:27.830
it's lock nest monster, whether it's


00:32:27.840 --> 00:32:30.230
Yahi or Bigfoot, whether it's sort of


00:32:30.240 --> 00:32:32.070
dinosaurs in Africa, whether it's Koopa


00:32:32.080 --> 00:32:34.230
Cabra in the US or whatever. A lot of


00:32:34.240 --> 00:32:37.190
claims, very very poor evidence. No


00:32:37.200 --> 00:32:39.110
matter how definitive people claim it


00:32:39.120 --> 00:32:41.029
is, a shadow in a forest is not


00:32:41.039 --> 00:32:42.870
necessarily good evidence. Find a body.


00:32:42.880 --> 00:32:45.669
Find me a body of a Bigfoot or or Kuma.


00:32:45.679 --> 00:32:46.669
Give me


00:32:46.679 --> 00:32:48.789
some. Look at the DNA. Make sure it's


00:32:48.799 --> 00:32:50.149
not a deer or make sure it's nothing


00:32:50.159 --> 00:32:51.430
else. Right? That you got to look into


00:32:51.440 --> 00:32:53.430
it and say that's proof. Now these


00:32:53.440 --> 00:32:55.029
things are everywhere. As I said, every


00:32:55.039 --> 00:32:57.509
country's got them apparently across the


00:32:57.519 --> 00:32:59.430
whole basically every state of America


00:32:59.440 --> 00:33:01.909
has them including deserty states. So


00:33:01.919 --> 00:33:03.110
you should be able to find something


00:33:03.120 --> 00:33:05.190
surely somewhere. After all these years,


00:33:05.200 --> 00:33:06.710
someone would have come across something


00:33:06.720 --> 00:33:08.710
that's real and that you can prove. But


00:33:08.720 --> 00:33:10.710
no, you get these vague howlings on a


00:33:10.720 --> 00:33:12.549
video. Yeah, it's audio. So there's no


00:33:12.559 --> 00:33:15.190
no mention of a Bigfoot. You get strange


00:33:15.200 --> 00:33:17.190
sort of weird feelings of people going


00:33:17.200 --> 00:33:19.430
ghost hunting with camouflage gear and


00:33:19.440 --> 00:33:20.950
night vision goggles and all this sort


00:33:20.960 --> 00:33:22.789
of stuff in in the northwest of America


00:33:22.799 --> 00:33:25.509
or wherever. And no, there is no good


00:33:25.519 --> 00:33:27.509
evidence for these things existing. Did


00:33:27.519 --> 00:33:29.269
they ever exist? There's no good


00:33:29.279 --> 00:33:30.870
evidence really apart from some


00:33:30.880 --> 00:33:32.549
anecdotal evidence that they did exist.


00:33:32.559 --> 00:33:34.870
So please a howling is could be


00:33:34.880 --> 00:33:36.310
anything. It could be a dog. It's a


00:33:36.320 --> 00:33:37.990
pretty weird howling. It's it's sort of


00:33:38.000 --> 00:33:40.149
it's not just like a co coyote sort of


00:33:40.159 --> 00:33:42.470
howling. It's a grumble screamy sort of


00:33:42.480 --> 00:33:43.669
thing. And you're always going to find


00:33:43.679 --> 00:33:45.669
someone who claims to be an expert in


00:33:45.679 --> 00:33:47.190
audio who's going to say, "Oh, no. This


00:33:47.200 --> 00:33:49.509
definitely has different overtones to a


00:33:49.519 --> 00:33:51.190
wolf or a coyote or something like


00:33:51.200 --> 00:33:52.389
that." There's an expert for every


00:33:52.399 --> 00:33:53.669
claim. Yeah. And the people who claim


00:33:53.679 --> 00:33:55.029
and say, "Science doesn't understand


00:33:55.039 --> 00:33:56.710
us." And he's the scientist who proves


00:33:56.720 --> 00:33:59.029
us right. It is. I mean, if you want to


00:33:59.039 --> 00:34:00.549
get totally cynical about this, it's a


00:34:00.559 --> 00:34:02.310
video of a forest with a sound, and you


00:34:02.320 --> 00:34:04.389
assume the sound is actually live on the


00:34:04.399 --> 00:34:07.029
video. Why? It might not be. Okay, it


00:34:07.039 --> 00:34:08.629
might be put in afterwards. It might be


00:34:08.639 --> 00:34:10.389
a real, you know, howling sound. You


00:34:10.399 --> 00:34:11.510
don't know what sort of animal it is.


00:34:11.520 --> 00:34:12.629
You can't see it. You don't know.


00:34:12.639 --> 00:34:14.310
Someone might analyze it some stage and


00:34:14.320 --> 00:34:16.470
say it's a it's a wolf or who knows


00:34:16.480 --> 00:34:18.069
what. And what consideration did they


00:34:18.079 --> 00:34:20.310
make for the fact that sounds reflect


00:34:20.320 --> 00:34:22.069
off other objects like mountains and


00:34:22.079 --> 00:34:23.669
boulders and things like that? And this


00:34:23.679 --> 00:34:25.669
is very much a narrow valley. It's it's


00:34:25.679 --> 00:34:27.349
like they're looking at from the from


00:34:27.359 --> 00:34:28.790
the top of the Vshape of the Valley


00:34:28.800 --> 00:34:30.869
where the water enters up here looking


00:34:30.879 --> 00:34:33.349
down towards the the lower ground levels


00:34:33.359 --> 00:34:35.190
and then they zip back and forth through


00:34:35.200 --> 00:34:37.109
the trying to look down the valley on


00:34:37.119 --> 00:34:38.550
where you see a tree top. Yeah, but you


00:34:38.560 --> 00:34:40.470
got to remember these hows do sound


00:34:40.480 --> 00:34:42.790
really cool. And this one sounds great


00:34:42.800 --> 00:34:44.389
and it's got a lot of coverage because


00:34:44.399 --> 00:34:46.149
it does sound cool but it's no evidence


00:34:46.159 --> 00:34:48.069
at all. Just an interesting how that's


00:34:48.079 --> 00:34:52.200
Tim Mendum from Australian Skeptics.


00:34:52.210 --> 00:35:05.910
[Music]


00:35:05.920 --> 00:35:08.950
and that's the show for now. Spaceime is


00:35:08.960 --> 00:35:10.790
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00:35:57.000 --> 00:35:59.910
spaceimewithstgar.com for full details.


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