Dark Matter Mysteries, Telescope Innovations & the Quest for Gravitons | SN602 Q&A | Space Nuts:...

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Language: en

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Hi there. Thanks again for joining us.


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This is Space Nuts, a Q&A edition. This


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is where we answer audience questions.


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Well, we read them out and then we


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pretend we know what we're talking about


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and most people fall for it. They might


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not fall for it today, though, because


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we've got some uh really interesting


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questions about uh a matter of matter


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that we cannot see. Uh does it matter?


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We will find out. Um questions come up


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about gravitons. We're also going to


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answer a question about space


00:00:30.720 --> 00:00:33.030
telescopes. Now, that's right up uh


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Fred's alley. He knows everything there


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is to know about space te. He's written


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books about these things. So, this is


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going to be a good question. And uh a


00:00:42.320 --> 00:00:43.830
question has come up about whether or


00:00:43.840 --> 00:00:46.549
not Olympus Mons might make a good


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staging staging point for a space


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elevator. We will answer all of that on


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this episode of Space Nuts.


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>> 15 seconds. Guidance is internal. 10 9


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ignition sequence start.


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>> Space nuts.


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>> 5 4 3 2


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>> 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1


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>> Space nuts.


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>> Astronauts report. It feels good.


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>> And it feels good to have his one and


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only self, Professor Fred Watson, an


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astronomer at large, back in the chair.


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Hello, Fred. Hello. Hello. Here. All


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ready to go. Fresh and um uh well slept.


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Yeah. So, sort of.


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>> Yeah. I had a weird night last night. I


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I I actually went to sleep fast. Didn't


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I I only woke up kind of and once once,


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which is, you know, a new world record.


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And then um I woke up again 5 5:18 a.m.


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And that was it. My body went, "No, no,


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we're done. You can get up. Go and watch


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something on television because I'm not,


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you know, I don't want to go any to


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sleep ever again." So, here we go. Who


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knows what'll happen tonight. Um, sleep


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is a weird thing. We need it and yet our


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bodies sometimes refuse to comply.


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>> Yeah.


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>> Yeah,


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>> it is. It's bizarre. It's a strange


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thing.


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>> Um, shall we answer some questions?


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>> I thought that was it.


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>> Well, I was just going to say, Fred, why


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can't I sleep?


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>> Let's answer some questions. Yes.


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>> Okay. Our first one comes from Ben. He


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says, uh, Ben here. It's good because I


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thought he was Ben, too. uh the Aussie


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in Chicago with a few new questions. In


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your last question podcast, you


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mentioned about how 80% of matter is


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missing or not visible to us. And it


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made me think, how do we know or measure


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that amount in the first place? I know a


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lot of science is about measuring what


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we didn't find in results, but I'm


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curious about how they came to that 80%


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dark matter number. And secondly, uh,


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for a smaller question, if you could


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pick the next large telescope to be


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launched, what would it be and why? I'd


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personally love to see a new larger


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Hubble type telescope with all the


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advances we've applied to it uh, that


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we've learned from the James Webb Space


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Telescope. Thanks again for the great


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podcast. Thank you, Ben. Great to hear


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from you. Hope all is well in uh, in


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Chicago, home of the Bears. Chicago


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Bears.


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Um right so it's a matter of matter and


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um he's saying we know there's 80% of


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the universe made up of dark matter or


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thereabouts. Uh how do we know that?


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Um we actually the the way that we get


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the you know the accurate figures is


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quite interesting because it involves


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work um of the kind that wasn't possible


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before astronomers started using fiber


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optics in their telescopes and uh that's


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what I did. I was one of the pioneers of


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fiber optics in astronomy. uh and the


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systems that we built back in the 80s,


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the 1980s have now evolved into


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marvelous machines which are fully


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automated. Um the uh organization that I


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worked for has just delivered one to


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Chile which will position 2,400 fibers


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in 57 seconds. Uh and each one of those


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fibers can be aligned with a target star


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or galaxy. uh and that's the way you


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collect lots of information about very


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large numbers of galaxies and about uh


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their velocities what we call their red


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shifts. So we'll get to that in a minute


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because that's that's how we are so


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certain about these numbers because of


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the ability to do that to measure these


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very large numbers of galaxies what we


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call large scale surveys. But the story


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starts uh back in 1933 with Fritz Vicki


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uh the man who famously called some of


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his colleagues uh not just bastards they


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were spherical bastards. Uh the reason


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for that was that they were bastards


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whichever way you looked at them. That's


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why call them spherical bastards.


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>> Astron astronomers love him. Yeah,


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>> I'm sure they do. Yeah. Um, I usually


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tone that down a bit and make it rat


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bags, but for this show I can re


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>> I could quote him verbatim.


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>> It is a quote. Therefore, it's it's a


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quote. Yeah, it's part of it's a part of


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history.


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>> It is indeed part of history. Um, but


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what he was doing was measuring a


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cluster of galaxies actually in the


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northern hemisphere constellation of


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Koma Bernese. Uh, the Koma cluster, a


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very rich cluster of galaxies. And he


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figured out that the he was measuring


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the motions of all the galaxies. And


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when he looked at it, they were all


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going too fast for the gravity of what


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he could see to hold on to them.


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>> So if all that was uh there was what all


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he could see, then this cluster should


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have evaporated gazillions of years ago


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and it hasn't. And he was the person who


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coined the term dark matter. Uh he said


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there's something there that we can't


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see. the ast world of astronomy


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basically ignored it because it was just


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too hard to get your head around.


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There's obviously something wrong. We


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don't know what it is. We'll go and do


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something else. And it wasn't until well


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actually there was an Australian who um


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in 1970 Ken Freeman down at the A&U


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still a good friend uh he um figured out


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that galaxies were rotating too fast for


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the what was in them to hold them


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together. Uh and um that again was


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largely ignored that 1970 result until


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Vera Rubin um basically did the same


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thing but worked out that in order for


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galaxies to stay together and not fly


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apart as they rotate, they must all be


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enveloped in a sort of sphere or halo as


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we call it of something we call dark


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matter. And that in 1978 was the start


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of the modern era of dark matter. And so


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you can actually use those uh those


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measurements to make a crude estimate of


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what's missing. You know that you can


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say use something called the viral


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theorem which I haven't thought about


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for a long time. But that's what lets


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you weigh things by their motion. So you


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can weigh the dark matter uh by the


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motion of galaxies in a cluster for


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example. You can then weigh what you can


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see because you know roughly how much


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stars weigh and the stars are what you


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can see and the gas too. and then you


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can divide one by the other and you do


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get this sort of 80-ish percent. Um, but


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the the way that it's done today, as


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I've said, it involves these very large


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scale surveys of galaxies and their


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positions and velocities in, you know,


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as much of the universe as you can see.


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Very, very large scale surveys involving


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millions of galaxies. And when you do


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that, you can make statistical


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deductions that tell you that uh the


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universe is made of something like 70%


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dark energy, uh about 20% dark matter,


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about 5% normal matter, uh most of which


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is hydrogen. So that that comes from the


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large scale surveys. And it's because


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the positions of galaxies are actually


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determined by the gravitational forces


00:08:07.599 --> 00:08:10.070
that they feel. And you know that's the


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key to understanding dark matter and


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dark energy to see how these forces


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stack up.


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>> It's so hard to comprehend because when


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you say that 5% of the universe is made


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up of stars, planets and gas, and you


00:08:24.720 --> 00:08:26.869
look out into space and see so many


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stars, so many other things, and yet


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you're only seeing 5% of what out what


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is out there. It's it's it's


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mind-blowing.


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>> That's right. I mean some of that that


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figure of 5% is the when you look at it


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as a fraction of the mass and energy


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budget and energy and matter you know


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they're interchangeable E= MC² uh and so


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uh it's when you do that some you


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realize that yes um 70% of the mass


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energy budget of the universe is dark


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energy uh 20% is dark matter 5%


00:09:00.959 --> 00:09:04.389
thereabouts uh is is normal matter but


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most of that normal matter is invisible


00:09:06.240 --> 00:09:07.670
to because most of it is just called


00:09:07.680 --> 00:09:08.630
hydrogen.


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>> Uh the the you know the materials that


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make up the the planets in particular


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the the um you know the normal elements


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that we see around us on earth there's a


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vanishingly small fraction of that uh


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that represents you know the their


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fraction within the universe.


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>> Yeah. All right. So that covers his 80%


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question. But uh he asks a question


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about what will be the next uh large


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telescope to be launched. What would you


00:09:36.000 --> 00:09:37.990
like it to be?


00:09:38.000 --> 00:09:39.750
>> Um, yeah, that's an interesting


00:09:39.760 --> 00:09:41.269
question. I mean, the thing that I'm


00:09:41.279 --> 00:09:43.509
looking forward to, and we'll see it


00:09:43.519 --> 00:09:45.910
online within the next probably two


00:09:45.920 --> 00:09:48.630
years, is the ELT, the extremely large


00:09:48.640 --> 00:09:50.389
telescope down in Chile. That's going to


00:09:50.399 --> 00:09:53.670
be a visible light telescope with uh a


00:09:53.680 --> 00:09:57.990
mirror 39 m in diameter.


00:09:58.000 --> 00:10:00.870
uh and it will be able to observe


00:10:00.880 --> 00:10:03.910
because it's got this very sophisticated


00:10:03.920 --> 00:10:06.230
adaptive optic system that effectively


00:10:06.240 --> 00:10:09.829
puts it above the atmosphere. Um it's uh


00:10:09.839 --> 00:10:14.069
it is uh it will have 20 times the


00:10:14.079 --> 00:10:16.630
resolution of the Hubble telescope. So


00:10:16.640 --> 00:10:18.310
if you thought the Hubble images that


00:10:18.320 --> 00:10:20.389
you see have fine detail in them, wait


00:10:20.399 --> 00:10:21.670
till you see what's going to come from


00:10:21.680 --> 00:10:23.910
the ELT because it'll be 20 times


00:10:23.920 --> 00:10:27.110
better. And the reason why that's my


00:10:27.120 --> 00:10:30.310
favorite big telescope is that its cost


00:10:30.320 --> 00:10:32.470
has been almost since the beginning


00:10:32.480 --> 00:10:35.509
estimated at 1.3 billion euros and it


00:10:35.519 --> 00:10:38.230
still is. Uh it's on on budget and


00:10:38.240 --> 00:10:40.630
pretty well on time. Uh and remember the


00:10:40.640 --> 00:10:43.590
James Webb telescope cost10 billion.


00:10:43.600 --> 00:10:44.069
>> Yeah.


00:10:44.079 --> 00:10:47.350
>> To build launch and and you know and


00:10:47.360 --> 00:10:50.470
keep it going. uh the


00:10:50.480 --> 00:10:52.550
as soon as you put things into space,


00:10:52.560 --> 00:10:55.509
the price tag goes up enormously, which


00:10:55.519 --> 00:10:57.350
is why I'm a big fan of groundbased


00:10:57.360 --> 00:10:59.269
astronomy, especially when we now have


00:10:59.279 --> 00:11:01.910
sites like Sarah Amazon is in northern


00:11:01.920 --> 00:11:04.550
Chile, which is where the ELT will be uh


00:11:04.560 --> 00:11:08.949
whose whose uh you know whose clarity


00:11:08.959 --> 00:11:12.630
and atmospheric stability you can hone


00:11:12.640 --> 00:11:14.949
with that adaptive optics system that


00:11:14.959 --> 00:11:17.030
the telescope's going to be fitted with.


00:11:17.040 --> 00:11:17.350
M.


00:11:17.360 --> 00:11:19.750
>> So, um, that's that's what I'm looking


00:11:19.760 --> 00:11:21.509
out for next. I don't think you need to


00:11:21.519 --> 00:11:23.190
launch anything else into space to get


00:11:23.200 --> 00:11:25.430
anywhere near what the ELT will do.


00:11:25.440 --> 00:11:26.389
>> Very exciting.


00:11:26.399 --> 00:11:28.230
>> Yeah. I heard they're going to have a


00:11:28.240 --> 00:11:30.870
visitors center at the ELT, but the only


00:11:30.880 --> 00:11:35.910
thing on the menu will be BLT, so


00:11:35.920 --> 00:11:37.990
I had to do that joke. It just, you


00:11:38.000 --> 00:11:40.630
know, my brain doesn't let me stop


00:11:40.640 --> 00:11:41.750
sometimes.


00:11:41.760 --> 00:11:43.990
>> No, it


00:11:44.000 --> 00:11:46.310
uh Thank you, Ben, for the question.


00:11:46.320 --> 00:11:48.710
Great to hear from you.


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00:13:09.519 --> 00:13:11.350
>> Roger, you're here also.


00:13:11.360 --> 00:13:13.269
>> Spacenuts. Uh, I'm going to do a bit of


00:13:13.279 --> 00:13:15.030
a switcheroo here because we we're


00:13:15.040 --> 00:13:16.790
already talking about telescopes and


00:13:16.800 --> 00:13:18.629
we've got a question about telescopes.


00:13:18.639 --> 00:13:20.230
So, we might just jump straight to that


00:13:20.240 --> 00:13:22.790
one. Uh, hi Fred and Andrew. Just


00:13:22.800 --> 00:13:26.069
wondering if Fred can shed some light,


00:13:26.079 --> 00:13:29.110
puny intended. Uh, on telescopes and the


00:13:29.120 --> 00:13:30.710
different types of light they can


00:13:30.720 --> 00:13:32.949
detect. I was recently thinking about


00:13:32.959 --> 00:13:35.030
how the James Webb Space Telescope uses


00:13:35.040 --> 00:13:37.430
mirrors to observe infrared light but


00:13:37.440 --> 00:13:39.910
not visible light while Hubble also uses


00:13:39.920 --> 00:13:41.990
mirrors for visible light yet can't


00:13:42.000 --> 00:13:44.949
really see infrared. Uh that got me


00:13:44.959 --> 00:13:47.269
wondering how mirrors, detectors and


00:13:47.279 --> 00:13:49.829
telescope design all come together or


00:13:49.839 --> 00:13:52.470
don't uh for different uh wavelengths.


00:13:52.480 --> 00:13:54.310
Could you please walk us through the


00:13:54.320 --> 00:13:56.310
various types of telescopes, optical,


00:13:56.320 --> 00:13:58.389
infrared, radio, all the way to gamma,


00:13:58.399 --> 00:14:00.150
and explain what kinds of light they


00:14:00.160 --> 00:14:02.629
detect, how they do it, and why each


00:14:02.639 --> 00:14:04.790
telescope can only be used in certain


00:14:04.800 --> 00:14:07.269
ways. Absolutely love the show. May your


00:14:07.279 --> 00:14:09.910
rain uh may you reign supreme for many


00:14:09.920 --> 00:14:12.870
years to come. Cheers, Ash. Thank you,


00:14:12.880 --> 00:14:16.150
Ash. And um yeah, he just wants to know


00:14:16.160 --> 00:14:17.509
everything you've ever written down


00:14:17.519 --> 00:14:19.509
about telescopes. Fred,


00:14:19.519 --> 00:14:20.870
>> yeah, there's a book on it. I I


00:14:20.880 --> 00:14:23.110
recommend Ash Hunted Out.


00:14:23.120 --> 00:14:25.350
>> It's called Star Stargazer, the life and


00:14:25.360 --> 00:14:27.030
times of the telescope. It's the first


00:14:27.040 --> 00:14:30.310
big thick book that I wrote. Uh and


00:14:30.320 --> 00:14:32.389
still one of my favorites because um


00:14:32.399 --> 00:14:34.230
even though it's slightly out of date,


00:14:34.240 --> 00:14:36.790
it opens by talking about what used to


00:14:36.800 --> 00:14:39.350
be called Owl, uh the overwhelmingly


00:14:39.360 --> 00:14:41.750
large telescope, which was actually the


00:14:41.760 --> 00:14:43.430
precursor of the ELT we were just


00:14:43.440 --> 00:14:45.269
talking about there, right? But when


00:14:45.279 --> 00:14:49.430
they were proposing owl um which had an


00:14:49.440 --> 00:14:51.910
overwhelmingly large mirror of 100 m in


00:14:51.920 --> 00:14:53.990
diameter and then they realized it also


00:14:54.000 --> 00:14:56.069
had an overwhelmingly large price tag


00:14:56.079 --> 00:14:58.629
which is why it came down to 39 m and


00:14:58.639 --> 00:15:00.790
that's fine because that's still an


00:15:00.800 --> 00:15:02.949
extremely big telescope. Anyway, um


00:15:02.959 --> 00:15:04.629
that's that's the plug over. That's the


00:15:04.639 --> 00:15:09.910
advert over. Uh so basically telescopes


00:15:09.920 --> 00:15:12.949
have sort of got the same ingredients no


00:15:12.959 --> 00:15:15.829
matter what they're observing. Uh and


00:15:15.839 --> 00:15:17.509
that is something to gather the


00:15:17.519 --> 00:15:19.910
radiation and whether that's very short


00:15:19.920 --> 00:15:22.949
wavelength radiation like gamma rays or


00:15:22.959 --> 00:15:25.030
long wavelength radiation like radio


00:15:25.040 --> 00:15:27.030
waves. Uh you've got something to gather


00:15:27.040 --> 00:15:30.710
the radiation uh and either focus it in


00:15:30.720 --> 00:15:32.710
some way or at least concentrate it and


00:15:32.720 --> 00:15:35.670
then something to detect it. And it's


00:15:35.680 --> 00:15:39.430
usually the detectors that are perhaps


00:15:39.440 --> 00:15:42.710
the most waveband critical because you


00:15:42.720 --> 00:15:45.509
need different detectors for example to


00:15:45.519 --> 00:15:48.150
detect visible light uh from the ones


00:15:48.160 --> 00:15:50.629
that you would use to detect infrared


00:15:50.639 --> 00:15:53.509
light. Um it's and and again it depends


00:15:53.519 --> 00:15:57.350
on the infrared wavelength. Uh so I I


00:15:57.360 --> 00:16:00.389
guess starting right at the the short


00:16:00.399 --> 00:16:03.430
wavelength end with gamma ray and x-ray


00:16:03.440 --> 00:16:07.030
detectors um they are almost the same


00:16:07.040 --> 00:16:09.430
sort of technology as as are used in


00:16:09.440 --> 00:16:12.150
medical imaging. Uh but to focus them


00:16:12.160 --> 00:16:14.230
you've got to have very special


00:16:14.240 --> 00:16:16.710
technologies. um my recollection of


00:16:16.720 --> 00:16:19.269
gammaray telescopes and things might


00:16:19.279 --> 00:16:22.230
have changed a little bit here but the


00:16:22.240 --> 00:16:24.230
they made mirrors which were called


00:16:24.240 --> 00:16:26.949
grazing incidence mirrors which looked


00:16:26.959 --> 00:16:29.749
more like a piece of origyami than than


00:16:29.759 --> 00:16:32.470
a a reflector that you'd imagine but


00:16:32.480 --> 00:16:34.470
they did focus the light to to provide


00:16:34.480 --> 00:16:36.069
that thing and then you go to


00:16:36.079 --> 00:16:39.110
ultraviolet the Hubble is sensitive to


00:16:39.120 --> 00:16:41.509
ultraviolet light um and that for that


00:16:41.519 --> 00:16:43.910
it needed a very precise mirror and we


00:16:43.920 --> 00:16:45.670
all know that the mirror was made very


00:16:45.680 --> 00:16:48.389
precisely but to the wrong prescription


00:16:48.399 --> 00:16:50.389
uh uh for reasons that we haven't time


00:16:50.399 --> 00:16:53.430
to go into. Uh so once again you know


00:16:53.440 --> 00:16:55.430
the detector is sensitive to ultraviolet


00:16:55.440 --> 00:16:57.590
radiation. In fact they've got wideband


00:16:57.600 --> 00:17:00.230
quite wideband detectors. Um Hubble can


00:17:00.240 --> 00:17:03.749
detect longwavelength ultraviolet


00:17:03.759 --> 00:17:05.909
whole of the visible and also the short


00:17:05.919 --> 00:17:07.990
wavelength infrared what we call the


00:17:08.000 --> 00:17:10.710
near infrared. Uh and its mirror and


00:17:10.720 --> 00:17:12.630
detectors are capable of doing that.


00:17:12.640 --> 00:17:14.470
When you go up to the James Web, you're


00:17:14.480 --> 00:17:17.270
right. That's tuned for infrared light.


00:17:17.280 --> 00:17:19.990
And that means your tolerances on the


00:17:20.000 --> 00:17:22.710
accuracy of the mirror are slightly less


00:17:22.720 --> 00:17:24.949
because infrared light's got a longer


00:17:24.959 --> 00:17:28.470
wavelength. And you know how how


00:17:28.480 --> 00:17:30.390
accurate your mirror mirror needs to be


00:17:30.400 --> 00:17:32.630
made is dependent on the wavelength. The


00:17:32.640 --> 00:17:34.549
longer the wavelength, the more relaxed


00:17:34.559 --> 00:17:36.310
you can be about the shape of the


00:17:36.320 --> 00:17:39.350
mirror. Uh so web telescope slightly


00:17:39.360 --> 00:17:42.070
more relaxed although still to very high


00:17:42.080 --> 00:17:44.230
tolerances but the detectors are the


00:17:44.240 --> 00:17:46.789
thing that really render it uh not


00:17:46.799 --> 00:17:49.510
suitable for visible light uh it's got


00:17:49.520 --> 00:17:51.909
definitely got infrared uh sensitive


00:17:51.919 --> 00:17:53.430
detectors.


00:17:53.440 --> 00:17:56.549
It's also got a gold coating uh and


00:17:56.559 --> 00:17:58.630
that's so that rather than a an


00:17:58.640 --> 00:18:00.310
aluminium or silver coating like a


00:18:00.320 --> 00:18:02.070
visible light telescope would have, it's


00:18:02.080 --> 00:18:04.230
got a gold coating because gold reflects


00:18:04.240 --> 00:18:06.310
infrared light better. And then you get


00:18:06.320 --> 00:18:07.990
up to radio waves and you're talking


00:18:08.000 --> 00:18:11.590
about um often dishes and you know a


00:18:11.600 --> 00:18:15.029
dish is just a big mirror but uh one


00:18:15.039 --> 00:18:17.510
that's as I said before it doesn't have


00:18:17.520 --> 00:18:19.510
to be as accurate as the mirror on a


00:18:19.520 --> 00:18:20.789
visible light telescope because the


00:18:20.799 --> 00:18:22.789
wavelength is longer and that's why we


00:18:22.799 --> 00:18:25.270
see these much bigger bigger telescopes


00:18:25.280 --> 00:18:29.029
for radio waves. Uh you get the same


00:18:29.039 --> 00:18:31.830
um sensitivity to detail uh with a


00:18:31.840 --> 00:18:33.909
bigger dish than you do with visible


00:18:33.919 --> 00:18:35.510
light. with a smaller dish. That's


00:18:35.520 --> 00:18:37.110
because that sensitive to details


00:18:37.120 --> 00:18:39.350
proportional to the wavelength. Um, but


00:18:39.360 --> 00:18:41.990
the detectors are quite different in


00:18:42.000 --> 00:18:45.110
radio telescopes. They use often very


00:18:45.120 --> 00:18:46.950
sophisticated technologies where they're


00:18:46.960 --> 00:18:49.510
actually measuring the waveform itself,


00:18:49.520 --> 00:18:51.510
which you don't do with visible light,


00:18:51.520 --> 00:18:53.350
what are called hetradine receivers and


00:18:53.360 --> 00:18:55.350
things of that sort. So, um, that's


00:18:55.360 --> 00:18:57.830
walking through the various types of


00:18:57.840 --> 00:19:00.950
telescopes as you've suggested. Ash, is


00:19:00.960 --> 00:19:02.870
there another bit to the question uh,


00:19:02.880 --> 00:19:04.390
how they do it? Well, I've explained


00:19:04.400 --> 00:19:06.230
that why each telescope can only be used


00:19:06.240 --> 00:19:07.270
in certain ways. Yeah.


00:19:07.280 --> 00:19:10.070
>> Yeah. I guess the question he asks


00:19:10.080 --> 00:19:11.750
prompts a question in my mind or a


00:19:11.760 --> 00:19:13.830
suggestion that you really could not


00:19:13.840 --> 00:19:16.470
build a single telescope that could do


00:19:16.480 --> 00:19:18.710
absolutely everything you'd want to do


00:19:18.720 --> 00:19:21.029
on all spectrums.


00:19:21.039 --> 00:19:24.070
>> Um that's correct. There is a there is a


00:19:24.080 --> 00:19:25.590
device


00:19:25.600 --> 00:19:28.870
which uh in fact is only used really in


00:19:28.880 --> 00:19:31.270
the microwave region of the spectrum. uh


00:19:31.280 --> 00:19:34.070
but it's called a bometer and a bometer


00:19:34.080 --> 00:19:36.870
is something that is basically detects


00:19:36.880 --> 00:19:38.710
stuff but it's insensitive to


00:19:38.720 --> 00:19:41.750
wavelength. So in a sense a bometer a


00:19:41.760 --> 00:19:43.909
perfect bometer will be able to detect


00:19:43.919 --> 00:19:45.909
all wavelengths. Now the reality is you


00:19:45.919 --> 00:19:47.909
can't do that but that's the notion


00:19:47.919 --> 00:19:50.870
behind a bometer and what it means is


00:19:50.880 --> 00:19:54.390
that for microwave astronomy um the


00:19:54.400 --> 00:19:56.710
bometer gives you a very wide range of


00:19:56.720 --> 00:20:00.070
wavelengths to cover. So when you are


00:20:00.080 --> 00:20:02.630
planning to build a telescope,


00:20:02.640 --> 00:20:04.870
do you have an objective in mind before


00:20:04.880 --> 00:20:07.590
you build it or do you build it and then


00:20:07.600 --> 00:20:09.590
think well what can we do this?


00:20:09.600 --> 00:20:11.430
>> No, it's definitely the other way


00:20:11.440 --> 00:20:13.270
around. You you start off with a science


00:20:13.280 --> 00:20:15.750
case. What are the questions that we


00:20:15.760 --> 00:20:17.909
really think are the most urgent


00:20:17.919 --> 00:20:20.230
questions to answer? And you've got


00:20:20.240 --> 00:20:22.310
things like um you know the nature of


00:20:22.320 --> 00:20:25.190
dark energy, the nature of dark matter.


00:20:25.200 --> 00:20:27.029
Uh are there any living organisms


00:20:27.039 --> 00:20:28.470
anywhere else in the univer all the all


00:20:28.480 --> 00:20:29.909
the questions that you and I talk about


00:20:29.919 --> 00:20:32.310
on the show are the ones that scientists


00:20:32.320 --> 00:20:34.070
are still intrigued by and there are


00:20:34.080 --> 00:20:35.750
many others as well. The details of the


00:20:35.760 --> 00:20:38.310
way galaxies interact with environments.


00:20:38.320 --> 00:20:41.350
What about all these um young galaxies


00:20:41.360 --> 00:20:44.789
that seem to be more mature than we


00:20:44.799 --> 00:20:46.470
think they should be at, you know, when


00:20:46.480 --> 00:20:47.830
the universe is only a couple hundred


00:20:47.840 --> 00:20:49.830
million years old? Questions like that.


00:20:49.840 --> 00:20:51.750
They're all the ones that would go into


00:20:51.760 --> 00:20:54.789
the science case for a project. But


00:20:54.799 --> 00:20:56.789
there is always the background that


00:20:56.799 --> 00:20:58.710
you're going to find things out that you


00:20:58.720 --> 00:21:01.110
simply did not expect to find out. So


00:21:01.120 --> 00:21:03.350
that's usually added into the science


00:21:03.360 --> 00:21:05.270
case. The stuff that we just don't


00:21:05.280 --> 00:21:07.750
expect. Serendipitous discovery. There's


00:21:07.760 --> 00:21:10.870
been so many of those um made by the


00:21:10.880 --> 00:21:12.470
world's great telescopes.


00:21:12.480 --> 00:21:14.789
>> Yeah, thank you Ash. That's a great


00:21:14.799 --> 00:21:16.390
question and I could tell Fred was


00:21:16.400 --> 00:21:18.070
excited about it. I I'm just going to go


00:21:18.080 --> 00:21:19.909
I'm going to go back to Ben's question


00:21:19.919 --> 00:21:21.430
about, you know, what do you want the


00:21:21.440 --> 00:21:23.830
next um big thing in telescopes to be?


00:21:23.840 --> 00:21:25.750
I've thought of one. I I want to see the


00:21:25.760 --> 00:21:28.390
FWST.


00:21:28.400 --> 00:21:32.149
>> Uh Fred Watson Space Telescope. That's


00:21:32.159 --> 00:21:32.950
that's what I


00:21:32.960 --> 00:21:34.710
>> want to sound. Yeah, I do too.


00:21:34.720 --> 00:21:36.149
>> I want the sound of that. Thank you. Oh,


00:21:36.159 --> 00:21:38.149
well, you're a pioneer in fiber optics.


00:21:38.159 --> 00:21:39.830
I mean, it makes sense to me that you


00:21:39.840 --> 00:21:42.230
should have one named after you.


00:21:42.240 --> 00:21:42.710
>> Yeah.


00:21:42.720 --> 00:21:45.350
>> I always um I always think the reason


00:21:45.360 --> 00:21:47.430
for my hairstyle is because I worked in


00:21:47.440 --> 00:21:49.190
fiber optics cuz the individual


00:21:49.200 --> 00:21:52.390
follicules got jealous of all these thin


00:21:52.400 --> 00:21:53.909
strands of material that I was playing


00:21:53.919 --> 00:21:55.270
with and they all just fell out.


00:21:55.280 --> 00:21:56.789
>> Yeah, they gave up. Yeah. They said,


00:21:56.799 --> 00:21:58.470
"No, we can't beat that. See you later,


00:21:58.480 --> 00:22:00.149
France.


00:22:00.159 --> 00:22:02.870
We're going somewhere else." Uh, thanks


00:22:02.880 --> 00:22:04.310
Ash for the for the question. And this


00:22:04.320 --> 00:22:06.630
is Space Nuts with Andrew Dunley and


00:22:06.640 --> 00:22:10.710
Professor Fred Watson, a Q&A edition.


00:22:10.720 --> 00:22:13.110
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>> Swift


00:23:40.640 --> 00:23:42.789
base here. The angle has landed.


00:23:42.799 --> 00:23:43.909
>> Space nets.


00:23:43.919 --> 00:23:47.110
>> Our next question comes from somebody


00:23:47.120 --> 00:23:49.830
else. Uh, hi Fred and Andrew. Gravity is


00:23:49.840 --> 00:23:52.390
described by Einstein's theories as the


00:23:52.400 --> 00:23:54.390
bending of spaceime in the presence of


00:23:54.400 --> 00:23:58.310
massive objects. Great. Why then does


00:23:58.320 --> 00:24:00.630
physics discuss the hypothetical


00:24:00.640 --> 00:24:03.590
graviton as a force carrier for gravity?


00:24:03.600 --> 00:24:06.230
Uh what would a graviton look like were


00:24:06.240 --> 00:24:08.710
we to discover it uh or discover its


00:24:08.720 --> 00:24:11.830
existence? And why is it needed at all


00:24:11.840 --> 00:24:14.070
in the context of Einstein's theory?


00:24:14.080 --> 00:24:15.830
Thanks. Keep up the good work. Love the


00:24:15.840 --> 00:24:19.110
show. Russ from Stalbridge


00:24:19.120 --> 00:24:21.510
in the UK. Stalbridge


00:24:21.520 --> 00:24:22.870
>> it is. That's right. It's in the


00:24:22.880 --> 00:24:25.029
Midlands. Stbridge, I think, if I


00:24:25.039 --> 00:24:26.789
remember rightly.


00:24:26.799 --> 00:24:28.310
I mean,


00:24:28.320 --> 00:24:32.470
>> um, yeah, it's a good question. Uh, and


00:24:32.480 --> 00:24:35.590
that's kind of hard to know how to how


00:24:35.600 --> 00:24:38.070
to start it because there's so much to


00:24:38.080 --> 00:24:41.990
say. So, um, yes, general relativity,


00:24:42.000 --> 00:24:45.029
exactly as Ross says, uh, is that


00:24:45.039 --> 00:24:48.149
spacetime bends, uh, or the theory says


00:24:48.159 --> 00:24:50.630
spacetime bends, uh, when you've got


00:24:50.640 --> 00:24:53.990
matter there. Uh, and all the evidence


00:24:54.000 --> 00:24:56.630
is that general relativity is absolutely


00:24:56.640 --> 00:24:59.669
on the money. It's um, you know, it


00:24:59.679 --> 00:25:03.190
meets its predictions with with such a


00:25:03.200 --> 00:25:05.909
high level of accuracy that it's almost


00:25:05.919 --> 00:25:07.669
mind-blowing. If I remember rightly, I


00:25:07.679 --> 00:25:09.909
think it's one part in 10 to the 18 or


00:25:09.919 --> 00:25:11.029
something like that that it's been


00:25:11.039 --> 00:25:15.510
proven to work uh for. So uh that's


00:25:15.520 --> 00:25:20.230
great but um the physicists who look at


00:25:20.240 --> 00:25:23.029
the other end of the of the size scale


00:25:23.039 --> 00:25:25.590
the ones who are interested in quantum


00:25:25.600 --> 00:25:28.310
mechanics and uh you know particle


00:25:28.320 --> 00:25:33.269
physics uh sub subatomic particles they


00:25:33.279 --> 00:25:36.470
say that all forces


00:25:36.480 --> 00:25:38.630
uh and and here we're talking about


00:25:38.640 --> 00:25:41.029
gravity in the Newtonian sense that it's


00:25:41.039 --> 00:25:44.710
a force uh have have a particle that


00:25:44.720 --> 00:25:47.590
carries them. And so, you know, we've


00:25:47.600 --> 00:25:49.590
got the photon for electromagnetic


00:25:49.600 --> 00:25:53.750
force. We've got the um the various uh


00:25:53.760 --> 00:25:56.390
force carriers for the strong and weak


00:25:56.400 --> 00:25:59.909
nuclear forces. Um and we've also got


00:25:59.919 --> 00:26:03.190
now the Higs field, the the the Higs


00:26:03.200 --> 00:26:06.390
Bzon. So what they're saying is that the


00:26:06.400 --> 00:26:08.390
because gravity works that way there


00:26:08.400 --> 00:26:12.230
should be a bzon that carries gravity


00:26:12.240 --> 00:26:14.789
and that's the idea of a hypothetical


00:26:14.799 --> 00:26:19.510
graviton. Um my suspicion as to how that


00:26:19.520 --> 00:26:23.830
links with relativity comes from the the


00:26:23.840 --> 00:26:25.909
the


00:26:25.919 --> 00:26:28.470
description of uh of the Higs Bzon that


00:26:28.480 --> 00:26:29.990
I think we might have talked about a few


00:26:30.000 --> 00:26:35.350
weeks ago. So the Higs Bzon is I think


00:26:35.360 --> 00:26:37.110
somebody asked about you know how how do


00:26:37.120 --> 00:26:39.430
you reconcile the Higs Bzon with


00:26:39.440 --> 00:26:40.549
something that gives all the other


00:26:40.559 --> 00:26:43.669
forces their their mass


00:26:43.679 --> 00:26:46.230
>> because that's what the Bzon does. And


00:26:46.240 --> 00:26:47.669
the bottom line is that what you're


00:26:47.679 --> 00:26:49.750
really talking about is the Higs field,


00:26:49.760 --> 00:26:52.310
which is something like they usually


00:26:52.320 --> 00:26:55.830
talk about syrup or molasses. Uh, and as


00:26:55.840 --> 00:26:57.669
the particles move through it, they get


00:26:57.679 --> 00:27:00.390
they get resistance because they're uh,


00:27:00.400 --> 00:27:01.830
you know, because they're in this sticky


00:27:01.840 --> 00:27:05.029
stuff. Uh, and that gives them the


00:27:05.039 --> 00:27:08.710
effect of mass. It's not an analogy that


00:27:08.720 --> 00:27:11.350
thrills me, I have to say, but it kind


00:27:11.360 --> 00:27:14.470
of gets the idea. And the only time the


00:27:14.480 --> 00:27:17.830
Higs Bzon itself appears is when you've


00:27:17.840 --> 00:27:20.070
got something a collision between


00:27:20.080 --> 00:27:23.110
particles. So the Higs field is is the


00:27:23.120 --> 00:27:25.909
main thing. But if you collide particles


00:27:25.919 --> 00:27:28.310
together, you get this thing that


00:27:28.320 --> 00:27:30.390
emerges from the Higs field which is


00:27:30.400 --> 00:27:32.549
called the Higs Bzon. And that can be


00:27:32.559 --> 00:27:35.350
measured which it was in 2012. And my


00:27:35.360 --> 00:27:37.830
guess is that gravity, the graviton


00:27:37.840 --> 00:27:39.269
would be something like it. It would be


00:27:39.279 --> 00:27:41.669
a Bzon. it would emerge from the gravity


00:27:41.679 --> 00:27:44.390
field maybe would emerge when there were


00:27:44.400 --> 00:27:47.110
collisions in particle accelerators but


00:27:47.120 --> 00:27:50.710
we have no evidence for it yet. So um I


00:27:50.720 --> 00:27:52.950
think um you know Russ I think that's


00:27:52.960 --> 00:27:55.510
the bottom line that uh like the search


00:27:55.520 --> 00:27:58.310
for the Higs Bzon one day the Higs the


00:27:58.320 --> 00:28:01.190
search for the graviton will basically


00:28:01.200 --> 00:28:04.230
cough up the goods uh and uh and we'll


00:28:04.240 --> 00:28:06.149
we'll understand it perhaps in a similar


00:28:06.159 --> 00:28:08.070
way to the way we understand the Higs


00:28:08.080 --> 00:28:11.430
Bzon that you need um to actively create


00:28:11.440 --> 00:28:14.630
a Bzon from the Higs field. So maybe you


00:28:14.640 --> 00:28:16.549
need to create a graviton from the


00:28:16.559 --> 00:28:18.389
gravity field which we're used to


00:28:18.399 --> 00:28:18.950
talking about


00:28:18.960 --> 00:28:21.110
>> and some kind of particle to account for


00:28:21.120 --> 00:28:22.950
dark matter and so


00:28:22.960 --> 00:28:24.950
>> well that's right. Yes. Yeah. Well dark


00:28:24.960 --> 00:28:27.990
matter would probably be a firm on a


00:28:28.000 --> 00:28:29.750
thing that you know is a matter particle


00:28:29.760 --> 00:28:31.750
rather than a force particle.


00:28:31.760 --> 00:28:34.870
>> Okay. Gotcha. Fair enough. All right. Uh


00:28:34.880 --> 00:28:37.590
so where does a light particle fit in


00:28:37.600 --> 00:28:38.389
that? A photon.


00:28:38.399 --> 00:28:39.909
>> Uh that's the photon. Yeah. It's a


00:28:39.919 --> 00:28:42.070
gravitational it's the electromagnetic


00:28:42.080 --> 00:28:43.750
particle. That's pro probably the best


00:28:43.760 --> 00:28:46.710
understood of of the subatomic particles


00:28:46.720 --> 00:28:48.789
because we use it all the time.


00:28:48.799 --> 00:28:50.470
>> We're using it as we speak.


00:28:50.480 --> 00:28:53.510
>> We are. It's very It's very handy.


00:28:53.520 --> 00:28:55.510
>> It's very handy. Yeah. I found it quite


00:28:55.520 --> 00:28:57.029
useful recently.


00:28:57.039 --> 00:28:58.549
>> Good. Very


00:28:58.559 --> 00:29:00.710
>> You probably find the strong and weak


00:29:00.720 --> 00:29:02.310
nuclear forces quite useful as well


00:29:02.320 --> 00:29:04.950
because they stop you falling to bits.


00:29:04.960 --> 00:29:07.669
>> That's a good one. Keep that in mind.


00:29:07.679 --> 00:29:09.269
>> Yeah, I think that's even more useful


00:29:09.279 --> 00:29:11.590
than photon. Really? The problem with


00:29:11.600 --> 00:29:13.750
all of this, Fred, is none of it gives


00:29:13.760 --> 00:29:15.750
me anything to work with to improve my


00:29:15.760 --> 00:29:18.310
golf game. So,


00:29:18.320 --> 00:29:21.669
>> uh, yeah. Well, you've got to start with


00:29:21.679 --> 00:29:24.230
the notion that five irons don't float.


00:29:24.240 --> 00:29:27.350
And once you've got past that step, then


00:29:27.360 --> 00:29:29.190
>> you were getting some book plugs in


00:29:29.200 --> 00:29:30.789
today.


00:29:30.799 --> 00:29:33.669
>> That's one for you. Thank you very much.


00:29:33.679 --> 00:29:35.750
Uh, thank you, Russ. I I hope we covered


00:29:35.760 --> 00:29:37.590
that. I think we did. Not sure, but


00:29:37.600 --> 00:29:39.990
anyway. Um, it it's a work in progress.


00:29:40.000 --> 00:29:42.310
We'll call it that. Uh our final


00:29:42.320 --> 00:29:45.269
question today uh comes from Robert. He


00:29:45.279 --> 00:29:47.110
said, "Hi, my friends down under. I live


00:29:47.120 --> 00:29:50.230
in Areri, Iceland,


00:29:50.240 --> 00:29:52.710
and I'm very much looking forward uh to


00:29:52.720 --> 00:29:54.549
the eclipses this year in the western


00:29:54.559 --> 00:29:58.310
part of Iceland. However, um your recent


00:29:58.320 --> 00:30:00.470
fabulous show regarding Olympus bonds on


00:30:00.480 --> 00:30:02.630
Mars, would this make a perfect


00:30:02.640 --> 00:30:06.470
candidate for a space elevator?" Uh that


00:30:06.480 --> 00:30:08.389
comes from Robert. Hello, Robert. Thanks


00:30:08.399 --> 00:30:10.070
for uh sending your question in


00:30:10.080 --> 00:30:12.230
Arerrera. You've been there.


00:30:12.240 --> 00:30:14.310
>> I have. Yes. I sent you some photographs


00:30:14.320 --> 00:30:16.470
so you could see what it's like. Uh we


00:30:16.480 --> 00:30:18.870
should put them up on the website if


00:30:18.880 --> 00:30:20.470
>> we could post them on in the Space Nuts


00:30:20.480 --> 00:30:21.510
podcast group.


00:30:21.520 --> 00:30:23.590
>> That would be nice. All right. One of


00:30:23.600 --> 00:30:25.830
the main street main and me in the main


00:30:25.840 --> 00:30:27.510
street in Akaria. We were there at this


00:30:27.520 --> 00:30:30.070
time last year actually. Okay. Uh


00:30:30.080 --> 00:30:32.870
Robert. So um I'm sorry I didn't know


00:30:32.880 --> 00:30:34.389
you then or else we'd have looked you


00:30:34.399 --> 00:30:36.630
up. But we had a great time there. It


00:30:36.640 --> 00:30:39.909
was part of our our ice land tour which


00:30:39.919 --> 00:30:41.669
was not the best for weather. So, we


00:30:41.679 --> 00:30:44.549
didn't see any aori, but uh certainly


00:30:44.559 --> 00:30:47.430
experienced some really fabulous


00:30:47.440 --> 00:30:49.110
landscapes up in the northwest of


00:30:49.120 --> 00:30:50.789
Iceland. It was the first our first


00:30:50.799 --> 00:30:52.710
visit up to the northwest. We spent a


00:30:52.720 --> 00:30:54.149
lot of time in the south on previous


00:30:54.159 --> 00:30:57.830
trips, but uh yeah, Aari such a stunning


00:30:57.840 --> 00:30:59.669
place. Beautiful scenery.


00:30:59.679 --> 00:31:01.510
>> They they love their cathedrals, don't


00:31:01.520 --> 00:31:04.389
they? In Iceland, the churches, gee,


00:31:04.399 --> 00:31:06.389
they're amazing. The one the one we saw


00:31:06.399 --> 00:31:08.789
in Rekuik just blew my mind.


00:31:08.799 --> 00:31:10.549
>> That's right. That's that's the classic


00:31:10.559 --> 00:31:13.269
one. That is such an elegant building.


00:31:13.279 --> 00:31:13.669
It is.


00:31:13.679 --> 00:31:15.590
>> And indeed the church in Nakureri is


00:31:15.600 --> 00:31:16.230
lovely as well.


00:31:16.240 --> 00:31:17.990
>> It is. Yeah, you got a photo of that


00:31:18.000 --> 00:31:21.110
one. Yeah, I'll post that too.


00:31:21.120 --> 00:31:25.430
>> Uh what was the question again? Oh yeah.


00:31:25.440 --> 00:31:28.549
>> As a good platform for a space elevator.


00:31:28.559 --> 00:31:34.950
Um the yes um there's a kind of problem


00:31:34.960 --> 00:31:39.350
because to make a space elevator stable


00:31:39.360 --> 00:31:43.110
uh it has to start off from a point on


00:31:43.120 --> 00:31:45.830
the equator of whatever world you're


00:31:45.840 --> 00:31:48.950
trying to get up into space from. Right.


00:31:48.960 --> 00:31:52.630
And Olympus Mons, I am told, is at


00:31:52.640 --> 00:31:57.430
latitude 18° north. In fact, it's 18° 39


00:31:57.440 --> 00:31:59.190
minutes north, which is not the equator


00:31:59.200 --> 00:32:02.310
of Mars. So, you'd have problems with


00:32:02.320 --> 00:32:04.149
it. Uh, it would need to stretch and


00:32:04.159 --> 00:32:06.870
shrink uh and I think would probably


00:32:06.880 --> 00:32:09.830
shake itself to pieces. So, uh I think


00:32:09.840 --> 00:32:11.909
you've got to have the equator. So


00:32:11.919 --> 00:32:14.870
that's a bit sad because Olympus Mons as


00:32:14.880 --> 00:32:19.750
um as Robert is hinting at uh is um you


00:32:19.760 --> 00:32:21.990
know it's high enough that you kind of


00:32:22.000 --> 00:32:24.070
already you're already out.


00:32:24.080 --> 00:32:25.430
>> Well, you're already Yeah, you're


00:32:25.440 --> 00:32:27.350
already on the way up your space


00:32:27.360 --> 00:32:29.909
elevator. So, a nice idea. Very nice


00:32:29.919 --> 00:32:31.909
idea, but I don't think it would work.


00:32:31.919 --> 00:32:35.509
>> That's a pity. Well, I I suspect that uh


00:32:35.519 --> 00:32:38.710
the space elevator concept's probably


00:32:38.720 --> 00:32:40.149
not ever going to happen. And it just


00:32:40.159 --> 00:32:41.750
sounds like it's too expensive, too


00:32:41.760 --> 00:32:43.269
hard, and there are easier ways to do


00:32:43.279 --> 00:32:44.549
things.


00:32:44.559 --> 00:32:46.070
>> Yeah. Well, that's right. Reusable


00:32:46.080 --> 00:32:48.230
boosters is the way to do it. And uh as


00:32:48.240 --> 00:32:49.909
we talked about in the last show, that's


00:32:49.919 --> 00:32:52.230
now basically the normal way of getting


00:32:52.240 --> 00:32:53.990
into space.


00:32:54.000 --> 00:32:55.669
>> Very much so, Robert. Great to hear from


00:32:55.679 --> 00:32:58.389
you. Enjoy those eclipses later this


00:32:58.399 --> 00:33:00.630
year. Uh yeah, that that'll be very


00:33:00.640 --> 00:33:02.149
exciting in Iceland if you can get


00:33:02.159 --> 00:33:05.830
there. Uh be a lot of fun, too. Um so,


00:33:05.840 --> 00:33:07.669
Robert, hopefully we answered your


00:33:07.679 --> 00:33:09.590
question. It was an easy one as it turns


00:33:09.600 --> 00:33:11.669
out. U and that brings us to an end.


00:33:11.679 --> 00:33:13.029
Don't forget if you've got questions for


00:33:13.039 --> 00:33:14.870
us, please send them in. We we're


00:33:14.880 --> 00:33:16.789
actually quite desperately short of


00:33:16.799 --> 00:33:19.110
questions. So, uh send them to us via


00:33:19.120 --> 00:33:21.269
our website spacenutspodcast.com.


00:33:21.279 --> 00:33:22.870
spacenuts.io


00:33:22.880 --> 00:33:25.909
or just do a search for spaceodcast on


00:33:25.919 --> 00:33:27.750
your favorite search engine. Click on


00:33:27.760 --> 00:33:30.070
the AMA button that is ask me anything


00:33:30.080 --> 00:33:31.909
and send your text and audio questions


00:33:31.919 --> 00:33:34.630
in with your name and location. We would


00:33:34.640 --> 00:33:36.950
really love to hear from you. Fred,


00:33:36.960 --> 00:33:38.549
we're all done. Thank you so much. It


00:33:38.559 --> 00:33:39.909
was good fun today.


00:33:39.919 --> 00:33:41.190
>> Yeah, it's been great.


00:33:41.200 --> 00:33:42.630
>> Oh, it's never It's never fun any other


00:33:42.640 --> 00:33:45.350
time, but it was good fun today.


00:33:45.360 --> 00:33:47.509
>> I love connecting with our listeners.


00:33:47.519 --> 00:33:49.590
It's especially when they're in places


00:33:49.600 --> 00:33:51.269
like Arureri.


00:33:51.279 --> 00:33:53.029
>> Yeah. Yeah. What a what an amazing


00:33:53.039 --> 00:33:55.590
place. See you soon, Fred.


00:33:55.600 --> 00:33:56.789
>> Cheers for now.


00:33:56.799 --> 00:33:58.389
>> Professor Fred Watson, astronomer at


00:33:58.399 --> 00:34:00.789
large, part of the team here at Space


00:34:00.799 --> 00:34:03.110
Nuts. And uh thanks to Hugh in the


00:34:03.120 --> 00:34:05.029
studio, uh works really hard, but he


00:34:05.039 --> 00:34:06.389
couldn't be with us today. He got on a


00:34:06.399 --> 00:34:08.470
space elevator and he thought he'd be


00:34:08.480 --> 00:34:10.629
back in time, but some kid pushed all


00:34:10.639 --> 00:34:14.230
the buttons. So, he was he was very


00:34:14.240 --> 00:34:16.790
angry. Anyway, he sent me a text. Uh,


00:34:16.800 --> 00:34:18.710
and from me, Andrew Dunley, thanks for


00:34:18.720 --> 00:34:20.069
your company. We'll catch you on the


00:34:20.079 --> 00:34:22.310
next episode of Space Nuts. Bye-bye.


00:34:22.320 --> 00:34:23.349
>> Space Nuts.


00:34:23.359 --> 00:34:25.430
>> You'll be listening to the Space Nuts


00:34:25.440 --> 00:34:27.669
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00:34:27.679 --> 00:34:30.629
>> available at Apple Podcasts, Spotify,


00:34:30.639 --> 00:34:33.349
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00:34:33.359 --> 00:34:35.750
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00:34:35.760 --> 00:34:38.629
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