Cosmic Radio Mysteries, Moon’s Water Origins, and IO’s Volcanic Heart: S28E08

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is spacetime series 28 episode 8


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for broadcast on the 17th of January


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2025 coming up on space time finally the


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discovery of the origins of fast radio


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bursts the link between lunar water and


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Earth's early history and NASA's Juno


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Mission uncovers the heart of the Jovian


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Moon iOS volcanic rage all that and more


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coming up on


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SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with


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steart


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[Music]




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G astronomers have finally narrowed down


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the source of those mysterious fast


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radio bursts or at least one of them


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discovering that it really did originate


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around a rapidly spinning highly


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magnetic neutron star known as a


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magnetar fast radio bursts a sudden high


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energy flashes of very specific


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wavelengths lasting just a nanc or two


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and originating at Cosmic distances but


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in that short space of time they can


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release more energy than a half billion


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Suns the very first fast radio burst was


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discovered back in 2007 in data from the


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parks radio telescope in New South Wales


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at first most were singular events


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occurring just once at a specific


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location and then never again and that


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suggested there were probably being


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caused by some sort of cataclysmic event


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such as a supernova but astronomers are


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now detecting more and more fast radio


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bursts that have repeated from the same


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location that suggests a very different


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cause feeding black holes glitching


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neutron stars and highly magnetized


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neutron stars called magneti have all


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been suspected and it could be in fact


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that all fast radio bursts are repeaters


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just that some are a lot more active


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than others now a report in the journal


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Nature has pinned down the origins of at


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least one fast radio burst using a novel


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technique that could be used to find the


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origins of more the study's authors


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focused on FB 2022 1022a a previously


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discovered fast radio burst that was


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detected in a galaxy about 200 million L


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years away away they were able to zero


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in further more precisely to determine


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the exact location of the radio signal


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by analyzing its scintillation similar


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to how stars twinkle in the night sky


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the author studied changes in the fast


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radio bir brightness and determined that


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the burst must have originated in the


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immediate vicinity of its source rather


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than much further out as some models


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have predicted the team estimates that


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FB 2022 1022a erupted in a region that's


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extremely close to a rotating neutron


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star 10,000 km away at most now that's


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less than the distance between New York


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and Singapore and at such close range it


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means the burst probably emerged from


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the neutron stars magnetosphere a highly


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magnetic region immediately surrounding


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the Ultra compact object the study's


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lead author Kenzie Nemo says that in


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such environments of neutron stars the


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magnetic fields are really at the limits


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of what the universe can produce in fact


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there's been a lot of debate about


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whether such a bright radio emission


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could even escape from such an extreme


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plasma environment you see atoms can't


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really exist around these highly


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magnetic neutron stars they'd simply be


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torn apart by the magnetic fields but it


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seems that the energy stored in these


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magnetic fields close to the source is


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twisting and reconfiguring in such a way


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that it can be released as radio waves


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visible halfway across the


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universe detections of fast radio bursts


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have ramped up a lot in recent years


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mostly due to the Canadian hydrogen


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intensity mapping experimental chime


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this is a radio telescope array


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comprising four large stationary


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receivers each shaped like a halfpipe


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and tuned to detect radio emissions


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within a range that's highly sensitive


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to fast radio bursts since 2020 Chimes


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detected thousands of fast radio burst


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from all over the sky while scientists


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generally agreed that the burst arise


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from extremely compact objects the exact


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physics driving them remains unclear


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Some models predict that they should


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come from the turbulent magnetosphere


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immediately surrounding the compact


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object While others predict that the


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burst should originate much further out


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as part of a shock wave propagating out


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from the central object so to


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distinguish between the two hypotheses


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and determine exactly where fast radio


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births arise the authors considered the


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idea of insulation the effect that


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occurs when light from a small bright


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Source such as a star filters through


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some sort of a medium such as a Galaxy's


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gas we see the same thing happening here


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on Earth as Starlight features through


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the gas of the atmosphere it bends it in


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ways that make the star appear to


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twinkle and the smaller or further away


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the object is the more it twinkles


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that's why light from larger closer


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objects such as planets experience less


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bending and therefore don't appear to


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twinkle the authors reason that if they


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could estimate the degree to which a


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fast radio burst scintillates they could


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determine the relative size of the


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region from where it originated the


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smaller the region the closer the burst


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must be to its source and the more


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likely it is to have come from a


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magnetically turbulent environment on


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the other hand the larger the region the


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further away the burst would be giving


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more support to the idea that fast radio


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bursts stem from far out shock waves to


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test their hypothesis the researchers


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looked at FB 2022 1022a that's a fast


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radio B first detected by a chime in


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2022 the signal lasted about 2


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milliseconds and was a relatively


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run-of-the-mill fast radio burst in


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terms of its brightness however


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scientist at McGill University found


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that FB 2022 1022a exhibited one


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outstanding property the light from the


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burst was highly polarized with the


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angle of polarization tracing a smooth


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a-shaped curve now this pattern is


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interpreted as evidence that the fast


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radio burst emission site is rotating in


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a characteristic previously observed


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impulse eyes highly magnetized rotating


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neutron stars so if FB 2022 1022a


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originated from close to a neutron star


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the author should be able to prove this


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using scintillation Nemo and colleagues


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analyzed data from chime observing steep


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variations in brightness which signals


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cellation in other words the fast radio


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burst was twinkling that means the


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authors had confirmed that there was gas


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somewhere between the telescope at the


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fast radio burst that was bending and


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filtering the radio waves they then


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determined where this gas was located


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confirming that the gas within the fast


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radio burst host Galaxy was responsible


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for some of the scintillation the gas


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acted as a sort of natural lens allowing


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the researchers to zoom in on the fast


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radio burst site and determined that the


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burst originated from an extremely small


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region estimated to be just around


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10,000 km wide Nemo says that means the


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FB is probably within hundreds of


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thousands of kilometers from the source


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and on Cosmic scales that's extremely


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close now for comparison one would


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expect the signal would be far more than


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tens of millions of kilometers away were


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it to originate from a Shark Wave and


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under those conditions you wouldn't see


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any scintillation in other words the


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results clearly rule out the possibility


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that FB 2022 1022a emerged from the


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outskirts of a compact object instead


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the study proves for the first time that


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this fast radio burst originated from


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very close to a neutron star this is


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spacetime still to come the link between


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lunar water and Earth's early history


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and nessa's Juno Mission uncovers the


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heart of the JY Moon IO volcanic rage


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all that and more still to come on


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SpaceTime


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[Music]


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a new study has shown that much of the


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moon's water actually originated on the


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early Proto Earth the findings reported


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in the journal the proceedings of the


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National Academy of Sciences analyzed


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water in nine samples from the Apollo


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AOL Luna missions using a high Precision


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triple oxygen isotope technique the


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method separates water into its various


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binding phases Loosely bound tightly


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bound and trapped within minerals it


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does this through stepwise heating at


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50° C 150° C and 1,000° C one of the


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studies authors Maxwell th from the V


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University in Brussels says the data


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provides crucial evidence that lunar


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water had a dual Heritage one part


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originating from early earthlike


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material and another derived through


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cometry impacts he says it's a major


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step forward in unraveling where lunar


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water comes from the finding suggest


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that the moon inherited water tracing


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back to Earth's formation followed by


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later cont contributions from Comet


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impacts delivering the water reservoirs


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we see today the Earth Moon system was


00:09:05.519 --> 00:09:07.590
created when a mars-sized planet which


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we now call Thea slamed into the early


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Proto Earth some 4.5 billion years ago


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causing both bodies to melt into a magma


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ocean now eventually this all cooled and


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coales to form the Earth as we have it


00:09:19.720 --> 00:09:22.110
today and some of the debris ejector


00:09:22.120 --> 00:09:23.750
flung into orbit around the Earth from


00:09:23.760 --> 00:09:25.710
the newly created Planet eventually it


00:09:25.720 --> 00:09:28.470
created to form the moon sometime later


00:09:28.480 --> 00:09:30.790
the study shows that the oxygen isotopic


00:09:30.800 --> 00:09:33.190
composition closely matches entite


00:09:33.200 --> 00:09:35.750
condres a meteorite type believed to be


00:09:35.760 --> 00:09:37.949
one of the building blocks of the Earth


00:09:37.959 --> 00:09:40.150
but they're also clear signs of cometry


00:09:40.160 --> 00:09:42.110
contribution with a significant portion


00:09:42.120 --> 00:09:44.030
of lunar water showing isotopic


00:09:44.040 --> 00:09:46.750
similarities to comets interestingly the


00:09:46.760 --> 00:09:48.790
findings also challenged the idea that


00:09:48.800 --> 00:09:50.750
the majority of lunar water was produced


00:09:50.760 --> 00:09:52.430
through solar interactions with lunar


00:09:52.440 --> 00:09:55.030
silicates instead presenting a far more


00:09:55.040 --> 00:09:58.310
complex mixing of sources this is


00:09:58.320 --> 00:10:01.069
spacetime still to come NASA's Juno


00:10:01.079 --> 00:10:03.030
Mission uncovers the heart of the Jovian


00:10:03.040 --> 00:10:05.949
Moon iOS volcanic rage and later in the


00:10:05.959 --> 00:10:08.110
science report a study looks at the


00:10:08.120 --> 00:10:10.389
sorts of illnesses Disney Princesses


00:10:10.399 --> 00:10:12.110
would have suffered were they real


00:10:12.120 --> 00:10:14.110
people you can tell we're in the Silly


00:10:14.120 --> 00:10:16.670
Season all that and more still to come


00:10:16.680 --> 00:10:18.210
on SpaceTime


00:10:18.220 --> 00:10:24.470
[Music]




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scientists with NASA's Juno mission to


00:10:34.880 --> 00:10:36.310
Jupiter have discovered that the


00:10:36.320 --> 00:10:39.030
volcanoes on jupitor moon IO are each


00:10:39.040 --> 00:10:40.670
likely to be powered by their own


00:10:40.680 --> 00:10:43.230
chamber of rolling hot magma rather than


00:10:43.240 --> 00:10:46.430
a single subsurface magma ocean the new


00:10:46.440 --> 00:10:48.430
findings reported in the journal Nature


00:10:48.440 --> 00:10:51.110
solves a 44-year-old mystery about the


00:10:51.120 --> 00:10:53.550
subsurface origins of the moon's most


00:10:53.560 --> 00:10:56.470
demonstrative geological features about


00:10:56.480 --> 00:10:58.790
the same size as the Earth's Moon IO is


00:10:58.800 --> 00:11:00.670
known as the most volcanically active


00:11:00.680 --> 00:11:03.470
body in our solar system it's home to an


00:11:03.480 --> 00:11:06.790
estimated 400 volcanoes blasting lava


00:11:06.800 --> 00:11:09.550
and plumes in seemingly continuous


00:11:09.560 --> 00:11:11.829
eruptions in fact if you could live on


00:11:11.839 --> 00:11:13.629
iO you wouldn't have weather reports


00:11:13.639 --> 00:11:15.710
you'd have geological reports with


00:11:15.720 --> 00:11:17.949
mountain building in the north and Lava


00:11:17.959 --> 00:11:20.790
Lakes forming in the East I was


00:11:20.800 --> 00:11:23.670
discovered by Galileo Galilee in 1610


00:11:23.680 --> 00:11:26.110
but it wasn't until the Voyer one fly by


00:11:26.120 --> 00:11:29.310
in 1979 that Imaging scientist Linda Mor


00:11:29.320 --> 00:11:30.910
beat her from NASA's jet propulsion


00:11:30.920 --> 00:11:33.310
laboratory in pasadina California first


00:11:33.320 --> 00:11:35.470
identified a volcanic plume erupting


00:11:35.480 --> 00:11:37.790
from the surface of IO in an image taken


00:11:37.800 --> 00:11:40.230
by the spacecraft Junior principal


00:11:40.240 --> 00:11:41.949
investigator Scott Bolton from the


00:11:41.959 --> 00:11:43.670
southwest Research Institute in San


00:11:43.680 --> 00:11:46.230
Antonio Texas says since morbid's


00:11:46.240 --> 00:11:47.710
Discovery planetary scientists have been


00:11:47.720 --> 00:11:49.430
wondering about how the volcanoes are


00:11:49.440 --> 00:11:51.509
being fed from lava underneath the


00:11:51.519 --> 00:11:53.790
surface were there shallow oceans of


00:11:53.800 --> 00:11:56.389
white hot magma fueling the volcanoes or


00:11:56.399 --> 00:11:59.509
were this sources far more localized


00:11:59.519 --> 00:12:01.350
scientists knew that data from Juno's


00:12:01.360 --> 00:12:03.829
two very close flybys of IO could give


00:12:03.839 --> 00:12:05.829
fresh insights on how this tortured


00:12:05.839 --> 00:12:08.550
little Moon actually worked the Juno


00:12:08.560 --> 00:12:10.870
spacecraft met extremely close flybys of


00:12:10.880 --> 00:12:14.430
iow in December 2023 and February 2024


00:12:14.440 --> 00:12:17.069
getting to within 1500 kilm of its Pizza


00:12:17.079 --> 00:12:19.550
faced surface during these close


00:12:19.560 --> 00:12:21.710
approaches Juno communicated with NASA's


00:12:21.720 --> 00:12:23.670
deep space Communications Network


00:12:23.680 --> 00:12:25.750
acquiring High Precision dual frequency


00:12:25.760 --> 00:12:27.629
Doppler data which was then used to


00:12:27.639 --> 00:12:29.870
measure io's Gravity by tracking how it


00:12:29.880 --> 00:12:32.310
affected the spacecraft's acceleration


00:12:32.320 --> 00:12:33.470
what the mission learned about the


00:12:33.480 --> 00:12:35.430
moon's gravity from these flybys


00:12:35.440 --> 00:12:37.189
revealed lots of details about a


00:12:37.199 --> 00:12:39.430
phenomenon known as gravitational tidal


00:12:39.440 --> 00:12:42.670
flexing see I is extremely close to the


00:12:42.680 --> 00:12:44.870
mammoth Jupiter the largest planet in


00:12:44.880 --> 00:12:47.189
our solar system and its elliptical


00:12:47.199 --> 00:12:49.230
orbit swings it around the gas giant


00:12:49.240 --> 00:12:52.590
once every 42 and 1/2 hours as this


00:12:52.600 --> 00:12:55.430
distance varies so too does Jupiter's


00:12:55.440 --> 00:12:57.430
gravitational pull on the moon which


00:12:57.440 --> 00:12:59.350
causes the moon to be relentlessly


00:12:59.360 --> 00:13:02.269
pulled and squeezed the result is an


00:13:02.279 --> 00:13:04.189
extreme case of gravitational tidal


00:13:04.199 --> 00:13:06.670
flexing friction from tidal forces


00:13:06.680 --> 00:13:09.230
generating internal heat Bolton says


00:13:09.240 --> 00:13:11.389
this constant flexing creates immense


00:13:11.399 --> 00:13:13.710
energy which literally melts portions of


00:13:13.720 --> 00:13:16.829
I's interior now if IO had a global


00:13:16.839 --> 00:13:18.829
magma ocean Bolton knew that the signal


00:13:18.839 --> 00:13:20.629
of its title deformation would be much


00:13:20.639 --> 00:13:23.310
larger than a more rigid mostly solid


00:13:23.320 --> 00:13:25.870
interior so depending on the results of


00:13:25.880 --> 00:13:28.430
Juno's probing of I's gravity field


00:13:28.440 --> 00:13:30.470
Bolton colleagues were able to tell if a


00:13:30.480 --> 00:13:32.949
global magma ocean was indeed hiding


00:13:32.959 --> 00:13:35.350
beneath its surface the junit team


00:13:35.360 --> 00:13:37.069
compared Doppler data from the two


00:13:37.079 --> 00:13:39.030
flybys with observations from the


00:13:39.040 --> 00:13:41.150
agency's previous missions to the Jovian


00:13:41.160 --> 00:13:44.110
system and from groundbased telescopes


00:13:44.120 --> 00:13:46.310
and they found that the tidal defamation


00:13:46.320 --> 00:13:48.509
was consistent with IO not having a


00:13:48.519 --> 00:13:51.590
shallow Global magma ocean Jenner's


00:13:51.600 --> 00:13:53.629
discovery that tidle forces don't always


00:13:53.639 --> 00:13:55.749
create Global magma oceans has


00:13:55.759 --> 00:13:57.590
implications for science's understanding


00:13:57.600 --> 00:13:59.990
of other moons too including Enceladus


00:14:00.000 --> 00:14:02.749
in Europa and even exoplanets and super


00:14:02.759 --> 00:14:05.110
Earths one of the teams involved with


00:14:05.120 --> 00:14:07.389
the Juno Mission with the University of


00:14:07.399 --> 00:14:10.030
leester the objectives of the Juno


00:14:10.040 --> 00:14:10.990
Mission are


00:14:11.000 --> 00:14:13.910
three-fold there is a study of the


00:14:13.920 --> 00:14:17.189
internal structure of the planet uh how


00:14:17.199 --> 00:14:19.389
the mass is distributed on the inside


00:14:19.399 --> 00:14:21.829
whether there is a solid core or not


00:14:21.839 --> 00:14:24.629
secondly there is an objective to look


00:14:24.639 --> 00:14:27.470
deep within the atmosphere of the planet


00:14:27.480 --> 00:14:29.749
above the visible Cloud tops you can see


00:14:29.759 --> 00:14:32.350
from Earth to understand the structure


00:14:32.360 --> 00:14:34.470
of the weather layers beneath the cloud


00:14:34.480 --> 00:14:37.350
tops the origin of the Great Red Spot


00:14:37.360 --> 00:14:40.829
and so forth and thirdly there is the


00:14:40.839 --> 00:14:43.230
objective of looking at the origins of


00:14:43.240 --> 00:14:45.670
the planets auroras which are the most


00:14:45.680 --> 00:14:48.430
intense auroras in the solar system the


00:14:48.440 --> 00:14:50.069
Earth of course has auroras around the


00:14:50.079 --> 00:14:52.790
pole so does Saturn and so does Jupiter


00:14:52.800 --> 00:14:55.470
but Jupiter by far the most powerful and


00:14:55.480 --> 00:14:57.150
we want to know the origin the physical


00:14:57.160 --> 00:14:59.629
origin that drives the auroras and the


00:14:59.639 --> 00:15:01.269
connection with the magnetic field at


00:15:01.279 --> 00:15:03.110
large distances the University of


00:15:03.120 --> 00:15:04.790
leicester's involvement in the mission


00:15:04.800 --> 00:15:08.269
is um through Professor Stan Cy um who


00:15:08.279 --> 00:15:09.749
is a science


00:15:09.759 --> 00:15:12.550
co-investigator on the main Juno science


00:15:12.560 --> 00:15:16.230
team and that was because um we had been


00:15:16.240 --> 00:15:18.230
involved in theoretical studies of


00:15:18.240 --> 00:15:20.990
Jupiter's environment uh in the


00:15:21.000 --> 00:15:23.749
immediate couple of years beforeand and


00:15:23.759 --> 00:15:26.949
had produced um a research paper that


00:15:26.959 --> 00:15:30.389
was published in 2001 which has become


00:15:30.399 --> 00:15:34.230
the definitive model of how Jupiter's


00:15:34.240 --> 00:15:37.910
aoras or how we think Jupiter's aoras


00:15:37.920 --> 00:15:41.350
are actually generated and so when this


00:15:41.360 --> 00:15:43.990
mission was being proposed to NASA we


00:15:44.000 --> 00:15:48.069
were the go-to people to be involved in


00:15:48.079 --> 00:15:51.030
the planning of the mission if we want


00:15:51.040 --> 00:15:53.110
to understand the solar system and and


00:15:53.120 --> 00:15:55.670
how it Formed how it evolved over time


00:15:55.680 --> 00:15:58.069
then we need to understand Jupiter we


00:15:58.079 --> 00:16:00.389
understand quite a lot about Jupiter but


00:16:00.399 --> 00:16:02.509
we don't know the details of the


00:16:02.519 --> 00:16:05.470
Interior whether or not it has a core


00:16:05.480 --> 00:16:07.710
how much water is contained in the


00:16:07.720 --> 00:16:10.189
atmosphere so the details are really


00:16:10.199 --> 00:16:14.069
really important and due to Juno's


00:16:14.079 --> 00:16:17.069
unique polar orbit we really have an


00:16:17.079 --> 00:16:19.309
opportunity for a step change in our


00:16:19.319 --> 00:16:21.629
knowledge it is a game Cher the results


00:16:21.639 --> 00:16:23.230
that will come from the Juno Mission


00:16:23.240 --> 00:16:26.189
will significantly enhance our knowledge


00:16:26.199 --> 00:16:28.910
of Jupiter overall and in that report


00:16:28.920 --> 00:16:30.829
from the University of Lisa we heard


00:16:30.839 --> 00:16:34.189
from professors Emma Brun and Stan Cy


00:16:34.199 --> 00:16:35.540
this is


00:16:35.550 --> 00:16:45.770
[Music]




00:16:51.199 --> 00:16:53.550
spacetime and time out to take another


00:16:53.560 --> 00:16:54.829
brief look at some of the other stories


00:16:54.839 --> 00:16:57.150
making news and science this week with a


00:16:57.160 --> 00:17:00.350
science report the now seems to be more


00:17:00.360 --> 00:17:02.389
carbon stored in human-made stuff on the


00:17:02.399 --> 00:17:04.429
planet than what there is carbon in the


00:17:04.439 --> 00:17:07.350
natural world the findings reported in


00:17:07.360 --> 00:17:09.470
the journal s report sustainability


00:17:09.480 --> 00:17:11.510
looked at how much carbon is stored in


00:17:11.520 --> 00:17:13.470
long lasting products such as Plastics


00:17:13.480 --> 00:17:15.270
and buildings the authors looked at the


00:17:15.280 --> 00:17:16.590
amount of fossil carbon in the


00:17:16.600 --> 00:17:18.309
technosphere that's the sum of all


00:17:18.319 --> 00:17:20.750
human-made artifacts both in use and


00:17:20.760 --> 00:17:23.710
discarded they estimate that some 8.4


00:17:23.720 --> 00:17:26.110
billion tons of fossil carbon has been


00:17:26.120 --> 00:17:28.990
accumulated in the past 25 years with


00:17:29.000 --> 00:17:31.270
approximately 0.4 billion tons being


00:17:31.280 --> 00:17:33.990
added annually the authors say this has


00:17:34.000 --> 00:17:36.150
a huge potential to add to greenhouse


00:17:36.160 --> 00:17:38.150
gas emissions if the carbon locked up in


00:17:38.160 --> 00:17:41.230
these everyday objects were ever to be


00:17:41.240 --> 00:17:43.590
released researchers have shown that the


00:17:43.600 --> 00:17:45.870
expected lifespan of a dementia patient


00:17:45.880 --> 00:17:47.750
after they've been diagnosed varies


00:17:47.760 --> 00:17:49.590
dramatically depending on how old they


00:17:49.600 --> 00:17:51.549
are their gender and what type of


00:17:51.559 --> 00:17:53.789
disease they have a report in the


00:17:53.799 --> 00:17:55.870
British medical journal combined results


00:17:55.880 --> 00:17:58.270
from 261 studies predominantly from


00:17:58.280 --> 00:17:59.830
Europe and North North America looking


00:17:59.840 --> 00:18:02.630
at the lifespan of dementia patients the


00:18:02.640 --> 00:18:04.549
authors say life expectancy varies


00:18:04.559 --> 00:18:06.710
greatly depending on the situation with


00:18:06.720 --> 00:18:09.230
women diagnosed around 60 likely to live


00:18:09.240 --> 00:18:12.310
another 8.9 years while men diagnosed in


00:18:12.320 --> 00:18:13.990
the mid 80s have an average life


00:18:14.000 --> 00:18:17.070
expectancy of just 2.2 years overall


00:18:17.080 --> 00:18:19.070
researchers say dementia reduced life


00:18:19.080 --> 00:18:21.230
expectancy by about 2 years for people


00:18:21.240 --> 00:18:24.669
with a diagnosis at age 85 3 to 4 years


00:18:24.679 --> 00:18:27.710
with a diagnosis at age 80 and up to 13


00:18:27.720 --> 00:18:31.830
years with a diag nois at age 65 133% of


00:18:31.840 --> 00:18:33.310
people were admitted to a nursing home


00:18:33.320 --> 00:18:35.350
in the first year after their diagnosis


00:18:35.360 --> 00:18:39.230
increasing to a third 3 years and 57% at


00:18:39.240 --> 00:18:40.430
5


00:18:40.440 --> 00:18:42.710
years well here's a study that proves


00:18:42.720 --> 00:18:44.070
were now in what journalists call the


00:18:44.080 --> 00:18:47.230
Silly Season the study has shown how had


00:18:47.240 --> 00:18:49.390
they been real each of the Disney fairy


00:18:49.400 --> 00:18:51.549
tale princesses could have exposed


00:18:51.559 --> 00:18:53.350
themselves to all sorts of harmful


00:18:53.360 --> 00:18:55.149
substances and illnesses at least


00:18:55.159 --> 00:18:57.390
according to their storylines the


00:18:57.400 --> 00:18:59.070
findings reported in the British medical


00:18:59.080 --> 00:19:01.470
journal show that Snow White for example


00:19:01.480 --> 00:19:02.909
would have been at risk of heart disease


00:19:02.919 --> 00:19:04.909
and mental health issues for her time


00:19:04.919 --> 00:19:06.750
locked away in a castle and the


00:19:06.760 --> 00:19:08.549
long-term lasting effects of eating a


00:19:08.559 --> 00:19:11.310
poison apple should also be considered


00:19:11.320 --> 00:19:13.630
Jasmine and Bill's proximity to large


00:19:13.640 --> 00:19:15.270
animals could put them at risk of all


00:19:15.280 --> 00:19:17.070
sorts of animal born diseases


00:19:17.080 --> 00:19:18.909
Cinderella's exposure to dust and


00:19:18.919 --> 00:19:20.390
magical glitter could cause lung


00:19:20.400 --> 00:19:22.950
diseases perkaus is ponant for diving


00:19:22.960 --> 00:19:25.070
off a 250 M torque Cliff would


00:19:25.080 --> 00:19:27.070
undoubtedly have led to Broken Bones


00:19:27.080 --> 00:19:29.350
Aurora's infinite sleep carries the risk


00:19:29.360 --> 00:19:31.510
of heart disease mulan's familial


00:19:31.520 --> 00:19:32.909
pressures would have led to mental


00:19:32.919 --> 00:19:34.789
health issues and anyone climbing up


00:19:34.799 --> 00:19:36.909
Rapunzel's hair would have likely caused


00:19:36.919 --> 00:19:39.590
a permanent hair loss and scalp


00:19:39.600 --> 00:19:41.909
damage and finally for this week we're


00:19:41.919 --> 00:19:43.950
looking at the mystery of the Alaska


00:19:43.960 --> 00:19:46.310
triangle it's a place where Travelers


00:19:46.320 --> 00:19:48.430
keep disappearing and it just happens to


00:19:48.440 --> 00:19:50.070
have the highest recorded numbers of


00:19:50.080 --> 00:19:52.470
paranormal incidents in the world but


00:19:52.480 --> 00:19:54.549
timendum from Australian Skeptics wants


00:19:54.559 --> 00:19:56.990
to know why are proponents of such zones


00:19:57.000 --> 00:19:59.830
so geometrically challenged why are they


00:19:59.840 --> 00:20:02.190
always in triangles Alaska triangle is


00:20:02.200 --> 00:20:03.990
where supposedly a lot of people have


00:20:04.000 --> 00:20:05.830
disappeared someone suggesting that


00:20:05.840 --> 00:20:07.230
anywhere between


00:20:07.240 --> 00:20:10.070
52,000 mysterious disappearances a year


00:20:10.080 --> 00:20:12.430
which is twice the national us average a


00:20:12.440 --> 00:20:14.909
lot of uh Wild Country in Alaska


00:20:14.919 --> 00:20:16.510
apparently a lot of beers as well but


00:20:16.520 --> 00:20:18.510
somewhere between 500 and 2,000 so no


00:20:18.520 --> 00:20:20.470
one's really quite sure and they say


00:20:20.480 --> 00:20:23.149
it's a consistent flow of UFO sightings


00:20:23.159 --> 00:20:25.270
uh someone put one with the other people


00:20:25.280 --> 00:20:27.350
mysteriously disappearing lot of UFO


00:20:27.360 --> 00:20:29.510
sightings they're being taken away and


00:20:29.520 --> 00:20:32.190
in this triangle which is formed by


00:20:32.200 --> 00:20:34.669
joining up various known sites within


00:20:34.679 --> 00:20:36.789
Alaska the people keep disappearing fair


00:20:36.799 --> 00:20:37.990
enough someone says you know some of


00:20:38.000 --> 00:20:39.230
these things that have disappear they


00:20:39.240 --> 00:20:41.230
actually find the bodies later on and


00:20:41.240 --> 00:20:43.070
yep a be you can't say that's always


00:20:43.080 --> 00:20:44.630
going to be the case people might just


00:20:44.640 --> 00:20:46.590
freeze to death and it's it's a wild


00:20:46.600 --> 00:20:48.950
place so my problem is that with all


00:20:48.960 --> 00:20:50.950
these things like the B triangle the the


00:20:50.960 --> 00:20:53.230
Japan sea triangle the Alaska triangle


00:20:53.240 --> 00:20:54.990
everyone has triangles I think that's a


00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:56.710
bit boring it's a geometrically


00:20:56.720 --> 00:20:58.789
challenged I call it no one has a


00:20:58.799 --> 00:21:02.110
horrifying hexagon or a dangerous


00:21:02.120 --> 00:21:04.390
parallelogram someone pointed out very


00:21:04.400 --> 00:21:06.630
rudely a mathematician with obviously a


00:21:06.640 --> 00:21:08.310
typical wacky sense of humor that


00:21:08.320 --> 00:21:10.310
mathematicians have that a do zedrin is


00:21:10.320 --> 00:21:11.870
a three-dimensional space whereas a


00:21:11.880 --> 00:21:13.430
triangle two- dimensional I think it


00:21:13.440 --> 00:21:15.750
will you UFO up in the sky UFOs down in


00:21:15.760 --> 00:21:17.149
the water you really got to have a


00:21:17.159 --> 00:21:18.750
three-dimensional shape these days you


00:21:18.760 --> 00:21:20.590
know to to account for all these things


00:21:20.600 --> 00:21:22.269
uh and triangles just doesn't do it and


00:21:22.279 --> 00:21:24.110
often the case like the Beed triangle a


00:21:24.120 --> 00:21:26.110
lot of the examples that are used never


00:21:26.120 --> 00:21:28.029
happened in the area they say they did I


00:21:28.039 --> 00:21:29.470
think beut triangle there were some


00:21:29.480 --> 00:21:30.789
cases raised that actually happened in


00:21:30.799 --> 00:21:32.510
the Pacific well the Gulf of Mexico


00:21:32.520 --> 00:21:34.549
anyway yeah the Gulf of Mexico there


00:21:34.559 --> 00:21:36.149
were ships they say heading for the


00:21:36.159 --> 00:21:37.870
Bermuda Triangle we got nowhere near the


00:21:37.880 --> 00:21:40.390
M triangle that went down that sank


00:21:40.400 --> 00:21:42.870
mysteriously quite well coming they keep


00:21:42.880 --> 00:21:44.350
shifting so let's stick with something


00:21:44.360 --> 00:21:45.669
three dimensional which you can't mess


00:21:45.679 --> 00:21:47.029
around with so much so yeah the


00:21:47.039 --> 00:21:48.909
dangerous thir deedon I'm going after


00:21:48.919 --> 00:21:50.789
that's Tim mendum from Australian


00:21:50.799 --> 00:21:53.120
Skeptics


00:21:53.130 --> 00:22:07.029
[Music]


00:22:07.039 --> 00:22:09.909
and that's the show for now SpaceTime is


00:22:09.919 --> 00:22:11.750
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