Cosmic Questions: Time, Mass, and the Spectacle of Auroras | Space Nuts: Astronomy Insights &...

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Language: en

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Hi there. Thanks for joining us again.


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This is Space Nuts, a Q&A edition. My


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name is Andrew Dunley. Hope you're well.


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Stick around. We have got questions from


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uh our audience. Uh one about time in


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anti-gravity and the speed of time. Uh


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that's always fun to talk about. Uh


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we've got another question about


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supernova remnants. uh the colors of


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Aurora and uh a light speed boost idea.


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This is a could I would I should I type


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of with my spaceship do something that


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might give me a light speed boost. We'll


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see if it works on this edition of Space


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Nuts.


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>> 15 seconds. Guidance is internal. 10 9


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ignition sequence start.


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>> Space nuts. 5 4 3 2


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>> 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1


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>> space notice


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>> astronauts reported feels good.


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>> And he's back uh once again to try and


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solve all your little riddles. Here's


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Professor Fred Watson, astronomer at


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large. Hello, Fred.


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>> Uh hello there, Andrew. It's very good


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to be talking with you. It is. I'm sorry


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I've turned into an Irishman cuz I


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>> I wonder what was happening there.


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>> Yeah, in my trip to Ireland, which is


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great. There's nothing wrong with the


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Irish when we were there in would have


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been July. Yeah, July. Uh they really


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bunged it on for us at um at a place


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called Cove. It used to be called um I


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think Victoria. Was that what it was


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called? Um no no. Uh anyway, that it's


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where the uh uh Titanic made its last


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stop before getting out to the Atlantic


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and picked up its last groups of


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passengers and some very sad stories


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>> as well. Uh yeah, the the pier where


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everybody got on board the the um the


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boats to go out to the Titanic cuz it


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couldn't actually anchor at at Paul had


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to anchor outside the the harbor at u


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>> at Cove. Um it um it's still there parts


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of it.


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>> H so you can still see the remnants of


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that old um and and the White Starline


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office is still there as well which is


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now a museum where you can learn about


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the Titanic through the Titanic


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experience. I highly recommend that in


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the town of Cove which is near County


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Cork. County Cork it is. Yeah. Uh lovely


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place and they they had Australian and


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New Zealand flags everywhere and music


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playing and they know how to party those


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people. Yeah. Terrific. Uh shall we um


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do some questions, Fred?


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>> No, no, I think we should just have a


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cup of tea.


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>> Yeah, we that we'd probably have less


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trouble. Uh let's firstly get a question


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from Andy.


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>> Hi guys, it's Andy here from the UK.


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First time questioner. two questions


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both time related. Um the first question


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um as mass and gravity are so closely


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related and the higher a mass is the


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slower time will flow.


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What would happen to the flow of time in


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an anti-gravity field? So that's the


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first question. Um the second question,


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if a planet had life that was


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intelligent and was evolving and had the


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potential to become space fairing, but


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the planet was high gravity. Is the


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playoff between gravity and the speed of


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time enough that that will make a


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significant difference to the evolution


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of the planet on galactic scales? Hope


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that one makes sense. Great program. No


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doubt I'll be back again.


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>> Wow, Andy, where gee whiz, you've been


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pondering that for a while. There's some


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great questions there. We'll um we'll


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tackle the first one first, unless you


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want to do the first one second and the


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second. No, I don't know. uh time, the


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effect of um uh the effect on time


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um if it passes through an anti-gravity


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field or just the effect on time in an


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anti-gravity field.


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Yes. So um so Andy's right actually uh


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if you so what you've got is this


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phenomenon called time dilation. Appears


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that clocks slow down when you're in a


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gravitational field. um they only appear


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to be slowed down to outside observers.


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To you as the person in the gravity


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field, it makes no difference. The


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clock's just ticking at the same speed


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as it always did. But to an outside


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observer, your clocks are ticking more


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slowly. uh if there was such a thing as


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an anti-gravity field, and we have no


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knowledge of anything like that at the


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moment, although people have worked very


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hard to try and demonstrate


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anti-gravity,


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uh as you can imagine, it would be a


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very useful thing to be able to harness.


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Um uh if if you could have anti-gravity,


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in other words, something that um uh


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actually repelled rather than attracted.


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Yes. The the um or or at least No, let


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me put it another way. It's not repel


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repulsion. It's reducing the effect of


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gravity. I think anti-gravity might


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might reduce the effect of gravity.


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>> And it could if you reduce it beyond


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zero, it could produce a repulsion. But


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that is not that doesn't really matter


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for this argument because what happens


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is um yes, relativity says that time


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would actually speed up. uh time as I


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said to the person in the anti-gravity


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field would keep on ticking away as


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normal but to the outside observer uh


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the time would appear to be passing more


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quickly.


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>> Isn't it the same effect if you're


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falling into a black hole? What you're


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seeing is happening in real time because


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you're living your life like you do


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anywhere, but to the observer


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you would be,


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>> you know, completely different bucket of


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fish.


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>> That's right. Time slows down. You're


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everything appears more slowly and when


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you cross the event horizon you're sort


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of frozen on it.


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>> Yeah. Which means that


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>> weird, isn't it? Event horizons are


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always all splattered with things that


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are falling into the maybe.


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>> Yeah.


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>> Hard to imagine. It's like the front of


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a car.


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>> Well, in summer white hot. Yes.


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>> Um Yep. I think this was portrayed quite


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well in the movie Interstellar where


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they had to go down onto a planet that


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was under the effect of a a black hole


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and every hour on the planet surface


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equated to 7 years back on the


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spaceship. Um they they did portray that


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quite well,


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that effect.


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>> Yeah.


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>> Okay. So, there's no such thing really


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as an anti-gravity field, but um he he'd


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be right. The effect would be


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>> Yeah, that's right. But the second part


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of Andy's question,


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>> yes, high levels of gravity and its


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effect on the speed of time.


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>> Well, what he's saying is if you had a a


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planet


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>> or if you had if you had a civilization


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working in a very high gravitational


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field.


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>> Yeah.


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>> Uh would that mean that they would


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evolve more quickly and things would


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develop more quickly?


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>> Um and I suppose the answer is yes, but


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only to an outside observer. uh to to


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the people doing it, it would be just


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the same. Um so yes, maybe if our planet


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had a hugely different gravitational


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field from what it does have. Uh seen


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from the outside, we might look as


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though we're evolving more quickly and


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developing technology more quickly. But


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to the to to us, it would be just the


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same as if we had, you know, a lower


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gravitational field. It


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>> this would complicate the search for


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intelligent life, wouldn't it? Uh I mean


00:07:59.440 --> 00:08:02.790
you might find a a planet um and go hey


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something's going on there. Um but it's


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in it's in a you know high gravity


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environment and um maybe it was


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happening


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some time ago but it's all over Red


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Rover. I mean I don't know. It's it's a


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headscratcher.


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Or here's one. If you do find a


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civilization living in a in a on a


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planet and you land to say hello and


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then you take off again and find out


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that everyone at home's dead because


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you've been gone 500 years but you were


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only gone a week.


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>> Yeah. Well, there's that too. That's


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right.


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>> Yeah. That's um special relativity.


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That's the one


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>> the relativistic difference in time


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because you're traveling at speeds near


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the speed of light.


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>> Yeah. I mean it happens happens on


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Earth. They've done those tests with um


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highly sensitive clocks and and tested


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them at different altitudes and you know


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they they've come back and went well


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look there's a thousandth of a second


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difference in their performance. So you


00:09:03.200 --> 00:09:05.750
know that we we moved through time. I


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read a story the other day Fred which I


00:09:07.920 --> 00:09:11.509
wish I'd kept it. um about a cosmonort,


00:09:11.519 --> 00:09:13.509
I think it was, who'd spent so much time


00:09:13.519 --> 00:09:17.030
in space that they estimated that he was


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um he was actually slightly ahead of


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time than everybody else,


00:09:23.440 --> 00:09:25.590
and I can't remember the details, but uh


00:09:25.600 --> 00:09:29.750
it was really fascinating. Um I they've


00:09:29.760 --> 00:09:31.190
done a they've released a paper about


00:09:31.200 --> 00:09:33.269
it. I'll see if I can find it.


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>> Interesting.


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>> I might do that while while you answer


00:09:36.240 --> 00:09:38.230
this next question. Thank you, Andy. I


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love that idea though. Um, keep them


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coming.


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>> Now, let's take a break from the show to


00:09:43.360 --> 00:09:45.990
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>> 3 2 1


00:11:09.519 --> 00:11:11.269
>> Spacenuts.


00:11:11.279 --> 00:11:13.990
Uh, this question comes from Mark. Hi


00:11:14.000 --> 00:11:16.630
Andrew and Fred and team. My name is


00:11:16.640 --> 00:11:18.630
Mark Turner and I live in the south of


00:11:18.640 --> 00:11:20.310
England. I'm sorry about that. About


00:11:20.320 --> 00:11:22.790
five about five minutes from Patrick


00:11:22.800 --> 00:11:25.030
Moore's house as a point of interest.


00:11:25.040 --> 00:11:28.230
Wow. Um, I've been listening now for


00:11:28.240 --> 00:11:30.069
just over three years and always look


00:11:30.079 --> 00:11:32.150
forward to Thursday lunchtime when I sit


00:11:32.160 --> 00:11:34.389
down and listen to you guys. Sorry, we


00:11:34.399 --> 00:11:35.910
were talking about toilet stuff earlier.


00:11:35.920 --> 00:11:38.069
I hope that didn't mess you up. Uh, my


00:11:38.079 --> 00:11:40.470
question is, it's generally accepted


00:11:40.480 --> 00:11:42.710
that all of the heavy elements were


00:11:42.720 --> 00:11:45.670
produced in an even larger star than


00:11:45.680 --> 00:11:48.230
ours that went supernova, which leads me


00:11:48.240 --> 00:11:51.030
to uh to this. Can we still see the


00:11:51.040 --> 00:11:54.470
remains of the star that made us in the


00:11:54.480 --> 00:11:57.670
night sky? Or do we know uh at what


00:11:57.680 --> 00:11:59.590
point in the night sky the star would


00:11:59.600 --> 00:12:02.069
have been by turning back the cosmic


00:12:02.079 --> 00:12:04.550
time clock? Keep up the great work,


00:12:04.560 --> 00:12:06.949
Mark.


00:12:06.959 --> 00:12:08.389
>> What do you reckon about that one?


00:12:08.399 --> 00:12:13.829
>> Um so the answer is no. Um because


00:12:13.839 --> 00:12:18.230
the so yes um uh the what we call the


00:12:18.240 --> 00:12:19.990
interstellar medium the gas between the


00:12:20.000 --> 00:12:24.870
stars is enriched in its chemical


00:12:24.880 --> 00:12:27.030
um abundance. The amount of heavier


00:12:27.040 --> 00:12:29.350
elements that are in it is enriched over


00:12:29.360 --> 00:12:32.629
time because of supernova explosions.


00:12:32.639 --> 00:12:35.829
stars that have that have detonated and


00:12:35.839 --> 00:12:37.269
gone through this high temperature


00:12:37.279 --> 00:12:39.269
process where you get heavier elements


00:12:39.279 --> 00:12:41.590
created and some of the some of the


00:12:41.600 --> 00:12:43.430
heavy elements are we now know are


00:12:43.440 --> 00:12:46.710
created in neutron star collisions. Um


00:12:46.720 --> 00:12:49.350
but that doesn't matter which which it


00:12:49.360 --> 00:12:53.269
is. The bottom line is that it's the


00:12:53.279 --> 00:12:55.750
general interstellar medium that is


00:12:55.760 --> 00:12:57.829
enriched. So you've got an explosion


00:12:57.839 --> 00:13:00.949
that takes place and over millions of


00:13:00.959 --> 00:13:03.910
years the debris from that explosion


00:13:03.920 --> 00:13:06.710
just gets absorbed into the clouds of


00:13:06.720 --> 00:13:08.949
gas and dust that are then going to form


00:13:08.959 --> 00:13:12.310
uh later generations of stars. So


00:13:12.320 --> 00:13:15.110
there's really no way that the remnants


00:13:15.120 --> 00:13:19.350
of the star that gave us uh the uh the


00:13:19.360 --> 00:13:22.389
you know the heavier elements um there's


00:13:22.399 --> 00:13:26.230
no way that we can pinpoint that. It it


00:13:26.240 --> 00:13:29.110
may be that some of the supernova


00:13:29.120 --> 00:13:31.110
remnants that we see and we see many


00:13:31.120 --> 00:13:35.509
around the sky that some of those were


00:13:35.519 --> 00:13:40.470
responsible for some of the stuff


00:13:40.480 --> 00:13:42.069
they were probably responsible for


00:13:42.079 --> 00:13:45.030
enriching the interstellar medium closer


00:13:45.040 --> 00:13:47.430
to them than we are. That's kind of the


00:13:47.440 --> 00:13:50.150
point I I guess I want to make. the the


00:13:50.160 --> 00:13:52.629
debris that gave us our enriched


00:13:52.639 --> 00:13:55.509
interstellar medium is probably long


00:13:55.519 --> 00:13:59.350
dissipated and we could not identify it


00:13:59.360 --> 00:14:01.829
with any of the known supernova remnants


00:14:01.839 --> 00:14:04.389
because they are they're still enriching


00:14:04.399 --> 00:14:06.230
their local environment if I can put it


00:14:06.240 --> 00:14:08.550
that way because they're still intact


00:14:08.560 --> 00:14:10.389
structures. They're expanding and


00:14:10.399 --> 00:14:12.389
dissipating but we see them as intact


00:14:12.399 --> 00:14:15.590
structures. And so the the debris that


00:14:15.600 --> 00:14:20.230
made us 4.6 six billion years ago is uh


00:14:20.240 --> 00:14:22.870
basically is not is nowhere near you


00:14:22.880 --> 00:14:25.590
know it's not nothing to do with them.


00:14:25.600 --> 00:14:27.590
Um and partly because those explosions


00:14:27.600 --> 00:14:29.670
took place more recently than the 4.6


00:14:29.680 --> 00:14:31.990
billion years ago origin of our own


00:14:32.000 --> 00:14:33.910
solar system.


00:14:33.920 --> 00:14:37.430
So uh the


00:14:37.440 --> 00:14:40.629
basically uh yes the the answer is no.


00:14:40.639 --> 00:14:43.110
We can't we can't identify those


00:14:43.120 --> 00:14:45.670
remains. uh and turning back the cosmic


00:14:45.680 --> 00:14:48.230
time clock. We can do that but but we


00:14:48.240 --> 00:14:49.910
can't do it in the sort of detail. I


00:14:49.920 --> 00:14:51.829
mean we can do it in a physical phys


00:14:51.839 --> 00:14:53.430
physical modeling sense. We're not


00:14:53.440 --> 00:14:55.269
looking at anything unless we're looking


00:14:55.279 --> 00:14:57.030
at things at great distances where we


00:14:57.040 --> 00:15:00.230
are looking back in time. Uh but for the


00:15:00.240 --> 00:15:02.710
the physics that you we use to model the


00:15:02.720 --> 00:15:06.150
universe um we we can't wind back the


00:15:06.160 --> 00:15:09.269
clock in enough detail to see where


00:15:09.279 --> 00:15:12.470
these objects exploded. uh they may be


00:15:12.480 --> 00:15:14.710
you know many many thousands of tens of


00:15:14.720 --> 00:15:16.870
thousands of light years away uh from


00:15:16.880 --> 00:15:19.110
where we are now. Uh all they did was


00:15:19.120 --> 00:15:20.949
enrich the medium around them and that's


00:15:20.959 --> 00:15:23.750
where we found our own uh solar system


00:15:23.760 --> 00:15:26.069
being formed. So we can't we can't look


00:15:26.079 --> 00:15:28.389
back in time in that regard.


00:15:28.399 --> 00:15:31.670
>> Okay. Thank you Mark. Uh by the way I


00:15:31.680 --> 00:15:33.590
was a pretty regular visitor to Patrick


00:15:33.600 --> 00:15:35.829
Moore while he was still alive. So I


00:15:35.839 --> 00:15:37.750
know that house well at Celi it was


00:15:37.760 --> 00:15:40.310
called Farings. uh is a lovely house


00:15:40.320 --> 00:15:43.110
actually uh and um when I used to visit


00:15:43.120 --> 00:15:46.230
him he was always very welcoming uh and


00:15:46.240 --> 00:15:48.710
um always glad to show me around.


00:15:48.720 --> 00:15:51.189
>> Wonderful. Wow. Lucky you. Yeah.


00:15:51.199 --> 00:15:51.829
>> Yeah.


00:15:51.839 --> 00:15:55.110
>> Now um just to sort of draw on Mark's


00:15:55.120 --> 00:15:57.990
question um so he's right about a


00:15:58.000 --> 00:16:00.790
supernova creating the heavy elements.


00:16:00.800 --> 00:16:01.189
>> Yes.


00:16:01.199 --> 00:16:04.389
>> So how do they end up being a part of


00:16:04.399 --> 00:16:06.230
our planet? Is is that because the


00:16:06.240 --> 00:16:09.910
supernovas created the the the spawning


00:16:09.920 --> 00:16:13.189
ground or being you know run through it?


00:16:13.199 --> 00:16:14.550
What how does that work?


00:16:14.560 --> 00:16:16.629
>> Yeah, I mean it's what I was saying


00:16:16.639 --> 00:16:18.470
basically the you know you get a


00:16:18.480 --> 00:16:22.069
supernova explosion which um sends shock


00:16:22.079 --> 00:16:25.990
waves out. Uh it sends enriched gas out


00:16:26.000 --> 00:16:29.990
and that gas gradually diffuses into the


00:16:30.000 --> 00:16:31.509
background


00:16:31.519 --> 00:16:33.990
uh what we call the interstellar medium.


00:16:34.000 --> 00:16:36.470
the the gas between the stars. It's very


00:16:36.480 --> 00:16:39.110
very rarified, but that's where that


00:16:39.120 --> 00:16:41.910
stuff ends up. And as you then get


00:16:41.920 --> 00:16:44.629
concentrations of that gas into clouds


00:16:44.639 --> 00:16:47.269
of hydrogen, mostly hydrogen, but other


00:16:47.279 --> 00:16:48.629
elements as well because it's been


00:16:48.639 --> 00:16:51.430
enriched, then that is what would form


00:16:51.440 --> 00:16:54.470
the next solar system. uh and so that


00:16:54.480 --> 00:16:57.990
you know that gradual process of uh


00:16:58.000 --> 00:17:01.910
stars forming exploding enriching the uh


00:17:01.920 --> 00:17:04.150
interstellar medium then interstellar


00:17:04.160 --> 00:17:07.029
medium creates other star systems which


00:17:07.039 --> 00:17:09.350
do the same thing. It's why as the


00:17:09.360 --> 00:17:11.669
universe ages, you're going to get an


00:17:11.679 --> 00:17:14.710
enrichment of the number of of heavy of,


00:17:14.720 --> 00:17:16.470
you know, quantities of heavier elements


00:17:16.480 --> 00:17:18.150
that there are within the universe. And


00:17:18.160 --> 00:17:20.390
that's actually one way that we can


00:17:20.400 --> 00:17:22.549
measure the ages of stars by how much of


00:17:22.559 --> 00:17:24.949
this stuff they've got in them. Because


00:17:24.959 --> 00:17:26.470
when they were formed, the universe


00:17:26.480 --> 00:17:27.829
would have been at a certain point of


00:17:27.839 --> 00:17:29.350
enrichment.


00:17:29.360 --> 00:17:32.549
uh and you know that for that point is


00:17:32.559 --> 00:17:34.710
fossilized if I can put it that way in


00:17:34.720 --> 00:17:37.110
the star itself by the chemical


00:17:37.120 --> 00:17:39.590
composition that it demonstrates.


00:17:39.600 --> 00:17:42.549
>> Okay, very good. Um it's it's a law of


00:17:42.559 --> 00:17:44.070
diminishing returns though, isn't it?


00:17:44.080 --> 00:17:46.070
Eventually all of this is going to stop


00:17:46.080 --> 00:17:46.710
happening.


00:17:46.720 --> 00:17:48.310
>> Yes, that's right. Eventually the


00:17:48.320 --> 00:17:49.990
universe will die because of that


00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:52.070
because there won't be any more any


00:17:52.080 --> 00:17:54.150
there won't be any gas in which to


00:17:54.160 --> 00:17:56.390
create supernova explosions which is the


00:17:56.400 --> 00:17:58.470
raw material of stars. intelligen gas


00:17:58.480 --> 00:18:00.630
that will all be used up eventually


00:18:00.640 --> 00:18:02.470
>> and we'll have what used to be called


00:18:02.480 --> 00:18:05.029
the heat death of the universe unless it


00:18:05.039 --> 00:18:07.029
starts collapsing on itself with you.


00:18:07.039 --> 00:18:08.789
>> Well, yeah. I mean there's there's all


00:18:08.799 --> 00:18:11.350
these terrible perilous things that are


00:18:11.360 --> 00:18:14.070
going to happen but um


00:18:14.080 --> 00:18:15.350
you know it's not going to happen next


00:18:15.360 --> 00:18:17.830
week. The week after maybe cuz we're on


00:18:17.840 --> 00:18:18.310
holidays


00:18:18.320 --> 00:18:19.909
>> if we're lucky or the week after. Yeah,


00:18:19.919 --> 00:18:21.590
that's right.


00:18:21.600 --> 00:18:23.510
>> Yeah. Uh thank you Mark. Great question.


00:18:23.520 --> 00:18:25.110
Uh, now that thing I was trying to look


00:18:25.120 --> 00:18:28.390
up, I can't find the exact story, but um


00:18:28.400 --> 00:18:30.870
I I found something that that kind of


00:18:30.880 --> 00:18:33.190
explains the concept. Um, apparently for


00:18:33.200 --> 00:18:35.190
a six-month mission on the International


00:18:35.200 --> 00:18:39.909
Space Station, an astronaut ages 0.005


00:18:39.919 --> 00:18:42.789
seconds less than they would on Earth.


00:18:42.799 --> 00:18:46.150
So, this this particular um cosmonort


00:18:46.160 --> 00:18:47.750
that I'm talking about apparently has


00:18:47.760 --> 00:18:50.470
spent so much time in space that he's


00:18:50.480 --> 00:18:54.870
actually I think it's 222


00:18:54.880 --> 00:18:58.710
um minutes younger than he


00:18:58.720 --> 00:19:01.669
>> would had he not gone into space.


00:19:01.679 --> 00:19:03.350
>> It's like seconds rather than minutes.


00:19:03.360 --> 00:19:03.909
Yeah.


00:19:03.919 --> 00:19:06.630
>> Oh, 222 seconds. Yes, exactly.


00:19:06.640 --> 00:19:10.150
>> Yeah. Um so I I Yeah, I read it last


00:19:10.160 --> 00:19:11.830
week. I meant to send it to you and I


00:19:11.840 --> 00:19:13.750
completely forgot. So, uh, but that's


00:19:13.760 --> 00:19:15.750
the that's the the the guts of the


00:19:15.760 --> 00:19:18.630
story. Uh, this is Space Nuts. Andrew


00:19:18.640 --> 00:19:21.830
Dunley with Professor Fred Watson.


00:19:21.840 --> 00:19:23.590
>> Space Nuts.


00:19:23.600 --> 00:19:26.710
>> Uh, we have a question from one of our


00:19:26.720 --> 00:19:29.270
regular contributors. This is Casey.


00:19:29.280 --> 00:19:31.750
>> Hi guys, this is Casey from Colorado.


00:19:31.760 --> 00:19:34.630
Um, I just saw Red Northern Lights and


00:19:34.640 --> 00:19:37.590
it was it was really incredible. Um, I


00:19:37.600 --> 00:19:39.350
was hoping that you could please explain


00:19:39.360 --> 00:19:41.909
why auroras come in different colors. I


00:19:41.919 --> 00:19:43.830
hope we're both well and thanks for the


00:19:43.840 --> 00:19:44.870
podcast.


00:19:44.880 --> 00:19:46.950
>> Uh, thank you, Casey. Casey sent in a


00:19:46.960 --> 00:19:49.590
few um questions in recent times and


00:19:49.600 --> 00:19:50.950
we're more than happy to answer. She


00:19:50.960 --> 00:19:52.630
comes up with some interesting ideas.


00:19:52.640 --> 00:19:54.390
Uh, I just thought this was a good


00:19:54.400 --> 00:19:56.630
question to answer. Uh, and I know we've


00:19:56.640 --> 00:19:58.710
talked about it before, but there's been


00:19:58.720 --> 00:20:01.909
some great auroral activity of late.


00:20:01.919 --> 00:20:05.270
>> And even in parts of Australia where you


00:20:05.280 --> 00:20:07.110
just don't see them, they have been


00:20:07.120 --> 00:20:09.510
absolutely stunning. Even as recently as


00:20:09.520 --> 00:20:11.909
a week or two ago, we had some fabulous


00:20:11.919 --> 00:20:14.789
photographs coming out of uh many, many


00:20:14.799 --> 00:20:18.950
parts of southeastern Australia. And um


00:20:18.960 --> 00:20:20.710
you know it prompted a thought in my


00:20:20.720 --> 00:20:24.470
mind that the one the aurora we see here


00:20:24.480 --> 00:20:27.990
generally are pink but when you see


00:20:28.000 --> 00:20:29.990
photos up in the northern hemisphere and


00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:31.510
when you're practically underneath them


00:20:31.520 --> 00:20:34.789
they're green. Uh and and I'm sure the


00:20:34.799 --> 00:20:40.070
colors can vary into many areas. Fred u


00:20:40.080 --> 00:20:41.669
I mean you've you've taken tours on


00:20:41.679 --> 00:20:43.590
these um to see these things. You've


00:20:43.600 --> 00:20:45.430
you've seen that like this is boring for


00:20:45.440 --> 00:20:46.310
you.


00:20:46.320 --> 00:20:47.590
Uh


00:20:47.600 --> 00:20:49.909
>> it's never boring actually. I didn't


00:20:49.919 --> 00:20:51.590
imagine it would be just always


00:20:51.600 --> 00:20:53.029
spectacular. But you're absolutely


00:20:53.039 --> 00:20:57.270
right. So when we're up in uh uh Ala,


00:20:57.280 --> 00:21:00.310
which is far northern Norway, or um


00:21:00.320 --> 00:21:02.310
Kirina, which is far northern Sweden, or


00:21:02.320 --> 00:21:03.990
Aiscoco, which is also far northern


00:21:04.000 --> 00:21:06.230
Sweden, and looking at the aurora,


00:21:06.240 --> 00:21:09.110
you're basically standing underneath it.


00:21:09.120 --> 00:21:11.430
And so you see the aurora as it really


00:21:11.440 --> 00:21:15.510
is. Uh, and it you've got lots of colors


00:21:15.520 --> 00:21:20.789
in it. Um, but the the pink and red Aori


00:21:20.799 --> 00:21:24.310
are typically seen when you're a long


00:21:24.320 --> 00:21:27.750
way from the action. Uh, and the green


00:21:27.760 --> 00:21:29.430
the bottom line is the the green is


00:21:29.440 --> 00:21:31.190
talking shift.


00:21:31.200 --> 00:21:31.750
>> No,


00:21:31.760 --> 00:21:34.630
>> no, no, but we're talking atmospheric.


00:21:34.640 --> 00:21:37.270
>> We're talking uh we're talking um


00:21:37.280 --> 00:21:38.950
emission line spectroscopy.


00:21:38.960 --> 00:21:40.789
>> Oh, okay. Well, I never would have


00:21:40.799 --> 00:21:41.590
thought of that.


00:21:41.600 --> 00:21:45.029
>> Yeah. So, um, so the the pink and red


00:21:45.039 --> 00:21:47.669
aurori, uh, you'd see them if you're in


00:21:47.679 --> 00:21:49.110
the northern hemisphere, you'd see them


00:21:49.120 --> 00:21:50.789
on the northern horizon. In the southern


00:21:50.799 --> 00:21:52.710
hemisphere here in Tasmania, you see


00:21:52.720 --> 00:21:54.870
them very often down in the south.


00:21:54.880 --> 00:21:56.950
Usually, the green part is below the


00:21:56.960 --> 00:21:59.270
horizon. It's, you know, it's too far


00:21:59.280 --> 00:22:01.590
over the Earth's curvature to see, and


00:22:01.600 --> 00:22:03.590
that's why you only see the red and


00:22:03.600 --> 00:22:06.070
that's a clue to what's happening here.


00:22:06.080 --> 00:22:09.029
So, um, what you've got is the


00:22:09.039 --> 00:22:12.630
atmosphere, uh, being excited by


00:22:12.640 --> 00:22:16.390
radiation from the sun. These, uh, these


00:22:16.400 --> 00:22:19.110
subatomic particles charge out from the


00:22:19.120 --> 00:22:20.789
sun. If you've got a solar flare or


00:22:20.799 --> 00:22:22.630
something like that, they going at


00:22:22.640 --> 00:22:25.029
typically a million kilometers an hour.


00:22:25.039 --> 00:22:27.110
Uh so they take a couple of days to get


00:22:27.120 --> 00:22:29.750
here and then they're sort of funneled


00:22:29.760 --> 00:22:32.870
down the earth's magnetic field lines u


00:22:32.880 --> 00:22:34.870
and they're most concentrated near the


00:22:34.880 --> 00:22:36.630
magnetic poles which is why it's around


00:22:36.640 --> 00:22:38.230
the magnetic poles that you see most


00:22:38.240 --> 00:22:40.470
aurori. This is a sort of simplified


00:22:40.480 --> 00:22:42.710
version of the story, but um what


00:22:42.720 --> 00:22:45.190
happens is they these electrons and you


00:22:45.200 --> 00:22:46.549
know they're accelerated. They're quite


00:22:46.559 --> 00:22:51.029
high energy. They hit atoms of oxygen


00:22:51.039 --> 00:22:53.350
and nitrogen in the earth's atmosphere


00:22:53.360 --> 00:22:56.789
and they make them glow. And the car the


00:22:56.799 --> 00:23:00.070
important thing here is that those atoms


00:23:00.080 --> 00:23:02.230
of oxygen and nitrogen actually they're


00:23:02.240 --> 00:23:05.750
molecules as well. uh O2 which is a pair


00:23:05.760 --> 00:23:07.909
of oxygen atoms or N2 which is a pair of


00:23:07.919 --> 00:23:10.470
nitrogen atoms. Um they behave


00:23:10.480 --> 00:23:12.950
differently at different pressures and


00:23:12.960 --> 00:23:14.230
of course as you go up through the


00:23:14.240 --> 00:23:16.149
atmosphere the pressure gets steadily


00:23:16.159 --> 00:23:19.270
lower. So the most common one is the


00:23:19.280 --> 00:23:22.710
green light and that's uh when you've


00:23:22.720 --> 00:23:26.390
got oxygen being excited to emit this


00:23:26.400 --> 00:23:28.149
green color. It's what we call a


00:23:28.159 --> 00:23:29.590
spectrum line. It's a particular


00:23:29.600 --> 00:23:31.350
wavelength which means it's a particular


00:23:31.360 --> 00:23:35.190
color. Uh but it's green. Uh and that uh


00:23:35.200 --> 00:23:38.390
works for pressures that you see between


00:23:38.400 --> 00:23:41.750
about 100 and 200 kilometers above the


00:23:41.760 --> 00:23:43.590
earth's atmosphere.


00:23:43.600 --> 00:23:47.190
Above 200 kilometers, the pressure is


00:23:47.200 --> 00:23:50.630
lower uh and the green line doesn't form


00:23:50.640 --> 00:23:52.950
or the green light is not formed. uh


00:23:52.960 --> 00:23:55.430
it's actually quenched and there is a


00:23:55.440 --> 00:23:58.390
different atomic process that gives rise


00:23:58.400 --> 00:24:02.470
to red light uh 630 nanometers if I


00:24:02.480 --> 00:24:03.990
remember rightly is the is the


00:24:04.000 --> 00:24:06.230
wavelength so you get this red light


00:24:06.240 --> 00:24:09.029
which is still oxygen but it's oxygen at


00:24:09.039 --> 00:24:11.909
a lower pressure than what comes out


00:24:11.919 --> 00:24:14.149
from the green so between 1 and 200


00:24:14.159 --> 00:24:15.430
kilometers you're going to see green


00:24:15.440 --> 00:24:17.430
aori above that you're going to see red


00:24:17.440 --> 00:24:20.070
aurori and that's why we only see the


00:24:20.080 --> 00:24:21.430
red ones if you're looking from


00:24:21.440 --> 00:24:23.350
Australia because the green is way below


00:24:23.360 --> 00:24:27.669
the horizon. Um if you've got a really u


00:24:27.679 --> 00:24:31.350
powerful stream of subatomic particles


00:24:31.360 --> 00:24:33.590
then they will penetrate below 100


00:24:33.600 --> 00:24:37.590
kilometers and that then excites uh not


00:24:37.600 --> 00:24:40.149
the oxygen but the nitrogen. You get um


00:24:40.159 --> 00:24:41.990
what's called molecular exitation.


00:24:42.000 --> 00:24:44.950
Nitrogen molecules start emitting light


00:24:44.960 --> 00:24:46.710
and they emit in several different


00:24:46.720 --> 00:24:50.870
colors like per um deep blue. Um there


00:24:50.880 --> 00:24:54.070
is different red, there's sort of greens


00:24:54.080 --> 00:24:55.990
and all those mix together to give you


00:24:56.000 --> 00:24:58.549
something like a purple. Often in a


00:24:58.559 --> 00:25:00.149
bright aurora, you've got the green


00:25:00.159 --> 00:25:02.390
auroral curtains and below that there


00:25:02.400 --> 00:25:05.029
might be a purple layer as well. And


00:25:05.039 --> 00:25:06.870
sometimes the colors are so mixed that


00:25:06.880 --> 00:25:09.029
it turns white that you actually get a


00:25:09.039 --> 00:25:11.430
white bottom edge to an aurora. Then you


00:25:11.440 --> 00:25:13.830
know you've got really high energy


00:25:13.840 --> 00:25:15.269
electrons. And then


00:25:15.279 --> 00:25:16.870
>> so always seen one of those.


00:25:16.880 --> 00:25:19.830
>> Yes, I have. Uh yeah, actually the very


00:25:19.840 --> 00:25:21.430
first time we went up there, I've got


00:25:21.440 --> 00:25:23.029
photographs taken from a place called


00:25:23.039 --> 00:25:25.510
Lingan Fjord in northern Norway, a very


00:25:25.520 --> 00:25:27.269
dark site. It was a wonderful place to


00:25:27.279 --> 00:25:29.029
see the aurora from. And yeah, there


00:25:29.039 --> 00:25:31.830
were definitely white white bottoms on


00:25:31.840 --> 00:25:33.909
my auroral curves.


00:25:33.919 --> 00:25:38.149
Um, so, uh, but what I was going to say


00:25:38.159 --> 00:25:41.190
was that's the basic story, but in


00:25:41.200 --> 00:25:43.190
reality, you get these things all mixing


00:25:43.200 --> 00:25:45.110
and so sometimes you do get pinks and


00:25:45.120 --> 00:25:46.710
you get you can actually get some quite


00:25:46.720 --> 00:25:49.190
odd colors, almost browns. Actually, I


00:25:49.200 --> 00:25:51.269
took some photographs at the beginning


00:25:51.279 --> 00:25:53.669
of this year in uh far again far


00:25:53.679 --> 00:25:55.990
northern Norway uh and later in


00:25:56.000 --> 00:25:57.990
Greenland where the coloring was almost


00:25:58.000 --> 00:26:00.149
like a brown color rather than the the


00:26:00.159 --> 00:26:02.149
reddish that you expect uh from high


00:26:02.159 --> 00:26:04.870
altitude aurora. So, it it's the way the


00:26:04.880 --> 00:26:06.710
colors mix that give you the the


00:26:06.720 --> 00:26:08.630
different effects. Plus, you've got to


00:26:08.640 --> 00:26:10.630
add to that the color response of your


00:26:10.640 --> 00:26:13.590
camera as well, which can sometimes tell


00:26:13.600 --> 00:26:16.310
you, you know, give you falsehoods


00:26:16.320 --> 00:26:19.029
because the the the camera itself is is


00:26:19.039 --> 00:26:21.269
basically tuned to to take photographs


00:26:21.279 --> 00:26:23.029
of everyday objects. It's not really


00:26:23.039 --> 00:26:25.029
tuned to take photographs of things that


00:26:25.039 --> 00:26:27.269
are emitting only on one wavelength,


00:26:27.279 --> 00:26:28.870
which the aurora does.


00:26:28.880 --> 00:26:31.350
>> Yes. Yes, I know. Um although while we


00:26:31.360 --> 00:26:34.950
were uh up there um northern northern


00:26:34.960 --> 00:26:37.430
parts of Europe Norway um Greenland,


00:26:37.440 --> 00:26:41.830
Iceland um people did try to um take


00:26:41.840 --> 00:26:43.350
photos of Aurora and a couple of them


00:26:43.360 --> 00:26:46.470
were successful. I was not


00:26:46.480 --> 00:26:49.510
>> Yeah, I'll say one. But it was summer.


00:26:49.520 --> 00:26:50.950
>> Yeah, summer's the that's a problem


00:26:50.960 --> 00:26:52.390
because there's still so much twilight


00:26:52.400 --> 00:26:55.909
there. Um, I used to cut around a


00:26:55.919 --> 00:26:58.390
digital proper digital camera with me in


00:26:58.400 --> 00:27:00.870
a tripod to do all these long exposure


00:27:00.880 --> 00:27:03.190
photographs, but to be honest, now with


00:27:03.200 --> 00:27:05.430
a smartphone, they are so sensitive you


00:27:05.440 --> 00:27:07.029
can handhold them. Yeah.


00:27:07.039 --> 00:27:09.590
>> And get really fantastic auroral


00:27:09.600 --> 00:27:12.549
photographs. Um, which blew me away the


00:27:12.559 --> 00:27:14.630
first time I did it, which was the


00:27:14.640 --> 00:27:17.269
beginning of this year. Uh, I tried it a


00:27:17.279 --> 00:27:19.190
little bit on the previous trip that we


00:27:19.200 --> 00:27:21.029
had up to Northern Palace, which was in


00:27:21.039 --> 00:27:23.510
Canada, actually. Uh but this time at


00:27:23.520 --> 00:27:25.029
the beginning of this year in Norway,


00:27:25.039 --> 00:27:27.669
Sweden, Iceland, and Greenland, I just


00:27:27.679 --> 00:27:30.390
held the smartphone up and well, I've


00:27:30.400 --> 00:27:32.230
got more photographs than I know what to


00:27:32.240 --> 00:27:33.830
do with, and they're all dramatically


00:27:33.840 --> 00:27:36.789
good. Uh the smartphone is such amazing


00:27:36.799 --> 00:27:37.750
technology.


00:27:37.760 --> 00:27:39.110
>> It's changed the world,


00:27:39.120 --> 00:27:41.269
>> has in many ways, particularly when it


00:27:41.279 --> 00:27:44.470
comes to photography. It was the old um


00:27:44.480 --> 00:27:46.549
the old Canon snappies and all those


00:27:46.559 --> 00:27:48.470
that we used to have with film in them.


00:27:48.480 --> 00:27:50.149
You got one shot at it and you didn't


00:27:50.159 --> 00:27:51.590
find out if it was any good for a couple


00:27:51.600 --> 00:27:52.310
of weeks.


00:27:52.320 --> 00:27:53.990
>> Yeah. And the odds are that it it


00:27:54.000 --> 00:27:55.990
wouldn't be because this sensitivity of


00:27:56.000 --> 00:27:58.470
film is so much lower than the the you


00:27:58.480 --> 00:27:59.990
know than the sensors that we now use


00:28:00.000 --> 00:28:01.750
for images. That's the bottom line.


00:28:01.760 --> 00:28:01.990
>> Yep.


00:28:02.000 --> 00:28:04.310
>> Yeah. The gear is good now. Makes makes


00:28:04.320 --> 00:28:06.230
everybody a professional. Well, not


00:28:06.240 --> 00:28:07.269
quite, but you know what I'm saying.


00:28:07.279 --> 00:28:08.630
>> Talk to a professional photographer and


00:28:08.640 --> 00:28:09.990
they won't actually agree with that.


00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:12.789
>> No, they would they work hard.


00:28:12.799 --> 00:28:15.350
>> Uh, thank you Casey. Great question and


00:28:15.360 --> 00:28:17.510
good to hear from you again. Okay, we


00:28:17.520 --> 00:28:19.430
checked all four systems and being with


00:28:19.440 --> 00:28:19.909
the girls.


00:28:19.919 --> 00:28:21.029
>> Space nets.


00:28:21.039 --> 00:28:24.630
>> Our final question today. Uh, hi guys.


00:28:24.640 --> 00:28:27.029
Love the show, etc., etc. He doesn't


00:28:27.039 --> 00:28:29.269
bandandy around much. He's straight to


00:28:29.279 --> 00:28:31.590
the point. Uh, an idea just occurred to


00:28:31.600 --> 00:28:34.710
me. Uh, mass increases the faster you


00:28:34.720 --> 00:28:37.190
go, becoming infinite at the speed of


00:28:37.200 --> 00:28:39.830
light. So, if it were possible to


00:28:39.840 --> 00:28:42.389
accelerate particles up to rel


00:28:42.399 --> 00:28:44.470
relativistic, I hate that word,


00:28:44.480 --> 00:28:47.430
relativistic speeds in some compact


00:28:47.440 --> 00:28:49.669
device and then throw them out of the


00:28:49.679 --> 00:28:51.590
back of a spacecraft, would the


00:28:51.600 --> 00:28:54.310
acceleration increase because you're


00:28:54.320 --> 00:28:57.750
throwing more mass out the back? Yeah, I


00:28:57.760 --> 00:28:59.269
did that the other day. It's not


00:28:59.279 --> 00:29:03.669
pleasant. Um, kind of an ion engine on


00:29:03.679 --> 00:29:06.789
on steroids. Uh, I'm envisioning some


00:29:06.799 --> 00:29:08.710
kind of small particle accelerator


00:29:08.720 --> 00:29:10.870
powered by a nuclear power source,


00:29:10.880 --> 00:29:13.510
preferably fishing. Any thoughts?


00:29:13.520 --> 00:29:15.909
Absolutely. Welcome. Uh, many thanks and


00:29:15.919 --> 00:29:18.070
keep up the great work. Lee in Sweden,


00:29:18.080 --> 00:29:23.029
not to be confused with Swed Leon.


00:29:23.039 --> 00:29:24.310
>> Oh, okay. Really?


00:29:24.320 --> 00:29:27.669
>> Yeah, that's somebody else.


00:29:27.679 --> 00:29:31.590
>> Um, no, Lee in Sweden. So, um, okay.


00:29:31.600 --> 00:29:33.110
Okay. So, he's he's got a particle


00:29:33.120 --> 00:29:35.590
accelerator on his spaceship and he's


00:29:35.600 --> 00:29:38.470
he's accelerating the particles up to


00:29:38.480 --> 00:29:42.070
relativistic speeds and then he's


00:29:42.080 --> 00:29:43.190
shooting them out the back of the


00:29:43.200 --> 00:29:46.310
spacecraft, bigger mass, whatever. Can


00:29:46.320 --> 00:29:49.909
it accelerate the spacecraft?


00:29:49.919 --> 00:29:52.789
Um, yeah. All right. I'm going to read u


00:29:52.799 --> 00:29:55.110
what I've just put up brought up on the


00:29:55.120 --> 00:29:58.470
screen in front of me. Um, relativistic


00:29:58.480 --> 00:30:00.950
mass ejection in ion motors is not a


00:30:00.960 --> 00:30:02.789
current technology but a theoretical


00:30:02.799 --> 00:30:05.590
concept for future propulsion where ions


00:30:05.600 --> 00:30:07.269
would be accelerated to speeds


00:30:07.279 --> 00:30:08.870
approaching the speed of light. The


00:30:08.880 --> 00:30:11.190
relativistic aspect refers to the effect


00:30:11.200 --> 00:30:13.590
of special relativity where an object's


00:30:13.600 --> 00:30:15.430
mass appears to increase as it


00:30:15.440 --> 00:30:17.510
approaches the speed of light making it


00:30:17.520 --> 00:30:19.750
harder to accelerate it further. This


00:30:19.760 --> 00:30:21.669
would require extremely high energy


00:30:21.679 --> 00:30:24.149
inputs and would involve complex physics


00:30:24.159 --> 00:30:26.310
unlike current ion thrusters that use


00:30:26.320 --> 00:30:29.909
less energetic but still very high ion


00:30:29.919 --> 00:30:33.110
ejection velocities that came from AI.


00:30:33.120 --> 00:30:34.310
So how's that?


00:30:34.320 --> 00:30:37.990
>> Yeah. Well, I mean AI can be very


00:30:38.000 --> 00:30:39.269
useful.


00:30:39.279 --> 00:30:40.549
>> That's kind of what


00:30:40.559 --> 00:30:42.710
>> steer you up the the wrong path. It kept


00:30:42.720 --> 00:30:44.789
getting Yeah. Like I had to make some


00:30:44.799 --> 00:30:47.510
pretty significant inquiries


00:30:47.520 --> 00:30:49.510
last uh last year, early this year,


00:30:49.520 --> 00:30:52.630
whatever, uh about a a housing situation


00:30:52.640 --> 00:30:56.789
and it just got it so wrong constantly.


00:30:56.799 --> 00:30:57.190
>> Yeah.


00:30:57.200 --> 00:31:00.389
>> Um but yeah. Um


00:31:00.399 --> 00:31:02.549
>> so what I've just read out is putting


00:31:02.559 --> 00:31:05.029
nicely into words what I was going to


00:31:05.039 --> 00:31:07.830
say, but it's putting it rather more


00:31:07.840 --> 00:31:09.430
nicely than I would have put it. So


00:31:09.440 --> 00:31:10.230
there you go.


00:31:10.240 --> 00:31:15.269
>> Yeah. All right. So the the concept of


00:31:15.279 --> 00:31:19.510
um creating engines that can do these


00:31:19.520 --> 00:31:22.710
kinds of things is real in science but


00:31:22.720 --> 00:31:24.310
only to a certain degree.


00:31:24.320 --> 00:31:27.430
>> Yeah. My only worry about it would be um


00:31:27.440 --> 00:31:29.430
and I guess this is what you know the


00:31:29.440 --> 00:31:33.110
complex physics bit was. You've got um


00:31:33.120 --> 00:31:35.029
you've got different reference frames.


00:31:35.039 --> 00:31:37.190
You've got the reference frame of the of


00:31:37.200 --> 00:31:38.950
the spacecraft. You've got the reference


00:31:38.960 --> 00:31:42.389
frame of the flow of of charged


00:31:42.399 --> 00:31:43.909
particles coming out the back of it and


00:31:43.919 --> 00:31:45.990
you've got a stationary reference frame


00:31:46.000 --> 00:31:48.149
and and the mass looks different to all


00:31:48.159 --> 00:31:49.350
of those.


00:31:49.360 --> 00:31:53.110
>> Uh so uh that will be my only worry


00:31:53.120 --> 00:31:54.549
about that and it's the thing that I


00:31:54.559 --> 00:31:56.070
would like to go a bit further into it


00:31:56.080 --> 00:31:59.750
rather than rely on AI. Uh but the but


00:31:59.760 --> 00:32:02.070
the basic principle I think is is quite


00:32:02.080 --> 00:32:06.470
right. Uh but I would be I have a caveat


00:32:06.480 --> 00:32:08.470
about just watch out for your reference


00:32:08.480 --> 00:32:10.389
frame if I can put it that way.


00:32:10.399 --> 00:32:14.389
>> Yeah. Um I I've been toying with AI just


00:32:14.399 --> 00:32:16.389
to sort of get some concepts in my head


00:32:16.399 --> 00:32:19.110
about you know I mentioned I don't know


00:32:19.120 --> 00:32:20.789
if it was this podcast or the previous


00:32:20.799 --> 00:32:23.269
one where we uh where I'm writing a new


00:32:23.279 --> 00:32:25.590
book but um


00:32:25.600 --> 00:32:28.470
I there's some concepts I wanted to


00:32:28.480 --> 00:32:30.630
include but I my brain wouldn't go


00:32:30.640 --> 00:32:33.990
there. So, um, I did use AI to try and


00:32:34.000 --> 00:32:37.430
learn what I needed to learn to make the


00:32:37.440 --> 00:32:39.509
the thing work the way it wanted to in


00:32:39.519 --> 00:32:41.750
the story. Uh, it's very clever when you


00:32:41.760 --> 00:32:43.590
want to do things like that.


00:32:43.600 --> 00:32:44.630
>> Did it help?


00:32:44.640 --> 00:32:45.590
>> Yeah, very much.


00:32:45.600 --> 00:32:46.710
>> Oh, that's interesting.


00:32:46.720 --> 00:32:47.669
>> Yeah. Yeah.


00:32:47.679 --> 00:32:50.870
>> Um, in fact, it it sometimes gave me way


00:32:50.880 --> 00:32:53.110
too many concepts. I only wanted one,


00:32:53.120 --> 00:32:54.710
but it gave me 10. And I'm thinking,


00:32:54.720 --> 00:32:56.870
"Oh, hang on.


00:32:56.880 --> 00:32:58.710
That's all good stuff. I can't use it


00:32:58.720 --> 00:33:02.549
all." So, I had to pick. But um


00:33:02.559 --> 00:33:06.310
I I found it very useful. But um if you


00:33:06.320 --> 00:33:07.909
use it the right way, it's a it's a


00:33:07.919 --> 00:33:09.269
great tool.


00:33:09.279 --> 00:33:13.029
>> But if um yeah, for general information,


00:33:13.039 --> 00:33:16.470
sometimes it can just hit the you


00:33:16.480 --> 00:33:18.389
throwing a dart and hitting that metal


00:33:18.399 --> 00:33:19.669
thing around the edge.


00:33:19.679 --> 00:33:20.870
>> All right. Okay.


00:33:20.880 --> 00:33:22.789
>> Cuz it's it's throwing information back


00:33:22.799 --> 00:33:26.070
at you that's too generic, I suppose.


00:33:26.080 --> 00:33:28.789
>> Yeah. Yeah. Sometimes


00:33:28.799 --> 00:33:31.029
>> I think when it comes to AI, you've got


00:33:31.039 --> 00:33:33.190
to know how to use it to get the best


00:33:33.200 --> 00:33:35.110
out of it. Otherwise,


00:33:35.120 --> 00:33:36.789
>> that's right. Yes.


00:33:36.799 --> 00:33:38.230
>> Otherwise, it's dangerous.


00:33:38.240 --> 00:33:40.310
>> Yeah. The wrong path.


00:33:40.320 --> 00:33:42.870
>> Absolutely true. Yeah. I have found it


00:33:42.880 --> 00:33:45.990
very handy for like I've I've had a few


00:33:46.000 --> 00:33:47.590
photos over the years that I've wanted


00:33:47.600 --> 00:33:49.590
to keep, but they they've not been


00:33:49.600 --> 00:33:52.230
really good photos and it's been really


00:33:52.240 --> 00:33:54.630
good at cleaning them up, taking taking


00:33:54.640 --> 00:33:56.549
out some of the um there's one


00:33:56.559 --> 00:33:58.630
particular photo that I really love, uh


00:33:58.640 --> 00:34:00.470
but it's it's grainy.


00:34:00.480 --> 00:34:00.950
>> Yeah.


00:34:00.960 --> 00:34:03.509
>> So, I I you just upload the photo and


00:34:03.519 --> 00:34:06.070
say, "Can you um I can't remember the


00:34:06.080 --> 00:34:08.310
terminology I use, but um can you do


00:34:08.320 --> 00:34:11.589
this?" and it takes like a minute or two


00:34:11.599 --> 00:34:15.669
to rec calibrate the photo and then it


00:34:15.679 --> 00:34:19.349
gives you its result. And uh I had a


00:34:19.359 --> 00:34:22.149
couple of big hits with that that well,


00:34:22.159 --> 00:34:24.149
but I've had a couple that didn't.


00:34:24.159 --> 00:34:24.550
>> Yeah.


00:34:24.560 --> 00:34:28.389
>> Um because the um it had to try and fill


00:34:28.399 --> 00:34:31.030
in spaces because of the graininess of


00:34:31.040 --> 00:34:32.069
the photo


00:34:32.079 --> 00:34:34.069
>> and what it filled them in with actually


00:34:34.079 --> 00:34:35.909
changed the subject too much and I


00:34:35.919 --> 00:34:38.310
didn't like it. that makes any sense at


00:34:38.320 --> 00:34:39.909
all.


00:34:39.919 --> 00:34:42.629
But um yeah, I I do find it useful, but


00:34:42.639 --> 00:34:45.430
um it it's not a perfect science and you


00:34:45.440 --> 00:34:47.190
got to keep that in mind.


00:34:47.200 --> 00:34:49.190
>> Uh Lee, thanks for your question. Did we


00:34:49.200 --> 00:34:51.109
finish with Lee? I'm pretty sure we did.


00:34:51.119 --> 00:34:53.030
Yeah, good on you, Lee. Hope all is well


00:34:53.040 --> 00:34:55.510
in Sweden and I'm sure you get to see


00:34:55.520 --> 00:34:58.310
lots of Aurora, too, you lucky duck.


00:34:58.320 --> 00:35:01.510
>> Um that's it, Fred. We are finished.


00:35:01.520 --> 00:35:03.510
Thank you.


00:35:03.520 --> 00:35:07.109
>> Uh you're welcome.


00:35:07.119 --> 00:35:10.550
Yeah. Uh I um I've enjoyed uh going


00:35:10.560 --> 00:35:12.310
getting my mind bent around some of


00:35:12.320 --> 00:35:15.190
those issues myself. So, thank you Space


00:35:15.200 --> 00:35:17.750
Nuts listeners. You keep me on my toes.


00:35:17.760 --> 00:35:19.750
>> Yes, they do, don't they? If you would


00:35:19.760 --> 00:35:22.069
like to send us a question, uh you can


00:35:22.079 --> 00:35:23.829
do that through our website,


00:35:23.839 --> 00:35:25.829
spacenutspodcast.com


00:35:25.839 --> 00:35:28.710
or spacenuts.io


00:35:28.720 --> 00:35:31.510
and you click on the AMA link at the top


00:35:31.520 --> 00:35:34.630
of the homepage and uh just fill in the


00:35:34.640 --> 00:35:36.230
blanks. So, you can send us your text


00:35:36.240 --> 00:35:38.710
questions that way, or you can send us


00:35:38.720 --> 00:35:41.109
an audio question if you've got a device


00:35:41.119 --> 00:35:42.950
with a microphone. And just uh remember


00:35:42.960 --> 00:35:44.470
to tell us who you are and where you're


00:35:44.480 --> 00:35:46.790
from. Most people do these days. Uh or


00:35:46.800 --> 00:35:48.950
you can send us questions via YouTube.


00:35:48.960 --> 00:35:50.710
We've been getting a few of those. And


00:35:50.720 --> 00:35:52.390
sometimes they just turn up on social


00:35:52.400 --> 00:35:54.470
media. Uh it doesn't matter. We'll um


00:35:54.480 --> 00:35:56.230
we'll get to them. Although on social


00:35:56.240 --> 00:35:59.030
media, the audience tends to deal with


00:35:59.040 --> 00:36:01.589
them for us. So, um not many of them


00:36:01.599 --> 00:36:03.910
filter through. But, uh, yeah, keep, uh,


00:36:03.920 --> 00:36:06.790
those questions coming. Um, and, uh,


00:36:06.800 --> 00:36:08.630
yeah, that'll all be good. Uh, Fred,


00:36:08.640 --> 00:36:10.310
we'll see you next week. I think it'll


00:36:10.320 --> 00:36:11.910
be our last couple of programs before


00:36:11.920 --> 00:36:13.270
the Christmas break.


00:36:13.280 --> 00:36:15.430
>> May well be. That's right. We'll see.


00:36:15.440 --> 00:36:16.790
>> All right. We'll catch you then. Thanks,


00:36:16.800 --> 00:36:17.670
Fred. Sounds great.


00:36:17.680 --> 00:36:19.510
>> And thanks to Hugh in the studio who


00:36:19.520 --> 00:36:21.750
went supernova on us because he's got a


00:36:21.760 --> 00:36:23.349
lot of heavy elements and he's gone to


00:36:23.359 --> 00:36:25.349
see a dietician. And from me, Andrew


00:36:25.359 --> 00:36:27.349
Dunley, thanks for your company. We'll


00:36:27.359 --> 00:36:28.950
see you on the next episode of Space


00:36:28.960 --> 00:36:30.230
Nuts. Bye-bye.


00:36:30.240 --> 00:36:32.550
>> Space Nuts. You'll be listening to the


00:36:32.560 --> 00:36:35.589
Space Nuts podcast


00:36:35.599 --> 00:36:38.550
>> available at Apple Podcasts, Spotify,


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iHeart Radio, or your favorite podcast


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player. You can also stream on demand at


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