Cosmic Connections: Mapping Magnetic Fields, Dark Matter Mysteries & SpaceX’s IPO Success |...

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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Hello again. Thanks for joining us on


00:00:02.240 --> 00:00:04.309
another episode of Space Nuts. My name


00:00:04.319 --> 00:00:05.829
is Andrew Dunley. It's great to have


00:00:05.839 --> 00:00:08.310
your company. I hope you're well. Uh


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coming up in this episode, some exciting


00:00:10.400 --> 00:00:15.509
stories and one of them is a new CSIO


00:00:15.519 --> 00:00:19.670
map developed in Australia of


00:00:19.680 --> 00:00:21.750
magnetic fields. Now, it's been quite a


00:00:21.760 --> 00:00:23.269
while since they updated this and


00:00:23.279 --> 00:00:25.269
they've got a new one out and uh it's


00:00:25.279 --> 00:00:26.950
quite extraordinary uh the way it was


00:00:26.960 --> 00:00:28.710
done and what it shows and and what it


00:00:28.720 --> 00:00:31.750
can be used for. Uh we've also got a new


00:00:31.760 --> 00:00:34.389
report about the relationship or


00:00:34.399 --> 00:00:37.350
otherwise between uh black holes and


00:00:37.360 --> 00:00:39.110
dark matter. Now, this is interesting


00:00:39.120 --> 00:00:42.470
because it's only been a theory until


00:00:42.480 --> 00:00:45.990
now. Now, this isn't absolute proof, but


00:00:46.000 --> 00:00:48.630
it's a step closer to proving there is


00:00:48.640 --> 00:00:50.229
something going on between the two of


00:00:50.239 --> 00:00:51.670
them. and they just don't want anyone to


00:00:51.680 --> 00:00:55.189
know. And the world's first trillionaire


00:00:55.199 --> 00:00:57.350
goes public. We'll talk about all of


00:00:57.360 --> 00:01:00.310
that on this episode of Space Nuts.


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>> 15 seconds. Guidance is internal. 10 9g


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Ignition sequence start.


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>> Space nuts.


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>> 5 4 3 2


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>> 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1


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>> Space Nuts.


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>> Astronauts report. It feels good. And


00:01:16.799 --> 00:01:19.190
he's with us again for another dose of


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whatever it is he takes before he talks


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to me. It's Professor Fred. What's an


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astronomer at large? Hello, Fred.


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>> It's a good cup of tea that I take


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normally.


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Uh I I I've been drinking a bit more tea


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of late only because um by the afternoon


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I'm not really into coffee. But


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>> today I did have coffee. So


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>> um do love my coffee.


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>> I do too. But


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>> I make my own. I I got the whole barista


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thing going. I'm even doing I'm even


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doing latte art, Fred.


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>> Oh, really?


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>> I don't know if you'll see this. I I


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took this photo


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um today of my latte art. Can you see


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that?


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>> That is brilliant.


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>> Yeah.


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>> That's real self. Selfaugh barista.


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>> Yes.


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>> I don't know what it is. Some kind some


00:02:08.239 --> 00:02:09.830
kind of flower. Like a lotus flower.


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>> Well, it reminds me of ears of corn.


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>> Oh, yeah. It does, doesn't it?


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>> Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, that's what it


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>> or just ducks sitting on top of each


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other or something.


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>> Could be your could be your corny latte.


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>> Yes, it could be. Yeah. Anyway, I've


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been working on that. That's


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>> impressive. I was going to do a whole


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series and put them on Instagram of my


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progression through being really crap at


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it and to reaching a point where it's,


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you know, something to look at. But I


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didn't bother and now I wish I had


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because I've had some epic fails. But,


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um, that one came out quite well today.


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That's very nice. Well done.


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>> Right, let's uh let's get on with this


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because uh we've got a lot to talk about


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as always and our first story comes from


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Australia, mate. And it is the uh the


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remapping of uh the magnetic fields of a


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large swave of um the universe or is it


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a large sway of whatever piece of the


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backyard sky someone can see out of? I'm


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not sure how much of it they got.


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a good chunk of it actually. Um


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>> I thought so


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>> because um so this was these


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observations were made at uh an site in


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Western Australia known as in Yarimani


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Ilgari Bundura which is Wadger for


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sharing sky and stars. The Wadger people


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are the traditional owners there and


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it's also called the CSRO Merches and


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Radio Astronomy Observatory but we tend


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to refer to it as Inarima Ilgari Bunda


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because it's a very nice name. Uh so


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what's there? There is uh first of all


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um it's the site for the low frequency


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uh arm of the square kilometer array. Uh


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the square kilometer array observatory


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exists in three places. Uh one is


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western Australia where the low


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frequency antennas are. Uh the other is


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in South Africa where the mid-frequency


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antennas are and the other is near


00:04:05.840 --> 00:04:08.390
Manchester where the headquarters are.


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Um that's Jodel Bank is where the


00:04:10.799 --> 00:04:13.830
headquarters of SKAO are. Uh and they've


00:04:13.840 --> 00:04:16.390
just got a new director general by the


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way. Um Jessica Dempsey I think is her


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name. Somebody I've kind of run into


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before over the years. Uh is um uh the


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new director general of the SKAO


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observatory. Sorry, SKA Observatory.


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Anyway, yeah. Also on the site in


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Western Australia is ASCAP, which is the


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Australian


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SKA


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Pathfinder, ASK AP.


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>> Coincidence an ASCAP is also something


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you can wear if you don't have any


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pants.


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>> There's no answer to that, Andrew. I uh


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No,


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>> no, we just let that one.


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>> I might leave that one alone. Yeah.


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Anyway, notwithstanding that,


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see, you don't get this on other


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podcasts, do you? It's why we're number


00:05:06.560 --> 00:05:07.830
one in Iceland.


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>> That's right.


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>> We are. Thank you, Iceland.


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>> Absolutely. Go for it. Um I forgot. Yes.


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ASCAP. The not the not the garment, but


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the um the radio telescope array. 36 12


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m dishes which were built um over the I


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guess 15 years ago was when they


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started. It's been operational for


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probably more than 10 years now and done


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some fabulous work. Uh, but the latest


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piece of high-profile research that's


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come from ASCAP is exactly as you've


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said, the largest magnetic map of the


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universe ever produced. Five times


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larger than all previous efforts


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combined and it marks the beginning of a


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new generation of research into the


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field of intergalactic magnetism. And


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I'm reading there from the CSRO news


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release. Um, you could probably spot the


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hype, but it's welldeserved hype as


00:05:59.919 --> 00:06:02.390
well. And a welld deserved kudos to the


00:06:02.400 --> 00:06:06.309
team leader, Alec Thompson of CSRO. Um,


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what they've done is used the telescope


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in a in a I suppose an innovative way.


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Uh, how do you measure magnetic fields?


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Well, you know, normally to measure a


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magnetic field, we stick a magnetometer


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in the way. That's how magnetic fields


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are measured in the solar system by


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various spacecraft because they carry


00:06:26.240 --> 00:06:28.550
magnetometers which measure the local


00:06:28.560 --> 00:06:31.670
magnetic field of where you are. Um, and


00:06:31.680 --> 00:06:34.070
that gives us some insights into not


00:06:34.080 --> 00:06:36.230
just the the Sun's magnetic field, not


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the Earth's magnetic field and the Sun's


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magnetic field, but also uh courtesy of


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Voyager, the two Voyager spacecraft, the


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galaxy's magnetic field, because we can


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sense the direction of that with the


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magnetometers uh carried by those


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spacecraft which are now beyond the


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sun's magnetic influence. But uh it's


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quite a a long jump from the environs of


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the solar system to the universe as a


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whole. Uh which is what these scientists


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have done. And the basic technique is uh


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it's all about um polarization.


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And we've talked about polarization


00:07:17.440 --> 00:07:21.589
before. We all know what it does when we


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wear our polarizing sunglasses and


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you're driving your car into the


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sunlight and there's a huge reflection


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coming off the road, especially if it's


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wet. Uh, and your polarizing sunglasses


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magically take that away. That's


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happening because the the light waves uh


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have um


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they're if you think of them as as just


00:07:43.120 --> 00:07:45.110
being wiggles in space, which they are


00:07:45.120 --> 00:07:47.110
electromagnetic wiggles, they have a


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preferred direction. Um normal light has


00:07:50.400 --> 00:07:53.270
a mix of all these directions, but uh it


00:07:53.280 --> 00:07:56.469
turns out that you can separate out them


00:07:56.479 --> 00:07:58.629
by using well a polarizing filter, which


00:07:58.639 --> 00:08:00.390
is what we've got in our sunglasses that


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only lets through the vibrations that


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are vertical. That's the vertical


00:08:04.879 --> 00:08:06.629
direction of the light that's coming to


00:08:06.639 --> 00:08:09.189
you. Because the horizontal ones which


00:08:09.199 --> 00:08:13.430
are um very much reflected in the uh in


00:08:13.440 --> 00:08:15.909
in the in the you know in the reflection


00:08:15.919 --> 00:08:17.909
from the wet road they are canceled out


00:08:17.919 --> 00:08:20.070
and so you don't see them.


00:08:20.080 --> 00:08:22.550
>> Uh so so we're kind of familiar with


00:08:22.560 --> 00:08:25.029
that effect that idea of the direction


00:08:25.039 --> 00:08:28.150
of vibration of of light waves. Well the


00:08:28.160 --> 00:08:32.230
same holds good in um in radio waves.


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And so ASCAP and many other radio


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telescopes can actually sense the


00:08:37.120 --> 00:08:40.389
polarization of the radio signals that


00:08:40.399 --> 00:08:43.589
they're receiving from deep space. Uh


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and so that's all well and good. You can


00:08:45.760 --> 00:08:48.870
sense the polarization, but you can also


00:08:48.880 --> 00:08:51.910
detect if that polarization's been


00:08:51.920 --> 00:08:54.710
twisted. And that's what happens when


00:08:54.720 --> 00:08:56.550
the light passes through a magnetic


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field. Um it it actually rotates. It's


00:08:59.600 --> 00:09:01.910
called Faraday rotation. It's the plane


00:09:01.920 --> 00:09:05.990
of the of the radio waves twists and you


00:09:06.000 --> 00:09:09.430
can detect that with an array like ASCAP


00:09:09.440 --> 00:09:12.070
and that is what has allowed people to


00:09:12.080 --> 00:09:13.670
measure the magnetic field of the


00:09:13.680 --> 00:09:15.750
universe because


00:09:15.760 --> 00:09:19.509
what you do is you look at the light


00:09:19.519 --> 00:09:22.550
from a distant galaxy and you look at


00:09:22.560 --> 00:09:25.590
the way its polarization changes uh as


00:09:25.600 --> 00:09:27.750
that light comes towards us by using


00:09:27.760 --> 00:09:30.310
this technique. And so what you what


00:09:30.320 --> 00:09:32.310
you're saying is that you've got a kind


00:09:32.320 --> 00:09:36.310
of um you know a beacon lamp in the


00:09:36.320 --> 00:09:38.470
distance and what you can sense is


00:09:38.480 --> 00:09:39.990
what's happening to the light coming


00:09:40.000 --> 00:09:42.310
from that as it passes through magnetic


00:09:42.320 --> 00:09:45.430
fields on its way. And so that's the


00:09:45.440 --> 00:09:48.949
basis of the map. Um as far as I can


00:09:48.959 --> 00:09:50.710
tell from because I'm not a radio


00:09:50.720 --> 00:09:52.630
astronomer which is patently obvious


00:09:52.640 --> 00:09:54.070
probably from the way I'm talking about


00:09:54.080 --> 00:09:58.150
it. Um I I think you you probably don't


00:09:58.160 --> 00:10:00.150
know how far away that magnetic field


00:10:00.160 --> 00:10:05.269
is. And so um what you can infer is uh


00:10:05.279 --> 00:10:07.910
how how for example how rapidly it


00:10:07.920 --> 00:10:11.990
changes uh depending on the position in


00:10:12.000 --> 00:10:15.590
the sky. Um it's there's there's when


00:10:15.600 --> 00:10:17.829
you look at this map and I urge our


00:10:17.839 --> 00:10:19.110
listeners to have a look at it. It's


00:10:19.120 --> 00:10:21.350
pretty easy to find the largest magnetic


00:10:21.360 --> 00:10:23.990
map of the universe yet. Um you'll see


00:10:24.000 --> 00:10:26.069
lots of colors. Um the colors I think


00:10:26.079 --> 00:10:29.190
are colorcoded in that um I think if I


00:10:29.200 --> 00:10:32.150
remember rightly red is with the north


00:10:32.160 --> 00:10:34.150
pole pointing towards us of the


00:10:34.160 --> 00:10:37.269
magnetism and blue is it pointing the


00:10:37.279 --> 00:10:40.870
other way. Um and so that uh lets you


00:10:40.880 --> 00:10:43.430
sense the magnetism along that line of


00:10:43.440 --> 00:10:45.829
sight. And so the the biggest detail is


00:10:45.839 --> 00:10:48.230
actually in the galactic center which is


00:10:48.240 --> 00:10:50.550
full of churning magnetic fields. I I


00:10:50.560 --> 00:10:52.230
guess you're having a look at it now. I


00:10:52.240 --> 00:10:54.389
I'm looking at it right this minute and


00:10:54.399 --> 00:10:55.829
yeah, you're right that they they're


00:10:55.839 --> 00:10:57.670
explaining that just like um you've got


00:10:57.680 --> 00:10:59.670
blue shift and red shift with with light


00:10:59.680 --> 00:11:01.990
waves, the magnetic


00:11:02.000 --> 00:11:04.150
>> fields have the same kind of qualities


00:11:04.160 --> 00:11:06.389
in terms of north south


00:11:06.399 --> 00:11:08.470
>> on the um on the magnetic plane. And


00:11:08.480 --> 00:11:10.230
yes, the center of the Milky Way galaxy


00:11:10.240 --> 00:11:12.389
is probably the most volatile part of


00:11:12.399 --> 00:11:15.670
this entire picture. Um yeah, not


00:11:15.680 --> 00:11:17.829
surprising. We live there. We know we


00:11:17.839 --> 00:11:20.630
know all about volatility. Yeah, it's


00:11:20.640 --> 00:11:23.030
home from home. Uh, and just just going


00:11:23.040 --> 00:11:25.509
back to um what you said a few minutes


00:11:25.519 --> 00:11:27.829
ago, um there is a there is a hole in


00:11:27.839 --> 00:11:31.269
the in the uh map and that's because


00:11:31.279 --> 00:11:33.750
ASCAP there's certainly regions of the


00:11:33.760 --> 00:11:35.829
northern sky that ASCAP can't see


00:11:35.839 --> 00:11:37.269
because they're permanently below the


00:11:37.279 --> 00:11:38.870
horizon. They're relatively small


00:11:38.880 --> 00:11:40.710
actually because ASCAP can look a long


00:11:40.720 --> 00:11:42.389
way down towards the horizon, much


00:11:42.399 --> 00:11:43.670
further than we can in optical


00:11:43.680 --> 00:11:45.910
astronomy. in optical astronomy that the


00:11:45.920 --> 00:11:47.430
atmosphere just gets too thick when


00:11:47.440 --> 00:11:49.430
you're looking very low down and so you


00:11:49.440 --> 00:11:50.949
get all the distortions and everything


00:11:50.959 --> 00:11:53.110
from the atmosphere. That doesn't happen


00:11:53.120 --> 00:11:55.910
uh with low frequency radio waves. So um


00:11:55.920 --> 00:11:57.990
the the gap that's missing because of


00:11:58.000 --> 00:12:00.389
the northern hemisphere uh because it's


00:12:00.399 --> 00:12:01.910
not visible to the telescope that's


00:12:01.920 --> 00:12:04.069
actually relatively small compared with


00:12:04.079 --> 00:12:06.069
if it was an optical astronomy picture


00:12:06.079 --> 00:12:07.990
that you were looking at. But yes, the


00:12:08.000 --> 00:12:10.230
this this map has the the line of the


00:12:10.240 --> 00:12:12.550
Milky Way across its equator across the


00:12:12.560 --> 00:12:15.430
middle. Um, lots of magnetic turbulence


00:12:15.440 --> 00:12:17.509
in there. Some really intriguing


00:12:17.519 --> 00:12:19.350
features, things that look like magnetic


00:12:19.360 --> 00:12:21.990
fingers just sort of pointing around.


00:12:22.000 --> 00:12:24.470
It's a remarkable map which um, yeah, I


00:12:24.480 --> 00:12:26.389
encourage people to have a look at.


00:12:26.399 --> 00:12:28.790
Yeah. Just by way of um, taking this a


00:12:28.800 --> 00:12:32.069
step further. Uh, what can they now or


00:12:32.079 --> 00:12:34.470
what can anybody now do with a map like


00:12:34.480 --> 00:12:36.230
this? Because it's been made publicly


00:12:36.240 --> 00:12:38.150
available, hasn't it? Yes. So, that


00:12:38.160 --> 00:12:41.190
that's exactly right. those data are now


00:12:41.200 --> 00:12:43.430
publicly available. By the way, I do


00:12:43.440 --> 00:12:46.949
like the name of it which is spice


00:12:46.959 --> 00:12:47.670
racks.


00:12:47.680 --> 00:12:51.910
>> Yeah. Uh so RAX is the rapid ASCAP


00:12:51.920 --> 00:12:55.269
continuum survey and I've forgotten what


00:12:55.279 --> 00:12:57.990
spice is but it's something equally


00:12:58.000 --> 00:13:00.550
equally delightful. Uh but the spice


00:13:00.560 --> 00:13:03.110
rack survey I think is uh is you know


00:13:03.120 --> 00:13:06.629
it's got its own uh own charm about it.


00:13:06.639 --> 00:13:09.190
I I was going to say something tongue


00:13:09.200 --> 00:13:11.509
and cheek about a a girl group named


00:13:11.519 --> 00:13:12.790
something to do with spice.


00:13:12.800 --> 00:13:14.310
>> Oh yes, I know the one you


00:13:14.320 --> 00:13:16.150
>> and then then I thought no, you can't


00:13:16.160 --> 00:13:17.750
really associate that with racks. You


00:13:17.760 --> 00:13:19.670
could get yourself smacked across the


00:13:19.680 --> 00:13:20.230
face.


00:13:20.240 --> 00:13:21.829
>> I would leave that well alone.


00:13:21.839 --> 00:13:23.269
>> I will I won't mention it.


00:13:23.279 --> 00:13:24.790
>> Yeah.


00:13:24.800 --> 00:13:28.550
So um it's Yes. So it's so and and yes,


00:13:28.560 --> 00:13:30.870
as you said the the data are already


00:13:30.880 --> 00:13:33.670
publicly available. uh research groups


00:13:33.680 --> 00:13:36.790
are already actually digging through


00:13:36.800 --> 00:13:40.230
this to see what it tells us about the


00:13:40.240 --> 00:13:42.389
you know the magnetism of galaxies for a


00:13:42.399 --> 00:13:46.310
start. Uh it's and and just the way the


00:13:46.320 --> 00:13:49.269
environment of a galaxy is dominated by


00:13:49.279 --> 00:13:51.590
a particular magnetic field. It's only


00:13:51.600 --> 00:13:54.470
recently that we've understood that


00:13:54.480 --> 00:13:57.350
cosmic magnetic fields i.e. magnetic


00:13:57.360 --> 00:14:00.389
fields in space play a huge role in so


00:14:00.399 --> 00:14:02.069
many areas of astrophysics. But


00:14:02.079 --> 00:14:04.790
certainly in the way galaxies evolve


00:14:04.800 --> 00:14:07.110
over the millennia,


00:14:07.120 --> 00:14:09.590
billennia I suppose they are uh the way


00:14:09.600 --> 00:14:13.670
they evolve uh is um is very much


00:14:13.680 --> 00:14:16.150
dominated by the local magnetic fields.


00:14:16.160 --> 00:14:18.870
And one of the big puzzles in cosmology,


00:14:18.880 --> 00:14:20.949
the science of you know the universe as


00:14:20.959 --> 00:14:22.949
a whole is where did these magnetic


00:14:22.959 --> 00:14:24.790
fields come from in the first place?


00:14:24.800 --> 00:14:27.189
Yeah. And it's actually one of it's one


00:14:27.199 --> 00:14:29.990
of the things on the list of target


00:14:30.000 --> 00:14:31.990
science that as that the square


00:14:32.000 --> 00:14:34.710
kilometer array itself was designed to


00:14:34.720 --> 00:14:36.949
address. What's the origin of the of the


00:14:36.959 --> 00:14:39.590
cosmic magnetic field? Because we really


00:14:39.600 --> 00:14:42.870
don't know how they came to exist and


00:14:42.880 --> 00:14:44.949
more than that we don't know how


00:14:44.959 --> 00:14:47.110
magnetic fields have changed as you know


00:14:47.120 --> 00:14:49.430
as the universe itself has evolved. All


00:14:49.440 --> 00:14:50.870
this lets you do that because of course


00:14:50.880 --> 00:14:52.629
as you look further out into space


00:14:52.639 --> 00:14:54.550
you're looking further back in time. So


00:14:54.560 --> 00:14:56.710
there's a a time dimension of this as


00:14:56.720 --> 00:14:57.269
well.


00:14:57.279 --> 00:14:58.550
>> Yep. There's a there's a lot of


00:14:58.560 --> 00:15:00.710
magnetism out there and as you say they


00:15:00.720 --> 00:15:02.389
don't know where it came from. Uh we


00:15:02.399 --> 00:15:04.470
probably would have solved it solved it


00:15:04.480 --> 00:15:06.150
except dark matter and dark energy came


00:15:06.160 --> 00:15:07.590
along and we went oh well this is more


00:15:07.600 --> 00:15:10.389
exciting but um yeah it's just another


00:15:10.399 --> 00:15:12.069
one of those mysteries by the look of


00:15:12.079 --> 00:15:15.590
>> it is and I I you know I'm sure the um


00:15:15.600 --> 00:15:17.509
all the scientists who've been involved


00:15:17.519 --> 00:15:19.430
with this have got magnetic


00:15:19.440 --> 00:15:20.629
personalities.


00:15:20.639 --> 00:15:24.470
>> Oh sorry I do my best. We aim to please.


00:15:24.480 --> 00:15:26.629
>> Pretty good that one. All right. If


00:15:26.639 --> 00:15:28.150
you'd like to read up on it, you can do


00:15:28.160 --> 00:15:30.870
that through the CSRO website. It's an


00:15:30.880 --> 00:15:32.870
Australian website and you can download


00:15:32.880 --> 00:15:35.670
the map. It's only 6 million megaby.


00:15:35.680 --> 00:15:38.710
It's 6 megabytes. It's not a big file in


00:15:38.720 --> 00:15:41.590
the modern age. Uh you can also read the


00:15:41.600 --> 00:15:43.750
paper in publications of the


00:15:43.760 --> 00:15:46.949
Astronomical Society of Australia. This


00:15:46.959 --> 00:15:49.509
is Space Nuts with Professor Fred Watson


00:15:49.519 --> 00:15:53.990
and Andrew Dunley.


00:15:54.000 --> 00:15:55.590
G and I feel fine.


00:15:55.600 --> 00:15:59.670
>> Space nuts. All right. Um, now you did


00:15:59.680 --> 00:16:01.430
you did press record, didn't you?


00:16:01.440 --> 00:16:04.470
>> I did press record. Yes. Um, yes. The


00:16:04.480 --> 00:16:06.230
giant gap was a misfire.


00:16:06.240 --> 00:16:08.389
>> Oh, good. That's good. Okay. We get


00:16:08.399 --> 00:16:11.189
those. Uh, now, uh, our next story, it's


00:16:11.199 --> 00:16:13.590
a, uh, a new report about the


00:16:13.600 --> 00:16:15.670
relationship between black holes and


00:16:15.680 --> 00:16:17.110
dark matter. Now, this is this is


00:16:17.120 --> 00:16:19.030
something that our audience has quite


00:16:19.040 --> 00:16:21.030
often thrown up. you know, there's got


00:16:21.040 --> 00:16:23.670
to be a connection uh between black


00:16:23.680 --> 00:16:27.189
holes and and dark matter, etc., etc. Uh


00:16:27.199 --> 00:16:29.910
and now they've released a paper that's


00:16:29.920 --> 00:16:32.069
suggesting just that.


00:16:32.079 --> 00:16:34.069
>> Yes, this is really interesting stuff.


00:16:34.079 --> 00:16:37.670
And of course, it it um it covers two of


00:16:37.680 --> 00:16:41.030
the most popular topics that we discuss


00:16:41.040 --> 00:16:44.310
on on Space Nuts. Uh this is research uh


00:16:44.320 --> 00:16:47.269
from Virginia Tech uh in the United


00:16:47.279 --> 00:16:51.030
States and it it's very neat because it


00:16:51.040 --> 00:16:53.269
uses a technique that I've always found


00:16:53.279 --> 00:16:55.590
absolutely fascinating


00:16:55.600 --> 00:16:59.910
um which is it's got a fancy name uh


00:16:59.920 --> 00:17:03.430
called reverberation mapping uh but we


00:17:03.440 --> 00:17:07.350
usually talk about light echoes uh and


00:17:07.360 --> 00:17:10.069
the the easiest way to envisage it is uh


00:17:10.079 --> 00:17:14.470
the one that I think drew everybody's


00:17:14.480 --> 00:17:16.949
attention to this phenomenon back in the


00:17:16.959 --> 00:17:18.789
1980s


00:17:18.799 --> 00:17:22.470
uh when supernova 1987a


00:17:22.480 --> 00:17:25.350
the nearest supernova to us since Kepler


00:17:25.360 --> 00:17:29.350
supernova in6004 I think it was um that


00:17:29.360 --> 00:17:31.190
uh became very much the object of


00:17:31.200 --> 00:17:33.669
attention uh it was in the large melanic


00:17:33.679 --> 00:17:36.630
cloud so 165,000 lighty years away from


00:17:36.640 --> 00:17:39.990
us as the crow flies uh and what was


00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:43.510
discovered as time went on was the so


00:17:43.520 --> 00:17:45.669
the the supernova explodes. You've got


00:17:45.679 --> 00:17:47.270
this brilliant flash of light. It was


00:17:47.280 --> 00:17:49.350
easily visible to the naked eye. I


00:17:49.360 --> 00:17:52.630
remember looking at it. Uh and uh then


00:17:52.640 --> 00:17:55.750
as time goes by the light fades, but


00:17:55.760 --> 00:17:58.789
what you get uh


00:17:58.799 --> 00:18:01.270
as time goes on is a series of rings


00:18:01.280 --> 00:18:04.630
around the apparently around the the


00:18:04.640 --> 00:18:08.070
site of the explosion. And those rings


00:18:08.080 --> 00:18:12.390
are caused by light being reflected off


00:18:12.400 --> 00:18:15.110
clouds of dust which are between us and


00:18:15.120 --> 00:18:17.590
the supernova. And you can do all kinds


00:18:17.600 --> 00:18:21.190
of really neat calculations uh to dis


00:18:21.200 --> 00:18:23.510
discover how thick those clouds of dust


00:18:23.520 --> 00:18:25.029
are, where they are in relation to the


00:18:25.039 --> 00:18:28.470
supernova. Um uh one of my colleagues


00:18:28.480 --> 00:18:30.630
for now sadly no longer with us, David


00:18:30.640 --> 00:18:34.150
Allen was a past master about working on


00:18:34.160 --> 00:18:36.870
this and writing about it. And uh that


00:18:36.880 --> 00:18:38.789
those rings are called light echoes


00:18:38.799 --> 00:18:40.470
because it's the echo of the light of


00:18:40.480 --> 00:18:43.190
the supernova which has now faded away


00:18:43.200 --> 00:18:44.870
but you can still see it because it's


00:18:44.880 --> 00:18:47.510
bouncing off off clouds of dust in


00:18:47.520 --> 00:18:51.990
space. So what this article is about the


00:18:52.000 --> 00:18:53.669
Virginia Tech work that we've just


00:18:53.679 --> 00:18:56.950
mentioned is we know that black holes


00:18:56.960 --> 00:18:59.430
super massive black holes are surrounded


00:18:59.440 --> 00:19:03.669
by swirling discs of matter uh they're


00:19:03.679 --> 00:19:05.270
called the accretion disc. It's the


00:19:05.280 --> 00:19:07.350
stuff that's basically swirling around


00:19:07.360 --> 00:19:10.150
the plug hole uh before it either gets


00:19:10.160 --> 00:19:12.549
sucked into the black hole or shot out


00:19:12.559 --> 00:19:14.310
vertically from the poles of the black


00:19:14.320 --> 00:19:17.029
hole, the rotation poles in the form of


00:19:17.039 --> 00:19:18.950
these jets which we hear a lot about.


00:19:18.960 --> 00:19:21.430
But the accretion disc itself is bright


00:19:21.440 --> 00:19:25.029
and it um in X-rays and radio.


00:19:25.039 --> 00:19:28.950
Uh once in a while um a larger dollop of


00:19:28.960 --> 00:19:32.390
matter enters the accretion disc and you


00:19:32.400 --> 00:19:34.710
get this outburst. you get a brilliant


00:19:34.720 --> 00:19:39.190
outburst of of of radiation. Um, and


00:19:39.200 --> 00:19:42.150
that outburst is relatively short-lived.


00:19:42.160 --> 00:19:44.630
It might last for a few weeks or even


00:19:44.640 --> 00:19:47.110
months, but it's short-lived. And so


00:19:47.120 --> 00:19:50.630
what you can look for is a light echo


00:19:50.640 --> 00:19:52.789
around it because that light radiates


00:19:52.799 --> 00:19:55.590
outwards from the accretion disc. And if


00:19:55.600 --> 00:19:58.549
it hits anything, you know, outside it,


00:19:58.559 --> 00:20:00.870
it will reflect back to us and we'll see


00:20:00.880 --> 00:20:05.750
it at a later date from when the bright


00:20:05.760 --> 00:20:07.909
event itself happened. So you see the


00:20:07.919 --> 00:20:10.470
bright event in the accretion disc and


00:20:10.480 --> 00:20:13.590
then at some time later you see an an


00:20:13.600 --> 00:20:15.909
echo of that light which is being


00:20:15.919 --> 00:20:18.789
reflected off usually gas and dust which


00:20:18.799 --> 00:20:21.430
is surrounding the uh the accretion


00:20:21.440 --> 00:20:23.830
disc. What this story is all about


00:20:23.840 --> 00:20:27.669
though is that when you do calculations


00:20:27.679 --> 00:20:32.789
about how much material there is in the


00:20:32.799 --> 00:20:35.029
accretion disc where the echo is taking


00:20:35.039 --> 00:20:38.070
place, you get a much higher mass than


00:20:38.080 --> 00:20:41.110
what you can see. And that's al always


00:20:41.120 --> 00:20:45.110
the um that's always the uh uh kind of


00:20:45.120 --> 00:20:48.310
telltale signature of dark matter uh


00:20:48.320 --> 00:20:50.789
when you can only see a limited amount


00:20:50.799 --> 00:20:53.510
of stuff but gravity tells you that


00:20:53.520 --> 00:20:55.029
there's much more there's more there


00:20:55.039 --> 00:20:56.950
>> and that's exactly the basis of this


00:20:56.960 --> 00:20:59.669
story. So, it's just a new way of


00:20:59.679 --> 00:21:03.990
detecting the dark matter uh around


00:21:04.000 --> 00:21:06.470
black holes. But it looks as though


00:21:06.480 --> 00:21:09.669
black holes, as you'd expect, not only


00:21:09.679 --> 00:21:12.710
are a magnet for regular matter, uh I


00:21:12.720 --> 00:21:14.710
mean a gravitational magnet. I guess


00:21:14.720 --> 00:21:16.149
it's not magnetic in the sense that


00:21:16.159 --> 00:21:18.390
we've just been talking about uh but a


00:21:18.400 --> 00:21:21.190
gravitational uh pull for normal matter.


00:21:21.200 --> 00:21:24.230
It's also a gravitational pull for dark


00:21:24.240 --> 00:21:25.830
matter as well. And it looks as though


00:21:25.840 --> 00:21:27.990
the dark matter actually congregates


00:21:28.000 --> 00:21:31.190
around black holes that we've got these


00:21:31.200 --> 00:21:34.070
buildups of dark matter in the vicinity


00:21:34.080 --> 00:21:35.830
of of a black hole.


00:21:35.840 --> 00:21:37.270
>> Quite remarkable.


00:21:37.280 --> 00:21:39.909
>> Now the the situation is that they


00:21:39.919 --> 00:21:42.710
haven't absolutely proven it. They've


00:21:42.720 --> 00:21:44.870
just come up with a way of suggesting


00:21:44.880 --> 00:21:47.990
that this might be the case. But um


00:21:48.000 --> 00:21:49.909
yeah, it's not absolute. It's not it's


00:21:49.919 --> 00:21:51.430
not


00:21:51.440 --> 00:21:54.470
>> fact. It's it it is in the sense that um


00:21:54.480 --> 00:21:57.590
they've looked at this for for 14


00:21:57.600 --> 00:21:59.190
different galaxies


00:21:59.200 --> 00:22:03.190
>> and and all found cases where uh what


00:22:03.200 --> 00:22:05.110
what you what you're looking for is the


00:22:05.120 --> 00:22:07.830
way the mass changes with distance from


00:22:07.840 --> 00:22:10.070
the black hole and that mass is


00:22:10.080 --> 00:22:12.149
increasing because you're looking at


00:22:12.159 --> 00:22:14.470
stuff swirling around. But the increase


00:22:14.480 --> 00:22:18.149
in mass is faster than the visible


00:22:18.159 --> 00:22:21.190
matter on its own can explain. Yeah. And


00:22:21.200 --> 00:22:23.750
that's the it's a kind of smoking gun


00:22:23.760 --> 00:22:24.950
for dark matter really.


00:22:24.960 --> 00:22:26.950
>> Yeah. I I've I've found the paragraph.


00:22:26.960 --> 00:22:28.950
It says data limitations mean the


00:22:28.960 --> 00:22:31.750
results are a proof of concept, not a


00:22:31.760 --> 00:22:34.789
definitive dete detection, but the study


00:22:34.799 --> 00:22:36.710
outlines a clear path to confirmation.


00:22:36.720 --> 00:22:37.750
>> That's right. Yeah. So


00:22:37.760 --> 00:22:38.630
>> we're almost there.


00:22:38.640 --> 00:22:40.310
>> We're almost there. That's exactly


00:22:40.320 --> 00:22:41.909
right. We're almost there.


00:22:41.919 --> 00:22:44.230
>> That is very exciting news. And um that


00:22:44.240 --> 00:22:46.950
will stop probably 75% of the questions


00:22:46.960 --> 00:22:50.710
we get on our Q&A editions.


00:22:50.720 --> 00:22:53.590
Well, it it might, but I bet it produces


00:22:53.600 --> 00:22:56.390
another 150% about what it is that we're


00:22:56.400 --> 00:22:58.310
finding. And how do we know? Why isn't


00:22:58.320 --> 00:23:00.070
it Mond and things like that?


00:23:00.080 --> 00:23:02.789
>> Yeah. Yes. Oh gosh. It will just it


00:23:02.799 --> 00:23:03.590
it'll never end.


00:23:03.600 --> 00:23:04.630
>> It will never end.


00:23:04.640 --> 00:23:06.230
>> I hope it never ends. I think it's


00:23:06.240 --> 00:23:06.630
great.


00:23:06.640 --> 00:23:07.190
>> So do I.


00:23:07.200 --> 00:23:08.789
>> But if you want to read about it, it's


00:23:08.799 --> 00:23:11.590
at fizz.org. Uh they publish the paper


00:23:11.600 --> 00:23:14.149
in the physical review D. Does that mean


00:23:14.159 --> 00:23:16.230
there's an A, B, and C that comes?


00:23:16.240 --> 00:23:17.270
>> Yes, it does.


00:23:17.280 --> 00:23:19.669
>> I assume so. Yes. But um that's a


00:23:19.679 --> 00:23:21.350
high-profile journal though, Physical


00:23:21.360 --> 00:23:24.310
Review. It's uh definitely uh


00:23:24.320 --> 00:23:27.110
>> you know it's it's ranks with nature and


00:23:27.120 --> 00:23:28.870
science and these very high-profile


00:23:28.880 --> 00:23:31.909
journals. So it's it's not work that is


00:23:31.919 --> 00:23:34.230
in any way secondary. It's not like


00:23:34.240 --> 00:23:36.870
Space Nuts where it's adequate. This is


00:23:36.880 --> 00:23:41.190
top top top running stuff. Indeed it is.


00:23:41.200 --> 00:23:43.029
Uh yes. So read about it at physical


00:23:43.039 --> 00:23:45.669
review or at fizz.org. This is Space


00:23:45.679 --> 00:23:47.270
Nuts. Andrew Dunley here with Professor


00:23:47.280 --> 00:23:51.510
Fred Watson.


00:23:51.520 --> 00:23:54.390
>> Okay, we checked all four systems and


00:23:54.400 --> 00:23:56.070
>> Space Nets.


00:23:56.080 --> 00:23:59.270
>> Our final story, Fred, uh takes us into


00:23:59.280 --> 00:24:02.950
the realm of um publicly offering your


00:24:02.960 --> 00:24:05.909
company up on the stock exchange.


00:24:05.919 --> 00:24:07.350
>> I wonder why we're going to talk about


00:24:07.360 --> 00:24:07.750
that.


00:24:07.760 --> 00:24:09.669
>> I wonder why. Uh the world's first


00:24:09.679 --> 00:24:12.470
trillionaire has just done that in um in


00:24:12.480 --> 00:24:14.390
a very interesting way. And to coincide


00:24:14.400 --> 00:24:17.190
with the launch, he's um he's selling


00:24:17.200 --> 00:24:19.750
stuff like we do on on the Space Nuts


00:24:19.760 --> 00:24:22.789
shop. All sorts of little bits and bobs


00:24:22.799 --> 00:24:24.549
if you want a piece of the action.


00:24:24.559 --> 00:24:26.070
>> Yes, the IPO merch.


00:24:26.080 --> 00:24:28.710
>> It is it really is a remarkable story


00:24:28.720 --> 00:24:31.669
though uh Elon Musk and SpaceX because


00:24:31.679 --> 00:24:34.549
uh as as this article um briefly


00:24:34.559 --> 00:24:36.870
mentions, he didn't think the company


00:24:36.880 --> 00:24:39.430
would survive. He didn't expect it to to


00:24:39.440 --> 00:24:41.750
actually be a success. He gave it a very


00:24:41.760 --> 00:24:44.549
low chance of lasting and look at him


00:24:44.559 --> 00:24:46.070
now.


00:24:46.080 --> 00:24:48.390
>> Quite so. The world's first


00:24:48.400 --> 00:24:49.990
trillionaire.


00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:50.470
>> Yeah.


00:24:50.480 --> 00:24:54.310
>> It's um I mean I don't honestly I know


00:24:54.320 --> 00:24:55.830
virtually nothing about the world of


00:24:55.840 --> 00:24:57.190
high finance.


00:24:57.200 --> 00:24:58.149
>> Um


00:24:58.159 --> 00:25:00.950
>> well, you know more than me then.


00:25:00.960 --> 00:25:02.870
>> When I see numbers like millions and


00:25:02.880 --> 00:25:04.390
billions, I always expect there to be


00:25:04.400 --> 00:25:05.750
light years after them rather than


00:25:05.760 --> 00:25:09.990
dollars. Uh but yeah, it's uh the the


00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:13.430
public the IPO initial public offering


00:25:13.440 --> 00:25:15.990
um has valued this company at something


00:25:16.000 --> 00:25:17.909
absolutely huge compared with all the


00:25:17.919 --> 00:25:19.830
other tech companies that that are being


00:25:19.840 --> 00:25:22.630
floated or are likely to be floated into


00:25:22.640 --> 00:25:25.029
public ownership. It's enormous.


00:25:25.039 --> 00:25:28.149
>> Um is it 170 billion? Am I thinking of


00:25:28.159 --> 00:25:29.750
the right number there? Or is that light


00:25:29.760 --> 00:25:31.430
years? That could be light years.


00:25:31.440 --> 00:25:33.350
>> I don't know.


00:25:33.360 --> 00:25:35.990
Uh anyway, the bottom line, so yes, that


00:25:36.000 --> 00:25:40.470
was um uh over the weekend that um that


00:25:40.480 --> 00:25:44.710
offering IPO uh happened and it was very


00:25:44.720 --> 00:25:47.510
successful. Um I heard people on Friday


00:25:47.520 --> 00:25:49.510
saying, "Oh no, the it'll probably just


00:25:49.520 --> 00:25:51.029
fail because nobody will actually


00:25:51.039 --> 00:25:53.430
believe what Elon Musk's saying."


00:25:53.440 --> 00:25:54.870
>> Well, they might not have believed what


00:25:54.880 --> 00:25:56.230
he was saying, but they put their money


00:25:56.240 --> 00:25:58.230
where they where their mouths were. And


00:25:58.240 --> 00:26:01.029
um yeah, so it's done very very well.


00:26:01.039 --> 00:26:03.029
Um, I think the number I'm thinking of


00:26:03.039 --> 00:26:05.269
is $160.95,


00:26:05.279 --> 00:26:07.190
which is the share price.


00:26:07.200 --> 00:26:08.789
>> Well, I've just looked it up now, and I


00:26:08.799 --> 00:26:10.630
know this is being recorded, so by the


00:26:10.640 --> 00:26:12.710
time people hear this, the number will


00:26:12.720 --> 00:26:14.870
change. But at the moment, at this very


00:26:14.880 --> 00:26:15.990
moment,


00:26:16.000 --> 00:26:17.909
>> $19,250


00:26:17.919 --> 00:26:19.029
in US.


00:26:19.039 --> 00:26:21.029
>> All right. So, they've already gone up


00:26:21.039 --> 00:26:21.430
then.


00:26:21.440 --> 00:26:24.070
>> They've gone up 19.6%.


00:26:24.080 --> 00:26:24.710
>> Yeah.


00:26:24.720 --> 00:26:27.110
>> In fact, they're up 31.55%


00:26:27.120 --> 00:26:29.190
today. So, not a bad investment really


00:26:29.200 --> 00:26:30.870
if you're into that kind of thing.


00:26:30.880 --> 00:26:31.430
>> Yeah.


00:26:31.440 --> 00:26:32.789
>> Well, we're not into that kind of thing,


00:26:32.799 --> 00:26:35.430
but we're definitely into merch. Uh, and


00:26:35.440 --> 00:26:38.310
that's what this story is about, right?


00:26:38.320 --> 00:26:41.669
>> Because, um, uh, I I I guess the one


00:26:41.679 --> 00:26:45.669
thing you can not accuse Elon Musk of is


00:26:45.679 --> 00:26:48.549
lacking flare. um because he's done this


00:26:48.559 --> 00:26:50.470
very nicely that you can buy a mission


00:26:50.480 --> 00:26:51.510
patch


00:26:51.520 --> 00:26:56.070
>> for the uh for the IPO uh which says the


00:26:56.080 --> 00:26:58.390
future is public. There's a lovely


00:26:58.400 --> 00:27:01.110
embroidered uh Starship in the


00:27:01.120 --> 00:27:03.190
background. Uh in the middle it says


00:27:03.200 --> 00:27:06.710
SPCX which is SpaceX liftoff underneath


00:27:06.720 --> 00:27:11.269
it and uh SpaceX 2026. Uh and it's also


00:27:11.279 --> 00:27:13.110
got a four-leaf clover on it which I


00:27:13.120 --> 00:27:15.750
think is present on all Elon Musk


00:27:15.760 --> 00:27:17.830
SpaceX. I think that's been his logo


00:27:17.840 --> 00:27:19.110
since day one.


00:27:19.120 --> 00:27:22.230
>> Yes. Yeah. A sign of good luck. Maybe


00:27:22.240 --> 00:27:23.590
that's what's done it.


00:27:23.600 --> 00:27:28.149
>> But the thing I liked was um you can you


00:27:28.159 --> 00:27:32.950
can have a souvenir bell. And I guess I


00:27:32.960 --> 00:27:34.470
don't know whether bells are normally


00:27:34.480 --> 00:27:36.230
associated. I know they're certainly


00:27:36.240 --> 00:27:37.990
associated with the stock exchange, but


00:27:38.000 --> 00:27:40.549
whether whether with public offerings


00:27:40.559 --> 00:27:42.149
they're associated, but they certainly


00:27:42.159 --> 00:27:44.149
are in this case. And what he's chosen


00:27:44.159 --> 00:27:45.750
for the shape of his bell is something


00:27:45.760 --> 00:27:49.750
absolutely perfect. It's the bell um of


00:27:49.760 --> 00:27:52.870
a Raptor engine. Uh these rocket motors


00:27:52.880 --> 00:27:55.750
have a very strongly bell-shaped uh


00:27:55.760 --> 00:27:57.830
thrust chamber. I guess it's the it's


00:27:57.840 --> 00:28:00.789
the um opening uh that lets all the gas


00:28:00.799 --> 00:28:03.590
out uh after it's been ignited in the


00:28:03.600 --> 00:28:05.669
the combustion chamber above it. And so


00:28:05.679 --> 00:28:07.510
it's a scale replica of the Raptor


00:28:07.520 --> 00:28:11.029
engines that actually power the Falcon


00:28:11.039 --> 00:28:12.710
Heavy. Um, I beg you pardon the


00:28:12.720 --> 00:28:13.990
superheavy


00:28:14.000 --> 00:28:16.789
>> booster which is the basis of Starship.


00:28:16.799 --> 00:28:19.269
It's got 33 of these.


00:28:19.279 --> 00:28:22.950
>> And um they uh the this one's got a


00:28:22.960 --> 00:28:24.470
little clapper in the middle that lets


00:28:24.480 --> 00:28:27.269
you ring it as well as all the work. And


00:28:27.279 --> 00:28:28.870
apparently it rings. Yes. Cuz there's a


00:28:28.880 --> 00:28:30.549
video on the website that shows you


00:28:30.559 --> 00:28:31.430
that.


00:28:31.440 --> 00:28:34.389
>> Uh they they haven't released those yet


00:28:34.399 --> 00:28:36.549
to the public, but they will be out


00:28:36.559 --> 00:28:37.830
probably I think they're talking


00:28:37.840 --> 00:28:41.830
December. Yeah. And um yeah, there sort


00:28:41.840 --> 00:28:45.510
of an 18 cm or 7 in scale model of the


00:28:45.520 --> 00:28:49.029
um the SpaceX Raptor bell, but this one


00:28:49.039 --> 00:28:50.310
has a


00:28:50.320 --> 00:28:51.990
>> you know clunker in it that makes it


00:28:52.000 --> 00:28:53.430
ring. I don't know what that thing's


00:28:53.440 --> 00:28:56.230
called inside the bell. The dingy thing.


00:28:56.240 --> 00:28:58.070
>> It's a clapper. It's a clapper.


00:28:58.080 --> 00:28:58.630
>> Is it?


00:28:58.640 --> 00:29:00.389
>> That's the name. Yeah. For


00:29:00.399 --> 00:29:01.990
>> anyway. So, they're selling those.


00:29:02.000 --> 00:29:05.990
They're selling uh tote bags and um as


00:29:06.000 --> 00:29:08.630
you said, mission patches, t-shirts,


00:29:08.640 --> 00:29:10.630
caps.


00:29:10.640 --> 00:29:12.950
Don't let it, you know, he he's um he's


00:29:12.960 --> 00:29:14.230
the sort of bloke that never lets


00:29:14.240 --> 00:29:15.510
opportunity no


00:29:15.520 --> 00:29:17.590
>> get away. No whatsoever.


00:29:17.600 --> 00:29:20.789
>> I I did hear some of the things that he


00:29:20.799 --> 00:29:23.830
said publicly at the launch, which made


00:29:23.840 --> 00:29:28.630
me cringe. Uh because


00:29:28.640 --> 00:29:33.190
you know I can I can just about um


00:29:33.200 --> 00:29:36.710
believe that we might get humans to Mars


00:29:36.720 --> 00:29:38.710
in his lifetime.


00:29:38.720 --> 00:29:41.430
>> It won't be millions and that's because


00:29:41.440 --> 00:29:44.710
that's immoral apart from anything else.


00:29:44.720 --> 00:29:49.510
Um but he was talking about uh the you


00:29:49.520 --> 00:29:51.669
know flying through around the solar


00:29:51.679 --> 00:29:56.310
system and beyond and at the moment that


00:29:56.320 --> 00:29:59.510
is off the agenda. Physics don't doesn't


00:29:59.520 --> 00:30:02.310
let you do that. Uh just actually as a


00:30:02.320 --> 00:30:04.630
as a little footnote to that I read a


00:30:04.640 --> 00:30:06.310
paper yesterday


00:30:06.320 --> 00:30:09.510
>> uh which is about you know the idea of


00:30:09.520 --> 00:30:13.510
using um photonic propulsion or or


00:30:13.520 --> 00:30:16.630
basically uh light energy blasted at a


00:30:16.640 --> 00:30:19.110
light sail. You've got a laser uh you


00:30:19.120 --> 00:30:20.789
fire it at this light sail and the


00:30:20.799 --> 00:30:22.549
spacecraft accelerates because of that.


00:30:22.559 --> 00:30:25.430
That's all fine and dandy and will work


00:30:25.440 --> 00:30:27.110
um if you can make your spacecraft light


00:30:27.120 --> 00:30:29.430
enough. But it turns out that you're not


00:30:29.440 --> 00:30:31.190
ever going to get near the speed of


00:30:31.200 --> 00:30:34.310
light. You beyond about 75% of the speed


00:30:34.320 --> 00:30:37.269
of light. You uh get something called


00:30:37.279 --> 00:30:40.310
relativistic drag. Uh where space itself


00:30:40.320 --> 00:30:42.470
drags on the light sail as well as any


00:30:42.480 --> 00:30:44.149
kind of interstellar matter that you've


00:30:44.159 --> 00:30:47.269
got to plow through at the 75% of the


00:30:47.279 --> 00:30:49.269
speed of light. So that's not going to


00:30:49.279 --> 00:30:51.190
get us touring around the galaxy.


00:30:51.200 --> 00:30:52.950
>> No, we'll have to find another way.


00:30:52.960 --> 00:30:54.710
>> We need another way. Yes. They need to


00:30:54.720 --> 00:30:57.590
go to science fiction writers and see


00:30:57.600 --> 00:30:59.669
what they've come up with.


00:30:59.679 --> 00:31:01.750
>> Maybe that's what Elon's thinking of.


00:31:01.760 --> 00:31:03.590
Maybe he was suddenly in the realm of


00:31:03.600 --> 00:31:05.110
science fiction, but he didn't bother to


00:31:05.120 --> 00:31:05.750
tell us.


00:31:05.760 --> 00:31:07.750
>> No, maybe not. No, but there's no


00:31:07.760 --> 00:31:11.430
nothing fictional about his um IP IP.


00:31:11.440 --> 00:31:13.029
>> Not at all. Not at all.


00:31:13.039 --> 00:31:14.549
>> Initial public offering that is out


00:31:14.559 --> 00:31:16.630
there and it is going gang busters. It's


00:31:16.640 --> 00:31:19.510
it's burning like a raptor at the


00:31:19.520 --> 00:31:20.230
moment.


00:31:20.240 --> 00:31:22.710
>> Yeah, probably will. I mean, you you


00:31:22.720 --> 00:31:25.029
know, you've got to give the guy credit.


00:31:25.039 --> 00:31:27.750
Uh two of the biggest breakthroughs of


00:31:27.760 --> 00:31:31.110
our of our generation, uh electric


00:31:31.120 --> 00:31:34.149
vehicles and reusable booster rockets.


00:31:34.159 --> 00:31:36.070
And basically, they've come from him.


00:31:36.080 --> 00:31:36.789
>> Yes, certainly.


00:31:36.799 --> 00:31:38.389
>> Tesla. Yes, they have. It's quite


00:31:38.399 --> 00:31:39.669
extraordinary.


00:31:39.679 --> 00:31:41.509
>> You can read about it at


00:31:41.519 --> 00:31:43.509
collectpace.com.


00:31:43.519 --> 00:31:45.750
U we won't tell you all the prices of


00:31:45.760 --> 00:31:47.590
everything he's selling because that's,


00:31:47.600 --> 00:31:51.509
you know, you go and have a look. Um


00:31:51.519 --> 00:31:54.389
Totally your call. Um, but I do like the


00:31:54.399 --> 00:31:56.230
idea of mission patches and I'm pretty


00:31:56.240 --> 00:31:59.029
sure I suggested that to Hugh many years


00:31:59.039 --> 00:32:01.110
ago that we should have mission patches.


00:32:01.120 --> 00:32:01.350
Yes,


00:32:01.360 --> 00:32:02.950
>> we need Yes, we do.


00:32:02.960 --> 00:32:05.430
>> Yes, I thought we should a new one for


00:32:05.440 --> 00:32:07.350
every episode.


00:32:07.360 --> 00:32:09.110
>> Oh, all right. Okay.


00:32:09.120 --> 00:32:10.389
>> No, that's a bit much.


00:32:10.399 --> 00:32:12.070
>> Well, look, the trouble is the miss


00:32:12.080 --> 00:32:14.310
patches, they would just be adequate and


00:32:14.320 --> 00:32:15.750
if you


00:32:15.760 --> 00:32:17.909
>> Although I think our logo would make a


00:32:17.919 --> 00:32:18.950
great patch


00:32:18.960 --> 00:32:20.389
>> all on it own. Yeah.


00:32:20.399 --> 00:32:21.269
>> Yeah.


00:32:21.279 --> 00:32:24.230
>> Anyway, uh we'll we'll do that one day,


00:32:24.240 --> 00:32:25.509
maybe. I don't know. There's plenty of


00:32:25.519 --> 00:32:26.870
other stuff in the shop. Just go and


00:32:26.880 --> 00:32:28.389
have a look in our shop. It's on our


00:32:28.399 --> 00:32:30.950
website, spacenutspodcast.com


00:32:30.960 --> 00:32:33.269
or spacenuts.io.


00:32:33.279 --> 00:32:35.350
Uh click on the shop link and buy


00:32:35.360 --> 00:32:37.909
yourself a pair of socks or a notebook


00:32:37.919 --> 00:32:41.669
or a um or a coffee cup or a hat or a


00:32:41.679 --> 00:32:45.269
hoodie. Um stickers. There's just all


00:32:45.279 --> 00:32:47.190
this great stuff there. I've got some of


00:32:47.200 --> 00:32:49.830
it. Look, I've got my cup here. See,


00:32:49.840 --> 00:32:52.470
here's my cup. Oh, that's nice. Space


00:32:52.480 --> 00:32:53.509
nuts cup.


00:32:53.519 --> 00:32:54.630
>> Yeah, I might have one of those


00:32:54.640 --> 00:32:55.269
somewhere. You


00:32:55.279 --> 00:32:58.149
>> probably do. Yes. And I got the tote bag


00:32:58.159 --> 00:32:59.190
as well.


00:32:59.200 --> 00:33:01.509
>> So, we thought of that before, Elon.


00:33:01.519 --> 00:33:02.870
He's probably using the same company


00:33:02.880 --> 00:33:03.990
that we do.


00:33:04.000 --> 00:33:06.149
>> But, um,


00:33:06.159 --> 00:33:08.710
yes. Um, I think that brings us to the


00:33:08.720 --> 00:33:10.230
end. Fred, thank you so much.


00:33:10.240 --> 00:33:12.149
>> A pleasure, Andrew. Good to talk. And


00:33:12.159 --> 00:33:14.389
we'll speak again soon.


00:33:14.399 --> 00:33:16.710
>> We will indeed. Professor Fred Watson,


00:33:16.720 --> 00:33:18.149
astronomer at large, and thanks to Hugh


00:33:18.159 --> 00:33:19.590
in the studio. couldn't be with us today


00:33:19.600 --> 00:33:21.509
because he wants to be the world's


00:33:21.519 --> 00:33:23.830
second trillionaire and he's just put


00:33:23.840 --> 00:33:25.430
down five bucks and he's just watching


00:33:25.440 --> 00:33:27.669
to see what happens. And from me, Andrew


00:33:27.679 --> 00:33:29.110
Dunley, thanks for your company. We'll


00:33:29.120 --> 00:33:30.630
see you on the next episode of Space


00:33:30.640 --> 00:33:32.230
Nuts. Bye-bye.


00:33:32.240 --> 00:33:33.190
>> Space Nuts.


00:33:33.200 --> 00:33:35.269
>> You've been listening to the Space Nuts


00:33:35.279 --> 00:33:37.590
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00:33:37.600 --> 00:33:40.549
>> available at Apple Podcasts, Spotify,


00:33:40.559 --> 00:33:43.190
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00:33:43.200 --> 00:33:45.509
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