Challenging Dark Energy, Solar Wind Mysteries, and Venus’s Volcanic Past: S28E04

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is spacetime series 28 episode 4


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for broadcast on the 8th of January


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2025 coming up on SpaceTime more


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evidence that dark energy might not


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exist after all new observations show


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the solar wind slowing down Beyond Pluto


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and Venus's ancient layered folded rocks


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are pointing to a volcanic origin all


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that and more coming up on


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SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with


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Stuart


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[Music]




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a new paper claims that one of the


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biggest mysteries in science Dark Energy


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doesn't actually exist now if correct it


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would force scientists to begin looking


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for new ways to try and explain the


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accelerating expansion of the universe


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for the past 100 years physicists have


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generally assumed that the cosmos is


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growing equally in all directions they


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employed the idea of dark energy as a


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sort of placeholder to explain the


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unknown physics behind this which they


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simply don't understand the thing is


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this contentious theories always had its


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problems now a team of physicists and


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astronomers from the University of canri


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Christ Church New Zealand are once again


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challenging the status quo using


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improved analyses of supernova light


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curves to show that the universe is


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expanding in a more varied lumpier way


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the new evidence supports something


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we've talked about before on SpaceTime


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and on Star stuff before SpaceTime


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namely the concept of time scape a model


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of cosmic expansion which doesn't have


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the need for Dark Energy because the


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differences in stretching light aren't


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the result of an accelerating universe


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but instead a consequence of how we


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calibrate time and distance time scape


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takes into account the fact gravity


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slows time so an ideal clock in empty


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space would be ticking faster than one


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inside a Galaxy the model suggested a


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clock in the Milky Way galaxy would be


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about 35% slower than the same clock in


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an average position in the large Cosmic


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void meaning billions more years would


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have passed in the voids this would in


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turn allow more expansion of space


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making it seem like the expansion's


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getting faster when such vast empty


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voids grow to dominate the universe now


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once again the scientist behind this


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study is Professor David wicher who's


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LED previous Research into Timescape and


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dark energy wiie says the new findings


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confirm earlier studies that we don't


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need dark energy to explain why the


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universe appears to expand at an


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accelerating rate he says dark energy is


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simply a misidentification of variations


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in kinetic energy of expansion which is


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not uniform in the universe as lump is


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the one we actually live in and the new


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research May provide compelling evidence


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that could resolve some of the key


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questions around some of the quirks of


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our expanding Cosmo


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see with the new data the universe's


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biggest mystery could be settled by the


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end of the decade the new analysis has


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been published in the monthly notices of


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the Royal Astronomical Society letters


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dark energy is commonly thought to be a


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weak anti-gravity Force which acts


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independently of matter and makes up


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around 2/3 of the mass energy density of


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the universe the standard Lambda called


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Dark Matter model of the universe


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requires dark energy to explain the


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observed acceleration in the rate at


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which the cosmos is expanding scientist


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based these conclusions on measurements


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to distant supern explosions in distant


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galaxies which appear to be further away


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than they should be if the universe's


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rate of expansion wasn't


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accelerating the problem is the present


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rate of expansion of the universe is


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increasingly being challenged by new


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observations firstly evidence from the


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Afterglow of the Big Bang known as The


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Cosmic microwave background radiation


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shows the expansion of the early


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universe is at odds with the current


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expansion of the universe an anomaly


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known as Hubble tension in addition


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recent analyses of new high Precision


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data from the Dark Energy spectroscopic


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instrument Desi has found that the


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Lambda cold Dark Matter model does not


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fit in as well as models in which dark


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energy is evolving over time rather than


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remaining constant both the Hubble


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tension and the surprises revealed by


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Desi are difficult to resolve in models


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which use a simplified Oney old Cosmic


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expansion law known as fredman's


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equation now this assumes that on


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average the Universe expands uniformly


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as if all Cosmic structures were put in


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a blender making it a featureless soup


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with no complicating structure however


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that's not the way the universe is the


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present Universe actually contains a


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complex Cosmic web of Galaxy clusters in


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sheets and filaments and these surround


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and thread through vast empty voids wiie


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points out that we now have so much data


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we can finally answer the question how


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and why does a simple average expansion


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law emerge from complexity he points out


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that a simple expansion law consistent


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with Einstein's general relativity


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Theory doesn't have to obey Freeman's


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equations the European space agency's


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uclid satellite which was launched back


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in July 2023 has the power to test and


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distinguish the Freedman equation from


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the Timescape alternative however this


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will require at least a thousand


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independent highquality Supernova


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observations when the proposed time


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scape model was last tested back in 2017


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the analysis suggested that it was only


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a slightly better fit than the Lambda


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cold Dark Matter model as an explanation


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for Cosmic expansion so Wilshire and


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colleagues work closely with the pathon


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plus collaboration team who had


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painstakingly produced a catalog of


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1,535 distinct Supernova they say the


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new data provides very strong evidence


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for time scape and it may also point to


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compelling resolution of Hubble tension


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and other anomalies related to the


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expansion of the universe further


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observations from uid as well as the new


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Nancy Grace Space Telescope will be


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needed to bolster support for the


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Timescape model this explanation of dark


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energy from Dr Don Lincoln of fery lab


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you know


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something science is pretty amazing for


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thousands of years people have wondered


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about the ultimate building blocks of


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the cosmos and in the 20th and 21st


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century we've made some incredible


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progress for instance if you take a


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bunch of quirks and you take some


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leptons you take these quk and leptons


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and you shake them up you can make atoms


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atoms make up all of ordinary matter


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from me to you to the most distant


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galaxies in fact our best estimates tell


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us that there are about 10 to the 80


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that's a one followed by 80 zeros of


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atoms in the universe they're all


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basically the same and we understand


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them very well using chemistry and


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nuclear physics however I have some


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humbling news for you if you add up all


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of the matter tied up in stars and


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planets it only amounts to half a


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percent of the matter and energy in the


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universe even if you include the


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hydrogen gas between the stars and


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galaxies that is invisible to ordinary


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light you still have only about 5%


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5% so what is the other 95% and how is


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it that we've missed finding it


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scientists think that the universe is


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composed of three different substances


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5% is ordinary matter 27% is a substance


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called dark matter and 68% is called


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Dark Energy I want to tell you about


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Dark Energy first I should tell you that


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even though dark matter and dark energy


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have similar names they are really very


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different things scientists have known


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for a long time that the universe is


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expanding and have called that process


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the Big Bang from what we understand


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about gravity it seems clear that the


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expansion of the universe should be


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slowing down after all gravity is an


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attractive Force if I throw this ball up


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gravity will pull the ball back


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downwards its motion will slow down what


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we didn't know was how gravity would


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determine the ultimate fate of the


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universe was the universe going to


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expand Forever Without ever stopping


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expand and stop at some unfathomable


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distant time in the future or expand for


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a while then have the expansion overcome


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by gravity and have the universe


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collapse in some sort of big crunch


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nobody knew the answer and the debate


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raged in order to resolve the question


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we needed to understand the expansion


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history of the universe and to do that


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astronomers used a class of supern noi


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which is the explosion of a Dying star


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this kind of supern noi was very well


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understood if you saw one you knew the


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brightness of the


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explosion however just like a distant


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candle appears dimmer than a close one


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so too it is with exploding Stars by


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knowing the intrinsic brightness of the


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explosion and how bright the star


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appeared in your telescope you could


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work out how far away it was that's the


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first measurement the second measurement


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of distance uses the same idea as a


00:09:05.640 --> 00:09:06.430
train


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[Music]


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whistle that same drop and pitch that


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you hear as the train passes and begins


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to move away from you also shows up in


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the study of distant stars in galaxies


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Stars moving towards you appear Bluer


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Than the same star when stationary while


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Stars moving away from you appear


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redder the faster the star moves away


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from you the redder it


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appears since distance galaxies appear


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reddish they are moving away from us in


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addition we can relate their distance


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and their velocity if galaxies a certain


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distance away are moving with a


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particular velocity galaxies twice as


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far away are moving with double the


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velocity and so on in this way we can


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measure the color of the distant


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galaxies and determine their velocity


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and then work out their distance it's


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all a bit tricky but these two methods


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of measuring distance are not very


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controver veral and they should


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agree so in 1998 two experiments applied


00:10:05.680 --> 00:10:07.110
these techniques and looked at the most


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distant Supernova ever and they found


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that Supernova were dimmer than


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predicted by the expansion of the


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universe this means that the stars were


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farther away than expected but that


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meant something even more shocking it


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meant that the expansion of the universe


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wasn't slowing down it was speeding up


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that was really a mind-blowing


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observation from what we knew about


00:10:30.240 --> 00:10:32.190
gravity the expansion of the universe


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should have been slowing down we didn't


00:10:34.160 --> 00:10:35.949
know the details but the slowing down


00:10:35.959 --> 00:10:38.190
seemed assured and yet that's not what


00:10:38.200 --> 00:10:41.949
the data said in physics data is King if


00:10:41.959 --> 00:10:43.910
an idea disagrees with an accurate


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measurement the idea is wrong so this


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meant that in order for the expansion of


00:10:48.880 --> 00:10:51.069
the universe to be getting faster there


00:10:51.079 --> 00:10:53.590
had to be some form of gravity that was


00:10:53.600 --> 00:10:56.069
repulsive it turns out that Einstein


00:10:56.079 --> 00:10:58.110
once postulated a repulsive form of


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gravity in its equations


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this was because he knew that ordinary


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matter should make the universe contract


00:11:03.120 --> 00:11:05.069
and he needed some kind of repulsive


00:11:05.079 --> 00:11:07.230
gravity to overcome the


00:11:07.240 --> 00:11:09.790
attraction however when the universe was


00:11:09.800 --> 00:11:12.389
found to be expanding in the 1920s


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Einstein took that extra form of gravity


00:11:14.519 --> 00:11:16.710
out of his equations he even called it


00:11:16.720 --> 00:11:19.389
his biggest blunder imagine if he hadn't


00:11:19.399 --> 00:11:20.790
done that I mean the dude could have


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been


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famous now it seems that we need a


00:11:24.600 --> 00:11:26.829
repulsive kind of gravity to explain our


00:11:26.839 --> 00:11:29.550
observations so what is the source of


00:11:29.560 --> 00:11:30.790
this new form of


00:11:30.800 --> 00:11:33.310
gravity it turns out that if the


00:11:33.320 --> 00:11:35.030
universe has an energy field of the


00:11:35.040 --> 00:11:37.509
right kind it can make the expansion of


00:11:37.519 --> 00:11:40.069
the universe accelerate this form of


00:11:40.079 --> 00:11:43.430
energy is now called Dark Energy now to


00:11:43.440 --> 00:11:46.949
be honest we aren't 100% sure about this


00:11:46.959 --> 00:11:48.590
dark energy hypothesis although there


00:11:48.600 --> 00:11:50.430
are now many measurements that support


00:11:50.440 --> 00:11:53.310
the idea even though dark energy is the


00:11:53.320 --> 00:11:55.030
most popular explanation for the


00:11:55.040 --> 00:11:57.389
expansion mystery other suggestions have


00:11:57.399 --> 00:12:00.030
been made while dark energy is a


00:12:00.040 --> 00:12:02.509
constant energy density another idea


00:12:02.519 --> 00:12:05.230
called quintessence is also a contender


00:12:05.240 --> 00:12:06.829
quintessence is an energy field that


00:12:06.839 --> 00:12:09.110
varies in time and there are several


00:12:09.120 --> 00:12:10.389
ideas in


00:12:10.399 --> 00:12:13.110
contention we need to understand that


00:12:13.120 --> 00:12:15.189
the observation of the accelerating


00:12:15.199 --> 00:12:17.069
expansion of the universe is only about


00:12:17.079 --> 00:12:19.829
15 years old it took a little while to


00:12:19.839 --> 00:12:21.550
assimilate the discovery and then many


00:12:21.560 --> 00:12:24.030
years to design and build new facilities


00:12:24.040 --> 00:12:26.629
to study it better over the next couple


00:12:26.639 --> 00:12:28.990
of years several new observatories will


00:12:29.000 --> 00:12:32.269
be operations to explore this surprising


00:12:32.279 --> 00:12:34.030
discovery and I don't know what the


00:12:34.040 --> 00:12:35.910
final answer will be but I do know that


00:12:35.920 --> 00:12:38.269
anytime you don't understand 95% of


00:12:38.279 --> 00:12:39.910
something that somebody will figure it


00:12:39.920 --> 00:12:42.949
out that's Dr Don Lincoln from fery lab


00:12:42.959 --> 00:12:46.110
and this is spacetime still to come the


00:12:46.120 --> 00:12:48.670
solar wind apparently slowing down once


00:12:48.680 --> 00:12:51.430
it gets Beyond Pluto and scientists have


00:12:51.440 --> 00:12:52.550
discovered that some of the oldest


00:12:52.560 --> 00:12:55.189
terrain on Venus known as Tess have


00:12:55.199 --> 00:12:56.910
layering which is consistent with


00:12:56.920 --> 00:12:59.189
volcanic activity all that and more


00:12:59.199 --> 00:13:03.100
still to come on


00:13:03.110 --> 00:13:15.350
[Music]


00:13:15.360 --> 00:13:17.750
SpaceTime new measurements by NASA's new


00:13:17.760 --> 00:13:20.189
horizon spacecraft has confirmed earlier


00:13:20.199 --> 00:13:22.350
data showing that the solar wind the


00:13:22.360 --> 00:13:24.430
supersonic stream of charged particles


00:13:24.440 --> 00:13:26.870
flowing from the Sun slows down the


00:13:26.880 --> 00:13:29.470
further away it gets the fin findings


00:13:29.480 --> 00:13:31.430
reported in the astrophysical journal


00:13:31.440 --> 00:13:33.389
are providing important new insights


00:13:33.399 --> 00:13:35.310
into some of the furthest reaches of


00:13:35.320 --> 00:13:38.590
space ever explored previously only the


00:13:38.600 --> 00:13:41.870
1970s vintage Pioneers 10 and 11 and


00:13:41.880 --> 00:13:44.509
voyages 1 and 2 spacecraft had explored


00:13:44.519 --> 00:13:46.350
the outer solar system and furthest


00:13:46.360 --> 00:13:48.590
reaches of the heliosphere the bubble of


00:13:48.600 --> 00:13:50.550
the sun's atmosphere which encompasses


00:13:50.560 --> 00:13:53.389
the entire solar system but now New


00:13:53.399 --> 00:13:55.910
Horizons is doing the same journey and


00:13:55.920 --> 00:13:57.910
it's using far more modern and advanced


00:13:57.920 --> 00:13:59.670
scientific instruments


00:13:59.680 --> 00:14:01.590
the study's lead author Heather Elliot


00:14:01.600 --> 00:14:03.350
from the southwest Research Institute in


00:14:03.360 --> 00:14:05.389
Boulder Colorado says the sun's


00:14:05.399 --> 00:14:07.069
influence on the space environment


00:14:07.079 --> 00:14:09.430
extends World beyond the outer planets a


00:14:09.440 --> 00:14:11.749
New Horizon showing new aspects of how


00:14:11.759 --> 00:14:14.389
that environment changes with distance


00:14:14.399 --> 00:14:16.470
New Horizons is collecting detailed


00:14:16.480 --> 00:14:18.749
daily measurements of the solar wind


00:14:18.759 --> 00:14:20.870
which is composed primarily of ionized


00:14:20.880 --> 00:14:22.629
hydrogen that is free electrons and


00:14:22.639 --> 00:14:25.030
protons as well as helium nuclei known


00:14:25.040 --> 00:14:27.350
as alpha particles and Trace Amounts of


00:14:27.360 --> 00:14:29.590
heavy ions and atomic nucle


00:14:29.600 --> 00:14:32.230
including carbon nitrogen oxygen neon


00:14:32.240 --> 00:14:35.269
magnesium sulfur silicon and iron all


00:14:35.279 --> 00:14:37.269
ripped apart by the extreme million


00:14:37.279 --> 00:14:39.269
degree temperatures in the sun's outer


00:14:39.279 --> 00:14:42.069
atmosphere or Corona New Horizons is


00:14:42.079 --> 00:14:43.829
also collecting data on other key


00:14:43.839 --> 00:14:45.550
particles called Interstellar pickup


00:14:45.560 --> 00:14:47.230
ions in the outer


00:14:47.240 --> 00:14:49.269
heliosphere now these Interstellar


00:14:49.279 --> 00:14:51.350
pickup ions are created when neutral


00:14:51.360 --> 00:14:53.509
material from Interstellar space enters


00:14:53.519 --> 00:14:55.949
our solar system becomes ionized by


00:14:55.959 --> 00:14:57.949
light from the sun or through charge


00:14:57.959 --> 00:15:00.110
exchange interactions with solar wind


00:15:00.120 --> 00:15:02.629
ions as the solar wind moves further


00:15:02.639 --> 00:15:04.550
away from the sun it's encountering an


00:15:04.560 --> 00:15:06.389
increased amount of material from


00:15:06.399 --> 00:15:09.269
Interstellar space and when Interstellar


00:15:09.279 --> 00:15:11.550
material is ionized the solar wind picks


00:15:11.560 --> 00:15:13.389
up that material and researchers


00:15:13.399 --> 00:15:16.269
theorize slows down and heat in response


00:15:16.279 --> 00:15:18.269
and New Horizons is now detected and


00:15:18.279 --> 00:15:20.790
confirm this effect the authors compared


00:15:20.800 --> 00:15:22.430
the New Horizon solar wind speed


00:15:22.440 --> 00:15:24.910
measurements from 21 to 42 astronomical


00:15:24.920 --> 00:15:27.150
units to speeds measured just one


00:15:27.160 --> 00:15:29.150
astronomical unit recorded by both the


00:15:29.160 --> 00:15:31.189
advanced composition Explorer or a


00:15:31.199 --> 00:15:33.110
spacecraft and the solar terrestrial


00:15:33.120 --> 00:15:35.189
relations Observatory or stereo


00:15:35.199 --> 00:15:37.389
spacecraft by the way an astronomical


00:15:37.399 --> 00:15:39.069
unit is the average distance between the


00:15:39.079 --> 00:15:41.509
Earth and the sun which equates to 150


00:15:41.519 --> 00:15:45.509
million kilm or 8.3 L minutes by 21


00:15:45.519 --> 00:15:48.150
astronomical units it seems New Horizons


00:15:48.160 --> 00:15:49.829
could be detecting the slowing down of


00:15:49.839 --> 00:15:52.230
the solar wind in response to picking up


00:15:52.240 --> 00:15:54.870
Interstellar material and when New


00:15:54.880 --> 00:15:56.990
Horizons traveled Beyond Pluto between


00:15:57.000 --> 00:15:59.309
33 and 42 astronomical units out from


00:15:59.319 --> 00:16:01.389
the Sun the solar wind was measured at 6


00:16:01.399 --> 00:16:03.870
to 7% slower than what it was at one


00:16:03.880 --> 00:16:05.829
astronomical unit distance thereby


00:16:05.839 --> 00:16:08.470
confirming the effect now in addition to


00:16:08.480 --> 00:16:10.189
confirming the slowing of the solar wind


00:16:10.199 --> 00:16:11.990
at Great distances the change in the


00:16:12.000 --> 00:16:13.509
Solar wind's temperature and density


00:16:13.519 --> 00:16:15.470
could also provide a means to estimate


00:16:15.480 --> 00:16:17.509
when New Horizons will join the Voyer


00:16:17.519 --> 00:16:19.269
spacecraft on the other side of the


00:16:19.279 --> 00:16:21.590
termination shock that's the boundary


00:16:21.600 --> 00:16:23.509
marking where the solar wind slows to


00:16:23.519 --> 00:16:25.269
lessen the speed of sound as it


00:16:25.279 --> 00:16:27.710
approaches the interstellar medium


00:16:27.720 --> 00:16:29.430
Voyager One crossed the termination


00:16:29.440 --> 00:16:33.189
shocked back in 2004 at 94 astronomical


00:16:33.199 --> 00:16:36.309
units followed by Voyager 2 in 2007 at


00:16:36.319 --> 00:16:39.629
84 astronomical units now based on lower


00:16:39.639 --> 00:16:41.749
levels of solar activity at the time of


00:16:41.759 --> 00:16:43.629
measurements and lower solar wind


00:16:43.639 --> 00:16:45.550
pressures as a result the termination


00:16:45.560 --> 00:16:47.509
shocks expected to have moved closer to


00:16:47.519 --> 00:16:50.069
the Sun since the Voyer Crossings


00:16:50.079 --> 00:16:51.829
extrapolating current trends in the New


00:16:51.839 --> 00:16:53.910
Horizon's measurements also indicates


00:16:53.920 --> 00:16:55.670
that the termination shock might now be


00:16:55.680 --> 00:16:57.550
closer than one it was when intersected


00:16:57.560 --> 00:17:00.350
by Voyager at the earliest New Horizons


00:17:00.360 --> 00:17:02.350
could reach the termination shock next


00:17:02.360 --> 00:17:04.909
year but as the solar cycle activity


00:17:04.919 --> 00:17:07.510
increases towards solar Max the increase


00:17:07.520 --> 00:17:09.309
in pressure will likely expand the


00:17:09.319 --> 00:17:11.230
heliosphere and this could push the


00:17:11.240 --> 00:17:13.870
termination shock back out to 84 to 94


00:17:13.880 --> 00:17:16.230
astronomical units before New Horizons


00:17:16.240 --> 00:17:18.630
is time to reach it that's the same


00:17:18.640 --> 00:17:21.590
Range found by the voer spacecraft New


00:17:21.600 --> 00:17:23.189
Horizon's Journey Through the outer


00:17:23.199 --> 00:17:24.949
heliosphere contrast somewhat with that


00:17:24.959 --> 00:17:26.829
of the Voyages in that the current solar


00:17:26.839 --> 00:17:28.710
cycle is fairly mild in comparison to


00:17:28.720 --> 00:17:30.830
the very active solar cycle the voyagers


00:17:30.840 --> 00:17:32.470
experience when they're in the outer


00:17:32.480 --> 00:17:34.830
heliosphere of course right now the two


00:17:34.840 --> 00:17:36.870
voyagers are beyond our solar system


00:17:36.880 --> 00:17:39.669
flying through Interstellar space in


00:17:39.679 --> 00:17:41.549
addition to measuring the solar wind New


00:17:41.559 --> 00:17:44.029
Horizon's extreme sensitivity allows it


00:17:44.039 --> 00:17:46.029
to also measure the low fluxes of


00:17:46.039 --> 00:17:47.590
interstellar pickup ions with


00:17:47.600 --> 00:17:50.270
unprecedented time resolution if all


00:17:50.280 --> 00:17:52.310
goes well New Horizons will be the first


00:17:52.320 --> 00:17:54.470
spacecraft to measure both the solar


00:17:54.480 --> 00:17:56.870
wind and Interstellar pickup irons at


00:17:56.880 --> 00:17:59.350
the termination shock the needless to


00:17:59.360 --> 00:18:02.789
say will keep you informed this is


00:18:02.799 --> 00:18:05.870
spacetime still to come researchers find


00:18:05.880 --> 00:18:07.909
some of the oldest train on Venus known


00:18:07.919 --> 00:18:10.430
as Tess have layering consistent with


00:18:10.440 --> 00:18:12.470
volcanic activity and later in the


00:18:12.480 --> 00:18:14.789
science report researchers in South


00:18:14.799 --> 00:18:16.950
carea have developed swarms of tiny


00:18:16.960 --> 00:18:19.870
robots that work together like ants


00:18:19.880 --> 00:18:22.430
could we be entering a Brave New World


00:18:22.440 --> 00:18:24.710
all that and more still to come on


00:18:24.720 --> 00:18:27.710
SpaceTime


00:18:27.720 --> 00:18:41.110
[Music]


00:18:41.120 --> 00:18:42.510
scientists have found that some of the


00:18:42.520 --> 00:18:45.310
oldest train on Venus known as Tess have


00:18:45.320 --> 00:18:46.830
layering which is consistent with


00:18:46.840 --> 00:18:49.549
volcanic activity the new findings could


00:18:49.559 --> 00:18:51.070
provide fresh insights into the


00:18:51.080 --> 00:18:53.950
enigmatic planet's geological history


00:18:53.960 --> 00:18:56.590
TSS are tectonically deformed regions of


00:18:56.600 --> 00:18:59.149
the surface of Venus they are often more


00:18:59.159 --> 00:19:01.710
elevated than the surrounding landscape


00:19:01.720 --> 00:19:03.909
they comprise about 7% of the planet


00:19:03.919 --> 00:19:05.830
surface and are always the oldest


00:19:05.840 --> 00:19:07.549
feature in their immediate surroundings


00:19:07.559 --> 00:19:10.909
dating back about 750 million years the


00:19:10.919 --> 00:19:12.590
new research reported in the journal


00:19:12.600 --> 00:19:14.669
geology suggests that a significant


00:19:14.679 --> 00:19:17.070
proportion of Tess have striations


00:19:17.080 --> 00:19:19.390
consistent with layering the study's


00:19:19.400 --> 00:19:21.190
lead author associate professor Paul


00:19:21.200 --> 00:19:22.830
burn from North Carolina State


00:19:22.840 --> 00:19:25.470
University say Tes are either made up of


00:19:25.480 --> 00:19:27.710
volcanic rocks or their counterparts to


00:19:27.720 --> 00:19:30.070
the Earth's Continental crust but he


00:19:30.080 --> 00:19:32.390
says the layering found on some tessay


00:19:32.400 --> 00:19:34.190
isn't consistent with the continental


00:19:34.200 --> 00:19:36.789
crust explanation buron colleagues


00:19:36.799 --> 00:19:38.990
analyzed images of Venus's surface from


00:19:39.000 --> 00:19:41.630
NASA's 1989 mellan Mission which used


00:19:41.640 --> 00:19:44.029
radar to map 98% of the planet through


00:19:44.039 --> 00:19:46.470
its dense atmosphere scientists have


00:19:46.480 --> 00:19:48.830
been studying Venus's tessay formations


00:19:48.840 --> 00:19:50.870
for decades but this layering of the


00:19:50.880 --> 00:19:53.190
tessay hadn't previously been recognized


00:19:53.200 --> 00:19:55.870
as widespread and according to burn this


00:19:55.880 --> 00:19:57.590
layering wouldn't have been possible if


00:19:57.600 --> 00:19:59.470
the Tess were simp portions of


00:19:59.480 --> 00:20:02.110
continental crust continental crust at


00:20:02.120 --> 00:20:03.830
least here on Earth is composed mainly


00:20:03.840 --> 00:20:06.230
of granite an ous rock formed when


00:20:06.240 --> 00:20:08.630
tectonic plates move and water subducted


00:20:08.640 --> 00:20:11.149
from the surface thing is granite


00:20:11.159 --> 00:20:13.590
doesn't form layers now if there's


00:20:13.600 --> 00:20:15.789
continental crust on Venus then it's


00:20:15.799 --> 00:20:18.470
below the visible layered rocks aside


00:20:18.480 --> 00:20:20.270
from volcanic activity the only other


00:20:20.280 --> 00:20:21.710
way to make layered rock is through


00:20:21.720 --> 00:20:23.350
sedimentary deposits things like


00:20:23.360 --> 00:20:26.029
Sandstone or Limestone problem is there


00:20:26.039 --> 00:20:27.549
isn't anywhere on Venus today where


00:20:27.559 --> 00:20:30.110
these kinds of rocks could formed the


00:20:30.120 --> 00:20:32.149
surface of Venus is hot enough to melt


00:20:32.159 --> 00:20:34.310
lead and it has 100 times the air


00:20:34.320 --> 00:20:36.990
pressure at sea level on Earth so the


00:20:37.000 --> 00:20:38.830
evidence right now points to some


00:20:38.840 --> 00:20:41.070
portions of Tess being made up of layer


00:20:41.080 --> 00:20:43.070
volcanic rock similar to what's found


00:20:43.080 --> 00:20:45.430
here on Earth either way the stud's


00:20:45.440 --> 00:20:47.590
hoping to shed new light on Venus's


00:20:47.600 --> 00:20:50.870
complicated geological history this is


00:20:50.880 --> 00:20:52.030
spacetime


00:20:52.040 --> 00:21:06.990
[Music]


00:21:07.000 --> 00:21:08.350
and time there to take another brief


00:21:08.360 --> 00:21:09.750
look at some of the other stories making


00:21:09.760 --> 00:21:12.310
news in science this week with a science


00:21:12.320 --> 00:21:14.909
report scientists have identified a new


00:21:14.919 --> 00:21:17.950
genetic link to autism spectrum disorder


00:21:17.960 --> 00:21:19.630
a report in the American Journal of


00:21:19.640 --> 00:21:21.630
human genetics has identified a


00:21:21.640 --> 00:21:23.990
previously unknown Gene variant on the


00:21:24.000 --> 00:21:26.789
ddx53 gene on the X chromosome which


00:21:26.799 --> 00:21:29.029
appears to contribute to autism


00:21:29.039 --> 00:21:30.669
the disorder which affects more males


00:21:30.679 --> 00:21:32.950
than females encompasses a group of


00:21:32.960 --> 00:21:34.470
neurodevelopmental conditions that


00:21:34.480 --> 00:21:36.110
results in challenges related to


00:21:36.120 --> 00:21:38.510
Communications social understanding and


00:21:38.520 --> 00:21:40.669
behavior the findings are based on


00:21:40.679 --> 00:21:42.669
research on 10 individuals with autism


00:21:42.679 --> 00:21:44.310
spectrum disorder from eight different


00:21:44.320 --> 00:21:46.430
families and found that variance in the


00:21:46.440 --> 00:21:49.750
ddx53 gene was maternally inherited and


00:21:49.760 --> 00:21:51.269
present in all the


00:21:51.279 --> 00:21:54.669
individuals while ddx53 located on the X


00:21:54.679 --> 00:21:56.510
chromosome was already known to play a


00:21:56.520 --> 00:21:58.269
role in brain development and function


00:21:58.279 --> 00:22:00.190
it was not previously definitively


00:22:00.200 --> 00:22:02.149
associated with


00:22:02.159 --> 00:22:04.950
autism following the recent wet linia


00:22:04.960 --> 00:22:07.110
years with widespread flooding today's


00:22:07.120 --> 00:22:09.470
drri conditions have resulted in a drop


00:22:09.480 --> 00:22:12.070
in waterb bird numbers and breeding in


00:22:12.080 --> 00:22:14.990
2024 the University of New South Wales


00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:17.230
annual water Birds survey has observed


00:22:17.240 --> 00:22:19.230
fewer waterb Birds breeding and a drop


00:22:19.240 --> 00:22:21.710
of nearly 50% in overall numbers


00:22:21.720 --> 00:22:22.830
compared to


00:22:22.840 --> 00:22:26.110
20123 the researchers spotted


00:22:26.120 --> 00:22:29.029
287,213 in this year's Serv survey


00:22:29.039 --> 00:22:32.789
that's down from


00:22:32.799 --> 00:22:36.190
579,000 ranking this year approximately


00:22:36.200 --> 00:22:38.310
in the middle of the 42 years that the


00:22:38.320 --> 00:22:40.070
survey's been


00:22:40.080 --> 00:22:42.510
running scientists in South Korea have


00:22:42.520 --> 00:22:44.909
developed swarms of tiny magnetic robots


00:22:44.919 --> 00:22:47.070
that work together like ants to achieve


00:22:47.080 --> 00:22:49.470
truly Herculean Feats including


00:22:49.480 --> 00:22:51.549
traversing and picking up objects up to


00:22:51.559 --> 00:22:54.750
2,000 times their size the engineers


00:22:54.760 --> 00:22:57.350
testing the microbots found swarms could


00:22:57.360 --> 00:22:59.590
climb an obstacle five times higher than


00:22:59.600 --> 00:23:01.669
a single microbot and they could hold


00:23:01.679 --> 00:23:04.430
themselves one by one over an obstacle


00:23:04.440 --> 00:23:06.310
swarms of a thousand microbots could


00:23:06.320 --> 00:23:08.830
wrap around a pill weighing 2,000 times


00:23:08.840 --> 00:23:10.909
the mass of an individual microbot and


00:23:10.919 --> 00:23:13.310
transport the drug through liquid


00:23:13.320 --> 00:23:15.430
another swarm of microbots managed to


00:23:15.440 --> 00:23:17.549
transport cargo and dry land which was


00:23:17.559 --> 00:23:19.789
350 times heavier than each of the


00:23:19.799 --> 00:23:22.510
individual microbots the research


00:23:22.520 --> 00:23:24.470
reported in the journal device suggest


00:23:24.480 --> 00:23:26.870
that these microbot swarms could operate


00:23:26.880 --> 00:23:29.310
under a rotating magnetic fi field and


00:23:29.320 --> 00:23:30.870
they could be used to tackle difficult


00:23:30.880 --> 00:23:32.710
tasks in challenging environments that


00:23:32.720 --> 00:23:34.430
individual robots would struggle to


00:23:34.440 --> 00:23:36.310
handle such as offering a minimally


00:23:36.320 --> 00:23:38.590
invasive treatment for clogged arteries


00:23:38.600 --> 00:23:41.190
or precisely guiding


00:23:41.200 --> 00:23:43.590
organisms the world's largest consumer


00:23:43.600 --> 00:23:46.390
electronic show CES is on again in Las


00:23:46.400 --> 00:23:48.789
Vegas with the details we're joined by


00:23:48.799 --> 00:23:51.710
Alex Sahara Roy from Tech advice. life


00:23:51.720 --> 00:23:55.070
LGS have recently commercialized their


00:23:55.080 --> 00:23:56.950
transparent OLED television it's a


00:23:56.960 --> 00:23:58.669
product that no one really wants at the


00:23:58.679 --> 00:24:01.350
stage that's right now interestingly LG


00:24:01.360 --> 00:24:04.190
is going to release a fridge with a


00:24:04.200 --> 00:24:07.350
transparent OLED door so this allows you


00:24:07.360 --> 00:24:09.390
to see through the door inside of the


00:24:09.400 --> 00:24:11.950
fridge now the front of the uh display


00:24:11.960 --> 00:24:13.390
is like a giant


00:24:13.400 --> 00:24:15.669
tablet opening the door for 10 minutes


00:24:15.679 --> 00:24:17.510
and looking at what's inside to say what


00:24:17.520 --> 00:24:19.029
do I really want to eat that's right and


00:24:19.039 --> 00:24:20.789
you also have cameras in there that can


00:24:20.799 --> 00:24:23.149
use software nii to tell you what sort


00:24:23.159 --> 00:24:24.710
of meals you can create with the


00:24:24.720 --> 00:24:26.830
contents of what's in your fridge I mean


00:24:26.840 --> 00:24:29.389
look that is a use


00:24:29.399 --> 00:24:32.310
uh reason to have a transparent screen


00:24:32.320 --> 00:24:34.230
because obviously you can make a fridge


00:24:34.240 --> 00:24:35.750
just with a transparent panel you don't


00:24:35.760 --> 00:24:37.350
have to have a display in it but when


00:24:37.360 --> 00:24:39.029
when it's a display it can be used as a


00:24:39.039 --> 00:24:40.590
tablet it can show you information and


00:24:40.600 --> 00:24:41.990
so that is interesting and you know


00:24:42.000 --> 00:24:43.630
there's going to be microwave ovens with


00:24:43.640 --> 00:24:45.430
multiple cameras inside so you can see


00:24:45.440 --> 00:24:46.950
the cooking process and see if it's


00:24:46.960 --> 00:24:48.269
cooked before you open the door I mean


00:24:48.279 --> 00:24:49.789
look manufacturers are trying to think


00:24:49.799 --> 00:24:52.470
of ways to incorporate Ai and modern


00:24:52.480 --> 00:24:54.269
tech into devices that just do very


00:24:54.279 --> 00:24:57.029
simple things keep food cold cook food


00:24:57.039 --> 00:24:58.630
so we're going to see a lot of creativ


00:24:58.640 --> 00:25:00.310
there's some news from Nintendo as well


00:25:00.320 --> 00:25:01.789
Nintendo has announced that it will


00:25:01.799 --> 00:25:04.350
launch its Nintendo switch by the end of


00:25:04.360 --> 00:25:05.909
the financial year for them which is


00:25:05.919 --> 00:25:08.149
March of 31st so if you just bought a


00:25:08.159 --> 00:25:10.029
Nintendo switch it's almost basically


00:25:10.039 --> 00:25:11.269
out of date and if you haven't bought


00:25:11.279 --> 00:25:12.669
one but want to get one wait for the


00:25:12.679 --> 00:25:14.430
switch too and something that make me


00:25:14.440 --> 00:25:18.310
feel really old the flip phone turns 29


00:25:18.320 --> 00:25:20.630
I had one of those it was a lot of fun


00:25:20.640 --> 00:25:22.909
to have the original flip phone this was


00:25:22.919 --> 00:25:27.070
on January the 3rd 1996 29 it was


00:25:27.080 --> 00:25:29.110
actually designed based on the


00:25:29.120 --> 00:25:31.149
communicator that was seen in Star Trek


00:25:31.159 --> 00:25:33.510
so it was just under 100 kg a clamshell


00:25:33.520 --> 00:25:36.149
flip phone it couldn't send SMS gr


00:25:36.159 --> 00:25:38.710
receive them and it's the equivalent of


00:25:38.720 --> 00:25:42.230
about $1,600 in today's money blast from


00:25:42.240 --> 00:25:44.310
the past but you won't even connect to a


00:25:44.320 --> 00:25:46.269
phone network today Apple's Vision Pro


00:25:46.279 --> 00:25:47.789
it's gone bye-bye at least for a little


00:25:47.799 --> 00:25:49.750
while yes look it was listed by various


00:25:49.760 --> 00:25:51.190
Tech Publications was one of the big


00:25:51.200 --> 00:25:53.870
flops of last year of 2024 and not


00:25:53.880 --> 00:25:55.630
because it uh didn't work I mean it


00:25:55.640 --> 00:25:57.909
worked beautifully well the I had one on


00:25:57.919 --> 00:25:59.710
my head and it's quite incredible the


00:25:59.720 --> 00:26:01.430
problem is it's heavy and it's expensive


00:26:01.440 --> 00:26:03.310
I mean in Australian dollars it's about5


00:26:03.320 --> 00:26:05.269
six grand and in US dollar it's about


00:26:05.279 --> 00:26:07.830
$35,000 so you know more than what you


00:26:07.840 --> 00:26:10.190
pay for traditional iPhone and Apple is


00:26:10.200 --> 00:26:12.590
said to be working on ways to make it


00:26:12.600 --> 00:26:14.110
lighter and cheaper but I've read


00:26:14.120 --> 00:26:16.310
reports of they flx on exactly how to do


00:26:16.320 --> 00:26:18.510
that because all the components are so


00:26:18.520 --> 00:26:20.269
expensive so the word is that Apple has


00:26:20.279 --> 00:26:22.830
ceased production of the current Apple


00:26:22.840 --> 00:26:25.430
Vision Pro one and we just have to wait


00:26:25.440 --> 00:26:26.950
and see what they come up with hopefully


00:26:26.960 --> 00:26:29.029
sometime later this year for version too


00:26:29.039 --> 00:26:31.630
and last but by no means least Microsoft


00:26:31.640 --> 00:26:33.110
have announced their own version of


00:26:33.120 --> 00:26:35.190
Apple's Mac Mini yes now there have been


00:26:35.200 --> 00:26:37.590
a number of these small mini PCS over


00:26:37.600 --> 00:26:39.510
the past few years copying Apple's Mac


00:26:39.520 --> 00:26:41.510
Mini but what sets these ones apart is


00:26:41.520 --> 00:26:43.549
that they will have the arm processor


00:26:43.559 --> 00:26:46.110
inside which is what we see apple doing


00:26:46.120 --> 00:26:47.870
with its current range of Macs where


00:26:47.880 --> 00:26:49.430
have taken the iPhone chip and


00:26:49.440 --> 00:26:51.510
supercharge it to become a chip capable


00:26:51.520 --> 00:26:53.870
of running desktop applications and more


00:26:53.880 --> 00:26:56.350
and so Microsoft hasn't had Min PCS


00:26:56.360 --> 00:26:59.470
running arm and running Windows 11 and


00:26:59.480 --> 00:27:01.510
this new co-pilot plus capability which


00:27:01.520 --> 00:27:03.310
is where all the AI is baked in we're


00:27:03.320 --> 00:27:05.070
expected to see a series of these mini


00:27:05.080 --> 00:27:07.230
PCS with the arm chips arriving which


00:27:07.240 --> 00:27:09.430
should turbocharge this category because


00:27:09.440 --> 00:27:11.149
it'll be a cheap way for people to get


00:27:11.159 --> 00:27:13.310
into the this small Mini PC that's


00:27:13.320 --> 00:27:15.190
running Windows 11 and running arm and


00:27:15.200 --> 00:27:16.710
you know using very little power doing


00:27:16.720 --> 00:27:17.990
all the things that Apple promised with


00:27:18.000 --> 00:27:20.389
its Max and it's also going to be coming


00:27:20.399 --> 00:27:23.110
on what is effectively Microsoft's 50th


00:27:23.120 --> 00:27:25.190
year of existence their birthday is


00:27:25.200 --> 00:27:26.549
April 4


00:27:26.559 --> 00:27:30.149
1975 interestingly was April 1 1976 so


00:27:30.159 --> 00:27:32.110
they're 49 years old that's Alex Sahara


00:27:32.120 --> 00:27:36.660
Roy from Tech advice start


00:27:36.670 --> 00:27:48.990
[Music]


00:27:49.000 --> 00:27:52.149
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