Challenger’s Legacy, Cosmic Moons & the Mystery of Rapid Black Hole Growth | Space Nuts:...

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Language: en

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Hi there. Thanks for joining us on Space


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Nuts, where we talk astronomy and space


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science uh twice a week, in fact. And


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I'm glad you could join us yet again. Uh


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today's episode has some uh great news,


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but also a bit of a sad reflection. It's


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40 years since the Challenger space


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shuttle disaster. Can you believe that?


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40 years. Of course, some of you


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listening to us


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won't remember it because you're 40. Uh


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but uh for those of us who are a few


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years older, it is um a very very strong


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memory. We'll uh talk about that. On a


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happier note, we will reveal the


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Australian of the year. I think most


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Australians will know who that is. Uh


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how do you define a moon? That question


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has come up because of a potential


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discovery. And they think they know why


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black holes are getting big fast. We'll


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talk about all of that on this episode


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of Space Nuts.


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>> 15 seconds. Guidance is internal. 10 9


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Ignition sequence start.


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>> Space Nuts.


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>> 5 4 3 2 1 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1


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>> Space Nuts.


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>> Astronauts report. It feels good.


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>> Joining us as always is his good self,


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Professor Fred Watson, astronomer at


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large. Hello, Fred.


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>> Hello. It's good to be good. It is good


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to be good. It's good to see you.


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>> It's good to be in a cool room because


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it's not cool in our part of the world


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at the moment. We're right in the middle


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of a week long uh run of 40 plus Celsius


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temperatures. Uh we we've uh broken our


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uh record in in do for the hottest day


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in January and that was 461


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I think we had uh on Monday on Australia


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Day which um yeah it was dreadful. I


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mean it was just horrific. Um so yeah


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it's it's been a pretty rough week. U my


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plants are suffering. There's nothing I


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can do about it and I think we're going


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to lose a few. know unfortunately that's


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the way it goes. Um I suppose that's


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what happens when they plant plants in


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an environment like this that um don't


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come from here. They struggle. But uh


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yes, all all is well with you. Uh yeah,


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our plants uh pretty well are all


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natives uh in Man's Garden, so they they


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don't seem to mind, but we've got um


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much more modest temperatures than you


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have here on the coast.


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>> Probably about 10° cooler, I imagine.


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Uh, it's not quite that, but not far


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off. Yeah. Yeah. Actually, no, it's more


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like 20 at the moment. 20°. Yeah, we're


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down at um, but it's forecast to be 29


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today. So,


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>> yeah, we're going to get to 41, I think,


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today. So, I think we're already pushing


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towards 30 as I speak, and it's only


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what, 9:30 in the morning local time.


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So,


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um, we got a lot to talk about, so we


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better get stuck into it. Uh the first


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thing is uh something that um I I don't


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think anyone who was around at the time


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will ever forget. I'm talking about the


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Challenger space shuttle launch uh in


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1986


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and this is basically what happened.


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>> T-minus 15 seconds


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9.


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We have main engine start. 4 3 2 1 and


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liftoff. Liftoff of the 25th space


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shuttle mission. And it has cleared the


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tower.


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>> Good. Roll program confirmed.


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>> Challenger now heading down range.


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Engine's beginning throttling down now


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at 94%.


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Normal throttles uh for most of the


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flight 104%.


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We'll throttle down to uh 65% shortly.


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Engines at 65%. Three engines running


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normally. Three good fuel cells. Three


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good APUs.


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Velocity 2257 ft per second. Altitude


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4.3 nautical miles. Downrange distance 3


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nautical miles.


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>> Engines throttling up. Three engines now


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at 104%.


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>> Challenger go at throttle up.


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>> Go throttle up.


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>> 1 minute 15 seconds. Velocity 2900 ft


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per second. Altitude 9 nautical miles.


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Down range distance 7 nautical mile.


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Flight controllers here looking very


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carefully at the situation.


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Obviously a major malfunction.


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We have no down link.


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We have a report from the flight


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dynamics officer that the vehicle has


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exploded. Flight director confirms that.


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We are looking at uh checking with the


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recovery forces to see what can be done


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at this point.


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>> And there it is. That was the launch of


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Challenger in 1986


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uh in real time. Uh and we heard the


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final words of uh the commander Dick


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Scobby when he said, "Roger, going with


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throttle up." And that was basically


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where it all went horribly wrong, Fred.


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Uh the um cause of the accident was


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ultimately blamed on the O-rings. the


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the O-rings joined each section of the


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solid rocket boosters and there were


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several of them, but one of them had a


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catastrophic failure and the um uh the


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vehicle exploded as a consequence of of


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that failure. And we all saw it, we all


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watched it. Um it was it was horrifying.


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Uh indeed it was. I remember it very


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well too, of course. Um so yeah it was


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um nothing to do with the throttling up


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that that was just


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>> that was just to get it going. Yeah that


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>> and


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um the throttle back for the um maximum


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dynamic pressure uh region where when


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you've got the biggest aerodynamic


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forces you throttle back for that and


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then throttle up again. Um and so it was


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eventually determined that uh what had


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happened was that the temperature on one


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side of the shuttle uh it was a cold


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morning. It was a winter morning 28th of


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January. two degrees I think or


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>> it was two degrees above zero ambient


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when they launched but one of the one


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side of the throttle sorry the shuttle


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and its boosters were still at minus2


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and at those temperatures um those


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O-rings become effectively uh


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non-pliable. They they don't you know


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they're not flexible. Uh and so that's


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what allowed the fact that it was not


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behaving properly allowed gas to escape


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from that joint is exactly as you've


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said there are there are four sections


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to the shuttle booster each sealed by


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O-rings and it was the the lower one um


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where combustion was at its extreme. Uh


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it meant the gases came through and in


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fact there is footage that shows exactly


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that uh with these hot gases playing on


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the main fuel tank. um the the you know


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the external fuel tank of the shuttle.


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So


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>> it was uh very much their fate was


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sealed even before launch basically and


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>> there were people at the company who


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built the boosters Morton Fire call who


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knew that and they were overridden in


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their warnings that this was likely to


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be dangerous.


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>> They they raised concerns a long time


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before this happened. In fact, they'd uh


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they'd discovered damage in the O-rings


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from previous missions.


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And even the night before the launch,


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they held a meeting to say, "We don't


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think you've got to scrub the launch.


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It's not it's not safe. Something, you


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know, something dreadful could happen."


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>> And I think the the different the factor


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that made the difference, as you said,


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was the temperature that morning. Um


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because previous flights were warmer. It


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was warmer.


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>> Yeah. I think 12 degrees was the lowest


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they'd ever launched at and it was two


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that morning as you said.


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>> Um and one of the reasons for the for


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the reluctance to scrub the mission may


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have been the fact that we did have this


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teacher uh on board. Yeah. Christina


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McAuliff, that's her name, I think.


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um she uh was a school teacher, not an


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astronaut. Uh she'd engaged many many


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schools across across this the the


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country. So huge numbers of people were


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were watching and NASA had done that


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purposely I think to sort of inject some


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more interest into the shuttle program


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because they'd had 25 successful


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launches and it was becoming


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>> basically routine. Um you know very


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people were blas about it. uh but just


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to also confirm that there were a


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further 87 successful shuttle launches


00:10:09.760 --> 00:10:12.150
after that. So the problems were fixed


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and uh the lessons were learned. Um it


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was a tragedy of course a human tragedy


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with the loss of life. Uh I I noticed


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something yesterday that blew me away


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Andrew. Um there are 17 astronauts were


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lost uh in NASA programs. the three um


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Apollo ast one astronauts who died in


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the fire on the ground of the Apollo one


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capsule. That was on the uh 27th of


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January 1967.


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>> Yes.


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>> The uh Colombia disaster uh when um


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re-entry was basically turned into a uh


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you know a disintegration because of uh


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damage to the to the shuttle wing. That


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was on, wasn't it?


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>> That's correct. That was on the 1st of


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February, 2003. So these losses of life


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were all within a week of each other in


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anniversary times. It was quite amazing.


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So yes, the the Challenger disaster uh


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59 years before the day before we'd lost


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the Apollo one crew and uh it's um it's


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a coincidence, but it's a spooky one.


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>> It is very spooky. I I remember where I


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was when the news broke. I'd just got in


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my car and um I naturally had the radio


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on being someone who worked in the


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industry and uh the news came on as I


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was backing the car out and I just


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stopped in my tracks and I just shook. I


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couldn't believe it. M


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>> um and and what really haunts me is that


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only a week before I'd been talking to


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my future sister-in-law who was still in


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high school at the time and she brought


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it up with me about the space shuttle


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program and I said what worries me is


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something horribly wrong is going to


00:12:07.360 --> 00:12:10.550
happen. Yeah. Uh I I think I think


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they're actually being too gung-ho.


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those that's what I said to her and I


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couldn't believe less you know about a


00:12:17.920 --> 00:12:19.990
week later this happened.


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>> Well, you were right in in a way that's


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sort of what what led to it. Yeah.


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>> Yeah. Yeah. Uh but the same thing uh as


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you mentioned with the the loss of


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interest in the space shuttle program


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from the public perspective. Uh the same


00:12:33.680 --> 00:12:35.350
thing happened with Apollo.


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>> Like they were supposed to they were


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supposed to have more missions but they


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just went no one's interested anymore.


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So they stopped at 17.


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>> Um that's quite right


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>> and and I I suppose these days space


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travel has just become routine. There


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are missions going up and down all the


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time we never hear about because it's


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just it's so very regular now. And and


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when you bring in the private sector on


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top of that, there's launches every


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other day. It's it's just happening.


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And and it was always going to go that


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way, I suppose. Uh but you you've got to


00:13:08.880 --> 00:13:11.750
um you've got to spare a thought for the


00:13:11.760 --> 00:13:14.389
pioneers that sacrificed their lives to


00:13:14.399 --> 00:13:16.069
make all this possible because without


00:13:16.079 --> 00:13:18.470
them it it just would never have got to


00:13:18.480 --> 00:13:21.670
the point it is now. And I think we've


00:13:21.680 --> 00:13:23.590
said it before, you you go back to the


00:13:23.600 --> 00:13:25.990
history of flight and we got to the moon


00:13:26.000 --> 00:13:28.310
in less than a 100red years of the first


00:13:28.320 --> 00:13:31.590
flight by a human being in a in a um


00:13:31.600 --> 00:13:33.350
purpose-built


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uh aircraft. It's just extraordinary to


00:13:35.440 --> 00:13:38.710
to think that we we could have leapt so


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far so fast and I suppose when you do


00:13:40.959 --> 00:13:43.190
that there is a price and this was one


00:13:43.200 --> 00:13:46.150
of the one of the costs of of space


00:13:46.160 --> 00:13:49.269
travel and aeronautics and yeah it was


00:13:49.279 --> 00:13:51.990
very sad day and um one I will never


00:13:52.000 --> 00:13:54.870
forget red


00:13:54.880 --> 00:13:57.829
>> uh we will leave challenger there um to


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some happier news and of course uh the


00:14:01.120 --> 00:14:04.389
other day we celebrated Australia day in


00:14:04.399 --> 00:14:08.310
this country 26th of January and every


00:14:08.320 --> 00:14:12.550
year we uh have the announcement of the


00:14:12.560 --> 00:14:14.389
Australian of the year. Now quite often


00:14:14.399 --> 00:14:16.870
it's a sports star [laughter] that


00:14:16.880 --> 00:14:19.590
usually usually happens. Uh although in


00:14:19.600 --> 00:14:21.509
recent years they've been focusing more


00:14:21.519 --> 00:14:23.910
on the academic side of things or the


00:14:23.920 --> 00:14:25.590
the medical side of things which is


00:14:25.600 --> 00:14:28.629
which is good. This year though uh you


00:14:28.639 --> 00:14:30.790
must be really pleased. It is an


00:14:30.800 --> 00:14:33.430
Australian astronaut.


00:14:33.440 --> 00:14:35.350
>> Uh absolutely delighted. Yeah. Really


00:14:35.360 --> 00:14:38.310
thrilled about that. She's um she's an


00:14:38.320 --> 00:14:40.470
an [clears throat] astronaut who uh has


00:14:40.480 --> 00:14:42.790
been qualified under ISA's program,


00:14:42.800 --> 00:14:44.389
astronaut program, Europe uh the


00:14:44.399 --> 00:14:46.389
European Space Agency. She hasn't flown


00:14:46.399 --> 00:14:48.470
yet. Uh there's every chance that she


00:14:48.480 --> 00:14:50.470
will that she will fly to the space


00:14:50.480 --> 00:14:53.670
station uh and fulfill a mission.


00:14:53.680 --> 00:14:56.150
Katherine Benel Peg is her name. I


00:14:56.160 --> 00:14:58.389
discovered um yesterday I was looking at


00:14:58.399 --> 00:15:02.150
dates yesterday obviously um she is one


00:15:02.160 --> 00:15:05.189
day short of 40 years younger than me


00:15:05.199 --> 00:15:05.750
was


00:15:05.760 --> 00:15:08.230
>> but her birthday is the day after mine


00:15:08.240 --> 00:15:10.389
uh so that's that's that's a


00:15:10.399 --> 00:15:13.269
non-coincidence but um not not only an


00:15:13.279 --> 00:15:15.350
astronaut but she is also director of


00:15:15.360 --> 00:15:17.030
space technology at this the Australian


00:15:17.040 --> 00:15:20.790
space agency which was um very much um


00:15:20.800 --> 00:15:23.110
close to my heart in the work that I did


00:15:23.120 --> 00:15:24.949
for the government the Australian space


00:15:24.959 --> 00:15:25.990
agency


00:15:26.000 --> 00:15:27.670
a sister organization within the


00:15:27.680 --> 00:15:28.870
department of industry science and


00:15:28.880 --> 00:15:31.189
resources where I worked. So, a lot of


00:15:31.199 --> 00:15:35.829
friends there. Um, and Katherine uh is


00:15:35.839 --> 00:15:39.670
absolutely welldeserved recipient of the


00:15:39.680 --> 00:15:41.829
annual Australian of the Year award and


00:15:41.839 --> 00:15:43.910
she'll do great things with it. She


00:15:43.920 --> 00:15:46.870
wants to be um very much a STEM


00:15:46.880 --> 00:15:49.829
ambassador as well for public educ for


00:15:49.839 --> 00:15:52.150
education uh for science technology


00:15:52.160 --> 00:15:53.990
education. She'll do a great job. She's


00:15:54.000 --> 00:15:55.350
a lovely person.


00:15:55.360 --> 00:15:59.590
>> Yes. Um she comes across that way and


00:15:59.600 --> 00:16:02.310
I I think the interest in space science


00:16:02.320 --> 00:16:05.030
is starting to really uh grow from


00:16:05.040 --> 00:16:08.150
strength to strength and uh she she will


00:16:08.160 --> 00:16:10.949
do a a wonderful job in that regard and


00:16:10.959 --> 00:16:13.350
and maybe inspire other Australians to


00:16:13.360 --> 00:16:16.310
follow in her footsteps. And now that we


00:16:16.320 --> 00:16:18.150
have our own space agency, we certainly


00:16:18.160 --> 00:16:20.069
want that, don't we?


00:16:20.079 --> 00:16:22.230
>> Very much so. Yes. The Australian Space


00:16:22.240 --> 00:16:25.990
Agency was uh formed in 2018. It's um


00:16:26.000 --> 00:16:29.350
still going strong. A lot of its uh


00:16:29.360 --> 00:16:31.189
functions are regulatory. It's all about


00:16:31.199 --> 00:16:32.870
regulating launches and things of that


00:16:32.880 --> 00:16:36.629
sort. Um but also promoting startups and


00:16:36.639 --> 00:16:38.389
uh things of that sort to encourage the


00:16:38.399 --> 00:16:40.389
space industry here in Australia, which


00:16:40.399 --> 00:16:41.910
was why it was set up in the first


00:16:41.920 --> 00:16:42.470
place.


00:16:42.480 --> 00:16:42.790
>> Yeah.


00:16:42.800 --> 00:16:44.550
>> Katherine Katherine's a great um you


00:16:44.560 --> 00:16:46.310
know, a great cheerleader for that. It's


00:16:46.320 --> 00:16:46.629
brilliant.


00:16:46.639 --> 00:16:48.389
>> Yep. She's got a busy year ahead of her


00:16:48.399 --> 00:16:50.949
now because her her Australian of the


00:16:50.959 --> 00:16:53.030
Year duties will be on top of what she


00:16:53.040 --> 00:16:55.749
has to do for her regular gig. So, uh,


00:16:55.759 --> 00:16:57.509
she'll be doing a lot more travel, a lot


00:16:57.519 --> 00:16:59.509
more speaking, a lot more engagements.


00:16:59.519 --> 00:17:01.590
Uh, it it's a big job when you're named


00:17:01.600 --> 00:17:05.076
Australian of the Year, so I'm told.


00:17:05.086 --> 00:17:05.750
[laughter]


00:17:05.760 --> 00:17:07.909
Well, you never know, Andrew. One day,


00:17:07.919 --> 00:17:09.029
one day.


00:17:09.039 --> 00:17:12.470
>> Uh, look, I'd be I'd be lucky be to be


00:17:12.480 --> 00:17:15.350
named, you know, my street member of the


00:17:15.360 --> 00:17:16.866
year.


00:17:16.876 --> 00:17:17.669
>> [laughter]


00:17:17.679 --> 00:17:20.789
>> Not a big street either, but uh no, good


00:17:20.799 --> 00:17:22.630
luck to her and congratulations to


00:17:22.640 --> 00:17:26.150
Katherine Benell Peg. This is Space Nuts


00:17:26.160 --> 00:17:28.710
with Andrew Dunley and Professor Fred


00:17:28.720 --> 00:17:32.070
Watson.


00:17:32.080 --> 00:17:33.830
>> Okay, we've had a problem here.


00:17:33.840 --> 00:17:35.750
>> This is Houston. Say again, please.


00:17:35.760 --> 00:17:37.029
>> Houston, we've had a problem. We've had


00:17:37.039 --> 00:17:41.029
a main rot. Okay, stand by 13. We're


00:17:41.039 --> 00:17:41.590
looking at it.


00:17:41.600 --> 00:17:44.390
>> Space, do you like that, Fred? got some


00:17:44.400 --> 00:17:45.270
new links.


00:17:45.280 --> 00:17:47.750
>> I had a bit of time up my sleeve, so I


00:17:47.760 --> 00:17:49.830
um created some new stuff.


00:17:49.840 --> 00:17:51.830
>> That's a very appropriate one as well.


00:17:51.840 --> 00:17:53.430
>> Yes, I thought so, too.


00:17:53.440 --> 00:17:53.750
>> Yeah.


00:17:53.760 --> 00:17:57.270
>> Uh now, uh our next story is about


00:17:57.280 --> 00:18:00.470
defining what is a moon. This is come


00:18:00.480 --> 00:18:02.390
about after


00:18:02.400 --> 00:18:07.110
a study had been published um which is a


00:18:07.120 --> 00:18:10.470
um peer reviewed paper in the archive.


00:18:10.480 --> 00:18:13.669
Um, it's it's looking at a a a really


00:18:13.679 --> 00:18:15.750
big gas giant, but they think it's got a


00:18:15.760 --> 00:18:18.870
moon that could force us to redefine


00:18:18.880 --> 00:18:20.230
what a moon is.


00:18:20.240 --> 00:18:22.070
>> Is that is that the way it goes?


00:18:22.080 --> 00:18:24.789
>> Well, yeah, because it's big. Um, that's


00:18:24.799 --> 00:18:25.190
right.


00:18:25.200 --> 00:18:27.029
>> I got that impression.


00:18:27.039 --> 00:18:32.390
>> Yeah. So um this is uh work uh that's


00:18:32.400 --> 00:18:34.950
been done uh uh actually led from the


00:18:34.960 --> 00:18:38.070
University of Cambridge uh using uh a


00:18:38.080 --> 00:18:40.390
thing called an interferometer which is


00:18:40.400 --> 00:18:42.070
one of these things that that brings


00:18:42.080 --> 00:18:44.070
light waves together and watches them


00:18:44.080 --> 00:18:47.190
cancel out and by um doing that


00:18:47.200 --> 00:18:49.909
carefully enough you can learn a lot


00:18:49.919 --> 00:18:51.830
more than you otherwise could. Uh and


00:18:51.840 --> 00:18:53.669
there is an intererometer which is


00:18:53.679 --> 00:18:55.990
called gravity. uh good name for it


00:18:56.000 --> 00:18:58.150
because uh that's one of its tasks was


00:18:58.160 --> 00:19:01.909
to um kind of look at the look at the


00:19:01.919 --> 00:19:03.830
gravitational forces around black holes


00:19:03.840 --> 00:19:05.750
which done very successfully around the


00:19:05.760 --> 00:19:07.350
black hole at the center of our galaxy.


00:19:07.360 --> 00:19:09.029
It's on the very large telescope in


00:19:09.039 --> 00:19:12.070
Chile and it's a way of you you will


00:19:12.080 --> 00:19:13.990
know and some of your listeners sorry


00:19:14.000 --> 00:19:16.310
some of our listeners will remember uh


00:19:16.320 --> 00:19:17.830
that the very large telescope is


00:19:17.840 --> 00:19:21.190
actually four uh 8.2 2 meter telescopes


00:19:21.200 --> 00:19:23.830
which can be used together uh along with


00:19:23.840 --> 00:19:26.710
um some auxiliary telescopes as well and


00:19:26.720 --> 00:19:30.630
that's uh they're used together in the


00:19:30.640 --> 00:19:32.870
science of interpherometry which lets


00:19:32.880 --> 00:19:37.270
you uh look at um objects in space in


00:19:37.280 --> 00:19:40.390
very great detail and and in particular


00:19:40.400 --> 00:19:42.549
uh the scientists have been watching the


00:19:42.559 --> 00:19:48.630
orbit of a gas giant uh uh exoplanet


00:19:48.640 --> 00:19:52.789
which has the lovely name of HD 206893b.


00:19:52.799 --> 00:19:55.909
It's 133 light years from our solar


00:19:55.919 --> 00:19:58.470
system as the crow flies. Um, but what


00:19:58.480 --> 00:20:00.070
they've done is they've watched the


00:20:00.080 --> 00:20:04.870
motion of this gas giant. Uh, as it


00:20:04.880 --> 00:20:06.950
orbits around its parent star, which is


00:20:06.960 --> 00:20:10.950
HD 206893 itself. The B refers at the


00:20:10.960 --> 00:20:12.549
end of that refers to the gas giant


00:20:12.559 --> 00:20:15.029
planet itself. But what they've seen is


00:20:15.039 --> 00:20:18.390
that the orbit of this giant planet is


00:20:18.400 --> 00:20:21.830
wobbling slightly as it goes around. Uh


00:20:21.840 --> 00:20:25.110
little um you know deviations from a


00:20:25.120 --> 00:20:28.710
perfect ellipse which are interpreted uh


00:20:28.720 --> 00:20:33.750
as being due to a moon. And by knowing


00:20:33.760 --> 00:20:36.310
the knowing the mass of the or


00:20:36.320 --> 00:20:39.669
estimating the mass of the planet itself


00:20:39.679 --> 00:20:41.830
um you can estimate the mass of this


00:20:41.840 --> 00:20:46.310
moon and it's it's enormous. Uh it's um


00:20:46.320 --> 00:20:49.029
many times the mass uh if I remember


00:20:49.039 --> 00:20:51.510
rightly something like nine times the


00:20:51.520 --> 00:20:54.549
mass of Neptune, 40% of the mass of


00:20:54.559 --> 00:20:57.909
Jupiter. Uh and you know when you


00:20:57.919 --> 00:20:59.669
compare that with the moons in our solar


00:20:59.679 --> 00:21:01.669
system it's [clears throat] much much


00:21:01.679 --> 00:21:03.430
heavier than anything or much much


00:21:03.440 --> 00:21:05.510
massier mass more massive than anything


00:21:05.520 --> 00:21:06.630
we've got.


00:21:06.640 --> 00:21:09.350
>> Uh so that


00:21:09.360 --> 00:21:11.510
leads to the question well you know if


00:21:11.520 --> 00:21:12.870
you've got something that's nine times


00:21:12.880 --> 00:21:14.870
the mass of Neptune could you ever call


00:21:14.880 --> 00:21:17.350
it a moon? Uh but the normal definition


00:21:17.360 --> 00:21:20.070
of a moon or technically a satellite is


00:21:20.080 --> 00:21:22.470
something that is in orbit around an


00:21:22.480 --> 00:21:25.029
object that is in orbit around a star.


00:21:25.039 --> 00:21:27.830
In other words, a planet. Um, so do we


00:21:27.840 --> 00:21:30.149
want to bend that definition or are we


00:21:30.159 --> 00:21:32.549
just content for this thing to be the


00:21:32.559 --> 00:21:34.789
most massive moon known?


00:21:34.799 --> 00:21:38.070
>> Well, where do you draw the line?


00:21:38.080 --> 00:21:39.830
You know, if the definition is a


00:21:39.840 --> 00:21:42.310
satellite orbiting at a an object


00:21:42.320 --> 00:21:45.190
orbiting a star, then that's it.


00:21:45.200 --> 00:21:46.470
Shouldn't matter how big it is, should


00:21:46.480 --> 00:21:48.070
it?


00:21:48.080 --> 00:21:49.909
>> Uh, no. That's right. That that would be


00:21:49.919 --> 00:21:53.029
my view. uh that you you you keep the um


00:21:53.039 --> 00:21:56.149
>> you keep the basically keep the uh


00:21:56.159 --> 00:21:58.950
definition as it stands. Uh what you do


00:21:58.960 --> 00:22:02.789
is you just extend your range of uh


00:22:02.799 --> 00:22:07.750
expectance expectancy in terms of uh the


00:22:07.760 --> 00:22:12.630
size of these objects. Um there's a in


00:22:12.640 --> 00:22:13.909
fact there's a lovely comment there's


00:22:13.919 --> 00:22:15.510
several comments from the lead author.


00:22:15.520 --> 00:22:17.510
Uh I'm looking just to say where we're


00:22:17.520 --> 00:22:18.870
looking. We're looking at Daily Galaxy


00:22:18.880 --> 00:22:21.029
for this report, but it's a paper uh


00:22:21.039 --> 00:22:23.029
that's been published I think in monthly


00:22:23.039 --> 00:22:25.430
notices again or one of the leading


00:22:25.440 --> 00:22:30.149
journals anyway. Um and the uh you know


00:22:30.159 --> 00:22:33.190
the the quotation from Quinton Kra who's


00:22:33.200 --> 00:22:34.549
one of the authors I think the lead


00:22:34.559 --> 00:22:39.190
author of this paper um uh some nice


00:22:39.200 --> 00:22:41.270
quotes. What we what we found is that HD


00:22:41.280 --> 00:22:43.029
206893b


00:22:43.039 --> 00:22:44.630
doesn't just follow a smooth orbit


00:22:44.640 --> 00:22:46.789
around its star. On top of that motion,


00:22:46.799 --> 00:22:48.789
it shows a small but measurable back and


00:22:48.799 --> 00:22:50.950
forth wubble. The wobble has a period of


00:22:50.960 --> 00:22:53.750
9 months and a size comparable to the


00:22:53.760 --> 00:22:56.070
Earth Moon distance. This kind of signal


00:22:56.080 --> 00:22:57.750
is exactly what you'd expect if the


00:22:57.760 --> 00:22:59.669
object were being tugged by an unseen


00:22:59.679 --> 00:23:02.149
companion such as a large moon, making


00:23:02.159 --> 00:23:04.950
this system a particularly intriguing


00:23:04.960 --> 00:23:08.630
candidate for hosting an exomoon.


00:23:08.640 --> 00:23:14.070
um and goes on to say um uh this raises


00:23:14.080 --> 00:23:16.070
the question because of the mass of this


00:23:16.080 --> 00:23:17.750
moon. This naturally raises the question


00:23:17.760 --> 00:23:19.669
of whether such an object should even be


00:23:19.679 --> 00:23:21.830
called a moon. At these masses, the


00:23:21.840 --> 00:23:23.909
distinction between a massive moon and a


00:23:23.919 --> 00:23:27.430
very low mass companion becomes blurred.


00:23:27.440 --> 00:23:29.110
However, there is currently no


00:23:29.120 --> 00:23:31.430
definition of an exomoon. And in


00:23:31.440 --> 00:23:33.270
practice, astronomers generally


00:23:33.280 --> 00:23:35.909
generally refer to any object orbiting a


00:23:35.919 --> 00:23:38.950
planet or substellar companion as a


00:23:38.960 --> 00:23:41.990
moon. So that's the bottom line.


00:23:42.000 --> 00:23:44.230
>> Um there are not many known and that's


00:23:44.240 --> 00:23:46.710
because moons naturally are generally


00:23:46.720 --> 00:23:50.149
small and so their effect on their on


00:23:50.159 --> 00:23:52.470
the planet around which they're orbiting


00:23:52.480 --> 00:23:56.390
is too small to to to uh discover.


00:23:56.400 --> 00:23:59.190
Whereas uh this thing is so big that its


00:23:59.200 --> 00:24:02.470
signal is really quite uh quite


00:24:02.480 --> 00:24:05.190
impressive. It's it's uh sufficient for


00:24:05.200 --> 00:24:07.750
the for this this team to to to give us


00:24:07.760 --> 00:24:09.430
the the paper that that we're talking


00:24:09.440 --> 00:24:12.390
about. And just one final quote uh from


00:24:12.400 --> 00:24:14.870
Kra. It's important to keep in mind that


00:24:14.880 --> 00:24:16.710
we're likely only seeing the tip of the


00:24:16.720 --> 00:24:19.190
iceberg. Just as the first exoplanets


00:24:19.200 --> 00:24:20.870
discovered were the most massive ones


00:24:20.880 --> 00:24:22.870
orbiting very close to their stars


00:24:22.880 --> 00:24:24.549
simply because they were the easiest to


00:24:24.559 --> 00:24:27.510
detect. The first exom moons we identify


00:24:27.520 --> 00:24:29.590
are expected to be the most massive and


00:24:29.600 --> 00:24:31.510
extreme examples. It's a really good


00:24:31.520 --> 00:24:31.990
point.


00:24:32.000 --> 00:24:34.549
>> And there it is. And and yet again, we


00:24:34.559 --> 00:24:39.029
find in a potential new discovery that


00:24:39.039 --> 00:24:41.669
it's not what we would expect to be the


00:24:41.679 --> 00:24:45.909
norm. This this is another thing that we


00:24:45.919 --> 00:24:48.549
may not have anticipated.


00:24:48.559 --> 00:24:53.190
>> Uh that's that's right. Um so yes. So, I


00:24:53.200 --> 00:24:55.110
mean, it's the point is well made, uh,


00:24:55.120 --> 00:24:58.549
Quent's point is well made that the uh


00:24:58.559 --> 00:25:01.269
the the that you're going to find the


00:25:01.279 --> 00:25:03.510
the real outliers first because they're


00:25:03.520 --> 00:25:06.950
the easiest ones to find. Uh, but at the


00:25:06.960 --> 00:25:09.110
same time, what you've said is true. Uh,


00:25:09.120 --> 00:25:10.710
the outliers are sometimes so


00:25:10.720 --> 00:25:12.630
surprising, but they're difficult to


00:25:12.640 --> 00:25:15.190
believe. Uh but we've got a um yeah,


00:25:15.200 --> 00:25:16.950
we've got an outlier here that might


00:25:16.960 --> 00:25:19.269
well be the first of a new breed of uh


00:25:19.279 --> 00:25:22.470
or a whole new regime of exom moon


00:25:22.480 --> 00:25:23.430
discoveries.


00:25:23.440 --> 00:25:25.350
>> Yeah, I I didn't even think about


00:25:25.360 --> 00:25:27.830
exomoons. Like we've discovered so many


00:25:27.840 --> 00:25:29.990
exoplanets now and we continue to do so,


00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:32.549
but we we haven't actually laid our eyes


00:25:32.559 --> 00:25:35.830
on a on an exomoon yet.


00:25:35.840 --> 00:25:37.909
>> No. Um and in fact, we've not laid our


00:25:37.919 --> 00:25:39.990
eyes on most of the exoplanets. We've


00:25:40.000 --> 00:25:42.630
inferred their presence uh by indirect


00:25:42.640 --> 00:25:44.789
means. there are one or two uh that we


00:25:44.799 --> 00:25:47.590
we can observe directly. Uh but when you


00:25:47.600 --> 00:25:49.190
think yes, moons are always going to be


00:25:49.200 --> 00:25:52.149
smaller than their parent planets, um


00:25:52.159 --> 00:25:56.870
that means that uh we're we're still


00:25:56.880 --> 00:25:58.630
pushing the limits of what is


00:25:58.640 --> 00:26:01.430
technically possible to to detect.


00:26:01.440 --> 00:26:04.149
>> Could we maybe redefine this discovery


00:26:04.159 --> 00:26:07.269
as like a dual planet?


00:26:07.279 --> 00:26:09.510
it. So there is a definition of a dual


00:26:09.520 --> 00:26:12.310
planet uh what we what we call a binary


00:26:12.320 --> 00:26:16.310
planet uh which is uh if you have two


00:26:16.320 --> 00:26:19.430
objects one orbiting the other if their


00:26:19.440 --> 00:26:21.269
center of gravity or what we call the


00:26:21.279 --> 00:26:23.830
baris center is outside the body of


00:26:23.840 --> 00:26:26.789
either of them then it's a binary planet


00:26:26.799 --> 00:26:31.350
rather than a planet and a moon uh and


00:26:31.360 --> 00:26:35.350
in fact uh Jupiter sorry Pluto and its


00:26:35.360 --> 00:26:38.070
moon kum um fit that bill. Pluto, of


00:26:38.080 --> 00:26:40.070
course, is a dwarf planet, but Pluto and


00:26:40.080 --> 00:26:42.149
Karen are probably a binary dwarf planet


00:26:42.159 --> 00:26:43.830
for that for that reason.


00:26:43.840 --> 00:26:47.830
>> Okay. Interesting. Yeah. So, um there'll


00:26:47.840 --> 00:26:51.830
be more work to find out exactly what


00:26:51.840 --> 00:26:54.310
the situation is here cuz they it's only


00:26:54.320 --> 00:26:56.710
suspicion at the moment, isn't it? That


00:26:56.720 --> 00:26:58.149
>> That's right. There'll be there will be


00:26:58.159 --> 00:27:00.470
more observations to to confirm that


00:27:00.480 --> 00:27:03.350
this uh this uh that you know the planet


00:27:03.360 --> 00:27:05.029
itself behaves in a way that is


00:27:05.039 --> 00:27:07.830
consistent with this large hypo


00:27:07.840 --> 00:27:09.990
hypothesized moon. We haven't seen it.


00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:11.269
We haven't seen it yet. In fact, we


00:27:11.279 --> 00:27:13.750
haven't seen the planet either. But uh


00:27:13.760 --> 00:27:16.070
we can we can deduce things from you


00:27:16.080 --> 00:27:17.510
know from from the way the orbits


00:27:17.520 --> 00:27:18.230
behave.


00:27:18.240 --> 00:27:20.230
>> Yes indeed. If you'd like to read about


00:27:20.240 --> 00:27:22.470
that, the study's been published on the


00:27:22.480 --> 00:27:24.630
archive and it has been accepted for


00:27:24.640 --> 00:27:26.390
publication in astronomy and


00:27:26.400 --> 00:27:27.909
astrophysics.


00:27:27.919 --> 00:27:30.070
You can also read about it on the daily


00:27:30.080 --> 00:27:31.750
galaxy.com


00:27:31.760 --> 00:27:34.310
uh website. This is Space Nuts with


00:27:34.320 --> 00:27:42.230
Andrew Dunley and Professor Fred Watson


00:27:42.240 --> 00:27:44.390
Base here. The angle has landed.


00:27:44.400 --> 00:27:48.070
>> Space nets. Speaking of uh big planets


00:27:48.080 --> 00:27:51.029
with big moons, what about big black


00:27:51.039 --> 00:27:53.510
holes? Uh and the fact that they get big


00:27:53.520 --> 00:27:56.389
fast. We have always been mystified by


00:27:56.399 --> 00:28:00.070
this phenomenon, but uh have they solved


00:28:00.080 --> 00:28:01.750
it, Fred?


00:28:01.760 --> 00:28:03.830
>> Uh certainly some work that looks as


00:28:03.840 --> 00:28:04.950
though it's pointing in the right


00:28:04.960 --> 00:28:06.630
direction. Yeah, this comes about really


00:28:06.640 --> 00:28:09.990
be and it's an issue that has only


00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:11.909
arisen in the era of the James Web Space


00:28:11.919 --> 00:28:15.190
Telescope when which has detected


00:28:15.200 --> 00:28:18.549
um the evidence for super massive black


00:28:18.559 --> 00:28:21.350
holes very very early in the universe


00:28:21.360 --> 00:28:23.350
until the web came along. We all thought


00:28:23.360 --> 00:28:26.310
that super massive black holes evolved


00:28:26.320 --> 00:28:28.470
over time scales comparable with the age


00:28:28.480 --> 00:28:29.909
of the universe that you started off


00:28:29.919 --> 00:28:32.470
with small black holes and as time went


00:28:32.480 --> 00:28:35.269
on you know billions of years passing


00:28:35.279 --> 00:28:37.190
until we get to the universe's current


00:28:37.200 --> 00:28:40.149
age of 13.8 billion years uh that they


00:28:40.159 --> 00:28:43.190
gradually grew bigger to to form the


00:28:43.200 --> 00:28:44.950
super massive black holes that we see in


00:28:44.960 --> 00:28:46.549
today's universe. But when you look


00:28:46.559 --> 00:28:48.549
further back further out into space as


00:28:48.559 --> 00:28:50.389
the web has done, you're looking further


00:28:50.399 --> 00:28:52.149
back in time. We're now seeing within a


00:28:52.159 --> 00:28:53.990
few hundred million years of the big


00:28:54.000 --> 00:28:55.990
bang itself and we find these super


00:28:56.000 --> 00:28:59.350
massive black holes already there. U and


00:28:59.360 --> 00:29:01.350
that's the puzzle. That's the conundrum.


00:29:01.360 --> 00:29:04.389
How did they get so big so rapidly?


00:29:04.399 --> 00:29:08.310
>> Uh and the so they they went to


00:29:08.320 --> 00:29:10.170
McDonald's. That's what they did.


00:29:10.180 --> 00:29:12.149
[laughter]


00:29:12.159 --> 00:29:14.789
>> Uh the McDonald's of the early universe.


00:29:14.799 --> 00:29:16.710
Yes. Uh, there must be a must be a name


00:29:16.720 --> 00:29:19.350
for that. Um, [laughter]


00:29:19.360 --> 00:29:21.029
>> fast food. That's what it's


00:29:21.039 --> 00:29:22.870
>> It's a fast food. Yeah. And I was going


00:29:22.880 --> 00:29:24.950
to work on drive-thru somehow, but that


00:29:24.960 --> 00:29:26.950
doesn't scan quite the same way as fast


00:29:26.960 --> 00:29:29.830
food does. It is fast food. That's


00:29:29.840 --> 00:29:32.310
exactly in fact that sums up the the the


00:29:32.320 --> 00:29:33.990
research paper by this team of


00:29:34.000 --> 00:29:35.430
scientists who are actually based in


00:29:35.440 --> 00:29:38.389
Ireland. Uh, it's sums up their work


00:29:38.399 --> 00:29:42.789
very very succinctly. So the issue is uh


00:29:42.799 --> 00:29:44.389
that


00:29:44.399 --> 00:29:47.029
as we as the you know so what we've got


00:29:47.039 --> 00:29:50.549
is this observations set of observations


00:29:50.559 --> 00:29:52.870
tells us that black holes got super


00:29:52.880 --> 00:29:56.549
massive very quickly and that's a puzzle


00:29:56.559 --> 00:30:00.310
for the theoretical astronomers who work


00:30:00.320 --> 00:30:02.950
out how galaxies work, how galaxies


00:30:02.960 --> 00:30:06.230
form, how black holes form and and all


00:30:06.240 --> 00:30:08.310
of that great stuff in the early


00:30:08.320 --> 00:30:12.870
universe. And what um has been the point


00:30:12.880 --> 00:30:16.149
that they've struggled with is that if a


00:30:16.159 --> 00:30:19.590
black hole starts eating


00:30:19.600 --> 00:30:22.070
m the surrounding material, which is how


00:30:22.080 --> 00:30:24.310
they grow, the gas and dust that


00:30:24.320 --> 00:30:26.230
surrounds them, if they start eating


00:30:26.240 --> 00:30:29.430
that too quickly, in other words,


00:30:29.440 --> 00:30:30.870
quickly enough to grow into a super


00:30:30.880 --> 00:30:33.110
massive black hole very quickly, what


00:30:33.120 --> 00:30:35.750
happens is they um the radiation


00:30:35.760 --> 00:30:38.950
generated by this swirling mass of stuff


00:30:38.960 --> 00:30:42.310
getting sucked in actually stops the


00:30:42.320 --> 00:30:45.750
process. It it quenches the process of


00:30:45.760 --> 00:30:48.549
uh of accretion and the black holes


00:30:48.559 --> 00:30:51.350
growing. That's the way the theory has


00:30:51.360 --> 00:30:54.070
uh appeared so far. Mhm.


00:30:54.080 --> 00:30:57.269
>> But what the Irish astronomers have done


00:30:57.279 --> 00:31:02.389
is um they've looked at the sort of


00:31:02.399 --> 00:31:05.590
general turbulence of the gas in the


00:31:05.600 --> 00:31:10.870
early universe uh as a background to the


00:31:10.880 --> 00:31:14.149
the the feeding black hole. And it turns


00:31:14.159 --> 00:31:19.830
out that if the universe is um a lot


00:31:19.840 --> 00:31:23.990
more uh chaotic, turbulent, very violent


00:31:24.000 --> 00:31:26.470
motions in the background gas, if you've


00:31:26.480 --> 00:31:29.510
got a black hole in a in an environment


00:31:29.520 --> 00:31:32.950
like that, um it turns out that they can


00:31:32.960 --> 00:31:37.190
actually uh absorb huge amounts of gas


00:31:37.200 --> 00:31:40.389
and so they can grow much faster than we


00:31:40.399 --> 00:31:43.750
originally thought. Uh so um one of the


00:31:43.760 --> 00:31:47.669
authors uh of this paper uh there's a


00:31:47.679 --> 00:31:50.630
quote here um this is Scitec Daily that


00:31:50.640 --> 00:31:53.269
is carrying this story but uh the the


00:31:53.279 --> 00:31:54.630
researchers in one of the research


00:31:54.640 --> 00:31:56.710
papers this is one of the authors saying


00:31:56.720 --> 00:31:59.190
we found that the chaotic conditions


00:31:59.200 --> 00:32:01.110
that existed in the early universe


00:32:01.120 --> 00:32:04.149
triggered early smaller black holes to


00:32:04.159 --> 00:32:06.230
grow into the super massive black holes


00:32:06.240 --> 00:32:09.509
we see later following a feeding frenzy


00:32:09.519 --> 00:32:11.750
which devoured all the material material


00:32:11.760 --> 00:32:13.909
around them. We revealed using


00:32:13.919 --> 00:32:16.070
state-of-the-art computer simulations


00:32:16.080 --> 00:32:17.669
that the first generation of black


00:32:17.679 --> 00:32:19.350
holes, those born just a few hundred


00:32:19.360 --> 00:32:21.590
million years after the Big Bang, grew


00:32:21.600 --> 00:32:24.630
incredibly fast into tens of thousands


00:32:24.640 --> 00:32:27.909
of times the size of our sun. Uh, and


00:32:27.919 --> 00:32:30.789
another comment another uh from one of


00:32:30.799 --> 00:32:32.149
the other team members, this


00:32:32.159 --> 00:32:34.149
breakthrough unlocks one of astronomy's


00:32:34.159 --> 00:32:36.710
big puzzles, that being how black holes


00:32:36.720 --> 00:32:38.470
born in the early universe are observed


00:32:38.480 --> 00:32:41.269
by the James Web Space Telescope. uh as


00:32:41.279 --> 00:32:43.029
observed by the James Web Space


00:32:43.039 --> 00:32:45.430
Telescope managed to reach such super


00:32:45.440 --> 00:32:48.230
massive sizes so quickly. So maybe


00:32:48.240 --> 00:32:50.470
that's the answer to the puzzle, Andrew.


00:32:50.480 --> 00:32:54.310
>> Yeah, they ate too much too fast.


00:32:54.320 --> 00:32:56.310
>> That's right. Fast food


00:32:56.320 --> 00:32:58.149
>> and then they get indigestion and then


00:32:58.159 --> 00:32:59.830
they have those you know


00:32:59.840 --> 00:33:01.110
>> Well, I think that was the problem


00:33:01.120 --> 00:33:03.350
before uh that you know they got


00:33:03.360 --> 00:33:05.190
indigestion and so they stop the


00:33:05.200 --> 00:33:05.909
process.


00:33:05.919 --> 00:33:08.070
>> Yeah. Uh but what these these authors


00:33:08.080 --> 00:33:10.149
are saying is that uh if you put them in


00:33:10.159 --> 00:33:14.149
a really turbulent um you know field of


00:33:14.159 --> 00:33:17.350
gas that which we think was in the early


00:33:17.360 --> 00:33:20.149
universe then things change you you they


00:33:20.159 --> 00:33:22.070
don't get indigestion. They just go for


00:33:22.080 --> 00:33:24.549
it. They just eat and eat.


00:33:24.559 --> 00:33:27.269
>> Don't don't notice that they're full.


00:33:27.279 --> 00:33:27.909
>> That's right.


00:33:27.919 --> 00:33:30.389
>> And keep eating like a goldfish. That's


00:33:30.399 --> 00:33:32.070
goldfish have that problem.


00:33:32.080 --> 00:33:34.230
>> That's why that's why they're so blobby


00:33:34.240 --> 00:33:36.549
looking. No. to stop eating.


00:33:36.559 --> 00:33:38.630
>> No, they don't. No, apparently it's


00:33:38.640 --> 00:33:40.149
>> cuz they can't remember when they


00:33:40.159 --> 00:33:42.630
started eating. I guess [laughter]


00:33:42.640 --> 00:33:44.950
>> I I don't believe that theory that


00:33:44.960 --> 00:33:46.789
goldfish only have a threeminute memory


00:33:46.799 --> 00:33:49.590
because I used to keep goldfish and they


00:33:49.600 --> 00:33:51.110
knew who fed them


00:33:51.120 --> 00:33:52.549
>> because they always reacted when you


00:33:52.559 --> 00:33:53.909
went near the the tank.


00:33:53.919 --> 00:33:54.310
>> Yeah.


00:33:54.320 --> 00:33:56.149
>> The time to be time for food. Time for


00:33:56.159 --> 00:33:59.029
food. They're like dogs except you can't


00:33:59.039 --> 00:34:01.269
take them for a walk. They tend to buy.


00:34:01.279 --> 00:34:02.958
Nice.


00:34:02.968 --> 00:34:03.750
[laughter]


00:34:03.760 --> 00:34:06.470
>> Got to take the bowl with the milk


00:34:06.480 --> 00:34:08.389
>> as well if you That's right. Exactly.


00:34:08.399 --> 00:34:10.710
You put them in a dog bowl, fill it with


00:34:10.720 --> 00:34:12.790
water. No, let's not go there.


00:34:12.800 --> 00:34:15.829
>> Uh but that's a fascinating story and uh


00:34:15.839 --> 00:34:17.430
another one that will probably be


00:34:17.440 --> 00:34:20.149
subject to future uh analysis, I


00:34:20.159 --> 00:34:20.710
imagine.


00:34:20.720 --> 00:34:22.069
>> Yeah, that's right.


00:34:22.079 --> 00:34:23.669
>> If you'd like to read about it, as Fred


00:34:23.679 --> 00:34:25.990
said, it's incitedaily.com or you can


00:34:26.000 --> 00:34:28.470
read the entire paper start to finish if


00:34:28.480 --> 00:34:30.069
you're having trouble falling asleep.


00:34:30.079 --> 00:34:33.909
And that's in nature astronomy. Oh dear.


00:34:33.919 --> 00:34:35.750
Um, we're just about done, Fred. Thank


00:34:35.760 --> 00:34:36.950
you very much.


00:34:36.960 --> 00:34:38.869
>> Oh, a pleasure, Andrew. Always good to


00:34:38.879 --> 00:34:41.430
talk. And, um, we'll see you next time.


00:34:41.440 --> 00:34:43.030
>> We will. Professor Fred Watson,


00:34:43.040 --> 00:34:44.470
astronomer at large. Don't forget to


00:34:44.480 --> 00:34:47.190
visit us online in the meantime at


00:34:47.200 --> 00:34:48.869
spaceenutspodcast.com


00:34:48.879 --> 00:34:51.349
or spacenuts.io.


00:34:51.359 --> 00:34:52.710
You can have a look around. You can


00:34:52.720 --> 00:34:54.710
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00:34:54.720 --> 00:34:57.510
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And plenty of other things to see and


00:35:05.760 --> 00:35:07.510
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00:35:07.520 --> 00:35:09.349
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00:35:09.359 --> 00:35:12.230
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00:35:12.240 --> 00:35:14.310
Facebook uh Facebook. They're very


00:35:14.320 --> 00:35:16.150
active. Always new members joining


00:35:16.160 --> 00:35:19.510
there. We're on Instagram as well. And I


00:35:19.520 --> 00:35:21.190
was going to say something else. Oh no,


00:35:21.200 --> 00:35:23.510
I can't remember. Anyway, u that's just


00:35:23.520 --> 00:35:25.430
about it. Uh also thanks to Hugh in the


00:35:25.440 --> 00:35:27.510
studio who couldn't be with us today.


00:35:27.520 --> 00:35:31.670
He's gone out the back to to brood for


00:35:31.680 --> 00:35:34.150
not being named Australian of the year.


00:35:34.160 --> 00:35:35.750
And from me, Andrew Dunley, thanks for


00:35:35.760 --> 00:35:37.109
your company. See you on the next


00:35:37.119 --> 00:35:39.349
episode of Space Nuts. Bye-bye.


00:35:39.359 --> 00:35:40.310
>> Space Nuts.


00:35:40.320 --> 00:35:42.390
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