Celebrating 60 Years of NASA’s Deep Space Network, Saturn’s Ring Disappearing Act

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Language: en

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hello and welcome to Astronomy Daily


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your source for the latest and most


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fascinating developments in space


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exploration and astronomical discoveries


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I'm your host Anna and I'm excited to


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guide you through today's cosmic journey


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We have a stellar lineup of stories for


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you today We'll be exploring NASA's deep


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space network as it celebrates 60 years


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in Australia while breaking ground on a


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new radio antenna Then we'll look at


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Saturn's rings as they present a rare


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edge-on view that occurs only every 14


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to 15 years We'll also cover this week's


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busy launch schedule including Amazon's


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Project Kyper satellites and Blue


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Origin's first all-woman crew Plus we'll


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examine the growing commercial demand


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for lunar landers beyond NASA and dive


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into a breakthrough discovery about the


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origin of black hole magnetism that


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solves a long-standing cosmic mystery So


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strap in as we blast off into today's


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exploration of our fascinating universe


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Here we go with one for our Aussie


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listeners NASA's Deep Space Network in


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Canber Australia recently celebrated a


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significant milestone its 60th


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anniversary This celebration came with


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an exciting development as the facility


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broke ground on a new radio antenna


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marking the beginning of its next


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chapter in space communications The


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Cannber facility has been a vital part


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of NASA's global communications network


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since joining in


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1965 Currently operating four massive


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radio antennas the addition of this


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fifth dish represents a crucial


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expansion of the network's overall


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capacity to handle the everinccreasing


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flow of data from missions across our


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solar system This new antenna designated


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Deep Space Station 33 will be a marvel


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of modern engineering At 112 ft wide


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that's about 34 meters this


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multi-frequency beam waveguide antenna


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will significantly boost the network's


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capabilities What makes this design


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particularly interesting is that most of


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its structure will actually be buried


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underground A massive concrete pedestal


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will house cutting edge electronics and


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receivers in climate controlled rooms


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providing a solid foundation for the


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reflector dish above When operational


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the dish will rotate during


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communications on a steel platform


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called an allidade allowing it to track


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spacecraft as they move across the sky


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This sophisticated design ensures


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reliable communication with distant


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spacecraft exploring the farthest


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reaches of our solar system


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Kevin Coggins deputy associate


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administrator of NASA's space


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communications and navigation program


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highlighted the significance of this


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development noting that as they look


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back on 60 years of incredible


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accomplishments at Canberra the


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groundbreaking of this new antenna


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symbolizes the next 60 years of


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scientific discovery The construction of


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such advanced communication technology


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demonstrates the deep space network's


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commitment to embracing new technologies


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that enable exploration by an expanding


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fleet of space missions The new Camber


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dish is expected to go online in 2029


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and will be the final installation of


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six parabolic dishes constructed under


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NASA's deep space network aperture


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enhancement program This program is


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specifically designed to support current


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and future spacecraft and accommodate


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the increasing volume of data they


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transmit back to Earth Similar upgrades


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have already taken place at the


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network's Madrid facility which


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christened a new dish in 2022 while the


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Goldstone facility in California is


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completing work on another antenna The


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Deep Space Network operates through a


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brilliantly simple yet effective concept


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three communication facilities


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positioned strategically around the


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globe approximately 120 degrees apart


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This careful placement ensures that as


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Earth rotates at least one facility


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always has line of sight to any


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spacecraft in our solar system providing


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continuous coverage 24 hours a day


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regardless of where those spacecraft may


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be The network officially began on


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December 24th 1963 when NASA connected


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its early ground stations including


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Goldstone to the new network control


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center at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory


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in Southern


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California Madrid joined in 1964


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followed by Canberra in 1965 Since then


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these facilities have been the lifeline


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for hundreds of space missions including


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historic achievements like the Apollo


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moon landings What makes Canbor


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particularly special is its location in


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the southern


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hemisphere This unique positioning


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grants it an exclusive capability It's


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the only facility that can both send


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commands to and receive data from


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Voyager 2 as it journeys southward


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through interstellar space now almost 13


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billion miles from Earth Its sister


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craft Voyager 1 which is even more


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distant at over 15 billion miles away


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can transmit data to the Madrid and


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Goldstone complexes but can only receive


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commands via Canbor The deep space


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network currently relies primarily on


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radio frequencies for communication but


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NASA is looking toward the future with


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exciting new technologies The agency is


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experimenting with laser or optical


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communications which operates at


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significantly higher frequencies than


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radio


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This difference is crucial because


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higher frequencies allow for


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substantially more data to be


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transmitted over the same period This


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advancement isn't just theoretical NASA


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is actively testing it through the deep


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space optical communications experiment


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aboard the Psyche mission launched in


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October


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2023 The results have been impressive


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demonstrating record-breaking high data


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rates over unprecedented distances and


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even successfully downlinking ultra


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highdefinition streaming video from deep


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space


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These new technologies have the


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potential to boost the science and


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exploration returns of missions


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traveling throughout the solar system


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explained Amy Smith deputy project


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manager for the Deep Space Network


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Looking further ahead researchers


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envision combining laser and radio


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communications to create hybrid antennas


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dishes that can communicate using both


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radio and optical frequencies


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simultaneously potentially


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revolutionizing how we communicate with


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distant spacecraft


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As our exploration of space grows more


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ambitious with missions venturing


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further into the solar system and


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returning increasingly complex


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scientific data the deep space network


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continues to evolve to meet these


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demands ensuring that humanity maintains


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its connection to our most distant


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explorers Astronomy fans here's one for


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you If you've looked at Saturn through a


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telescope lately you might be wondering


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where those iconic rings went The ringed


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planet is looking distinctly ringless


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these days thanks to a fascinating


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astronomical alignment that happens only


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once every 14 to 15 years Saturn's rings


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have turned edge on as seen from Earth


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rendering them nearly invisible even


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through powerful telescopes This


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phenomenon is tied to Saturn's 29.5ear


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orbit around the sun The planet's


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magnificent rings are tilted 27° with


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respect to its orbital plane Which means


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that from our earthly perspective our


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view of the rings cycles from wide open


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to edge on and back again over roughly


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15-year intervals The rings were last


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edge on to Earth on March 23rd and


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they'll be edge on to the sun on May 6th


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What makes this disappearing act so


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dramatic is the stark contrast between


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the ring's enormous width and their


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paper thin profile While Saturn's rings


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span an impressive


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282,000 km across that's almost 3/4 of


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the distance from Earth to the moon


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they're astonishingly thin averaging


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just about 100 m in thickness So when we


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view them exactly edge on they


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essentially vanish from sight Galileo


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was the first to observe Saturn's rings


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in 1610 though with his primitive


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telescope he couldn't quite make out


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what he was seeing His sketches show a


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strange twinlobed world that resembled a


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double-handled coffee cup a testament to


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the limitations of early astronomical


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equipment It wasn't until later that


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Christian Hygens correctly deduced that


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these handles were actually rings


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completely detached from the planet


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itself Today we understand that Saturn's


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rings consist primarily of countless ice


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particles ranging from snowballs sized


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to much larger along with some rocky


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debris And while every gas and ice giant


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in our solar system has some form of


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ring system none are as spectacular or


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as visible from Earth as Saturn's


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Perhaps the most surprising discovery


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about Saturn's rings in recent years is


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their relative youth Several studies now


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suggest that the rings may be a


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surprisingly recent addition to the


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planet possibly forming just 10 to 100


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million years ago practically yesterday


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in cosmic terms This means that if


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dinosaurs had somehow developed


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telescopes they might have observed a


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rather ordinary looking Saturn without


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its distinctive halo Even more


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intriguing is the ring's limited future


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Scientists predict that in the next few


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hundred million years the rings will


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gradually dissipate from view as


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gravitational forces pull their


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particles either into Saturn itself or


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fling them outward into space We're


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actually witnessing Saturn during a


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special period when its rings are at


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their most magnificent a cosmic


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coincidence that makes our era


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particularly fortunate for astronomical


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observation So while Saturn might look a


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bit bland during this edgeon phase take


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heart the rings are still there and


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they'll gradually become visible again


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as the viewing angle changes reaching


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their maximum tilt once more in 2032


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Sometimes in astronomy the most


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fascinating phenomena are not what


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appears but what temporarily


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disappears April offers some excellent


00:09:50.480 --> 00:09:52.389
opportunities for early risers to spot


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Saturn Despite its temporarily ringless


00:09:55.160 --> 00:09:57.269
appearance if you're hoping to observe


00:09:57.279 --> 00:09:59.509
this unusual site Venus will be your


00:09:59.519 --> 00:10:02.150
best guide in the dawn sky Shining


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brilliantly at magnitudeus 4.6 6 Venus


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outshines Saturn by over 100 times


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making it an unmistakable beacon


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pointing the way to the more subdued


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Saturn which currently glows at


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magnitude plus 1.2 Mercury completes


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this planetary dawn trio reaching its


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greatest elongation 27° from the sun on


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April 21st Mark your calendar for the


00:10:24.640 --> 00:10:27.030
morning of April 25th when the waning


00:10:27.040 --> 00:10:28.949
crescent moon joins this celestial


00:10:28.959 --> 00:10:31.910
gathering in the eastern sky While the


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moon won't pass directly in front of


00:10:33.600 --> 00:10:35.910
Saturn during this particular alignment


00:10:35.920 --> 00:10:37.829
it creates a beautiful photo opportunity


00:10:37.839 --> 00:10:40.470
for astrophotographers and a striking


00:10:40.480 --> 00:10:43.269
visual for casual observers If you're


00:10:43.279 --> 00:10:45.590
interested in seeing a lunar occultation


00:10:45.600 --> 00:10:47.670
of Saturn you'll need to wait until


00:10:47.680 --> 00:10:49.790
April 24th


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2031 Astronomy often rewards patience


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For telescope owners this ring plane


00:10:56.000 --> 00:10:58.230
crossing period offers a rare observing


00:10:58.240 --> 00:11:00.550
opportunity With the rings essentially


00:11:00.560 --> 00:11:03.030
invisible you can enjoy unobstructed


00:11:03.040 --> 00:11:05.269
views of Saturn's moons as they transit


00:11:05.279 --> 00:11:07.670
across the planet's disc These transit


00:11:07.680 --> 00:11:09.670
events where moons pass in front of


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Saturn from our perspective are commonly


00:11:12.000 --> 00:11:13.910
observed on Jupiter but are only visible


00:11:13.920 --> 00:11:15.750
on Saturn during years when the rings


00:11:15.760 --> 00:11:19.590
are edge on Titan Saturn's largest moon


00:11:19.600 --> 00:11:21.590
is particularly worth watching as it


00:11:21.600 --> 00:11:23.430
casts a prominent shadow during its


00:11:23.440 --> 00:11:25.509
transits These events occur


00:11:25.519 --> 00:11:27.670
approximately every 16 Earth days as


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Titan completes its orbit though


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catching one requires being in the right


00:11:31.600 --> 00:11:33.750
location at the right time as each


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transit lasts about 5 hours Specialized


00:11:36.880 --> 00:11:40.230
websites like PDS rings node and IMCCE


00:11:40.240 --> 00:11:42.389
France provide predictions for these


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events Or you can use astronomy software


00:11:44.959 --> 00:11:47.110
like Stellarium to check for upcoming


00:11:47.120 --> 00:11:49.230
transits before planning an observation


00:11:49.240 --> 00:11:52.550
session As the year progresses Saturn


00:11:52.560 --> 00:11:55.030
will reach quadriure west of the sun on


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June 22nd An excellent time to observe


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the planet casting its shadow across


00:12:00.000 --> 00:12:02.389
what remains visible of the rings


00:12:02.399 --> 00:12:04.829
creating a striking three-dimensional


00:12:04.839 --> 00:12:07.190
appearance After reaching opposition on


00:12:07.200 --> 00:12:09.990
September 21st Saturn will transition


00:12:10.000 --> 00:12:13.150
back into the evening sky By the end of


00:12:13.160 --> 00:12:15.829
2025 the rings will have tilted about


00:12:15.839 --> 00:12:18.230
one degree open to our line of sight and


00:12:18.240 --> 00:12:20.069
they'll continue widening until they


00:12:20.079 --> 00:12:22.670
reach their maximum tilt again in


00:12:22.680 --> 00:12:25.670
2032 Saturn's unique orientation affects


00:12:25.680 --> 00:12:27.829
not just its appearance but also its


00:12:27.839 --> 00:12:30.470
brightness with the current edge on view


00:12:30.480 --> 00:12:33.269
reducing its magnitude to plus 1.2


00:12:33.279 --> 00:12:34.430
compared to


00:12:34.440 --> 00:12:36.550
minus0.54 when the rings are fully


00:12:36.560 --> 00:12:38.949
tilted toward Earth


00:12:38.959 --> 00:12:40.790
Let's look at this week's busy launch


00:12:40.800 --> 00:12:43.110
schedule next This week is shaping up to


00:12:43.120 --> 00:12:45.110
be a remarkably active period in space


00:12:45.120 --> 00:12:47.509
flight with five major launches taking


00:12:47.519 --> 00:12:49.910
place across multiple launch providers


00:12:49.920 --> 00:12:52.710
and mission types The action begins with


00:12:52.720 --> 00:12:55.829
United Launch Alliance's Atlas 5 rocket


00:12:55.839 --> 00:12:58.310
which is set to lift off on April 9th at


00:12:58.320 --> 00:13:01.110
700 p.m Eastern time from Space Launch


00:13:01.120 --> 00:13:04.310
Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Space Force


00:13:04.320 --> 00:13:07.030
Station in Florida This mission carries


00:13:07.040 --> 00:13:09.190
special significance as it will deploy


00:13:09.200 --> 00:13:11.670
the first operational batch of Amazon's


00:13:11.680 --> 00:13:14.470
project Kyper satellites marking a major


00:13:14.480 --> 00:13:16.509
milestone for the internet constellation


00:13:16.519 --> 00:13:19.350
program The Atlas 5 will be flying in


00:13:19.360 --> 00:13:21.590
its most powerful configuration


00:13:21.600 --> 00:13:23.069
designated


00:13:23.079 --> 00:13:26.629
551 featuring a 5 m fairing five solid


00:13:26.639 --> 00:13:28.550
rocket boosters and a single engine


00:13:28.560 --> 00:13:31.590
Centaur upper stage This robust setup is


00:13:31.600 --> 00:13:33.030
necessary to handle what will be the


00:13:33.040 --> 00:13:34.870
heaviest payload ever launched by an


00:13:34.880 --> 00:13:37.990
Atlas 5 27 Kyper satellites bound for


00:13:38.000 --> 00:13:40.990
low Earth orbit at an altitude of 450


00:13:41.000 --> 00:13:43.509
km SpaceX dominates the middle portion


00:13:43.519 --> 00:13:45.590
of the week with a trio of Falcon 9


00:13:45.600 --> 00:13:49.110
launches First up on April 10th at 9:43


00:13:49.120 --> 00:13:51.590
p.m Eastern time is a Starlink mission


00:13:51.600 --> 00:13:54.550
designated group 12 17 carrying


00:13:54.560 --> 00:13:57.030
approximately 20 Starlink V2 mini


00:13:57.040 --> 00:13:59.189
satellites This launch will depart from


00:13:59.199 --> 00:14:01.590
launch complex 39A at Kennedy Space


00:14:01.600 --> 00:14:03.509
Center sending the satellites on a


00:14:03.519 --> 00:14:05.350
southeastern trajectory to an orbit


00:14:05.360 --> 00:14:08.710
inclined at 43° Just 2 days later on


00:14:08.720 --> 00:14:11.509
April 12th Space X shifts operations to


00:14:11.519 --> 00:14:13.230
the West Coast for a national security


00:14:13.240 --> 00:14:15.829
mission A Falcon 9 will lift off from


00:14:15.839 --> 00:14:17.430
Vandenberg Space Force Base in


00:14:17.440 --> 00:14:20.470
California at 5:17 a.m Pacific time


00:14:20.480 --> 00:14:22.829
carrying a classified payload designated


00:14:22.839 --> 00:14:26.150
NRO 192 for the National Reconnaissance


00:14:26.160 --> 00:14:29.269
Office While details remain classified


00:14:29.279 --> 00:14:31.430
this is believed to be the ninth SpaceX


00:14:31.440 --> 00:14:33.750
mission deploying Star Shield satellites


00:14:33.760 --> 00:14:35.990
for reconnaissance operations such as


00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:38.350
Earth imaging and early missile warning


00:14:38.360 --> 00:14:40.870
detection SpaceX rounds out its busy


00:14:40.880 --> 00:14:42.550
schedule with another Starlink launch on


00:14:42.560 --> 00:14:45.670
April 13th at 9:59 p.m Eastern time from


00:14:45.680 --> 00:14:47.269
Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape


00:14:47.279 --> 00:14:50.230
Canaveral This mission Starlink Group 6


00:14:50.240 --> 00:14:52.590
73 will deliver another batch of


00:14:52.600 --> 00:14:55.670
approximately 20 V2 mini satellites to


00:14:55.680 --> 00:14:58.069
the same 43°ree inclined orbit as the


00:14:58.079 --> 00:15:00.389
earlier Starlink launch The week


00:15:00.399 --> 00:15:02.310
concludes with Blue Origin's New Shepard


00:15:02.320 --> 00:15:04.470
rocket taking flight on April 14th at


00:15:04.480 --> 00:15:07.110
9:30 a.m Eastern time from launch site 1


00:15:07.120 --> 00:15:09.990
in West Texas This suborbital mission


00:15:10.000 --> 00:15:13.110
designated NS-31 will carry a historic


00:15:13.120 --> 00:15:15.910
all-woman crew of six passengers Aisha


00:15:15.920 --> 00:15:19.910
Bo Amanda Ninguen Gail King Katy Perry


00:15:19.920 --> 00:15:21.949
Kerenne Flynn and Lauren


00:15:21.959 --> 00:15:24.310
Sanchez The flight will take the crew


00:15:24.320 --> 00:15:26.069
above the internationally recognized


00:15:26.079 --> 00:15:29.269
Carmen line at 100 km allowing them to


00:15:29.279 --> 00:15:30.550
experience several minutes of


00:15:30.560 --> 00:15:32.470
weightlessness before returning to Earth


00:15:32.480 --> 00:15:36.069
approximately 11 minutes after launch


00:15:36.079 --> 00:15:38.230
The lunar economy appears to be gaining


00:15:38.240 --> 00:15:40.470
momentum as companies involved in NASA's


00:15:40.480 --> 00:15:43.509
commercial lunar payload services CLPS


00:15:43.519 --> 00:15:45.990
program report increasing interest from


00:15:46.000 --> 00:15:49.030
customers beyond the space agency While


00:15:49.040 --> 00:15:51.030
NASA funding still accounts for about


00:15:51.040 --> 00:15:54.150
90% of mission costs the remaining 10%


00:15:54.160 --> 00:15:55.829
comes from a diverse group of clients


00:15:55.839 --> 00:15:57.629
that includes international space


00:15:57.639 --> 00:16:00.949
agencies universities private companies


00:16:00.959 --> 00:16:03.990
and even rid share customers Intuitive


00:16:04.000 --> 00:16:06.150
Machines which successfully landed on


00:16:06.160 --> 00:16:08.790
the moon in March with its second lander


00:16:08.800 --> 00:16:10.790
is seeing tangible growth in commercial


00:16:10.800 --> 00:16:13.430
demand According to Trent Martin the


00:16:13.440 --> 00:16:14.949
company's senior vice president for


00:16:14.959 --> 00:16:17.430
space systems the commercial market is


00:16:17.440 --> 00:16:20.389
real and it's growing This shift


00:16:20.399 --> 00:16:22.230
suggests we're witnessing the early


00:16:22.240 --> 00:16:23.749
stages of a sustainable lunar


00:16:23.759 --> 00:16:25.749
marketplace rather than just government


00:16:25.759 --> 00:16:27.749
subsidized missions


00:16:27.759 --> 00:16:29.430
These companies are finding that data


00:16:29.440 --> 00:16:30.949
gathered during scientific missions


00:16:30.959 --> 00:16:33.230
creates pathways to future commercial


00:16:33.240 --> 00:16:35.509
opportunities David Wheeler general


00:16:35.519 --> 00:16:37.829
counsel at Firefly Aerospace points out


00:16:37.839 --> 00:16:39.590
that current activities like regalith


00:16:39.600 --> 00:16:41.749
sample collection serve as precursors


00:16:41.759 --> 00:16:44.069
for resource extraction and mining


00:16:44.079 --> 00:16:46.389
Similarly Ananda Martin of Space


00:16:46.399 --> 00:16:47.990
Technologies believes the scientific


00:16:48.000 --> 00:16:50.550
data being collected now will support


00:16:50.560 --> 00:16:52.870
further phases of lunar development such


00:16:52.880 --> 00:16:54.629
as extraction and eventually human


00:16:54.639 --> 00:16:56.949
habitation Although a report released


00:16:56.959 --> 00:16:58.389
last November by the Center for


00:16:58.399 --> 00:17:00.069
Strategic and International Studies


00:17:00.079 --> 00:17:03.189
found no indication of a lunar gold rush


00:17:03.199 --> 00:17:05.189
industry insiders maintain that


00:17:05.199 --> 00:17:07.069
commercial interest is steadily


00:17:07.079 --> 00:17:09.590
increasing They argue that the economics


00:17:09.600 --> 00:17:11.510
will improve with each successful


00:17:11.520 --> 00:17:13.750
mission as lunar flights become more


00:17:13.760 --> 00:17:16.789
affordable and less risky International


00:17:16.799 --> 00:17:18.549
space agencies are already participating


00:17:18.559 --> 00:17:21.110
in these commercial ventures albeit at a


00:17:21.120 --> 00:17:23.590
smaller scale than NASA As Trent Martin


00:17:23.600 --> 00:17:26.549
explained they don't have $150 million


00:17:26.559 --> 00:17:28.950
to fund a mission but maybe they have


00:17:28.960 --> 00:17:31.110
$10 million to fund a small instrument


00:17:31.120 --> 00:17:33.230
that they want to fly on the


00:17:33.240 --> 00:17:35.909
lander Intuitive Machines has secured


00:17:35.919 --> 00:17:37.590
multiple contracts with foreign space


00:17:37.600 --> 00:17:39.669
agencies to carry payloads on future


00:17:39.679 --> 00:17:41.909
lunar missions Companies are also


00:17:41.919 --> 00:17:43.590
discovering unexpected business


00:17:43.600 --> 00:17:46.390
opportunities along the way Intuitive


00:17:46.400 --> 00:17:48.230
Machines has found additional revenue


00:17:48.240 --> 00:17:49.830
streams by offering orbital


00:17:49.840 --> 00:17:52.150
transportation services for satellites


00:17:52.160 --> 00:17:54.270
and creating a lunar communications


00:17:54.280 --> 00:17:56.710
network When rid Share customers on


00:17:56.720 --> 00:17:58.150
their recent mission experience


00:17:58.160 --> 00:17:59.830
difficulties communicating with their


00:17:59.840 --> 00:18:02.070
satellites at lunar distance they turn


00:18:02.080 --> 00:18:04.310
to intuitive machines for help revealing


00:18:04.320 --> 00:18:07.190
a new market need The emerging picture


00:18:07.200 --> 00:18:09.590
suggests that while we're not yet seeing


00:18:09.600 --> 00:18:11.470
a full-fledged commercial lunar


00:18:11.480 --> 00:18:13.990
ecosystem the foundation is being laid


00:18:14.000 --> 00:18:17.270
through these initial CLPS missions With


00:18:17.280 --> 00:18:19.270
each successful landing these companies


00:18:19.280 --> 00:18:21.510
are building technical capabilities


00:18:21.520 --> 00:18:23.750
operational experience and business


00:18:23.760 --> 00:18:25.350
relationships that could eventually


00:18:25.360 --> 00:18:27.029
transform lunar activities from


00:18:27.039 --> 00:18:29.029
primarily government-f funed scientific


00:18:29.039 --> 00:18:31.510
endeavors into a sustainable commercial


00:18:31.520 --> 00:18:33.510
enterprise


00:18:33.520 --> 00:18:35.990
Finally today one of the most enduring


00:18:36.000 --> 00:18:37.990
mysteries in astrophysics has finally


00:18:38.000 --> 00:18:40.390
been solved revealing the origin of the


00:18:40.400 --> 00:18:42.390
powerful magnetic fields that enable


00:18:42.400 --> 00:18:46.029
black holes to create spectacular cosmic


00:18:46.039 --> 00:18:48.390
fireworks Scientists at the Flat Iron


00:18:48.400 --> 00:18:49.990
Institute and their collaborators have


00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:51.669
discovered that these magnetic fields


00:18:51.679 --> 00:18:53.590
are inherited directly from the dying


00:18:53.600 --> 00:18:56.870
stars that give birth to black holes


00:18:56.880 --> 00:18:58.710
Black holes are known primarily for


00:18:58.720 --> 00:19:01.110
their immense gravitational pull that


00:19:01.120 --> 00:19:04.070
traps everything nearby However they can


00:19:04.080 --> 00:19:06.230
also produce intense jets of charged


00:19:06.240 --> 00:19:09.029
particles that generate gammaray bursts


00:19:09.039 --> 00:19:10.789
explosive events that release more


00:19:10.799 --> 00:19:13.190
energy in seconds than our sun will emit


00:19:13.200 --> 00:19:15.590
across its entire lifetime These


00:19:15.600 --> 00:19:17.510
phenomena require extremely strong


00:19:17.520 --> 00:19:19.990
magnetic fields But until now the source


00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:22.470
of this magnetism remained elusive


00:19:22.480 --> 00:19:24.310
Through detailed computer simulations


00:19:24.320 --> 00:19:25.909
tracking a star's evolution from


00:19:25.919 --> 00:19:27.990
collapse to black hole formation


00:19:28.000 --> 00:19:29.750
researchers identified the critical


00:19:29.760 --> 00:19:32.549
mechanism at work As a massive star


00:19:32.559 --> 00:19:34.950
explodes in a supernova it leaves behind


00:19:34.960 --> 00:19:37.190
a dense core called a proton neutron


00:19:37.200 --> 00:19:40.230
star When this proton star collapses to


00:19:40.240 --> 00:19:42.630
form a black hole its magnetic field


00:19:42.640 --> 00:19:44.789
doesn't simply disappear Instead it


00:19:44.799 --> 00:19:46.710
transfers to the dis of swirling matter


00:19:46.720 --> 00:19:49.430
that forms around the newborn black hole


00:19:49.440 --> 00:19:51.510
Proton neutron stars are the mothers of


00:19:51.520 --> 00:19:54.070
black holes explains Orgot Leeb the


00:19:54.080 --> 00:19:56.310
study's lead author What we are seeing


00:19:56.320 --> 00:19:58.789
is that as this black hole forms the


00:19:58.799 --> 00:20:01.110
proton neutron stars surrounding disc


00:20:01.120 --> 00:20:03.430
will essentially pin its magnetic lines


00:20:03.440 --> 00:20:05.990
to the black hole This discovery


00:20:06.000 --> 00:20:08.070
resolves a significant theoretical


00:20:08.080 --> 00:20:10.630
paradox that had puzzled scientists


00:20:10.640 --> 00:20:12.150
Previous theories suggested that


00:20:12.160 --> 00:20:14.150
magnetic fields were compressed during


00:20:14.160 --> 00:20:16.230
stellar collapse enhancing their


00:20:16.240 --> 00:20:19.590
strength However such strong magnetism


00:20:19.600 --> 00:20:22.230
causes stars to lose their rotation And


00:20:22.240 --> 00:20:24.630
without rapid rotation a black hole


00:20:24.640 --> 00:20:26.549
can't form the accretion disc necessary


00:20:26.559 --> 00:20:29.590
to produce jets and gamma ray bursts The


00:20:29.600 --> 00:20:31.430
team's calculations revealed a critical


00:20:31.440 --> 00:20:33.830
timing element The black hole's disc


00:20:33.840 --> 00:20:35.510
forms faster than the black hole can


00:20:35.520 --> 00:20:37.990
lose its inherited magnetism This


00:20:38.000 --> 00:20:39.669
sequence preserves the magnetic field


00:20:39.679 --> 00:20:41.750
lines from the parent neutron star


00:20:41.760 --> 00:20:43.190
anchoring them to the black hole's


00:20:43.200 --> 00:20:45.669
accretion disc The implications extend


00:20:45.679 --> 00:20:47.430
throughout astrophysics potentially


00:20:47.440 --> 00:20:49.350
changing how scientists understand jet


00:20:49.360 --> 00:20:52.630
formation in various cosmic systems As


00:20:52.640 --> 00:20:55.190
Gotautle notes this study changes the


00:20:55.200 --> 00:20:57.110
way we think about what types of systems


00:20:57.120 --> 00:20:59.590
can support jet formation Because if we


00:20:59.600 --> 00:21:01.549
know that accretion discs imply


00:21:01.559 --> 00:21:04.390
magnetism then in theory all you need is


00:21:04.400 --> 00:21:07.510
an early disc formation to power jets


00:21:07.520 --> 00:21:09.190
This breakthrough helps explain how


00:21:09.200 --> 00:21:10.789
black holes can generate the most


00:21:10.799 --> 00:21:13.270
luminous explosions in the universe and


00:21:13.280 --> 00:21:14.870
provides a comprehensive picture of


00:21:14.880 --> 00:21:17.110
these extraordinary cosmic objects from


00:21:17.120 --> 00:21:19.750
birth to maturity Previous theories


00:21:19.760 --> 00:21:21.669
about black hole magnetism painted an


00:21:21.679 --> 00:21:24.310
incomplete picture Scientists had long


00:21:24.320 --> 00:21:26.470
thought that as stars collapsed their


00:21:26.480 --> 00:21:28.470
magnetic fields were simply compressed


00:21:28.480 --> 00:21:29.230
and


00:21:29.240 --> 00:21:31.750
intensified But this explanation created


00:21:31.760 --> 00:21:33.830
a fundamental paradox that had


00:21:33.840 --> 00:21:35.669
astronomers scratching their heads for


00:21:35.679 --> 00:21:38.230
years The problem was this A strong


00:21:38.240 --> 00:21:40.390
magnetic field causes a star to lose its


00:21:40.400 --> 00:21:43.350
rotation And without rapid rotation a


00:21:43.360 --> 00:21:45.110
newborn black hole can't form an


00:21:45.120 --> 00:21:47.590
accretion disc That swirling collection


00:21:47.600 --> 00:21:50.149
of matter that surrounds it Without an


00:21:50.159 --> 00:21:52.149
accretion disc you can't get the


00:21:52.159 --> 00:21:54.270
powerful jets that produce gamma ray


00:21:54.280 --> 00:21:56.789
bursts So how could black holes have


00:21:56.799 --> 00:21:59.510
both the strong magnetic fields and the


00:21:59.520 --> 00:22:01.350
accretion discs needed for these


00:22:01.360 --> 00:22:05.110
spectacular cosmic phenomena got's team


00:22:05.120 --> 00:22:07.029
realized that past simulations had


00:22:07.039 --> 00:22:09.190
missed something crucial They'd only


00:22:09.200 --> 00:22:11.430
considered isolated neutron stars and


00:22:11.440 --> 00:22:13.909
black holes ignoring the complex


00:22:13.919 --> 00:22:15.510
interactions between them during the


00:22:15.520 --> 00:22:18.390
collapse process The key insight was


00:22:18.400 --> 00:22:20.390
recognizing that neutron stars have


00:22:20.400 --> 00:22:23.070
their own accretion discs before they


00:22:23.080 --> 00:22:25.510
collapse It appears to be mutually


00:22:25.520 --> 00:22:28.630
exclusive Gotautle explains you need two


00:22:28.640 --> 00:22:30.789
things for jets to form a strong


00:22:30.799 --> 00:22:33.510
magnetic field and an accretion disc But


00:22:33.520 --> 00:22:35.029
a magnetic field acquired by such


00:22:35.039 --> 00:22:37.110
compression won't form an accretion disc


00:22:37.120 --> 00:22:38.870
And if you reduce the magnetism to the


00:22:38.880 --> 00:22:40.870
point where the disc can form then it's


00:22:40.880 --> 00:22:43.430
not strong enough to produce the jets


00:22:43.440 --> 00:22:45.430
The new calculations revealed a solution


00:22:45.440 --> 00:22:48.070
to this puzzle As a neutron star begins


00:22:48.080 --> 00:22:50.549
to collapse but before all its magnetic


00:22:50.559 --> 00:22:52.310
field is swallowed by the forming black


00:22:52.320 --> 00:22:56.070
hole the neutron stars disc inherited by


00:22:56.080 --> 00:22:58.710
the black hole During this process the


00:22:58.720 --> 00:23:00.549
magnetic field lines become anchored in


00:23:00.559 --> 00:23:03.029
the disc preserving the magnetism even


00:23:03.039 --> 00:23:04.830
as the central object


00:23:04.840 --> 00:23:07.230
transforms It's a bit like a cosmic


00:23:07.240 --> 00:23:09.909
inheritance The mother neutron star


00:23:09.919 --> 00:23:12.390
passes down its magnetic genes to its


00:23:12.400 --> 00:23:14.630
child black hole through the medium of


00:23:14.640 --> 00:23:17.510
the accretion disc This transfer happens


00:23:17.520 --> 00:23:19.350
because the time scale for disc


00:23:19.360 --> 00:23:21.590
formation is shorter than the time scale


00:23:21.600 --> 00:23:23.909
for magnetic field dissipation This


00:23:23.919 --> 00:23:25.669
discovery fundamentally changes our


00:23:25.679 --> 00:23:27.510
understanding of black hole formation


00:23:27.520 --> 00:23:29.990
and jet production It suggests that any


00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:31.750
system where an accretion disc forms


00:23:31.760 --> 00:23:34.070
quickly enough could potentially support


00:23:34.080 --> 00:23:36.870
jet formation The researchers are now


00:23:36.880 --> 00:23:38.710
reconsidering various types of stellar


00:23:38.720 --> 00:23:40.390
systems and their potential for


00:23:40.400 --> 00:23:41.990
generating these powerful cosmic


00:23:42.000 --> 00:23:44.549
phenomena The work demonstrates the


00:23:44.559 --> 00:23:46.149
power of multiddisciplinary


00:23:46.159 --> 00:23:48.909
collaboration and advanced computational


00:23:48.919 --> 00:23:51.270
resources By bringing together experts


00:23:51.280 --> 00:23:53.510
from different fields and running more


00:23:53.520 --> 00:23:55.430
comprehensive simulations than ever


00:23:55.440 --> 00:23:57.669
before the team was able to see


00:23:57.679 --> 00:24:00.830
connections that had previously been


00:24:00.840 --> 00:24:03.350
missed Well that brings us to the end of


00:24:03.360 --> 00:24:05.350
another fascinating episode of Astronomy


00:24:05.360 --> 00:24:07.990
Daily From the expansion of NASA's deep


00:24:08.000 --> 00:24:10.230
space network in Australia to Saturn's


00:24:10.240 --> 00:24:12.950
rarelyseen edge on rings we've covered


00:24:12.960 --> 00:24:14.950
some truly remarkable developments in


00:24:14.960 --> 00:24:17.590
our cosmic neighborhood The busy launch


00:24:17.600 --> 00:24:19.269
week ahead promises to push human


00:24:19.279 --> 00:24:21.430
exploration further while commercial


00:24:21.440 --> 00:24:23.110
lunar lander companies are finding


00:24:23.120 --> 00:24:26.149
growing interest beyond NASA's missions


00:24:26.159 --> 00:24:27.830
Perhaps most exciting was our look at


00:24:27.840 --> 00:24:29.430
the breakthrough in understanding black


00:24:29.440 --> 00:24:32.070
hole magnetism Solving a paradox that


00:24:32.080 --> 00:24:33.909
has puzzled scientists for years by


00:24:33.919 --> 00:24:35.909
revealing how these cosmic monsters


00:24:35.919 --> 00:24:38.390
inherit their magnetic fields from their


00:24:38.400 --> 00:24:41.510
mother neutron stars The universe


00:24:41.520 --> 00:24:43.110
continues to surprise us with its


00:24:43.120 --> 00:24:45.430
complexity and beauty reminding us why


00:24:45.440 --> 00:24:47.110
astronomy remains one of the most


00:24:47.120 --> 00:24:50.950
captivating scientific pursuits I'm Anna


00:24:50.960 --> 00:24:52.549
and I've been your host for this edition


00:24:52.559 --> 00:24:55.269
of Astronomy Daily If you enjoyed


00:24:55.279 --> 00:24:57.669
today's episode please visit our website


00:24:57.679 --> 00:24:59.510
at astronomydaily.io


00:24:59.520 --> 00:25:01.590
io where you can sign up for our free


00:25:01.600 --> 00:25:03.590
daily newsletter and listen to all our


00:25:03.600 --> 00:25:06.390
back episodes It's the perfect way to


00:25:06.400 --> 00:25:07.590
stay informed about the latest


00:25:07.600 --> 00:25:09.430
astronomical discoveries and space


00:25:09.440 --> 00:25:11.590
exploration news You can also find us


00:25:11.600 --> 00:25:13.190
across social media by searching for


00:25:13.200 --> 00:25:16.950
Astro Daily Pod on Facebook X YouTube


00:25:16.960 --> 00:25:19.990
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00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:22.149
Share your thoughts about today's topics


00:25:22.159 --> 00:25:24.070
or suggest subjects you'd like us to


00:25:24.080 --> 00:25:27.110
cover in future episodes Until next time


00:25:27.120 --> 00:25:29.510
keep looking up There's always something


00:25:29.520 --> 00:25:31.110
amazing happening in our cosmic


00:25:31.120 --> 00:25:42.950
neighborhood


00:25:42.960 --> 00:25:46.679
Stories told