Bow and Arrow Galaxy Discovered, Hayabusa2’s Daring Asteroid Flyby, and Mars’ Geological Secrets...

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Hello and welcome to Astronomy Daily.


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I'm Anna.


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>> And I'm Avery. It's Monday, June 29th,


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and the universe has been absolutely


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refusing to take the weekend off.


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>> Tonight is the full strawberry moon, and


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Mercury just went retrograde. So, we


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have the sky watching angle covered, but


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there is so much more.


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>> A galaxy that baffled 25 years of


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professional expertise spotted first by


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a citizen scientist. A Japanese


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spacecraft about to attempt one of the


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closest asteroid flybys in history. And


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new evidence that Mars was geologically


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far more complex than anyone imagined.


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>> Plus, new data from issa's Juice


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spacecraft that reveals what


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interstellar comet 3i Atlas was doing


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just days after it rounded the sun. And


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a candid NASA audit that puts some very


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large numbers on the Aremis program's


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canceled hardware.


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>> It is a packed Monday. Stay with us.


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>> Our first story today is one of those


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discoveries that makes you stop and


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think about the sheer scale of the


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universe and also about who gets to


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discover it.


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>> A citizen scientist, not a professional


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astronomer, not a research institute,


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was the first person to spot one of the


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most unusual radio galaxies ever


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recorded. And the lead researcher who


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followed up the finds says it is unlike


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anything he has seen in 25 years of


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studying these objects. The object is


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called rad bar. That stands for radio


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bow and arrow radio galaxy. And the name


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tells you almost everything because when


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you look at this thing in radio light,


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it genuinely looks like a drawn bow and


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arrow glowing in space. The discovery


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was published on June 22nd in the


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monthly notices of the Royal


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Astronomical Society and it was made by


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an international team working with the


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RAD at home astronomy collaboratory in


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India, a citizen science program that


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gives volunteers access to telescope


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data to look for unusual features that


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professional surveys might miss. The


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volunteer who found it was scanning


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images from the LOFAR radio telescope,


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the Low Frequency Array based in the


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Netherlands, and flagged an asymmetric


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structure that simply didn't look like


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any known radio galaxy. And when the


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scientists looked closer, they saw


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something remarkable. Radbar stretches


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nearly 1.8 million lightyears across.


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For scale, our entire Milky Way is about


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100,000 light-years wide. This structure


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is roughly 18 times that.


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>> What makes it so unusual is its shape.


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Most radio galaxies follow a familiar


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template. A super massive black hole at


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the center fires two jets of charged


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particles outward in opposite


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directions, creating a symmetric


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dumbbell-shaped structure. Radar doesn't


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look like that at all. Instead, one of


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the jets appears to have slammed into


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something, a vast front of compressed


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plasma, and lit it up in radite. That


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glowing arc, shaped like the curve of a


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bow, spans nearly 560 kilopar sex in the


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radio data.


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>> On the opposite side, the other jet


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bends and twists into an S-shaped


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structure with a faint offset tail. The


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leading explanation is a bow shock. The


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host galaxy of Radbar appears to be


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falling supersonically into a nearby


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galaxy cluster, plowing through the thin


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hot gas that fills the space between


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galaxies.


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>> And just like a supersonic aircraft


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produces a shock wave in front of it, a


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galaxy moving faster than the speed of


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sound in that gas can compress and heat


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it, creating a giant shock front. The


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radio emmitting plasma from Radbar


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appears to illuminate that shock wave,


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making visible something that


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astronomers have long predicted but


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almost never directly observed in radio


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light.


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>> Lead author Dr. Anand Hot of the


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University of Mumbai said the structure


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is unlike any radio galaxy he has seen


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in 25 years. His co-lead Dr. Pratik


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Dabad of the National Center for Nuclear


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Research in Poland noted that the


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complex multi-halo environment makes


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this especially exciting. We're seeing


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gas flows, infall, and possible shocks


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reshaping radial plasma over millions of


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light years of space. And crucially,


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this discovery came directly from the


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citizen science community. The data came


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from Loar's 2meter sky survey, whose


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third data release covering more than


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80% of the northern sky came out earlier


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this year. Radb shows what might be


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hiding in that massive data set. The


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team is hoping that AI and machine


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learning tools can now be applied to


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find similar systems and the next


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generation square km observatory


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currently under construction will be


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able to survey the sky with even greater


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sensitivity. Brad Bar may turn out to be


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just the beginning.


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>> A triumph for citizen science and a


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reminder that the universe is still


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hiding things from us until an alert


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volunteer spots them from a hillside


00:05:09.280 --> 00:05:13.189
data center. Next up, Japan's Hayabusa 2


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spacecraft has been on an extended


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mission for several years now after it


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already delivered what many considered


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the most scientifically valuable


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asteroid sample ever returned to Earth.


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And next Sunday, July the 5th, it's


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about to attempt something


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extraordinary. A flyby of an asteroid


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called Tory Fune, designated 2001 CC21


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at a closest approach distance of


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somewhere between 1 and 10 km at a speed


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of 5.3 km/s.


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That is roughly 19,000 kmh. And the


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spacecraft's cameras were not designed


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for this kind of encounter. For some


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context, Hayabusa 2 launched in December


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2014, traveled to the asteroid Riu,


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deployed rovers and landers onto its


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surface, fired an impactor to create an


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artificial crater, collected samples


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from below the surface, and returned


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that material to Earth in December 2020.


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5 g of RIU, but an extraordinary 5 g.


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After releasing the sample capsule over


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Australia, the spacecraft still had fuel


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remaining. Rather than decommission it,


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JAXA approved an extended mission now


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called Hayabusa 2 Hash and redirected it


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toward two new targets. Tory Fune is the


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first.


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>> Jaxa Satoshi Tanaka presented the


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mission status at the 35th NASA small


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bodies assessment meeting on June 11th,


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describing the Torifune flyby as one of


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the closest asteroid encounters ever


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attempted by a mission of this class.


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What makes it so challenging is the


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geometry. At that speed and that


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distance, the window of observation is


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extremely short. The spacecraft will


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sweep past in a matter of seconds. The


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navigation cameras have to be precisely


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aimed. The timing has to be right and


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the whole sequence has to execute


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autonomously because there is no time


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for ground control corrections.


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>> Toriune is roughly 450 m wide, a


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midsized near-Earth asteroid. Scientists


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believe it may be an L-type asteroid


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potentially containing calcium aluminum


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inclusions, some of the oldest primitive


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material in the solar system. But that


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classification is uncertain and the


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flyby data will help pin it down. After


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Tarifan, Hayabusa 2 continues on a long


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arc toward its second target, asteroid


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1998 KY26,


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a fast spinning microsteroid just 30 m


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across with which it will rendevous in


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July 2031. That will be the first ever


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close encounter with an asteroid of that


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size. But for now, next Sunday, July


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5th, one of the closest asteroid flybys


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ever attempted. A spacecraft that was


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never designed to do this, doing it


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anyway. IUSA 2 has already exceeded its


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mission objectives once. It is about to


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do it again.


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>> Mars is often described as a dead


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planet. No plate tectonics, no active


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volcanism, a frozen core, a thin


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atmosphere. And for a long time,


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scientists assumed its geological


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history was correspondingly simple.


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Isolated volcanoes, simple basaltic


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crust. Nothing like the complex churning


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geology that made Earth habitable. A new


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study published on June 26th in the


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journal Nature Astronomy suggests that


00:08:39.760 --> 00:08:42.149
picture is fundamentally wrong.


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Researchers from the University of


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Oxford in collaboration with the


00:08:45.600 --> 00:08:48.150
University of Bristol have found seismic


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evidence that Mars once hosted enormous


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Earthlike magmatic systems spread across


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potentially hundreds or even thousands


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of kilometers of its northern


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hemisphere.


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>> The key is a boundary layer about 24 km


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below the Martian surface. Scientists


00:09:05.040 --> 00:09:07.670
already knew this boundary existed. What


00:09:07.680 --> 00:09:10.310
they didn't know was what it meant. The


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new analysis based on seismic data from


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NASA's insight mission which recorded


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Mars quakes and meteoroid impacts before


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being retired suggests this boundary


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marks a zone of meltd depleted rock.


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Rock that is already had magma extracted


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from it.


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>> That's a signature of what geologists


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call transcrustal magnetism. A process


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where molten rock rises from the mantle,


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pools within the crust, differentiates,


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gets mixed and reprocessed, and slowly


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builds up complex crustal material over


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millions of years. On Earth, this


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process is driven by plate tectonics.


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The key finding here is that Mars


00:09:50.720 --> 00:09:52.790
appears to have done it without plate


00:09:52.800 --> 00:09:53.829
tectonics.


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>> Bead author Dr. Tobbery Mai Champion put


00:09:57.360 --> 00:10:00.150
it clearly. Traditionally, complex


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silicarrich crust was thought to require


00:10:02.720 --> 00:10:05.590
plate tectonics and subduction. This


00:10:05.600 --> 00:10:08.310
study suggests Mars can build complex


00:10:08.320 --> 00:10:10.949
crust through longived transcrustal


00:10:10.959 --> 00:10:13.750
magmatic systems where mantle derived


00:10:13.760 --> 00:10:16.710
magma is stored, differentiated, mixed,


00:10:16.720 --> 00:10:19.430
and assimilated within the crust. Plate


00:10:19.440 --> 00:10:21.829
recycling is not the only route.


00:10:21.839 --> 00:10:24.230
>> Professor John Wade of Oxford added a


00:10:24.240 --> 00:10:26.389
striking application. If Mars could


00:10:26.399 --> 00:10:28.630
develop this kind of complex crust


00:10:28.640 --> 00:10:31.110
without plate tectonics, then maybe the


00:10:31.120 --> 00:10:33.190
conditions needed for habitability can


00:10:33.200 --> 00:10:35.750
emerge on more planets than we realized,


00:10:35.760 --> 00:10:37.350
including those we've previously


00:10:37.360 --> 00:10:39.350
dismissed because of their apparent lack


00:10:39.360 --> 00:10:41.910
of tectonic activity. There are also


00:10:41.920 --> 00:10:44.550
more practical implications. Systems


00:10:44.560 --> 00:10:46.389
like these on Earth are known to


00:10:46.399 --> 00:10:48.389
generate large mineral and metal


00:10:48.399 --> 00:10:51.430
deposits. The study suggests Mars may


00:10:51.440 --> 00:10:53.910
hold significantly more near surface


00:10:53.920 --> 00:10:56.790
mineral wealth than previously assumed.


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Something that could matter greatly for


00:10:58.880 --> 00:11:01.190
any future human presence on the red


00:11:01.200 --> 00:11:01.829
planet.


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>> Mars is not a simple geologically boring


00:11:04.640 --> 00:11:06.550
world. It just did its geology


00:11:06.560 --> 00:11:08.710
differently. And the universe, it turns


00:11:08.720 --> 00:11:10.949
out, has more than one way to build a


00:11:10.959 --> 00:11:13.350
complex planet. Time for your sky


00:11:13.360 --> 00:11:15.030
watching update. And tonight is


00:11:15.040 --> 00:11:17.030
genuinely worth stepping out for because


00:11:17.040 --> 00:11:19.110
the full strawberry moon reaches its


00:11:19.120 --> 00:11:22.870
peak at 2358 UTC. That's just before


00:11:22.880 --> 00:11:25.030
midnight in universal time, which means


00:11:25.040 --> 00:11:26.949
most of our listeners will see it at its


00:11:26.959 --> 00:11:29.030
fullest either late tonight or early


00:11:29.040 --> 00:11:30.870
tomorrow morning, depending on your time


00:11:30.880 --> 00:11:31.509
zone.


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>> The strawberry moon gets its name from


00:11:34.000 --> 00:11:36.389
early Native American traditions. It


00:11:36.399 --> 00:11:38.230
marked the time of year when wild


00:11:38.240 --> 00:11:40.870
strawberries began to ripen. It's also


00:11:40.880 --> 00:11:42.870
been called the rose moon and the


00:11:42.880 --> 00:11:44.870
honeymoon. giving us the phrase


00:11:44.880 --> 00:11:47.509
honeymoon since June was historically


00:11:47.519 --> 00:11:49.430
considered an auspicious time for


00:11:49.440 --> 00:11:50.230
weddings.


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>> Tonight, the moon rises in Sagittarius


00:11:52.480 --> 00:11:55.190
near the well-known teapot asterism. For


00:11:55.200 --> 00:11:57.030
observers across Australia and New


00:11:57.040 --> 00:11:59.190
Zealand, the teapot will be reasonably


00:11:59.200 --> 00:12:01.030
wellplaced in the northern sky after


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dark. The moon will be brilliantly


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bright, so fainter stars will wash out,


00:12:05.680 --> 00:12:07.590
but the bright stars of Sagittarius


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should still be visible around it. One


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thing to note for our southern


00:12:11.200 --> 00:12:13.750
hemisphere listeners, in winter, the


00:12:13.760 --> 00:12:16.310
full moon rises higher in the sky for


00:12:16.320 --> 00:12:18.550
you, which actually gives you better


00:12:18.560 --> 00:12:20.389
viewing conditions for this kind of


00:12:20.399 --> 00:12:22.470
event than our friends in the northern


00:12:22.480 --> 00:12:24.629
hemisphere get during their summer full


00:12:24.639 --> 00:12:25.350
moons.


00:12:25.360 --> 00:12:27.190
>> And there's an astronomical event today


00:12:27.200 --> 00:12:29.110
that you won't actually be able to see


00:12:29.120 --> 00:12:30.949
with your eyes, but is worth knowing


00:12:30.959 --> 00:12:33.590
about. Mercury begins its retrograde


00:12:33.600 --> 00:12:36.310
motion today, June 29th. This is the


00:12:36.320 --> 00:12:38.790
apparent reversal of Mercury's movement


00:12:38.800 --> 00:12:41.110
against the background stars caused by


00:12:41.120 --> 00:12:43.750
the geometry of Mercury's faster orbit


00:12:43.760 --> 00:12:46.629
relative to Earth. You won't see Mercury


00:12:46.639 --> 00:12:49.509
move backward in real time. It's far too


00:12:49.519 --> 00:12:51.750
subtle for that. But if you track its


00:12:51.760 --> 00:12:53.910
position night by night over the coming


00:12:53.920 --> 00:12:56.710
weeks, you'll see it trace a small loop


00:12:56.720 --> 00:12:59.110
against the background stars before


00:12:59.120 --> 00:13:01.829
resuming its normal eastward motion.


00:13:01.839 --> 00:13:04.150
It's a lovely demonstration of orbital


00:13:04.160 --> 00:13:06.230
mechanics. if you have the patience to


00:13:06.240 --> 00:13:07.190
follow it.


00:13:07.200 --> 00:13:09.509
>> Mercury is currently a challenging


00:13:09.519 --> 00:13:11.590
target anyway, sitting low in the


00:13:11.600 --> 00:13:13.910
western sky after sunset and getting


00:13:13.920 --> 00:13:17.269
lower. But Venus is blazingly bright and


00:13:17.279 --> 00:13:19.509
easy to find in the west after dark. And


00:13:19.519 --> 00:13:21.430
the crescent moon earlier in the month


00:13:21.440 --> 00:13:23.509
created some lovely conjunctions that


00:13:23.519 --> 00:13:25.590
astrophotographers took full advantage


00:13:25.600 --> 00:13:28.470
of. Tonight though, the strawberry moon


00:13:28.480 --> 00:13:31.430
is the star of the show. Get outside,


00:13:31.440 --> 00:13:34.310
look up, and enjoy it. Time now to


00:13:34.320 --> 00:13:36.550
revisit an old friend. We've covered


00:13:36.560 --> 00:13:39.269
interstellar comet 3iatls


00:13:39.279 --> 00:13:41.509
extensively on this show. From its


00:13:41.519 --> 00:13:43.269
discovery last July through its


00:13:43.279 --> 00:13:45.990
parhelion pass, its chemistry, its


00:13:46.000 --> 00:13:48.470
ancient isotopic signature. But the data


00:13:48.480 --> 00:13:50.949
from that encounter is still coming in.


00:13:50.959 --> 00:13:52.710
And this week, issa published the


00:13:52.720 --> 00:13:54.550
results from one of the most unusual


00:13:54.560 --> 00:13:56.949
scientific opportunities of the entire


00:13:56.959 --> 00:13:59.990
3i ATLS mission. issa's Juice


00:14:00.000 --> 00:14:02.470
spacecraft, the Jupiter Icy Moons


00:14:02.480 --> 00:14:04.870
Explorer, was in the right place at the


00:14:04.880 --> 00:14:07.350
right time with the right instruments.


00:14:07.360 --> 00:14:11.189
In November 2025, just days after 3i


00:14:11.199 --> 00:14:13.430
ATLS made its closest approach to the


00:14:13.440 --> 00:14:16.069
sun, Juice turned five of its science


00:14:16.079 --> 00:14:18.710
instruments towards the comet. The data


00:14:18.720 --> 00:14:21.030
took months to arrive on Earth, but it


00:14:21.040 --> 00:14:23.110
has now been analyzed, and the early


00:14:23.120 --> 00:14:25.350
results are fascinating.


00:14:25.360 --> 00:14:28.150
>> Here are five things Juice revealed.


00:14:28.160 --> 00:14:30.470
First, the water output. On November


00:14:30.480 --> 00:14:33.350
2nd, 2025, just 4 days after


00:14:33.360 --> 00:14:37.030
parahhelion, Juice's Majis spectrometer


00:14:37.040 --> 00:14:39.750
detected 3ATLS was releasing


00:14:39.760 --> 00:14:43.829
approximately 2,000 kg of water vapor


00:14:43.839 --> 00:14:46.230
every single second. That is equivalent


00:14:46.240 --> 00:14:48.870
to filling 70 Olympic swimming pools


00:14:48.880 --> 00:14:51.670
every day. Second, despite its


00:14:51.680 --> 00:14:55.110
interstellar origin, 3IIA ATLS behaved


00:14:55.120 --> 00:14:57.350
like a typical solar system comet during


00:14:57.360 --> 00:14:59.910
its close approach to the sun. Juice's


00:14:59.920 --> 00:15:02.710
Janus camera showed a coma and activity


00:15:02.720 --> 00:15:04.389
consistent with what you would expect


00:15:04.399 --> 00:15:06.629
from a comet formed right here in our


00:15:06.639 --> 00:15:09.350
own system. The universe appears to make


00:15:09.360 --> 00:15:11.990
comets using broadly similar rules.


00:15:12.000 --> 00:15:14.870
>> Third, Juice's navigation camera was


00:15:14.880 --> 00:15:17.350
pressed into unexpected scientific


00:15:17.360 --> 00:15:19.990
service. NAVCAM is designed to help


00:15:20.000 --> 00:15:22.470
Juice navigate around Jupiter's icy


00:15:22.480 --> 00:15:25.430
moons when it arrives in 2031. But


00:15:25.440 --> 00:15:28.389
during the threeey atlas encounter, it


00:15:28.399 --> 00:15:30.629
captured images from a novel vantage


00:15:30.639 --> 00:15:32.629
point different from Earth-based


00:15:32.639 --> 00:15:34.949
telescopes at times when the comet


00:15:34.959 --> 00:15:37.829
wasn't even visible from Earth that gave


00:15:37.839 --> 00:15:40.790
ESA's planetary defense team a better


00:15:40.800 --> 00:15:43.110
fix on the comet's trajectory than they


00:15:43.120 --> 00:15:45.269
could have obtained otherwise. Fourth,


00:15:45.279 --> 00:15:47.590
the encounter revealed how well-prepared


00:15:47.600 --> 00:15:49.670
Juice's instruments actually are for


00:15:49.680 --> 00:15:52.069
their primary mission. The same tools


00:15:52.079 --> 00:15:54.470
built to study Europa, Ganymede, and


00:15:54.480 --> 00:15:56.949
Kalisto, icy moons with complex


00:15:56.959 --> 00:15:59.430
chemistry, turned out to be remarkably


00:15:59.440 --> 00:16:01.829
well matched to studying an interstellar


00:16:01.839 --> 00:16:04.470
icy comet. The team says the data has


00:16:04.480 --> 00:16:06.470
made them more excited than ever about


00:16:06.480 --> 00:16:08.870
what Juice will find at Jupiter in the


00:16:08.880 --> 00:16:12.389
2030s. And fifth, the overall picture


00:16:12.399 --> 00:16:14.550
emerging from juice combined with the


00:16:14.560 --> 00:16:17.509
JWST isotopic data we discussed last


00:16:17.519 --> 00:16:20.710
week paints a consistent portrait. 3i


00:16:20.720 --> 00:16:24.710
ATLS is very old, formed possibly 10 to


00:16:24.720 --> 00:16:27.509
12 billion years ago in a stellar system


00:16:27.519 --> 00:16:30.550
that predates our sun. It spent billions


00:16:30.560 --> 00:16:32.790
of years in the cold darkness of its


00:16:32.800 --> 00:16:35.269
home system before being ejected on a


00:16:35.279 --> 00:16:37.110
journey that would eventually bring it


00:16:37.120 --> 00:16:40.310
briefly through ours. Juice itself has


00:16:40.320 --> 00:16:42.710
one more Earth gravity assist coming in


00:16:42.720 --> 00:16:45.829
September 2026 when its instruments will


00:16:45.839 --> 00:16:47.670
be switched on again before the long


00:16:47.680 --> 00:16:50.389
cruise to Jupiter. The common encounter


00:16:50.399 --> 00:16:52.629
was a remarkable bonus for a mission


00:16:52.639 --> 00:16:55.670
with a very different primary purpose.


00:16:55.680 --> 00:16:58.629
>> 3IIA ATLS is gone heading out of the


00:16:58.639 --> 00:17:01.590
solar system never to return. But it is


00:17:01.600 --> 00:17:03.670
left behind a remarkable scientific


00:17:03.680 --> 00:17:06.390
legacy. Our final story today takes us


00:17:06.400 --> 00:17:08.230
from the science of space to the


00:17:08.240 --> 00:17:10.710
economics of it, and it involves some


00:17:10.720 --> 00:17:12.069
large numbers.


00:17:12.079 --> 00:17:14.230
>> A memo from NASA's Office of Inspector


00:17:14.240 --> 00:17:16.230
General published this past week has


00:17:16.240 --> 00:17:18.150
found that the total value of NASA


00:17:18.160 --> 00:17:20.309
hardware contracts that were cancelled


00:17:20.319 --> 00:17:21.990
as part of the Aremis program


00:17:22.000 --> 00:17:26.949
restructuring came to 5.9 billion.


00:17:26.959 --> 00:17:31.029
5.9 billion. Now, for context, the


00:17:31.039 --> 00:17:33.990
Aremis program is NASA's flagship effort


00:17:34.000 --> 00:17:36.630
to return humans to the moon. With


00:17:36.640 --> 00:17:39.270
Artemis 2 having already carried four


00:17:39.280 --> 00:17:41.590
astronauts around the moon earlier this


00:17:41.600 --> 00:17:44.150
year, the program has been hugely


00:17:44.160 --> 00:17:46.870
ambitious, hugely expensive, and has


00:17:46.880 --> 00:17:49.190
gone through significant changes,


00:17:49.200 --> 00:17:51.750
particularly around which contractors


00:17:51.760 --> 00:17:54.070
build which components and what the


00:17:54.080 --> 00:17:56.470
architecture looks like. The inspector


00:17:56.480 --> 00:17:58.470
general's review found that canceled


00:17:58.480 --> 00:18:00.630
hardware contracts included items that


00:18:00.640 --> 00:18:02.789
had experienced cost increases and


00:18:02.799 --> 00:18:05.750
extended timelines before being cut. The


00:18:05.760 --> 00:18:07.669
audit highlights the scale of the


00:18:07.679 --> 00:18:09.990
program's evolution and the real


00:18:10.000 --> 00:18:12.390
financial cost of changing direction in


00:18:12.400 --> 00:18:14.549
large scale space programs.


00:18:14.559 --> 00:18:17.430
>> To be clear, this doesn't mean $5.9


00:18:17.440 --> 00:18:20.630
billion was simply lost. Some of that


00:18:20.640 --> 00:18:22.710
work will have produced useful data,


00:18:22.720 --> 00:18:24.710
technical knowledge or partially


00:18:24.720 --> 00:18:26.870
completed hardware. And program


00:18:26.880 --> 00:18:28.870
restructuring of this kind is not


00:18:28.880 --> 00:18:31.510
unusual in aerospace development. The


00:18:31.520 --> 00:18:33.830
space launch system itself went through


00:18:33.840 --> 00:18:35.909
years of design evolution before its


00:18:35.919 --> 00:18:36.789
first flight,


00:18:36.799 --> 00:18:39.430
>> but it is a significant figure and it


00:18:39.440 --> 00:18:41.270
arrives at a moment when NASA is


00:18:41.280 --> 00:18:43.990
navigating a complex budget environment


00:18:44.000 --> 00:18:46.950
and preparing for Artemis 4, the first


00:18:46.960 --> 00:18:49.590
crude lunar landing currently targeting


00:18:49.600 --> 00:18:50.789
2028.


00:18:50.799 --> 00:18:52.950
>> The audit is a reminder that returning


00:18:52.960 --> 00:18:55.750
to the moon is not just a scientific and


00:18:55.760 --> 00:18:58.230
engineering challenge. It is also a


00:18:58.240 --> 00:19:00.470
program management challenge, one that


00:19:00.480 --> 00:19:02.549
involves billions of dollars, hundreds


00:19:02.559 --> 00:19:04.470
of contractors, and years of


00:19:04.480 --> 00:19:06.230
decision-making under conditions of


00:19:06.240 --> 00:19:08.470
political, technical, and financial


00:19:08.480 --> 00:19:09.510
uncertainty.


00:19:09.520 --> 00:19:11.590
>> The numbers are sobering, but the


00:19:11.600 --> 00:19:14.150
program continues, and the end goal,


00:19:14.160 --> 00:19:16.950
humans on the moon and eventually beyond


00:19:16.960 --> 00:19:18.870
remains one of the most ambitious


00:19:18.880 --> 00:19:21.750
endeavors in human history. And that is


00:19:21.760 --> 00:19:24.070
a wrap on Astronomy Daily for Monday,


00:19:24.080 --> 00:19:27.270
June 29th. What a lineup. A galaxy


00:19:27.280 --> 00:19:29.270
shaped like a bow and arrow. A


00:19:29.280 --> 00:19:31.029
spacecraft h hurtling toward an


00:19:31.039 --> 00:19:34.150
asteroid. A new picture of ancient Mars.


00:19:34.160 --> 00:19:36.870
Tonight's full strawberry moon. The last


00:19:36.880 --> 00:19:39.350
data from our interstellar visitor. And


00:19:39.360 --> 00:19:41.669
a candid look at the cost of going back


00:19:41.679 --> 00:19:42.710
to the moon.


00:19:42.720 --> 00:19:45.110
>> The universe never disappoints, and


00:19:45.120 --> 00:19:47.270
neither do you, our listeners. Thank you


00:19:47.280 --> 00:19:48.310
for joining us.


00:19:48.320 --> 00:19:50.310
>> If you're enjoying Astronomy Daily,


00:19:50.320 --> 00:19:51.750
please subscribe wherever you're


00:19:51.760 --> 00:19:53.750
listening and leave us a review. It


00:19:53.760 --> 00:19:55.590
genuinely helps more people find the


00:19:55.600 --> 00:19:56.230
show.


00:19:56.240 --> 00:19:58.310
>> Until tomorrow, clear skies.


00:19:58.320 --> 00:20:02.870
>> Clear skies, everyone.


00:20:02.880 --> 00:20:10.870
>> Stories told


00:20:10.880 --> 00:20:14.679
stories told.