Blue Origin’s TeraWave Network, Historic ISS Medical Evacuation & Buzz Aldrin Turns 96

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Hey there, space fans. I'm Anna.


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>> And I'm Avery. Welcome to Astronomy


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Daily, your daily dose of space and


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astronomy news. It's Thursday, January


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22nd, 2026. And boy, do we have a packed


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episode for you today.


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>> We really do. We're covering everything


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from Blue Origins ambitious new


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satellite internet network to an update


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on that historic medical evacuation from


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the International Space Station. Plus,


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we'll celebrate a special birthday for a


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lunar legend.


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>> That's right. We've also got some


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fascinating science stories, including


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new insights into Saturn's moon


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Enceladus, surprising discoveries about


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plasma waves at Mercury, and


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groundbreaking observations of solar


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flares.


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>> So, buckle up. Let's dive right into


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today's space headlines.


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>> All right, Anna, let's kick things off


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with some major news from Blue Origin.


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Jeff Bezos's space company just


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announced a new satellite internet


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network called Terrowave. And the


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numbers are pretty staggering.


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>> They really are. We're talking about


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data speeds up to 6 terabs per second.


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That's seriously impressive. How does


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that compare to what's available now?


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Well, for context, SpaceX's Starlink


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currently maxes out at 400 megabits per


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second for consumers, though they're


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planning to upgrade to 1 GB speeds in


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the future. But 6 terabs per second,


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that's in a completely different league.


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>> So, this isn't really targeting the same


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market as Starlink then.


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>> Exactly. Blue Origin is very clear about


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this. Terra Wave is geared toward


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enterprise customers, data centers, and


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government applications. It's meant to


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add a space-based layer to existing


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network infrastructure, particularly for


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reaching locations that traditional


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methods can't access.


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>> What's the architecture looking like?


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How many satellites are we talking


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about?


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>> The constellation will use a mix of


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5,280


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satellites in low Earth orbit and 128 in


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medium Earth orbit. The low Earth orbit


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satellites will use RF connectivity with


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maximum data transfer speeds of 144


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Gbits per second, while the medium Earth


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orbit satellites will use optical links


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to achieve those incredible 6 terabs per


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second speeds.


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>> When can we expect to see this actually


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deployed?


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>> Blue Origin plans to start deploying the


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first satellites in late 2027. They


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haven't given a timeline for the full


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buildout yet, which makes sense given


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the scale of the project.


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>> This is interesting timing, too, isn't


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it? Because Jeff Bezos's other company,


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Amazon, just rebranded their satellite


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network as LEO.


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>> That's right. LEO will have around 3,000


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satellites in low Earth orbit, offering


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more traditional broadband speeds to


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consumers. So taken together, Amazon's


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LEO and Blue Origins Terrowave could


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provide pretty robust competition to


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SpaceX's Starlink across different


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market segments.


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>> Bits really shaping up to be an exciting


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era for satellite internet. The


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competition should drive innovation and


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hopefully improve service for everyone.


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>> Absolutely. And it shows how Blue Origin


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is evolving beyond just their space


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tourism flights with New Shepard. With


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the successful launches of their new


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Glenn rocket, landing the booster on


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just a second attempt. And now this


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satellite network announcement, they're


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really becoming a multiaceted commercial


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space player.


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>> Great point. All right, let's move on to


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some news from closer to home, or at


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least from low Earth orbit. Avery, we


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need to talk about the unprecedented


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medical evacuation from the


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International Space Station. This was a


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historic moment and not in a way anyone


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wanted. Well, today we have a bit of an


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update as the astronauts have made their


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first live appearance since returning to


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Earth.


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>> You're absolutely right, Anna. For the


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first time in over 25 years of


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continuous human presence on the ISS and


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the first time in NASA's entire history,


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a space mission was cut short due to a


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medical issue. The four astronauts of


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crew 11 splashed down in the Pacific


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Ocean off the coast of California on


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January 15th about a month earlier than


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planned.


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>> Can you tell us who was on this crew?


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>> The crew included NASA astronauts Zena


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Cardman and Mike Fank, Japan Aerospace


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Exploration Agency astronaut Kima Yui,


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and Russian cosminaut Oleg Platanov.


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They'd been on the station for 167 days,


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having launched back in August 2025.


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>> And NASA still hasn't disclosed which


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crew member had the medical issue or


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what the condition was.


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>> That's correct. They're protecting the


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astronaut's medical privacy. What they


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have said is that the crew member is


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stable and that this wasn't an emergency


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situation despite bringing the entire


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crew home early.


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>> How did this unfold? What were the


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warning signs? The first public


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indication came when NASA cancelled a


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planned spacew walk on January 8th due


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to a medical concern. Mike Think and


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Zena Cardman were supposed to venture


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outside the station to work on the power


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system. The next day, NASA made the


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decision to bring the entire crew home


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early.


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>> That must have been a difficult decision


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to make.


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>> Absolutely. NASA administrator Jared


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Isaacman emphasized that while they have


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medical equipment and trained crew


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members aboard the ISS, the capability


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to properly diagnose and treat this


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particular condition simply doesn't


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exist on the station. He called it a


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controlled medical evacuation, not an


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emergency de-orbit.


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>> What's particularly interesting to me is


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what the crew members said at their


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press conference yesterday. They seemed


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remarkably positive about the


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experience.


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>> They really did. Mike Frink, who was the


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ISS commander during this mission, said


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the way the crew and ground teams


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handled everything made him more


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confident about human space exploration,


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not less. He specifically mentioned this


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bodess well for the upcoming Artemis


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program.


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>> I remember reading that they used the


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portable ultrasound machine on the ISS


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during this incident.


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>> Right. Think mentioned that during the


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press conference. He emphasized that


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while the ultrasound was extremely


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helpful, the ISS doesn't have the


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capacity for larger imaging equipment


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like MRI machines. Zena Cardman also


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pointed out that as we venture beyond


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low Earth orbit to the moon and


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eventually Mars, having better


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diagnostic and treatment tools on board


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will be a critical challenge to solve.


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>> How has this affected operations on the


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ISS? All their departure left only three


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people on the station. Two Russian


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cosminauts and one NASA astronaut who'd


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arrived on a soyuse capsule in November.


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That's significantly reduced from the


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typical crew of seven, which means fewer


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experiments and less maintenance can be


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performed. The next crew rotation, crew


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12, is scheduled to launch no earlier


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than February 15th. Despite the


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challenging circumstances, this really


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demonstrates the professionalism and


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preparedness of our space programs.


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>> Exactly. As Cardman emphasized,


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astronauts are the eyes and ears for


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researchers on the ground. And this


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experience will undoubtedly inform how


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we prepare for longer duration missions


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further from Earth. All right, shall we


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move on to a much happier space story?


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>> Absolutely. This past Tuesday, January


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20th, marked the 96th birthday of Buzz


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Aldrin, the second man to walk on the


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moon and now the oldest living


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astronaut.


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>> What an incredible milestone. Buzz


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Aldrin, born Edwin Eugene Uldren Jr. on


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January 20th, 1930 in Glenrich, New


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Jersey, made history alongside Neil


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Armstrong during the Apollo 11 landing


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in 1969.


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He was 39 years old when he stepped onto


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the lunar surface.


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>> I love the story behind his nickname.


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Did you know that his sister couldn't


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pronounce brother properly and called


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him Buzzer, which got shortened to Buzz?


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>> I did, and he liked it so much he


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legally changed his first name to Buzz


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in 1988. Now, it's worth noting that


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this past year hasn't been easy for


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Aldren. He lost his wife, Anka Fowler,


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last fall after a battle with cancer.


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They'd been married on his 93rd birthday


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in 2023.


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>> That's heartbreaking, but it sounds like


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he's surrounded by family now.


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>> Yes, his family posted an update in late


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December showing he's spending time with


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his children and grandchildren in Los


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Angeles, and they're planning to move


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him closer to family in Southern


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California. Despite his age and recent


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loss, he remains a cheerleader for NASA


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and space exploration.


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>> Speaking of which, the timing of his


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birthday is pretty special with the


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Aremis 2 mission coming up. Absolutely.


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The Aremis astronauts wished him a happy


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birthday this past weekend from Kennedy


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Space Center as their Orion spacecraft a


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top the space launch system rocket


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rolled out to launch pad 39B. It's the


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same pad that launched many Apollo


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missions.


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>> The Artemis 2 crew, NASA astronauts Reed


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Wisman, Victor Glover, Christina Cutch,


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and Canadian Space Agency astronaut


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Jeremy Hansen could launch as early as


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February 6th. They'll be the first


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humans to return to the vicinity of the


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moon since 1972.


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>> And they'll make history, too. Victor


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Glover will be the first black


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astronaut, Christina Coach the first


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woman, and Jeremy Hansen the first


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non-American to travel that far from


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Earth.


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>> What really struck me was how the


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Artemis astronauts talked about their


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connections to the Apollo program.


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>> Me, too. Reed Wiseman shared this great


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story about almost missing a call from


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Apollo 10's General Tom Stafford on the


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day he was selected for Artemis 2. He


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thought it was a telemarketer, but


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Stafford called to congratulate him and


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Wiseman said the Apollo astronauts are


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just so excited that we're headed back


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to the moon.


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>> Victor Glover mentioned carrying a bag


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of wisdom quotes from Apollo 9's Rusty


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Schwiker to the space station and he's


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planning to take it to the moon as well.


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And Christina Coach talked about Fred


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Hayes from Apollo 13 teasing her about


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breaking their distance record. She said


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that moment brought her into the Apollo


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camaraderie and she promised to carry


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that spirit forward.


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>> Jeremy Hansen's story is my favorite


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though. He saw a picture of Buzz or Neil


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on the moon as a kid, turned his


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treehouse into a spaceship, and here he


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is now about to go to the moon himself.


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>> It really shows the lasting impact of


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the Apollo program. Of the 12 men who


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walked on the moon, only four are still


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alive. Buzz Aldrin at 96, David Scott at


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93, Charles Duke at 90, and Harrison


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Schmidt at 90.


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>> Buzz Aldrin truly is a living legend,


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and his enthusiasm for the future of


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space exploration is inspiring. Happy


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96th birthday, Buzz.


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>> You're here. Now, let's shift gears and


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head out to Saturn's moon, Enceladus.


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Anna, this next story is about one of


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the most exciting places in our solar


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system. When it comes to the search for


00:11:06.079 --> 00:11:08.790
life, Saturn's moon, Enceladus.


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>> Oh, I love Enceladus. Those gorgeous


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plumes shooting out from the South Pole


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are just mesmerizing. What's the new


00:11:15.600 --> 00:11:16.470
development?


00:11:16.480 --> 00:11:18.310
>> A team of Japanese scientists has


00:11:18.320 --> 00:11:20.230
developed a new method for analyzing


00:11:20.240 --> 00:11:21.750
those plumes that could help us


00:11:21.760 --> 00:11:24.069
determine whether Enceladus' subsurface


00:11:24.079 --> 00:11:26.550
ocean is habitable. They're proposing to


00:11:26.560 --> 00:11:29.110
use Raymon spectroscopy to estimate the


00:11:29.120 --> 00:11:31.269
pH levels of the water being ejected


00:11:31.279 --> 00:11:34.389
from the moon. Raymond spectroscopy. Can


00:11:34.399 --> 00:11:35.670
you explain what that is for our


00:11:35.680 --> 00:11:36.630
listeners?


00:11:36.640 --> 00:11:38.949
>> Sure. Rayman spectroscopy is a technique


00:11:38.959 --> 00:11:41.190
that uses laser light to identify the


00:11:41.200 --> 00:11:43.670
molecular composition of materials. It's


00:11:43.680 --> 00:11:45.829
been used on several planetary missions,


00:11:45.839 --> 00:11:47.590
including on the Perseverance rover


00:11:47.600 --> 00:11:49.910
currently on Mars. The technique can


00:11:49.920 --> 00:11:51.829
identify different chemical compounds,


00:11:51.839 --> 00:11:54.470
and in this case, different pH levels.


00:11:54.480 --> 00:11:56.630
>> And why is pH so important for


00:11:56.640 --> 00:11:59.350
habitability? Well, the pH level tells


00:11:59.360 --> 00:12:01.990
us how acidic or alkaline the water is,


00:12:02.000 --> 00:12:03.509
which is crucial for understanding


00:12:03.519 --> 00:12:05.190
whether life as we know it could


00:12:05.200 --> 00:12:07.590
potentially exist there. Scientists have


00:12:07.600 --> 00:12:10.150
estimated that Enceladus' plumes likely


00:12:10.160 --> 00:12:13.190
have a pH somewhere between 8 and 12,


00:12:13.200 --> 00:12:15.829
which is weakly to strongly alkaline.


00:12:15.839 --> 00:12:17.990
>> So, how did they test this method?


00:12:18.000 --> 00:12:19.990
>> The researchers conducted laboratory


00:12:20.000 --> 00:12:22.550
experiments using carbonate salty fluid


00:12:22.560 --> 00:12:25.590
samples at different pH levels. They


00:12:25.600 --> 00:12:27.829
placed these samples in a vacuum chamber


00:12:27.839 --> 00:12:29.910
to simulate Enceladus' surface


00:12:29.920 --> 00:12:32.230
conditions, letting the fluid evaporate


00:12:32.240 --> 00:12:34.470
and freeze, leaving only the salt


00:12:34.480 --> 00:12:37.269
deposits behind. Then they used ramen


00:12:37.279 --> 00:12:39.430
spectroscopy instruments configured to


00:12:39.440 --> 00:12:41.430
simulate how they'd work on a future


00:12:41.440 --> 00:12:42.629
space mission.


00:12:42.639 --> 00:12:44.389
>> And were they successful?


00:12:44.399 --> 00:12:46.870
>> They were. The ramen spectroscopy


00:12:46.880 --> 00:12:49.110
successfully identified the different pH


00:12:49.120 --> 00:12:51.030
levels in each of the salt deposit


00:12:51.040 --> 00:12:53.430
samples. The researchers concluded that


00:12:53.440 --> 00:12:55.509
this technique could identify carbonate


00:12:55.519 --> 00:12:57.910
minerals on Enceladus's surface and


00:12:57.920 --> 00:13:00.150
potentially estimate the pH of the


00:13:00.160 --> 00:13:01.910
subsurface ocean.


00:13:01.920 --> 00:13:04.069
>> This is particularly clever because it


00:13:04.079 --> 00:13:05.829
means we wouldn't necessarily need to


00:13:05.839 --> 00:13:07.750
drill through the ice to sample the


00:13:07.760 --> 00:13:09.190
ocean directly.


00:13:09.200 --> 00:13:11.590
>> Exactly. The plumes are constantly


00:13:11.600 --> 00:13:14.150
depositing material on the surface. So,


00:13:14.160 --> 00:13:16.310
a lander could analyze these deposits


00:13:16.320 --> 00:13:18.790
and learn about the ocean below. It's a


00:13:18.800 --> 00:13:20.550
much more accessible approach than


00:13:20.560 --> 00:13:23.110
trying to penetrate kilome of ice.


00:13:23.120 --> 00:13:25.110
>> Remind me, what do we already know about


00:13:25.120 --> 00:13:27.509
Enceladus from the Cassini mission?


00:13:27.519 --> 00:13:29.829
>> Well, Cassini discovered the plumes back


00:13:29.839 --> 00:13:32.310
in the mid 2000s and even flew through


00:13:32.320 --> 00:13:34.790
them. The mission found mostly water


00:13:34.800 --> 00:13:37.430
ice, but also salt rich ice grains,


00:13:37.440 --> 00:13:40.230
organic molecules, hydrogen gas, and


00:13:40.240 --> 00:13:42.790
evidence of heat, all indicative of


00:13:42.800 --> 00:13:45.269
active geology and a warm subsurface


00:13:45.279 --> 00:13:47.910
ocean. And the presence of hydrogen gas


00:13:47.920 --> 00:13:49.829
was particularly exciting because it


00:13:49.839 --> 00:13:51.910
could be produced by hydrothermal vents


00:13:51.920 --> 00:13:53.750
on the ocean floor. Right.


00:13:53.760 --> 00:13:56.069
>> Exactly. That could provide a source of


00:13:56.079 --> 00:13:58.470
chemical energy for potential microbial


00:13:58.480 --> 00:14:00.710
life, similar to what we see around


00:14:00.720 --> 00:14:02.710
hydrothermal vents in Earth's deep


00:14:02.720 --> 00:14:05.269
oceans. Being able to measure the pH


00:14:05.279 --> 00:14:07.509
more accurately would be another crucial


00:14:07.519 --> 00:14:09.990
piece of the habitability puzzle.


00:14:10.000 --> 00:14:11.990
>> This really makes me excited for future


00:14:12.000 --> 00:14:14.150
missions to Enceladus. Hopefully, we'll


00:14:14.160 --> 00:14:15.829
see a dedicated mission there in the


00:14:15.839 --> 00:14:17.110
coming decades.


00:14:17.120 --> 00:14:19.430
>> Absolutely. The technology is there. We


00:14:19.440 --> 00:14:21.670
just need the mission. All right, let's


00:14:21.680 --> 00:14:24.069
head to Mercury for our next story.


00:14:24.079 --> 00:14:26.470
Avery, this next story reveals some


00:14:26.480 --> 00:14:28.550
surprising connections between Mercury


00:14:28.560 --> 00:14:31.269
and Earth. It turns out these two very


00:14:31.279 --> 00:14:33.189
different planets have more in common


00:14:33.199 --> 00:14:34.790
than we thought when it comes to their


00:14:34.800 --> 00:14:36.150
magnetospheres.


00:14:36.160 --> 00:14:37.990
>> That's right, Anna. An international


00:14:38.000 --> 00:14:40.150
team of researchers has discovered that


00:14:40.160 --> 00:14:42.629
natural electromagnetic waves called


00:14:42.639 --> 00:14:45.030
chorus emissions occur in Mercury's


00:14:45.040 --> 00:14:47.430
magnetosphere with strikingly similar


00:14:47.440 --> 00:14:49.350
characteristics to those found around


00:14:49.360 --> 00:14:52.150
Earth despite Mercury having a magnetic


00:14:52.160 --> 00:14:55.189
field only about 100th as strong.


00:14:55.199 --> 00:14:57.350
>> Chorus waves. That's such an evocative


00:14:57.360 --> 00:14:59.829
name. Can you explain what these are?


00:14:59.839 --> 00:15:02.790
>> Sure. Chorus waves are plasma waves that


00:15:02.800 --> 00:15:04.710
sound like bird song when converted to


00:15:04.720 --> 00:15:07.110
audio frequencies. They're created when


00:15:07.120 --> 00:15:09.430
electrons in a planet's magnetosphere


00:15:09.440 --> 00:15:11.829
interact with electromagnetic waves,


00:15:11.839 --> 00:15:14.069
producing these characteristic rising


00:15:14.079 --> 00:15:15.829
and falling tones.


00:15:15.839 --> 00:15:18.069
>> And why do we care about these waves


00:15:18.079 --> 00:15:20.230
>> on Earth? They play a crucial role in


00:15:20.240 --> 00:15:22.790
the Van Allen radiation belts. They can


00:15:22.800 --> 00:15:24.949
both accelerate particles to create the


00:15:24.959 --> 00:15:27.670
belts and also cause particles to rain


00:15:27.680 --> 00:15:29.509
down into the atmosphere, depleting


00:15:29.519 --> 00:15:31.670
them. Understanding these waves is


00:15:31.680 --> 00:15:33.829
important for space weather forecasting


00:15:33.839 --> 00:15:35.350
and protecting satellites from


00:15:35.360 --> 00:15:36.550
radiation.


00:15:36.560 --> 00:15:38.470
>> So, how did researchers make this


00:15:38.480 --> 00:15:40.150
discovery at Mercury?


00:15:40.160 --> 00:15:42.230
>> They use data from the Bey Columbo


00:15:42.240 --> 00:15:44.790
mission's magnetospheric orbiter called


00:15:44.800 --> 00:15:48.230
MO during six flybys of Mercury between


00:15:48.240 --> 00:15:51.829
2021 and 2025. They combined this with


00:15:51.839 --> 00:15:54.069
decades of data from Earth's Geotail


00:15:54.079 --> 00:15:56.949
satellite which operated from 1992 to


00:15:56.959 --> 00:16:00.389
2022. Why was Geotail particularly


00:16:00.399 --> 00:16:02.069
useful for comparison?


00:16:02.079 --> 00:16:04.790
>> Great question. Geotail observed Earth's


00:16:04.800 --> 00:16:07.590
magneto tail from about 10 Earth radi


00:16:07.600 --> 00:16:10.150
away, conditions that actually resemble


00:16:10.160 --> 00:16:12.710
Mercury's much smaller, more compact


00:16:12.720 --> 00:16:15.110
magnetosphere. This made it an excellent


00:16:15.120 --> 00:16:16.949
benchmark for comparison.


00:16:16.959 --> 00:16:19.910
>> What exactly did they find? The team


00:16:19.920 --> 00:16:22.470
identified rapid rising and falling


00:16:22.480 --> 00:16:25.350
frequency sweeps at Mercury, indicating


00:16:25.360 --> 00:16:27.749
the same kind of nonlinear coupling


00:16:27.759 --> 00:16:30.389
between electrons and waves that we see


00:16:30.399 --> 00:16:32.790
at Earth. They also found that the


00:16:32.800 --> 00:16:34.710
emissions were concentrated in the


00:16:34.720 --> 00:16:38.069
dawnside sector just like at Earth where


00:16:38.079 --> 00:16:40.389
energetic electrons preferentially


00:16:40.399 --> 00:16:42.710
stream through the magnetosphere.


00:16:42.720 --> 00:16:44.550
>> What surprised me about this is that


00:16:44.560 --> 00:16:47.350
Mercury has almost no atmosphere. I


00:16:47.360 --> 00:16:48.790
would have thought that would make a big


00:16:48.800 --> 00:16:49.910
difference.


00:16:49.920 --> 00:16:52.710
>> That's what scientists expected too.


00:16:52.720 --> 00:16:55.030
Earlier theories suggested that Mercury


00:16:55.040 --> 00:16:57.590
wouldn't have the cold or low energy


00:16:57.600 --> 00:17:00.389
electrons necessary to generate chorus


00:17:00.399 --> 00:17:03.110
waves. But this discovery confirms


00:17:03.120 --> 00:17:05.909
predictions from 2025 that these


00:17:05.919 --> 00:17:09.029
electrons do exist around Mercury.


00:17:09.039 --> 00:17:10.789
>> So what does this tell us about how


00:17:10.799 --> 00:17:13.829
universal these plasma processes are? It


00:17:13.839 --> 00:17:15.669
demonstrates that the mechanisms


00:17:15.679 --> 00:17:17.590
responsible for generating chorus


00:17:17.600 --> 00:17:20.230
emissions can operate across vastly


00:17:20.240 --> 00:17:22.630
different planetary environments. From


00:17:22.640 --> 00:17:25.029
Earth with its strong magnetic field and


00:17:25.039 --> 00:17:27.590
thick atmosphere to Mercury with its


00:17:27.600 --> 00:17:30.390
weak field and virtually no atmosphere,


00:17:30.400 --> 00:17:33.350
it's a universal plasma process.


00:17:33.360 --> 00:17:35.510
>> This has implications for other planets


00:17:35.520 --> 00:17:37.029
too, doesn't it?


00:17:37.039 --> 00:17:39.110
>> Absolutely. The researchers mentioned


00:17:39.120 --> 00:17:40.870
that this opens up systematic


00:17:40.880 --> 00:17:43.350
comparative studies of auroral and


00:17:43.360 --> 00:17:46.390
radiation processes at multiple planets


00:17:46.400 --> 00:17:49.510
including Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. By


00:17:49.520 --> 00:17:51.350
understanding how these emissions work


00:17:51.360 --> 00:17:53.909
across different planetary systems, we


00:17:53.919 --> 00:17:55.990
can build a more complete picture of


00:17:56.000 --> 00:17:57.750
plasma physics throughout the solar


00:17:57.760 --> 00:17:58.710
system.


00:17:58.720 --> 00:18:00.950
>> And Mio is scheduled to enter Mercury


00:18:00.960 --> 00:18:03.990
orbit in late 2026. Right.


00:18:04.000 --> 00:18:06.470
>> That's correct. Once in orbit, Mia will


00:18:06.480 --> 00:18:08.390
be able to make much more detailed


00:18:08.400 --> 00:18:10.870
observations of how these emissions vary


00:18:10.880 --> 00:18:13.270
with location and how they interact with


00:18:13.280 --> 00:18:16.390
electron populations around Mercury. We


00:18:16.400 --> 00:18:17.990
should learn a lot more in the coming


00:18:18.000 --> 00:18:18.870
years.


00:18:18.880 --> 00:18:21.029
>> It's amazing how studying one planet


00:18:21.039 --> 00:18:23.430
helps us understand others. All right,


00:18:23.440 --> 00:18:26.070
let's wrap up with some solar science.


00:18:26.080 --> 00:18:28.390
For our final story today, Anna, we're


00:18:28.400 --> 00:18:30.549
heading to the sun to talk about some


00:18:30.559 --> 00:18:33.430
remarkable new insights into how solar


00:18:33.440 --> 00:18:36.950
flares actually work, courtesy of Solar


00:18:36.960 --> 00:18:39.590
Orbiter spacecraft. Solar flares are one


00:18:39.600 --> 00:18:41.430
of those phenomena that everyone's heard


00:18:41.440 --> 00:18:43.270
of and are certainly in the news this


00:18:43.280 --> 00:18:45.270
week. But I think many people don't


00:18:45.280 --> 00:18:47.510
really understand what's happening. What


00:18:47.520 --> 00:18:50.310
did Solar Orbiter discover? Well,


00:18:50.320 --> 00:18:52.549
researchers found that solar flares


00:18:52.559 --> 00:18:54.310
start with what they're calling a


00:18:54.320 --> 00:18:57.029
magnetic avalanche. Just like a snow


00:18:57.039 --> 00:18:59.029
avalanche starts with a small amount of


00:18:59.039 --> 00:19:01.270
snow movement and then cascades into


00:19:01.280 --> 00:19:03.830
something much larger, solar flares


00:19:03.840 --> 00:19:06.070
begin with initially weak magnetic


00:19:06.080 --> 00:19:08.789
disturbances that rapidly become more


00:19:08.799 --> 00:19:09.830
violent.


00:19:09.840 --> 00:19:12.070
>> That's a great analogy. How are they


00:19:12.080 --> 00:19:14.789
able to observe this? Solar Orbiter


00:19:14.799 --> 00:19:16.950
captured one of its most detailed views


00:19:16.960 --> 00:19:19.110
of a large solar flare during its


00:19:19.120 --> 00:19:22.070
September 30th, 2024 close approach to


00:19:22.080 --> 00:19:24.549
the sun. What made this observation


00:19:24.559 --> 00:19:27.029
special was the combination of four


00:19:27.039 --> 00:19:29.510
different instruments working together.


00:19:29.520 --> 00:19:31.909
The extreme ultraviolet imager along


00:19:31.919 --> 00:19:34.870
with spice sticks and fi.


00:19:34.880 --> 00:19:36.630
>> What kind of detail are we talking


00:19:36.640 --> 00:19:39.270
about? The highresolution imagery from


00:19:39.280 --> 00:19:42.390
the EUI instrument zoomed into features


00:19:42.400 --> 00:19:45.110
just a few hundred kilometers across in


00:19:45.120 --> 00:19:47.990
the sun's corona capturing changes every


00:19:48.000 --> 00:19:51.029
2 seconds and the team was able to watch


00:19:51.039 --> 00:19:53.590
the buildup to the flare for about 40


00:19:53.600 --> 00:19:55.669
minutes before it erupted.


00:19:55.679 --> 00:19:58.310
>> That's incredibly fortunate timing.


00:19:58.320 --> 00:20:00.630
>> It really was. Praep Chittita from the


00:20:00.640 --> 00:20:02.789
Max Plank Institute for Solar System


00:20:02.799 --> 00:20:05.190
Research who led the study said they


00:20:05.200 --> 00:20:07.430
were very lucky to witness the precursor


00:20:07.440 --> 00:20:09.990
events in such beautiful detail. These


00:20:10.000 --> 00:20:12.310
kinds of high cadence observations take


00:20:12.320 --> 00:20:14.470
up enormous amounts of memory on


00:20:14.480 --> 00:20:16.710
spacecraft. So they can't do them all


00:20:16.720 --> 00:20:17.830
the time.


00:20:17.840 --> 00:20:20.150
>> So what actually happens during this


00:20:20.160 --> 00:20:22.950
magnetic avalanche? About 40 minutes


00:20:22.960 --> 00:20:25.029
before the main flare, the instruments


00:20:25.039 --> 00:20:27.430
observed a dark filament of twisted


00:20:27.440 --> 00:20:29.430
magnetic fields connected to a


00:20:29.440 --> 00:20:31.669
cross-shaped structure of progressively


00:20:31.679 --> 00:20:34.390
brightening magnetic field lines. New


00:20:34.400 --> 00:20:37.110
magnetic field strands appeared every 2


00:20:37.120 --> 00:20:39.750
seconds or less. Each one magnetically


00:20:39.760 --> 00:20:41.750
contained and becoming twisted like


00:20:41.760 --> 00:20:42.549
ropes.


00:20:42.559 --> 00:20:45.510
>> And then everything becomes unstable.


00:20:45.520 --> 00:20:47.510
>> Exactly. Just like in a typical


00:20:47.520 --> 00:20:50.549
avalanche, the region becomes unstable.


00:20:50.559 --> 00:20:52.870
The twisted strands begin to break and


00:20:52.880 --> 00:20:55.029
reconnect in what's called magnetic


00:20:55.039 --> 00:20:57.750
reconnection. This rapidly triggers a


00:20:57.760 --> 00:21:00.149
cascade of further destabilizations,


00:21:00.159 --> 00:21:02.070
creating progressively stronger


00:21:02.080 --> 00:21:03.990
reconnection events and outflows of


00:21:04.000 --> 00:21:06.470
energy visible as increasing brightness


00:21:06.480 --> 00:21:07.590
in the imagery.


00:21:07.600 --> 00:21:09.669
>> This is different from how scientists


00:21:09.679 --> 00:21:11.750
previously thought flares work.


00:21:11.760 --> 00:21:13.669
>> Scientists had proposed a simple


00:21:13.679 --> 00:21:15.590
avalanche model for explaining the


00:21:15.600 --> 00:21:17.510
collective behavior of thousands of


00:21:17.520 --> 00:21:19.990
flares on the sun and other stars. But


00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:22.149
it wasn't clear whether a single large


00:21:22.159 --> 00:21:24.630
flare could be described this way. This


00:21:24.640 --> 00:21:26.470
result shows that a flare isn't


00:21:26.480 --> 00:21:29.270
necessarily one coherent eruption, but


00:21:29.280 --> 00:21:31.909
can be a cascade of many interacting


00:21:31.919 --> 00:21:33.430
reconnection events.


00:21:33.440 --> 00:21:35.990
>> I read something about raining plasma


00:21:36.000 --> 00:21:37.590
blobs in this study.


00:21:37.600 --> 00:21:39.669
>> Yes, that's one of the most fascinating


00:21:39.679 --> 00:21:42.310
parts. The team observed ribbon-like


00:21:42.320 --> 00:21:44.950
features moving extremely quickly down


00:21:44.960 --> 00:21:47.190
through the sun's atmosphere even before


00:21:47.200 --> 00:21:49.590
the main episode of the flare. These


00:21:49.600 --> 00:21:51.750
streams of what they called raining


00:21:51.760 --> 00:21:54.390
plasma blobs are signatures of energy


00:21:54.400 --> 00:21:56.789
deposition. They get stronger as the


00:21:56.799 --> 00:21:59.190
flare progresses and continue even after


00:21:59.200 --> 00:22:00.710
the flare subsides.


00:22:00.720 --> 00:22:03.190
>> And they detected some seriously high


00:22:03.200 --> 00:22:05.270
energy particles too. Right.


00:22:05.280 --> 00:22:08.710
>> They did. The STIX instrument measured


00:22:08.720 --> 00:22:11.110
X-ray emission that rose dramatically


00:22:11.120 --> 00:22:13.190
during the flare. As reconnection events


00:22:13.200 --> 00:22:15.669
increased, particles were accelerated to


00:22:15.679 --> 00:22:18.870
speeds of 40 to 50% the speed of light.


00:22:18.880 --> 00:22:23.430
That's about 430 to 540 km hour.


00:22:23.440 --> 00:22:25.430
>> Those high energy particles can be


00:22:25.440 --> 00:22:27.430
dangerous for satellites and astronauts,


00:22:27.440 --> 00:22:28.230
can't they?


00:22:28.240 --> 00:22:30.230
>> Absolutely. They can escape into


00:22:30.240 --> 00:22:32.630
interplanetary space and pose radiation


00:22:32.640 --> 00:22:35.190
hazards to satellites, astronauts, and


00:22:35.200 --> 00:22:37.430
even earth-based technologies. That's


00:22:37.440 --> 00:22:39.510
why understanding this process is


00:22:39.520 --> 00:22:41.909
essential for forecasting space weather.


00:22:41.919 --> 00:22:43.990
>> What surprised the researchers most


00:22:44.000 --> 00:22:45.430
about this discovery?


00:22:45.440 --> 00:22:47.430
>> Cheetah said they didn't expect the


00:22:47.440 --> 00:22:49.590
avalanche process could lead to such


00:22:49.600 --> 00:22:51.909
high energy particles. They're excited


00:22:51.919 --> 00:22:53.750
to explore this further, but he


00:22:53.760 --> 00:22:55.430
mentioned they'd meet even higher


00:22:55.440 --> 00:22:57.510
resolution X-ray imagery from future


00:22:57.520 --> 00:22:59.669
missions to really untangle all the


00:22:59.679 --> 00:23:00.470
details.


00:23:00.480 --> 00:23:01.830
>> What does this mean for our


00:23:01.840 --> 00:23:04.549
understanding of flares on other stars?


00:23:04.559 --> 00:23:07.029
>> That's a great question. Miho Janvir,


00:23:07.039 --> 00:23:10.070
ISO Solar Orbiter co- project scientist,


00:23:10.080 --> 00:23:11.990
called this one of the most exciting


00:23:12.000 --> 00:23:14.710
results from Solar Orbiter so far. She


00:23:14.720 --> 00:23:16.710
said an interesting prospect is whether


00:23:16.720 --> 00:23:19.029
this avalanche mechanism happens in all


00:23:19.039 --> 00:23:21.270
flares and on other flaring stars as


00:23:21.280 --> 00:23:23.669
well. It really highlights how much we


00:23:23.679 --> 00:23:25.750
still have to learn about our own sun


00:23:25.760 --> 00:23:27.830
even as we explore the far reaches of


00:23:27.840 --> 00:23:29.110
the solar system.


00:23:29.120 --> 00:23:31.430
>> Absolutely. And that's the beauty of


00:23:31.440 --> 00:23:33.430
space science. There's always new


00:23:33.440 --> 00:23:35.830
mysteries to unravel. Well, that wraps


00:23:35.840 --> 00:23:38.310
up another packed episode of Astronomy


00:23:38.320 --> 00:23:40.950
Daily. We've covered everything from


00:23:40.960 --> 00:23:43.669
cuttingedge satellite technology to


00:23:43.679 --> 00:23:46.470
historic medical operations in space.


00:23:46.480 --> 00:23:48.549
From birthday celebrations to


00:23:48.559 --> 00:23:50.950
groundbreaking scientific discoveries,


00:23:50.960 --> 00:23:53.430
>> what a journey through the cosmos. From


00:23:53.440 --> 00:23:56.310
Blue Origin's ambitious Tarowave network


00:23:56.320 --> 00:23:59.190
to the first medical evacuation in ISS


00:23:59.200 --> 00:24:01.830
history. From Buzz Aldrin's 96th


00:24:01.840 --> 00:24:04.310
birthday to Enceladus' potentially


00:24:04.320 --> 00:24:06.950
habitable ocean, from Mercury's plasma


00:24:06.960 --> 00:24:09.830
waves to the sun's magnetic avalanches,


00:24:09.840 --> 00:24:11.750
there's never a dull moment in space


00:24:11.760 --> 00:24:12.789
exploration.


00:24:12.799 --> 00:24:14.549
>> If you enjoyed today's episode, make


00:24:14.559 --> 00:24:16.470
sure to subscribe to Astronomy Daily


00:24:16.480 --> 00:24:18.630
wherever you get your podcasts. We bring


00:24:18.640 --> 00:24:20.870
you the latest space and astronomy news


00:24:20.880 --> 00:24:22.310
every single day.


00:24:22.320 --> 00:24:24.230
>> And don't forget to follow us on social


00:24:24.240 --> 00:24:26.870
media for updates, bonus content, and to


00:24:26.880 --> 00:24:29.430
join our community of space enthusiasts.


00:24:29.440 --> 00:24:31.430
You can find all our episodes and more


00:24:31.440 --> 00:24:33.830
at astronomyaily.io.


00:24:33.840 --> 00:24:35.590
>> Thanks for joining us on this cosmic


00:24:35.600 --> 00:24:38.549
journey. Keep looking up. Clear skies,


00:24:38.559 --> 00:24:39.350
everyone.


00:24:39.360 --> 00:24:41.350
>> This has been Astronomy Daily. We'll see


00:24:41.360 --> 00:24:42.310
you tomorrow.


00:24:42.320 --> 00:24:53.350
>> Astronomy Daily.


00:24:53.360 --> 00:24:57.159
Stories told.