Black Holes, Time Twists & the Future of Life on Mars: A Q&A Episode | Space Nuts: Astronomy...

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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Hi there, Andrew Dunley here and this is


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Space Nuts, a Q&A edition. Thanks for


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joining us. Coming up, we're going to oh


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gosh, talk about something uh never


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before spoken of on Space Nuts, a black


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hole. A little bit of a different twist


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on this one, though. We're also going to


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look at the dimension of time, our


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obsession with life, uh the Melanchov


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cycles of Mars, and Patty's got an idea


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for me to write a book. That's all


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coming up on this edition of Space Nuts.


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15 seconds. Guidance is internal. 10 9


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Ignition sequence start. Space Nuts. 5 4


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3 2 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 Space Nuts.


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Astronauts report. It feels good. And


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with all the answers is Professor Fred


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Watson, astronomer at large. Hello,


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Fred. Uh, hello Andrew. It's um not all


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the answers, but well, two or three of


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them. That's all we need. Um I thought


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I'd show you my background today. Yes, I


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was going to ask you about that. All


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these rockets launching into space.


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That's from the sphere in Las Vegas. I


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took that photo when we went to a show


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there called Postcard from Earth. And


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the the basis of the the story is uh


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that Earth's become uninhabitable due to


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global warming. So everyone basically


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went let's get out of dodge. And that's


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the scene of all the rockets taking off


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as humanity leaves the planet. And the


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whole story line basically is about


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people coming back to visit. But we


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can't live here anymore because we


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messed it up so bad. And um that yeah,


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so that's the launch sequence from all


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the humans leaving the planet after we


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decimated it with global warming and


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climate change. Um, and and it's a it's


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a a 360 degree sphere in Las Vegas, uh,


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which you can walk around and it has


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pictures on the outside, but on the


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inside it's a visual screen that goes


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all around you. Uh, not only is it um,


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showing you pictures, but you can also


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experience weather uh, while you're


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there. So, you fly over snow fields and


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you can feel the cold and the wind. Uh


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you fly over an orchard in California


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and you can smell the citrus. Uh it's


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really brilliant. Really an amazing um


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facility that they've they've built


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there and all centered around science.


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So um yeah, loved it. Absolutely loved


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it. Notwithstanding the fact the Eagles


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are performing there pretty much as I


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speak. So they do kind of thing as well.


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Yeah. But yeah, I like that. I like that


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as a backdrop. Sort of fits in with what


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we do. Space nuts, launching rockets,


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that kind of thing. The people So the


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reason why Earth is uninhabitable is


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because of all these rockets leaving


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behind their


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trailer. What nasty stuff they dleshere.


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Yeah, it probably didn't help that many


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take. Well, I don't think it would. No,


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let's get down to some questions. And


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our first one comes from Mark Painter.


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Uh, this one came via Facebook. Dear


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Andrew and Professor Fred, I have a few


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questions that puzzle me today. I'll


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start with, of course, black holes. In


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the movie Interstellar, as they get


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closer to the black hole, time slows


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down relative to the outside observer.


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By extension, as we get close to the


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event horizon, time would stretch more


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and more, and I assume follows an


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exponential curve to the point where


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time effectively stops. So then, to


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enter the black hole, wouldn't time have


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to go in reverse? Could it be that all


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black holes are actually chunks that


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come from the big bang that did not um


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form uh that did not form normal matter?


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Thanks in advance. We kind of talked


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about that in our last episode, the


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primordial black holes and um and


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they're maybe being responsible for dark


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matter um which Fred debunked pretty


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heavily. Yeah, like there's a big up


00:04:05.280 --> 00:04:08.470
really. No, but um so he's asking about


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time being reversed if you entered a


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black hole. Uh I know something that


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would be reversed your life, but that's


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besides the point. Yeah, just just to um


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elaborate on what you were just saying


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though, Andrew. Um I primordial black


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holes may exist. We we just don't know.


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Um, and my comment was that I didn't


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think they would amount to forming the


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the dark matter that still looking for.


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But we do we do know that uh some black


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holes are actually formed from supernova


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explosions, the debris left over by the


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supernova, the collapse of the core of a


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star that has sufficient mass uh up to


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22 something like 22 solar masses. So um


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uh the answer to the the last bit of


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Mark's question there could it be that


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all the black holes are actually chunks


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that came from the big bang that did not


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form normal matter and um some of them


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probably did the primordial ones but


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some also didn't. We know that um that


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black holes are formed by stars getting


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to the ends of their lives. And


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regarding time reversal, um Mark is


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absolutely right that as you uh to an


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outside observer, the closer you get to


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the event horizon, um the u


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more your time to the outside observer


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slows down, if I can put it that way.


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And when you cross the event horizon,


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basically time stops. So your person


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would be frozen uh on the event horizon,


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although they've actually fallen into


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it. um they don't see the event horizon


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because that's a basically a an optical


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illusion. It's the point at which uh


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light cannot escape. We talked at this


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um some episodes back about how if you


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were to cross the threshold like oh


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space and time would flip. Yes, that's


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right. They do. Um that's as you get


00:06:04.880 --> 00:06:07.510
close to it the it's exactly right. the


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dimensions flip and we had quite a nice


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explanation as to why that would be


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which great YouTube video on it I think


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yes that was it there was a YouTube


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video very nicely put uh the very nicely


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put why the effectively space and time


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flip um and that in a way sort of


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illuminates Mark's question as well uh


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the the time doesn't reverse for you um


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time basically disappears


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along with you when you get swallowed


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into the into the black hole from your


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perspective. And you know, it's no good


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thinking about whether to an outside


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observer time might reverse. Um because


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the outside observer can't see you


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because you're by that time you're


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inside the event horizon. So nobody's


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going to see you. Nobody will feel your


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pain. No. No. But you'll be covered in


00:07:01.120 --> 00:07:02.710
spaghetti sauce. Spaghetti. Yes, that's


00:07:02.720 --> 00:07:04.629
right. In the movie Interstellar, of


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course, he's referring to a a situation


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where an astronaut did cross the plane


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into a black hole to help solve um a a a


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puzzle that they could only solve if


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they could get inside a black hole.


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Yeah, that's right. Yep. I I did see the


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movie, but I don't remember the exact


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plot. I just remember thinking, "No,


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that couldn't possibly happen. Oh, what


00:07:28.479 --> 00:07:30.469
are they talking about? solve a a


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gravity problem and they couldn't do it


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a black hole. So that's they had to go


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in um but brilliant film but that was


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probably where it jumped the shark so to


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speak uh in terms of reality but uh who


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cares? It's science fiction. I loved it.


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Absolutely loved it. Thank you Mark.


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Great to hear from you and thanks for


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reaching out on Facebook. Our next


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question comes from Craig. Hi


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professors. It's Craig calling from


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sunny Morula in New South Wales. I have


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a question about


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dimensions. One dimension, two,


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three. They all need time. And we


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describe time as a dimension, but is it


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really? It's kind of like half a


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dimension. We can move in one vector,


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but not in the other unless you can move


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faster than the speed of light. and I


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don't think we can. So, it's not really


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a full dimension. It's, as I said, more


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like a half a dimension. What are your


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thoughts?


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Okay, Craig, thank you. Um, yes. How


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Yeah, half a dimension. We do describe


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time as a dimension. And while you're


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talking, I'm going to do some research


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because I remember us talking not so


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long ago about a paper that was released


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suggesting time travels in two


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directions at once.


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Was that right? Yeah. That's um that was


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for that it's it's the way some quantum


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processes experience it. I think that


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was what it was about. Yeah. Um so time


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is a dimension. Um this emerged from uh


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sort of mathematical studies in the wake


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of Einstein special theory of


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relativity. Um and


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so you can write down an equation if I


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remember it


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rightly. So you excuse me imagine


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yourself moving


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uh uh in three dimensions


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um a distance which we'll call s. You've


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got three coordinates and actually in


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three dimensions you can write down an


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equation which we call a metric and this


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is for normal non-relativistic space


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which would be the s^2 = x^2 + y^2 +


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z^2. That would be a formal equation of


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how you would move in a


00:10:03.200 --> 00:10:06.550
three-dimensional coordinate system. Um


00:10:06.560 --> 00:10:07.470
we


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um you know we express these things


00:10:10.720 --> 00:10:12.710
mathematically. It's called a metric.


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That is the uh the the the bottom line


00:10:16.160 --> 00:10:19.670
of this. Um but with relativity coming


00:10:19.680 --> 00:10:22.230
along people realize that yes time


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behaves just like a dimension. Uh and it


00:10:25.120 --> 00:10:28.069
is variable. It's it can be squashed and


00:10:28.079 --> 00:10:29.990
it can be extended just as we've been


00:10:30.000 --> 00:10:32.310
talking about time dilation. Uh your


00:10:32.320 --> 00:10:34.230
time can be look can look differently


00:10:34.240 --> 00:10:37.670
from the time of somebody else uh who's


00:10:37.680 --> 00:10:39.110
in a different frame of reference from


00:10:39.120 --> 00:10:40.870
you whether gravitationally or or


00:10:40.880 --> 00:10:45.350
moving. Um so time is bendy. Uh it's but


00:10:45.360 --> 00:10:48.550
um you you find that when you excuse me


00:10:48.560 --> 00:10:50.310
when you move to that relativistic


00:10:50.320 --> 00:10:52.389
situation you can write the equation


00:10:52.399 --> 00:10:55.030
down where you've got four dimensions um


00:10:55.040 --> 00:10:56.470
and one of them is time and if I


00:10:56.480 --> 00:10:59.430
remember rightly it's s^2 = x^2 + y^2 +


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z^2 minus c ^ 2 t ^2 where t is time so


00:11:04.640 --> 00:11:06.750
it behaves just like a


00:11:06.760 --> 00:11:10.790
dimension and um that um is why we call


00:11:10.800 --> 00:11:13.670
it a dimension because it is uh But it


00:11:13.680 --> 00:11:16.550
is clearly different in some ways from


00:11:16.560 --> 00:11:18.990
the three dimensions of space because


00:11:19.000 --> 00:11:21.509
exactly as Craig says, we can move


00:11:21.519 --> 00:11:23.509
willy-nilly about the three dimensions


00:11:23.519 --> 00:11:25.750
of space within reason of course, but we


00:11:25.760 --> 00:11:28.190
can move around them, but we can't move


00:11:28.200 --> 00:11:30.710
willy-nilly around the dimension of time


00:11:30.720 --> 00:11:32.630
except under certain circumstances where


00:11:32.640 --> 00:11:34.310
you're traveling at very high velocities


00:11:34.320 --> 00:11:36.790
and things of that sort. So it is it is


00:11:36.800 --> 00:11:40.630
a very unusual it's an unusual dimension


00:11:40.640 --> 00:11:43.910
but it is a dimension. I quite like the


00:11:43.920 --> 00:11:46.550
idea of it being half a dimension. Um


00:11:46.560 --> 00:11:48.389
but I think my mathematical friends


00:11:48.399 --> 00:11:51.269
would would say no it's definitely not


00:11:51.279 --> 00:11:53.990
half a dimension. Yes. Uh I I found


00:11:54.000 --> 00:11:56.150
several articles on what we' spoken


00:11:56.160 --> 00:11:59.750
about which was u a paper published late


00:11:59.760 --> 00:12:01.750
February early March. Uh, in the quantum


00:12:01.760 --> 00:12:04.990
realm, time arrow might fly in two


00:12:05.000 --> 00:12:07.790
directions. And Mark might might want to


00:12:07.800 --> 00:12:10.710
um Greg, I mean, might want to look uh


00:12:10.720 --> 00:12:13.269
that up um and and read a bit more about


00:12:13.279 --> 00:12:15.750
it. But um yeah, it's it's a special


00:12:15.760 --> 00:12:18.710
circumstance, I suppose, would be the


00:12:18.720 --> 00:12:22.230
best way to describe it. Um but yeah,


00:12:22.240 --> 00:12:25.150
it's it's yeah, it's an interesting


00:12:25.160 --> 00:12:27.110
article. It's an interesting question


00:12:27.120 --> 00:12:29.269
from Craig, too. Yes, very interesting.


00:12:29.279 --> 00:12:31.670
Thank you. Great to hear from you. Uh,


00:12:31.680 --> 00:12:33.670
this is Space Nuts. Andrew Dunley here


00:12:33.680 --> 00:12:36.190
with Professor Fred


00:12:36.200 --> 00:12:38.389
Watson. Let's take a break from the show


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nordvpn.com/spacenuts. Now, back to the


00:14:23.199 --> 00:14:27.269
show. Roger. You're sac nuts. Okay,


00:14:27.279 --> 00:14:29.269
Fred. Uh, we've got another audio


00:14:29.279 --> 00:14:32.069
question from a regular Cinderinra.


00:14:32.079 --> 00:14:34.310
Here's Mikey. Hey, Fred and Andrew. It


00:14:34.320 --> 00:14:37.030
is Mikey from Illinois once again.


00:14:37.040 --> 00:14:39.110
I'm sitting here at 5:30 in the morning


00:14:39.120 --> 00:14:41.110
as one does pondering about life in the


00:14:41.120 --> 00:14:43.590
universe and I was just wondering why


00:14:43.600 --> 00:14:47.110
we're so fixated on life had already


00:14:47.120 --> 00:14:51.350
happening on other planets. Um we look


00:14:51.360 --> 00:14:53.829
for signs of life from the past on Mars,


00:14:53.839 --> 00:14:56.470
you know, eventually on Venus and all


00:14:56.480 --> 00:14:57.910
these places that we go. But what are


00:14:57.920 --> 00:15:01.430
the odds that these places, say Venus


00:15:01.440 --> 00:15:02.509
for


00:15:02.519 --> 00:15:05.670
example, are on their infancy stage of


00:15:05.680 --> 00:15:09.430
life and Venus will eventually cool down


00:15:09.440 --> 00:15:13.110
one day and when the Earth is long gone


00:15:13.120 --> 00:15:15.110
possibly because we've self annihilated


00:15:15.120 --> 00:15:18.069
ourselves. Um maybe one day, millions of


00:15:18.079 --> 00:15:20.310
years in the future, Venus will be an


00:15:20.320 --> 00:15:23.590
oasis. Um, I'm just curious on your


00:15:23.600 --> 00:15:25.590
guys' thoughts of this and I mean, what


00:15:25.600 --> 00:15:28.629
are what are the chances that maybe some


00:15:28.639 --> 00:15:30.629
planet or somebody in our solar system


00:15:30.639 --> 00:15:32.230
as of right now may not be able to


00:15:32.240 --> 00:15:34.870
harbor life, but someday in the future


00:15:34.880 --> 00:15:38.470
will be. Thanks, guys. Thank you, Mikey.


00:15:38.480 --> 00:15:39.910
Uh, that's a really interesting


00:15:39.920 --> 00:15:42.949
question. Uh in in terms of the Venus


00:15:42.959 --> 00:15:44.629
theory,


00:15:44.639 --> 00:15:46.949
um you might argue that Venus has


00:15:46.959 --> 00:15:49.269
already been there because I remember a


00:15:49.279 --> 00:15:51.749
story way back when when we uh talked


00:15:51.759 --> 00:15:54.870
about um the potential for three planets


00:15:54.880 --> 00:15:57.749
in our own solar system that all could


00:15:57.759 --> 00:15:59.670
have potentially harbored life. We know


00:15:59.680 --> 00:16:02.150
of one. We live on it. But Mars and


00:16:02.160 --> 00:16:04.629
Venus were also cited as planets that at


00:16:04.639 --> 00:16:05.470
some


00:16:05.480 --> 00:16:10.790
stage had what would have been a um a


00:16:10.800 --> 00:16:13.990
chemistry a an environment that could


00:16:14.000 --> 00:16:17.749
have harbored life and um you know Mars


00:16:17.759 --> 00:16:19.829
lost its atmosphere which sort of put


00:16:19.839 --> 00:16:22.150
them to bed. Venus went, you know,


00:16:22.160 --> 00:16:25.350
rogue, you know, greenhouse effect and


00:16:25.360 --> 00:16:27.829
um that that put their potential for


00:16:27.839 --> 00:16:30.230
life to bed, but doesn't write off the


00:16:30.240 --> 00:16:32.790
possibility that they might have had it.


00:16:32.800 --> 00:16:34.870
That's true. Uh and I think that's


00:16:34.880 --> 00:16:36.550
absolutely right. Both those planets


00:16:36.560 --> 00:16:40.230
might have had it. Um as you say, M


00:16:40.240 --> 00:16:42.069
Venus became, you know, it had the


00:16:42.079 --> 00:16:44.870
runaway greenhouse effect which put its


00:16:44.880 --> 00:16:47.189
surface temperature up to what is it 450


00:16:47.199 --> 00:16:50.310
or what else? That's Yeah. Celsius. Um,


00:16:50.320 --> 00:16:52.710
so I think with Venus,


00:16:52.720 --> 00:16:57.350
um, it's done its dash because as time


00:16:57.360 --> 00:17:00.069
goes on, the likelihood is that Venus


00:17:00.079 --> 00:17:03.670
will get even more inhospitable to life.


00:17:03.680 --> 00:17:07.990
Uh, as the sun basically swells towards


00:17:08.000 --> 00:17:10.710
the end of its lifetime, and I'm talking


00:17:10.720 --> 00:17:12.630
now about three billion years or so in


00:17:12.640 --> 00:17:15.110
the future, it'll start swelling. Um,


00:17:15.120 --> 00:17:17.750
Venus will get even hotter than it is


00:17:17.760 --> 00:17:20.789
now. Uh, Earth might very well become


00:17:20.799 --> 00:17:23.590
uninhabitable by then. Mars, however,


00:17:23.600 --> 00:17:27.750
might turn into a warm world. Um, it's


00:17:27.760 --> 00:17:29.990
doubtful it would regain its atmosphere.


00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:31.549
Um, it might


00:17:31.559 --> 00:17:35.190
regain a lot of water, which um probably


00:17:35.200 --> 00:17:36.950
would evaporate into space without


00:17:36.960 --> 00:17:38.870
pressure of an atmosphere. But yeah,


00:17:38.880 --> 00:17:41.669
it's impossible future habitable world


00:17:41.679 --> 00:17:43.750
even if it's not now. We don't know


00:17:43.760 --> 00:17:46.549
whether any microbes on Mars. Um but


00:17:46.559 --> 00:17:48.549
that's why we're being so careful to


00:17:48.559 --> 00:17:50.789
avoid contaminating them if there are.


00:17:50.799 --> 00:17:52.950
Um more perhaps an even more interesting


00:17:52.960 --> 00:17:56.390
world is Titan as the as the you know as


00:17:56.400 --> 00:17:58.950
the Goldilock zone creeps outwards as


00:17:58.960 --> 00:18:02.470
the sun expands in its later years.


00:18:02.480 --> 00:18:04.630
Titan is going to become a much more


00:18:04.640 --> 00:18:07.590
desirable place uh in terms of


00:18:07.600 --> 00:18:09.909
habitability. It's the only place in the


00:18:09.919 --> 00:18:11.909
world, sorry, the only place in the


00:18:11.919 --> 00:18:14.710
universe that we know of where there are


00:18:14.720 --> 00:18:17.110
um lakes and rivers in equilibrium with


00:18:17.120 --> 00:18:19.590
its atmosphere. They are liquid natural


00:18:19.600 --> 00:18:22.230
gas rather than water. But I think it's


00:18:22.240 --> 00:18:23.830
a you know, it's a big planet. It's


00:18:23.840 --> 00:18:25.669
bigger than the planet Mercury. Sorry,


00:18:25.679 --> 00:18:26.950
it's a big satellite. It's bigger than


00:18:26.960 --> 00:18:30.470
the planet Mercury. Um maybe that's a


00:18:30.480 --> 00:18:32.470
place where we could find living


00:18:32.480 --> 00:18:34.630
organisms somewhere down the track in


00:18:34.640 --> 00:18:37.430
the future. Not not to mention uh


00:18:37.440 --> 00:18:41.150
Europa, Enceladus, Ganymede, Kalista,


00:18:41.160 --> 00:18:46.310
Triton, all possible. Yepus. Yepus. Yes.


00:18:46.320 --> 00:18:51.270
Yes. Uh they, you know, the ice moons in


00:18:51.280 --> 00:18:54.470
orbiting the gas giants are all looking,


00:18:54.480 --> 00:18:56.870
you know, being looked at favorably for


00:18:56.880 --> 00:18:59.710
potential life with their under ice


00:18:59.720 --> 00:19:01.549
oceans. So,


00:19:01.559 --> 00:19:04.310
uh you can't say never. I mean, we


00:19:04.320 --> 00:19:06.630
haven't seen them yet.


00:19:06.640 --> 00:19:09.909
We haven't found it yet, but um they


00:19:09.919 --> 00:19:13.590
have found the the seeds of life in the


00:19:13.600 --> 00:19:16.950
in the geysers coming out of um of one


00:19:16.960 --> 00:19:19.590
or two of these moons. Yeah. Um was it


00:19:19.600 --> 00:19:22.750
Cassini that did that? Yes. With um


00:19:22.760 --> 00:19:25.669
Enceladus. Yeah. Satellitus.


00:19:25.679 --> 00:19:29.190
No, it's um the evidence is starting to


00:19:29.200 --> 00:19:32.390
build up. I I do believe that we will


00:19:32.400 --> 00:19:35.029
find something in our own solar system


00:19:35.039 --> 00:19:36.830
in the not too distant


00:19:36.840 --> 00:19:40.390
future. That's my theory anyway.


00:19:40.400 --> 00:19:42.310
I hope I hope you're right cuz I'd like


00:19:42.320 --> 00:19:44.390
to know.


00:19:44.400 --> 00:19:47.029
And in answer to the initial question,


00:19:47.039 --> 00:19:50.630
why are we so obsessed with life? Um


00:19:50.640 --> 00:19:53.350
because we are living creatures and we


00:19:53.360 --> 00:19:55.110
want to know if there are any others


00:19:55.120 --> 00:19:57.430
beyond our planet. I mean, it's it's a


00:19:57.440 --> 00:20:00.230
natural thing to consider. And wouldn't


00:20:00.240 --> 00:20:01.990
it be great if we found it? It would be


00:20:02.000 --> 00:20:05.830
the the probably the biggest discovery


00:20:05.840 --> 00:20:08.549
in the history history of humanity. Yes,


00:20:08.559 --> 00:20:12.710
exactly. Even if it's a flea


00:20:12.720 --> 00:20:15.270
or krill. I'm still I'm still hanging


00:20:15.280 --> 00:20:18.150
hanging over here. Good one. Yes,


00:20:18.160 --> 00:20:22.310
there's there's whales. Yes.


00:20:22.320 --> 00:20:24.310
Thanks, Mikey. Good to hear from you.


00:20:24.320 --> 00:20:27.590
And our next question comes from Fritz


00:20:27.600 --> 00:20:29.029
who's put a lot of thought into this


00:20:29.039 --> 00:20:32.950
one. Hi Space Nuts, this is Fritz from


00:20:32.960 --> 00:20:35.549
Northeast Rural


00:20:35.559 --> 00:20:39.750
Georgia. My question is for planetary


00:20:39.760 --> 00:20:42.710
scientists and Mars and water on the


00:20:42.720 --> 00:20:46.149
surface. Why aren't they discussing


00:20:46.159 --> 00:20:49.549
further the melenovich cycles and the


00:20:49.559 --> 00:20:53.669
influence on Mars having wetter warmer


00:20:53.679 --> 00:20:55.190
phases?


00:20:55.200 --> 00:20:58.710
This is part of the oblquity, the axle


00:20:58.720 --> 00:21:03.149
tilt, which can range between 10 to


00:21:03.159 --> 00:21:04.990
660


00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:09.669
degrees over a range of 120,000 years up


00:21:09.679 --> 00:21:11.230
to a longer


00:21:11.240 --> 00:21:15.390
modulation of as much as 1.25 million


00:21:15.400 --> 00:21:19.669
years. And uh even at 40% it could


00:21:19.679 --> 00:21:22.070
trigger significant ice redistri


00:21:22.080 --> 00:21:23.710
redistribution or


00:21:23.720 --> 00:21:28.149
melting. And um this could uh change


00:21:28.159 --> 00:21:31.590
what's a cold dry period to a surface of


00:21:31.600 --> 00:21:34.870
flowing water at times and a wetter


00:21:34.880 --> 00:21:38.230
period at times. And this happens


00:21:38.240 --> 00:21:41.430
regularly and Mars will have a wet and


00:21:41.440 --> 00:21:45.350
warm period again. So, I'm surprised


00:21:45.360 --> 00:21:47.270
planetary scientists don't discuss this


00:21:47.280 --> 00:21:48.950
when they talk about the loss of water,


00:21:48.960 --> 00:21:52.549
but water is there in the perafrost and


00:21:52.559 --> 00:21:54.549
such and where did it all go and


00:21:54.559 --> 00:21:56.789
everything, but it's not discussed how


00:21:56.799 --> 00:21:59.750
it will return. Thanks a lot and love


00:21:59.760 --> 00:22:02.470
the show. Can't wait to hear more. Thank


00:22:02.480 --> 00:22:04.390
you, Fritz. you kind of touched on that


00:22:04.400 --> 00:22:07.029
when you were talking about Mikey's um


00:22:07.039 --> 00:22:09.830
question uh and how you know Venus is


00:22:09.840 --> 00:22:11.750
probably a write-off but Mars will


00:22:11.760 --> 00:22:14.230
actually get back to a state of having


00:22:14.240 --> 00:22:17.510
liquid water. Um what what's what's the


00:22:17.520 --> 00:22:21.190
Malanchov cycle? What's what uh this


00:22:21.200 --> 00:22:24.430
actually the the Melanchovich something


00:22:24.440 --> 00:22:29.270
is yes the name of the person who who uh


00:22:29.280 --> 00:22:33.390
put the idea on the map that um various


00:22:33.400 --> 00:22:37.270
periodicities and they to do with uh the


00:22:37.280 --> 00:22:39.750
eccentricity or non-ircularity of an


00:22:39.760 --> 00:22:43.510
orbit the incline of the uh you know the


00:22:43.520 --> 00:22:46.950
axis in the orbit uh and other


00:22:46.960 --> 00:22:49.270
parameters like that that these things


00:22:49.280 --> 00:22:52.710
vary in cycles. Mars has had exactly as


00:22:52.720 --> 00:22:56.710
Fritz says uh a really big range in its


00:22:56.720 --> 00:22:59.430
axial tilt. 10 to 60 degrees is what he


00:22:59.440 --> 00:23:01.669
quoted and I think that's about right.


00:23:01.679 --> 00:23:03.669
Uh we think the reason why that hasn't


00:23:03.679 --> 00:23:05.590
happened on Earth is because the moon


00:23:05.600 --> 00:23:07.110
actually stabilizes the Earth's


00:23:07.120 --> 00:23:09.590
rotation. So it's the tilt of its axis


00:23:09.600 --> 00:23:12.470
has remained much much closer to its


00:23:12.480 --> 00:23:16.070
present 23 and a half degrees. Uh but um


00:23:16.080 --> 00:23:18.789
I the answer to to Fritz's question is


00:23:18.799 --> 00:23:20.549
that actually planetary scientists do


00:23:20.559 --> 00:23:23.350
look at this um and you don't have to


00:23:23.360 --> 00:23:26.870
look that far to find papers that refer


00:23:26.880 --> 00:23:31.669
to these Malinkovich cycle cycles uh in


00:23:31.679 --> 00:23:34.390
terms of Mars's climate. Um I found a


00:23:34.400 --> 00:23:37.190
nice one by some Swiss authors published


00:23:37.200 --> 00:23:39.430
in 2019.


00:23:39.440 --> 00:23:42.149
Uh this is called time scales of the


00:23:42.159 --> 00:23:44.070
climate record in the south polear ice


00:23:44.080 --> 00:23:47.710
cap of Mars and it's basically linking


00:23:47.720 --> 00:23:52.549
the ice layer deposits uh in the


00:23:52.559 --> 00:23:54.390
basically in the south polar ice cap of


00:23:54.400 --> 00:23:57.029
Mars the largest water ice reservoirs on


00:23:57.039 --> 00:23:58.870
Mars as they say in the abstract of


00:23:58.880 --> 00:24:01.190
their paper uh and linking them to


00:24:01.200 --> 00:24:03.190
climate oscillations the Malinkovich


00:24:03.200 --> 00:24:06.870
cycles of Mars's orbit um and so that's


00:24:06.880 --> 00:24:09.430
quite an interesting paper as I I don't


00:24:09.440 --> 00:24:11.430
know whether I mentioned published in


00:24:11.440 --> 00:24:14.470
2019 in geohysical research letters. Uh


00:24:14.480 --> 00:24:16.310
and there are other papers too that talk


00:24:16.320 --> 00:24:19.510
about the climatic effect of these


00:24:19.520 --> 00:24:21.830
orbital cycles. So it's not something


00:24:21.840 --> 00:24:23.750
that's being ignored by planetary


00:24:23.760 --> 00:24:25.029
scientists. I think the view that


00:24:25.039 --> 00:24:27.669
they've come to though is that they're


00:24:27.679 --> 00:24:29.510
you know they're giving you relatively


00:24:29.520 --> 00:24:33.750
uh modest changes in climate. uh the


00:24:33.760 --> 00:24:36.149
fact that the solar parameters will


00:24:36.159 --> 00:24:38.070
themselves change over time as we were


00:24:38.080 --> 00:24:40.630
discussing uh in Mikey's question. Yeah.


00:24:40.640 --> 00:24:43.190
Uh that means that even without those


00:24:43.200 --> 00:24:44.950
you might find that Mars is warming up


00:24:44.960 --> 00:24:47.269
enough that perhaps we will see a warm


00:24:47.279 --> 00:24:49.029
wet planet one day but we won't be


00:24:49.039 --> 00:24:50.549
around to see it here on planet Earth


00:24:50.559 --> 00:24:53.510
because we'll be gone by then. Yeah. Uh


00:24:53.520 --> 00:24:56.630
however uh as you said with Mikey's


00:24:56.640 --> 00:24:59.830
question that water will probably get it


00:24:59.840 --> 00:25:02.149
depends what Yeah. what the what what


00:25:02.159 --> 00:25:04.149
the circumstances are. But yeah, check


00:25:04.159 --> 00:25:06.950
out um Mars and Melinkovich cycles and


00:25:06.960 --> 00:25:08.630
um there's there's quite a few papers


00:25:08.640 --> 00:25:10.870
that refer to it. Very good. Thank you,


00:25:10.880 --> 00:25:13.269
Fritz. Uh great question though. Uh love


00:25:13.279 --> 00:25:16.590
those um those curve balls. That's a


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00:26:34.159 --> 00:26:36.110
changed the game in terms of night


00:26:36.120 --> 00:26:39.510
shooting. And uh as I said, you you just


00:26:39.520 --> 00:26:41.830
need to um start recording and it will


00:26:41.840 --> 00:26:43.510
just focus on everything around you and


00:26:43.520 --> 00:26:45.430
you can figure out what you want to do


00:26:45.440 --> 00:26:48.630
with that footage later. Um regardless,


00:26:48.640 --> 00:26:51.990
and it's AI powered. It has all these


00:26:52.000 --> 00:26:54.789
amazing AI powered tools that just make


00:26:54.799 --> 00:26:57.350
the job so much easier. On top of that,


00:26:57.360 --> 00:27:00.149
there are replaceable lenses. Uh these


00:27:00.159 --> 00:27:02.510
lenses are made of very tough optical


00:27:02.520 --> 00:27:06.549
glass and they are um uh much better in


00:27:06.559 --> 00:27:08.230
terms of drop resistance than your


00:27:08.240 --> 00:27:12.310
average camera. And waterproofing to 15


00:27:12.320 --> 00:27:16.870
m or 49 ft and the list goes on. Uh they


00:27:16.880 --> 00:27:18.710
are fabulous. Uh also the uh the


00:27:18.720 --> 00:27:20.630
built-in wind guard. We don't think


00:27:20.640 --> 00:27:22.630
about that much, but uh wind can really


00:27:22.640 --> 00:27:25.430
mess up your audio and they use an audio


00:27:25.440 --> 00:27:27.750
algorithm to get rid of that problem.


00:27:27.760 --> 00:27:30.630
So, that's the product. Uh if you would


00:27:30.640 --> 00:27:32.950
like to have a look at it, go to the uh


00:27:32.960 --> 00:27:36.669
the store


00:27:36.679 --> 00:27:40.110
store.insta360.com. That's


00:27:40.120 --> 00:27:42.710
store.inst360.com. And if you are one of


00:27:42.720 --> 00:27:45.669
the first 30 Space Nuts listeners to


00:27:45.679 --> 00:27:49.909
sign up for the standard package, uh you


00:27:49.919 --> 00:27:53.590
will pick pick up that 114 cm invisible


00:27:53.600 --> 00:27:55.149
selfie stick worth


00:27:55.159 --> 00:28:00.669
$24.99 US. So all you have to do is go


00:28:00.679 --> 00:28:02.269
to


00:28:02.279 --> 00:28:03.789
store.instree


00:28:03.799 --> 00:28:07.750
360.com for the Insta360 X5 standard


00:28:07.760 --> 00:28:10.909
package. That's store.insta360.


00:28:10.919 --> 00:28:13.669
insta360.com and don't forget the promo


00:28:13.679 --> 00:28:16.870
code spacen nuts. That's very important.


00:28:16.880 --> 00:28:19.590
So, uh, there it is. I'm sure you won't


00:28:19.600 --> 00:28:21.190
be disappointed. This is an amazing


00:28:21.200 --> 00:28:23.110
piece of equipment and you'll have many


00:28:23.120 --> 00:28:25.750
hours of fun and I'm sure whatever you


00:28:25.760 --> 00:28:28.029
do with it, whether it's domestic or


00:28:28.039 --> 00:28:31.310
professional, it will live up to the


00:28:31.320 --> 00:28:35.070
expectations. So, that's


00:28:35.080 --> 00:28:37.590
store.instre.com with the promo code


00:28:37.600 --> 00:28:39.350
spaceenuts. and we'll have all that


00:28:39.360 --> 00:28:42.230
information in the show notes. Now, back


00:28:42.240 --> 00:28:44.789
to the show. Okay, we checked all four


00:28:44.799 --> 00:28:48.590
systems and with the space nets. Uh, one


00:28:48.600 --> 00:28:51.750
final thought. Uh, and this one comes


00:28:51.760 --> 00:28:53.990
from Patty. He said, "Hi, Andrew and


00:28:54.000 --> 00:28:57.029
Fred. I have a premise for a book for


00:28:57.039 --> 00:28:59.430
Andrew. Uh, your discussion on Martian


00:28:59.440 --> 00:29:01.350
water provoked the thought, what if


00:29:01.360 --> 00:29:04.710
humans on Mars drink unfiltered water


00:29:04.720 --> 00:29:08.070
and ingest a Martian microbe that merges


00:29:08.080 --> 00:29:11.750
with human cells like mitochondria did,


00:29:11.760 --> 00:29:14.630
resulting in whatever you wish to


00:29:14.640 --> 00:29:18.070
continue the story with. Um, I hope you


00:29:18.080 --> 00:29:21.190
like the idea. Cheers from Patty. Um, I


00:29:21.200 --> 00:29:23.269
do like the idea. Funny, funny you


00:29:23.279 --> 00:29:26.230
should bring that up, Patty, because um


00:29:26.240 --> 00:29:28.310
this is my last show for a few months.


00:29:28.320 --> 00:29:31.750
Uh Judy and I are going around the world


00:29:31.760 --> 00:29:33.430
basically and we're going to take our


00:29:33.440 --> 00:29:37.269
time. Uh and Judy said, "You know, I


00:29:37.279 --> 00:29:38.870
don't want you to get bored. Why why


00:29:38.880 --> 00:29:40.310
don't you write a book while you're


00:29:40.320 --> 00:29:42.230
away?" And I was trying to come up with


00:29:42.240 --> 00:29:44.710
concepts. I was I was thinking about


00:29:44.720 --> 00:29:47.230
maybe um you know a


00:29:47.240 --> 00:29:49.990
story revolving around Earth building


00:29:50.000 --> 00:29:52.630
its own Dyson sphere or some kind of


00:29:52.640 --> 00:29:55.669
mega structure but um now you've given


00:29:55.679 --> 00:29:57.710
me something else to think about.


00:29:57.720 --> 00:30:00.630
So might might go down that road.


00:30:00.640 --> 00:30:02.789
Although it it kind of been done before.


00:30:02.799 --> 00:30:05.350
There was a movie many many years ago


00:30:05.360 --> 00:30:09.669
about a a meteorite that hit Earth and


00:30:09.679 --> 00:30:11.310
it had some kind of


00:30:11.320 --> 00:30:13.909
viral thing in it that that was


00:30:13.919 --> 00:30:15.669
basically killing people. And the whole


00:30:15.679 --> 00:30:17.029
story centered around a bunch of


00:30:17.039 --> 00:30:19.909
scientists that were basically in


00:30:19.919 --> 00:30:21.750
lockdown in some facility in the middle


00:30:21.760 --> 00:30:23.350
of the desert trying to figure out how


00:30:23.360 --> 00:30:25.669
to stop it. I can't remember what it was


00:30:25.679 --> 00:30:27.909
called, but it's a great film. Fabulous


00:30:27.919 --> 00:30:31.669
film. Uh scared the beebies out of me.


00:30:31.679 --> 00:30:33.750
It was it wasn't the blob or anything


00:30:33.760 --> 00:30:35.669
like that. This was just a microbe, but


00:30:35.679 --> 00:30:39.029
it had um it it it just was highly


00:30:39.039 --> 00:30:41.990
volatile and and very destructive and


00:30:42.000 --> 00:30:45.750
yeah. Um but look, def definitely food


00:30:45.760 --> 00:30:47.430
for thought, Patty. I'll I'll give it


00:30:47.440 --> 00:30:50.549
some consideration and wonder how I can


00:30:50.559 --> 00:30:52.870
actually merge that with a Dyson spear


00:30:52.880 --> 00:30:54.870
angle. I'm sure you'll manage it,


00:30:54.880 --> 00:30:56.950
Andrew. I look forward to hearing about


00:30:56.960 --> 00:30:59.350
it when you come back in August. Uh


00:30:59.360 --> 00:31:01.750
we'll I'll probably get a full rundown


00:31:01.760 --> 00:31:05.110
of what the plot is. Yes. Um I a few


00:31:05.120 --> 00:31:06.870
people have contacted me saying, "Oh,


00:31:06.880 --> 00:31:09.110
when are you in New York?" I might and


00:31:09.120 --> 00:31:11.669
things like that. So Oh, wow. Cool. We


00:31:11.679 --> 00:31:13.190
might be able to track a few people down


00:31:13.200 --> 00:31:15.350
and have a chat. But look, uh what I'm


00:31:15.360 --> 00:31:18.230
going to try and do during uh the the


00:31:18.240 --> 00:31:20.470
trip is do some monologues back into the


00:31:20.480 --> 00:31:22.630
show so I can give you updates of what


00:31:22.640 --> 00:31:24.950
we're doing. So if anyone's interested,


00:31:24.960 --> 00:31:27.590
if you're not, I'll just stay out of it.


00:31:27.600 --> 00:31:29.269
I think that would be great. I think you


00:31:29.279 --> 00:31:31.909
should uh do that. It will um be


00:31:31.919 --> 00:31:33.669
something that Heidi and I can fit into


00:31:33.679 --> 00:31:36.070
the into the scheme of things, I hope.


00:31:36.080 --> 00:31:38.389
And um and enjoy it very much. So, we


00:31:38.399 --> 00:31:40.630
look forward to that. Not every week,


00:31:40.640 --> 00:31:43.430
but uh we're going to some interesting


00:31:43.440 --> 00:31:45.590
places. So, um there might be something


00:31:45.600 --> 00:31:48.630
to talk about. Um we'll we'll see. Looks


00:31:48.640 --> 00:31:50.070
like every time we go somewhere there's


00:31:50.080 --> 00:31:53.669
a volcano, it erupts. So,


00:31:53.679 --> 00:31:56.710
might be able to that. We'll we'll see


00:31:56.720 --> 00:31:58.950
how it goes. Um but yeah, we've been


00:31:58.960 --> 00:32:00.549
planning this trip for a long long time


00:32:00.559 --> 00:32:03.430
and um we yeah, we we head off next


00:32:03.440 --> 00:32:07.190
week. So, very exciting. Very exciting.


00:32:07.200 --> 00:32:09.029
Um and that brings us to the end. Thanks


00:32:09.039 --> 00:32:10.870
to everybody who contributed. Keep the


00:32:10.880 --> 00:32:12.710
questions coming because Heidi will need


00:32:12.720 --> 00:32:15.830
them to try and stump Fred. Uh which is


00:32:15.840 --> 00:32:19.590
very very hard to do. Um but yes, um


00:32:19.600 --> 00:32:22.149
just go to our website and send them via


00:32:22.159 --> 00:32:25.110
the AMA tab. So, uh, there's, um, two


00:32:25.120 --> 00:32:26.669
URLs.


00:32:26.679 --> 00:32:29.789
Spacenuts.io or


00:32:29.799 --> 00:32:31.990
spaceennutspodcast.com and keep those,


00:32:32.000 --> 00:32:34.549
uh, keep those messages coming in. Um,


00:32:34.559 --> 00:32:37.110
and and Heidi and Fred will tackle them


00:32:37.120 --> 00:32:38.789
over the next few months. Gosh, it's


00:32:38.799 --> 00:32:40.710
hard to believe that it'll be that long,


00:32:40.720 --> 00:32:42.950
but um, yeah, I've never been away from


00:32:42.960 --> 00:32:46.230
home that for that long in my life. Um,


00:32:46.240 --> 00:32:48.310
but, you know, it'll be exciting. Uh,


00:32:48.320 --> 00:32:50.070
and thank you as always, Fred. Thank you


00:32:50.080 --> 00:32:52.310
very much. As always, a pleasure,


00:32:52.320 --> 00:32:54.470
Andrew. And uh yeah, have a great trip.


00:32:54.480 --> 00:32:57.190
We hope everything goes well for you. I


00:32:57.200 --> 00:32:59.110
look forward to seeing your emails from


00:32:59.120 --> 00:33:00.549
time to time to find out what's


00:33:00.559 --> 00:33:02.230
happening. I'd be interested to know


00:33:02.240 --> 00:33:03.750
whether you'll be homeless when you get


00:33:03.760 --> 00:33:06.789
back. It's a distinct possibility. We


00:33:06.799 --> 00:33:09.029
put a house on the market and just deal


00:33:09.039 --> 00:33:11.269
with all that when we get home. Yeah,


00:33:11.279 --> 00:33:13.509
there you go. No, it's good. Good. Good


00:33:13.519 --> 00:33:15.669
stuff. And so have a great time both you


00:33:15.679 --> 00:33:17.909
and Judy. And uh we'll speak again in


00:33:17.919 --> 00:33:20.389
August. Indeed. Thank you, Fred. Thanks


00:33:20.399 --> 00:33:21.990
as always. It's been uh it's been


00:33:22.000 --> 00:33:23.990
terrific. And uh thanks to Hugh in the


00:33:24.000 --> 00:33:26.710
studio who couldn't be with us today. He


00:33:26.720 --> 00:33:29.430
tried to ride a Mealankovich cycle and


00:33:29.440 --> 00:33:30.830
the chain fell


00:33:30.840 --> 00:33:33.269
off. And from me, Andrew Duncle, thanks


00:33:33.279 --> 00:33:34.950
to your company. See you in a few


00:33:34.960 --> 00:33:37.590
months. Bye-bye. Space. You'll be


00:33:37.600 --> 00:33:41.430
listening to the Space Nuts podcast


00:33:41.440 --> 00:33:44.389
available at Apple Podcasts, Spotify,


00:33:44.399 --> 00:33:47.029
iHeart Radio, or your favorite podcast


00:33:47.039 --> 00:33:49.870
player. You can also stream on demand at


00:33:49.880 --> 00:33:52.389
byes.com. This has been another quality


00:33:52.399 --> 00:33:56.840
podcast production from byes.com.