Black Hole Dilemmas, Pulsar Planets & Bennu’s Chemical Secrets | Q&A | Space Nuts: Astronomy...

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Hi there. Thanks for joining us again.


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This is Space Nuts. It's a Q&A edition.


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My name is Andrew Dunley. Great to have


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your company. Questions today about


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falling into a black hole and how can


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black holes get super massive? Have they


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got enough time? It doesn't make sense.


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We'll see if we can explain that.


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Planets orbiting pulsars. That's a


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question that's been raised. And


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somebody wants an update on the asteroid


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Bennu and what's going on with


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neutrinos. We'll try and answer all of


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that on this episode of Space Nuts.


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>> 15 seconds. Guidance is internal. 10 9


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Ignition sequence start.


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>> Space Nuts.


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>> 5 4 3 2


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>> 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1


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>> Space Nuts.


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>> Astronauts report. It feels good.


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>> And to furnish us with his vast amount


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of knowledge because the brain the size


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of a planet he has, Professor Fred


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Watson, astronomer at large. Hello,


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Fred.


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>> I've forgotten the name of the robot


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whose brain was the size of a planet.


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>> Marvin the paranoid android.


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>> Marvin. That's right. Yes, it was


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Marvin.


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>> Yes, Marvin.


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>> And he looked like this. He didn't have


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>> He would have been really terrible on


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radio.


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>> No color, no inflection,


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>> just nothing.


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>> And yeah, everything was just the end of


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the world for him.


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or the end of the universe, which is


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actually what the whole thing was about.


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>> Yes, it was. That's true. Yeah.


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>> Um, let's do some questions, Fred, if


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you um are ready and willing and able.


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It doesn't matter if you're able,


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adequacy is enough. Uh, let's go to our


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first question. Longtime listener, first


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time caller, uh, I've been rereading the


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threebody problem trilogy without


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spoilers. There's a moment where an


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image of someone who fell into a small


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man-made black hole is still visible.


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That got me thinking about time dilation


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at the event horizon. Given the that


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extreme gravitational time dilation


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occurs there, how are black holes able


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to accrete enough matter to grow to


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super massive scales within cosmological


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time scales? Uh, thanks for all the time


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and effort you both put into the


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podcast. Nick from the UK. Milton Kees,


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I think is the name of his locality.


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>> It is.


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>> So, um, yeah, you'd know that area. I


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imagine you'd know just about every


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square foot of the UK, wouldn't you?


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>> I do. I certainly know that bit quite


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well because my brother used to live in


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Newport Pagnel, which is right next door


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to Milton Kees.


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>> Um, Newport Pagnel is a charming sort of


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old country village. Milton Kees is a


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new town. Uh, and so they're quite


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different, but they both had their


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pluses, and I'm sure they both had their


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minuses. He doesn't live there anymore,


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but that's another story which we won't


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go into on space.


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>> So, what was the question?


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>> Well, well, he he made a reference to


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threebody problem where someone fell


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into a man-made black hole and they were


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still visible. I must say, um, Nick,


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that I I read the first book and I found


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it pretty heavy going, so I I haven't


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actually tried to read the rest, but I


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might get around to it. They're still


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making the TV series, but there's


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there's a bit of a um like the first


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season was out a couple of years ago as


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it turns out now, but um they initially


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announced that they weren't going to


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keep going. Then they said, "Yes, we


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are. We're going to make two more


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seasons and and align them both with the


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two more books." Now, they're starting


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to think, "No, we'll make one more


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season and combine the two books." So,


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we don't quite know where it's at, but


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uh great series if you haven't had a


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look at it, The Threebody Problem. Um uh


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the first season, I'm going to watch it


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again cuz it's so so very good. His


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question, um he's thinking about time


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dilation at the event horizon. Given


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that extreme gravitational time dilation


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occurs there, how are black holes able


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to accrete enough matter to grow to


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super massive scales within cosmological


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timelines? I love that question. It's


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great, isn't it? And it's a good


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question, too. But, um, the the crucial


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point here, it's all dependent on your


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on the observer's frame of rest. In


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other words, where you are and what


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you're doing. So, um, the person


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splattered on the event horizon of a of


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a a black hole for whom time appears to


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have stopped to an outside observer,


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that person's already long gone. They've


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been sucked into the black hole. uh it's


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only their time dilated image that we


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are seeing. The outside observer sees


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the time dilation. The person going


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through doesn't they just basically


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expect experience time ticking away in


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the normal way. Uh and as they get


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spaghettified, they probably wish they


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weren't there. Uh so it's it's all about


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your kind of your vantage point. Uh but


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we would call it the the frame of


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reference. So yes, it is possible for uh


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black holes to accrete and become super


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massive black holes. And um you and I I


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think Andrew spoke recently about um the


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idea that black holes uh can become


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super massive much more quickly than we


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thought. Uh and I can't remember the


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mechanism by which that happened. Uh we


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we did cover it. It's a story we


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covered. Uh and there was there was a


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sort of trick to it. uh that if you do


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this uh then your black hole can gather


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uh material so quickly that you find


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yourself in the situation that we find


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when we observe the early universe with


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the James Webb telescope. We find super


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massive black holes that are much more


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massive than we thought they should be.


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We thought the accretion of material


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onto these black holes would be


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relatively gentle and a long process


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taking most of the age of the universe


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but it's not. It all happens within the


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first few hundred million years.


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>> Uh yeah, it's called the uh it exceeds


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the Edington limit apparently. Um this


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this faster growth.


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>> Um these objects often reaching billions


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of solar masses, matured only 900


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million years after the Big Bang,


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implying they formed extremely early and


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grew unexpectedly fast or had massive


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initial um seeds. It says


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>> um I'd have to do a lot more reading to


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um find out


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>> but but they refer to a feeding frenzy.


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Abundant gas fueled a feed feeding


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frenzy.


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>> Feeding frenzy. Uh that was it. It's to


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do with the properties of the gas cloud


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in which it's sitting. That was right.


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>> You've reminded me. You see there's a


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few neurons in there that are still


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remembering


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>> firing. Yeah.


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>> So um so it's not so unusual. It's not


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so unusual is basically what um the


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answer is to Nick's question. This is


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this is um yeah, it's the time scale


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isn't really the issue. It's it's what


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they've got to eat.


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>> That's right. In terms of uh Yes, in


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terms of how how fast these things can


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accrete. But, you know, the the basic


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premise of Nick's question is answered


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by the fact that you're talking about


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two different reference frames. We


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observing the black hole from the


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outside see somebody falling into it.


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Their time seems to go slower and slower


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and it's stationary on the event


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horizon. But for the person themselves,


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they're just whizzing down through the


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event horizon and straight into the


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black hole in very long strings.


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I Okay, so let's just say we observe


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somebody who's obviously been sucked


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into a black hole and we can see their


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image there. How long would that image


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last? Would they they'd have to


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disappear eventually, wouldn't they? I


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think so. Well, probably by covered up


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by whatever else falls into the black


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hole because there's lots of stuff going


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going in. Uh yeah, it's something I've


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tried to um envisage as well. And I'm


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not really sure of what the you know


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what the answer is, but I think it I


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suppose if you think of it like um


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raindrops on a dry pavement or something


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uh where one raindrop hits and you see


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it, you know, sort of sitting there and


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another one covers it up and then


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another one covers it up. Don't know.


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That's my That's how the the Watson


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brain might do it.


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>> Yeah, that's that's a good example.


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Yeah.


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>> No, that that covers it. I understand.


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If I understand, everyone's got it.


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>> Hey, I should be on radio, shouldn't I?


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>> You should. Yeah, I think you are a lot.


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>> A lot more than I am these days, I must


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say.


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>> Yeah. All right. Thanks, Nick. Great


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question. Very thoughtprovoking. And uh


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thanks for sending it in. And don't uh


00:08:46.480 --> 00:08:48.870
don't make it your last time seeing it's


00:08:48.880 --> 00:08:51.350
your first time. Uh next question comes


00:08:51.360 --> 00:08:53.509
from Hazel. I have in my studies just


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come across something completely new to


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me but uh sort of makes sense. We've


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found evidence of what look like planets


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orbiting pulsars. This would mean


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somehow these orbiting bodies survive


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massive stars that went supernova. Also,


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the sweeping beams of seriously strong


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electromagnetic radiation would, I


00:09:13.040 --> 00:09:15.990
assume, have some fascinating effects on


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these planets. As always, love the show


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and keep up the great work. All the best


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from uh cloudy skyed Scotland. Well, it


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wasn't cloudy skyed when I was there


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because the sky was falling. It was


00:09:27.519 --> 00:09:30.870
raining cats and dogs,


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but um I'm sure that's not uncommon, but


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um yes, thanks for the question, Hazel.


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All right, Fred, over to you.


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Uh, yes. Uh, in fact, the first planet


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that was discovered beyond the solar


00:09:45.760 --> 00:09:48.070
system was exactly what Hazel has just


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described. It's a planet around a pulsar


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and it won its discoverers, the Nobel


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Prize. Uh, this was I think it was 1978


00:09:58.080 --> 00:10:00.310
when that was discovered. Uh and the


00:10:00.320 --> 00:10:02.389
first planet orbiting a normal star was


00:10:02.399 --> 00:10:05.030
discovered in 1995


00:10:05.040 --> 00:10:08.790
uh by Mayor Mayor and Quos were the two


00:10:08.800 --> 00:10:11.829
scientists who discovered that. Um, but


00:10:11.839 --> 00:10:16.389
the one orbiting a pulsar uh was uh it's


00:10:16.399 --> 00:10:19.430
partly because pulsars are very very


00:10:19.440 --> 00:10:22.069
accurate clocks and you can use their


00:10:22.079 --> 00:10:24.550
accuracy of their clocks to time


00:10:24.560 --> 00:10:26.150
basically how they're rotating and


00:10:26.160 --> 00:10:28.150
whether there's anything gravitational


00:10:28.160 --> 00:10:29.910
going on in their environment and that's


00:10:29.920 --> 00:10:32.230
how the planet was discovered. Uh the


00:10:32.240 --> 00:10:34.230
first planet known to exist beyond the


00:10:34.240 --> 00:10:36.389
solar system. Quite a big quite a big


00:10:36.399 --> 00:10:38.870
discovery. Uh so there are others like


00:10:38.880 --> 00:10:40.870
that now others known to be in the same


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situation and I think the question Hazel


00:10:44.000 --> 00:10:46.550
postulates is still an active question.


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How does a planet survive that kind of


00:10:49.360 --> 00:10:53.350
scenario? Um did it form after the


00:10:53.360 --> 00:10:56.069
supernova explosion uh form in the


00:10:56.079 --> 00:10:58.230
debris of what happened or did it


00:10:58.240 --> 00:11:00.790
survive the supernova explosion? And I'm


00:11:00.800 --> 00:11:03.350
not sure what the current thinking of my


00:11:03.360 --> 00:11:05.509
learned colleagues is on that but I


00:11:05.519 --> 00:11:08.470
might ask them. uh because uh I um I


00:11:08.480 --> 00:11:10.790
think it's it's a valid question. Uh for


00:11:10.800 --> 00:11:13.110
a long time we we it was a puzzle. How


00:11:13.120 --> 00:11:16.310
how does a how does a star um that goes


00:11:16.320 --> 00:11:17.829
supernova? How does it still have a


00:11:17.839 --> 00:11:20.310
planet in its retinue?


00:11:20.320 --> 00:11:22.710
>> But but we're assuming that it would


00:11:22.720 --> 00:11:25.509
destroy the planet, but it it might mess


00:11:25.519 --> 00:11:27.670
it up a bit, but the the rocket still be


00:11:27.680 --> 00:11:29.590
there, wouldn't it?


00:11:29.600 --> 00:11:31.829
Um well, when you think of the energy


00:11:31.839 --> 00:11:33.910
that goes into a supernova, a supernova


00:11:33.920 --> 00:11:35.829
when it's at its peak is brighter


00:11:35.839 --> 00:11:37.509
usually than the rest of its host


00:11:37.519 --> 00:11:40.630
galaxy. So there's huge amounts of


00:11:40.640 --> 00:11:44.230
energy there and a lot of that's optical


00:11:44.240 --> 00:11:46.630
energy, visible light energy, but uh


00:11:46.640 --> 00:11:48.550
there are shock waves that we see. Shock


00:11:48.560 --> 00:11:51.190
waves will be disastrous for a for a


00:11:51.200 --> 00:11:55.829
planet. So my my guess is it's still not


00:11:55.839 --> 00:11:57.670
well understood how a planet can survive


00:11:57.680 --> 00:11:59.030
something like that.


00:11:59.040 --> 00:12:03.509
>> Yeah. Um what effect would those those


00:12:03.519 --> 00:12:05.110
I don't know what what do you call them


00:12:05.120 --> 00:12:08.790
with the the um that come out of a puls


00:12:08.800 --> 00:12:10.710
>> neutron star


00:12:10.720 --> 00:12:14.790
>> or the or the the be um the uh the beams


00:12:14.800 --> 00:12:16.949
of radiation you mean caused by the


00:12:16.959 --> 00:12:17.990
magnetic fields.


00:12:18.000 --> 00:12:20.310
>> So that that in itself would be just


00:12:20.320 --> 00:12:22.629
>> Yep. Yeah. Horrific.


00:12:22.639 --> 00:12:25.430
>> Yeah, that's right. You'd think so


00:12:25.440 --> 00:12:27.269
because they're very powerful. That's


00:12:27.279 --> 00:12:29.829
what we see when we see a pul pulsar.


00:12:29.839 --> 00:12:32.550
See the flash flashlight beams of uh of


00:12:32.560 --> 00:12:35.110
energy. Yeah. Not somewhere you want to


00:12:35.120 --> 00:12:36.230
be really.


00:12:36.240 --> 00:12:38.230
>> No, it's hard to imagine that there


00:12:38.240 --> 00:12:41.190
might be life on some of these pulsar


00:12:41.200 --> 00:12:42.629
planets.


00:12:42.639 --> 00:12:45.829
>> Yeah. Do do we know how how many planets


00:12:45.839 --> 00:12:47.670
we've discovered that have sort of


00:12:47.680 --> 00:12:49.670
managed to survive in this environment?


00:12:49.680 --> 00:12:50.389
Wouldn't


00:12:50.399 --> 00:12:52.389
>> I'm sure we do. Uh I'd have to check it


00:12:52.399 --> 00:12:54.150
out. I don't know the number off hand,


00:12:54.160 --> 00:12:58.150
but I'm sure with your adept fingering,


00:12:58.160 --> 00:13:00.389
you could very quickly tell me how many


00:13:00.399 --> 00:13:04.230
planets are in orbit around pulsars.


00:13:04.240 --> 00:13:08.069
>> Yes, I'm going to do that now.


00:13:08.079 --> 00:13:10.150
>> Meanwhile, I'll wax.


00:13:10.160 --> 00:13:12.870
>> And the answer is um the answer isn't


00:13:12.880 --> 00:13:15.509
big. As early as this year, between six


00:13:15.519 --> 00:13:17.590
and eight planets have been confirmed


00:13:17.600 --> 00:13:19.910
orbiting pulsars. That sounds


00:13:19.920 --> 00:13:22.069
>> that that suggests the survival rate is


00:13:22.079 --> 00:13:24.470
pretty pretty low.


00:13:24.480 --> 00:13:26.710
>> Yes, it it does.


00:13:26.720 --> 00:13:28.949
>> It does. On the other hand, you know,


00:13:28.959 --> 00:13:31.750
stars that um that go supernova and


00:13:31.760 --> 00:13:32.949
create


00:13:32.959 --> 00:13:36.150
>> a pulsar have got very short lives.


00:13:36.160 --> 00:13:38.550
Their lives times are measured in tens


00:13:38.560 --> 00:13:41.590
of millions of years rather than


00:13:41.600 --> 00:13:43.750
tens of billions of years like our our


00:13:43.760 --> 00:13:45.509
son is at probably 10 billion years


00:13:45.519 --> 00:13:50.150
total lifetime. So um that's you know


00:13:50.160 --> 00:13:52.230
for a planet to have time to coales


00:13:52.240 --> 00:13:54.550
properly and form uh and do all the


00:13:54.560 --> 00:13:57.110
things that planets do in their infancy


00:13:57.120 --> 00:13:59.269
uh it's not very long if you've got a


00:13:59.279 --> 00:14:02.310
looming explosion on your doorstep.


00:14:02.320 --> 00:14:05.110
>> Absolutely. Yes. Um thankfully we don't


00:14:05.120 --> 00:14:06.790
live in that kind of environment.


00:14:06.800 --> 00:14:08.949
>> We don't. No, that's right. Although


00:14:08.959 --> 00:14:11.509
although um yeah that that famous old


00:14:11.519 --> 00:14:13.350
story keeps popping up and I saw it


00:14:13.360 --> 00:14:15.509
again the other day about uh the the


00:14:15.519 --> 00:14:18.790
impending explosion of Beetlejuice


00:14:18.800 --> 00:14:20.870
>> and you know we don't want to be in the


00:14:20.880 --> 00:14:22.389
way of that.


00:14:22.399 --> 00:14:24.470
>> We don't know it's um it's about 700


00:14:24.480 --> 00:14:27.269
light years away so it's survivable. Uh


00:14:27.279 --> 00:14:27.670
but


00:14:27.680 --> 00:14:29.189
>> yeah good


00:14:29.199 --> 00:14:31.350
>> yeah we don't really want to be on the


00:14:31.360 --> 00:14:33.030
on the Beetlejuice side of the earth


00:14:33.040 --> 00:14:35.189
when it goes off because of all the


00:14:35.199 --> 00:14:36.230
radiation.


00:14:36.240 --> 00:14:40.150
>> Exactly. M but um you know uh if you


00:14:40.160 --> 00:14:41.509
read the popular press it's going to


00:14:41.519 --> 00:14:45.430
happen next week but uh it could be you


00:14:45.440 --> 00:14:49.430
know tens or maybe 100 thousand years or


00:14:49.440 --> 00:14:51.829
something like that couldn't it


00:14:51.839 --> 00:14:53.990
>> it's certainly people are talking about


00:14:54.000 --> 00:14:55.750
thousands of years that's correct


00:14:55.760 --> 00:14:58.949
>> yeah okay thank you Hazel hopefully that


00:14:58.959 --> 00:15:01.350
uh sorted out your question thanks for


00:15:01.360 --> 00:15:04.389
sending it in and please send us another


00:15:04.399 --> 00:15:06.629
one when it pops into your head this is


00:15:06.639 --> 00:15:08.470
Space Nuts. Andrew Dunley here with


00:15:08.480 --> 00:15:12.550
Professor Fred Watson.


00:15:12.560 --> 00:15:14.870
>> We choose to go to the moon in this


00:15:14.880 --> 00:15:17.350
decade and do the other things. Not


00:15:17.360 --> 00:15:19.670
because they are easy, but because they


00:15:19.680 --> 00:15:20.310
are hard.


00:15:20.320 --> 00:15:22.710
>> These nuts.


00:15:22.720 --> 00:15:25.590
>> Okay, Fred, we have uh an audio


00:15:25.600 --> 00:15:28.310
question. Let's hear from David.


00:15:28.320 --> 00:15:29.990
>> Good day. David here from the Sunshine


00:15:30.000 --> 00:15:32.389
Coast. Longtime listener. Uh fairly


00:15:32.399 --> 00:15:34.069
short question today. I see that you


00:15:34.079 --> 00:15:37.509
were looking for phone in questions. Um,


00:15:37.519 --> 00:15:39.590
just wondering what we've learned uh


00:15:39.600 --> 00:15:41.990
with regard to the material that came


00:15:42.000 --> 00:15:44.150
back from Benu. Um, I haven't heard a


00:15:44.160 --> 00:15:46.310
lot in the mainstream media at all. It's


00:15:46.320 --> 00:15:48.069
been quite some time and I know they had


00:15:48.079 --> 00:15:49.829
trouble uh dealing with the sample when


00:15:49.839 --> 00:15:51.670
it first came back. Uh, just wondering


00:15:51.680 --> 00:15:53.269
if you could fill us in. Thanks very


00:15:53.279 --> 00:15:55.749
much. Keep up with the great show.


00:15:55.759 --> 00:15:56.389
>> See you later.


00:15:56.399 --> 00:15:57.670
>> Thank you very much and we'll see you


00:15:57.680 --> 00:16:00.310
later too, David. Um,


00:16:00.320 --> 00:16:02.150
yeah, Benu, it's funny that the question


00:16:02.160 --> 00:16:04.310
should turn up when it does because, uh,


00:16:04.320 --> 00:16:06.150
I think Beno's just got back into the


00:16:06.160 --> 00:16:07.749
news, has it not?


00:16:07.759 --> 00:16:09.430
>> Yes, that's right. There's a really


00:16:09.440 --> 00:16:11.749
interesting story which came out this


00:16:11.759 --> 00:16:14.470
week in the proceedings


00:16:14.480 --> 00:16:16.949
of the National Academy of Science in


00:16:16.959 --> 00:16:19.509
the United States. Um, and because this


00:16:19.519 --> 00:16:21.590
is a press release, it means I can read


00:16:21.600 --> 00:16:24.949
from it with impunity. Uh, and so it


00:16:24.959 --> 00:16:26.629
introduces the issue very well.


00:16:26.639 --> 00:16:28.790
Scientists studying samples from the


00:16:28.800 --> 00:16:30.949
asteroid Bennu have uncovered a


00:16:30.959 --> 00:16:33.269
surprisingly complex chemical landscape


00:16:33.279 --> 00:16:36.470
at the tiniest scales. A new study shows


00:16:36.480 --> 00:16:38.710
that at an extremely small scale,


00:16:38.720 --> 00:16:41.590
organic material and minerals inside the


00:16:41.600 --> 00:16:44.150
asteroid asteroid Bennu are organized


00:16:44.160 --> 00:16:46.310
into three clearly different chemical


00:16:46.320 --> 00:16:48.470
groupings. These patterns provide


00:16:48.480 --> 00:16:51.829
important clues about how liquid water


00:16:51.839 --> 00:16:57.189
once altered the atmosph


00:16:57.199 --> 00:16:59.030
relatively close to the Earth. It formed


00:16:59.040 --> 00:17:01.269
from fragments left behind after its


00:17:01.279 --> 00:17:03.749
original parent body broke apart because


00:17:03.759 --> 00:17:06.309
the samples returned from Bennu have not


00:17:06.319 --> 00:17:08.069
been exposed to Earth's atmosphere or


00:17:08.079 --> 00:17:10.470
whether they offer a rare untouched


00:17:10.480 --> 00:17:13.110
record of how water, minerals, and


00:17:13.120 --> 00:17:15.350
organic compounds interacted in the


00:17:15.360 --> 00:17:17.110
early solar system. So, it's a great


00:17:17.120 --> 00:17:20.549
story. Um, and um, it comes from


00:17:20.559 --> 00:17:24.549
scientists uh, I think in the US. I'm


00:17:24.559 --> 00:17:25.829
not sure actually. That's a good


00:17:25.839 --> 00:17:27.350
question. Where are these scientists


00:17:27.360 --> 00:17:29.669
from? We might answer that during the


00:17:29.679 --> 00:17:32.230
during the talk. But yes, remembering


00:17:32.240 --> 00:17:35.110
Bennu, Benu is an asteroid visited by


00:17:35.120 --> 00:17:38.789
the spacecraft Osiris Rex uh which had


00:17:38.799 --> 00:17:41.590
um a marvelous mechanism on board called


00:17:41.600 --> 00:17:44.230
Tag SAM, the touchandgo sample


00:17:44.240 --> 00:17:47.270
acquisition mechanism uh which basically


00:17:47.280 --> 00:17:49.590
sank the spacecraft onto the asteroid


00:17:49.600 --> 00:17:52.470
surface uh and let it grab some of the


00:17:52.480 --> 00:17:54.710
soil. Bennu is a rubble pile. It's


00:17:54.720 --> 00:17:57.190
shaped very much like two cones end to


00:17:57.200 --> 00:17:59.029
end. A typical shape for a rubble pile


00:17:59.039 --> 00:18:01.590
asteroid. So what they grabbed was quite


00:18:01.600 --> 00:18:04.950
a lot of uh material. Uh I think it was


00:18:04.960 --> 00:18:07.430
uh if I remember rightly 60 grams comes


00:18:07.440 --> 00:18:08.870
into mind. That might not be the number


00:18:08.880 --> 00:18:10.630
but it's something like that. A


00:18:10.640 --> 00:18:14.390
significant amount. So asteroid Bennu is


00:18:14.400 --> 00:18:16.470
very much in the headlines. A lot of


00:18:16.480 --> 00:18:20.950
interesting stuff. Um the um the paper


00:18:20.960 --> 00:18:24.230
that uh re reveals these results is


00:18:24.240 --> 00:18:27.110
called nanocale infrared spectroscopy


00:18:27.120 --> 00:18:29.750
reveals complex organic mineral


00:18:29.760 --> 00:18:32.390
assemblages in asteroid Bennu. So that


00:18:32.400 --> 00:18:34.710
seems to be the crucial aspect of this.


00:18:34.720 --> 00:18:37.270
Not the minerals and organic or carbon


00:18:37.280 --> 00:18:40.310
containing molecules uh that are there


00:18:40.320 --> 00:18:42.470
but the fact that they're organized in


00:18:42.480 --> 00:18:45.430
such a way that they have been subjected


00:18:45.440 --> 00:18:48.230
to water related processes and that


00:18:48.240 --> 00:18:52.549
means basically liquid water.


00:18:52.559 --> 00:18:54.870
>> It's quite extraordinary. Uh once again


00:18:54.880 --> 00:18:56.390
reading from the press release, these


00:18:56.400 --> 00:18:59.590
uneven nanocale structures indicate that


00:18:59.600 --> 00:19:02.070
water did not affect Bennu in a single


00:19:02.080 --> 00:19:04.390
uniform way. Instead, water interacted


00:19:04.400 --> 00:19:06.630
differently in separate areas, producing


00:19:06.640 --> 00:19:08.549
a patchwork of chemical environments


00:19:08.559 --> 00:19:11.350
across the asteroid. It's almost poetic,


00:19:11.360 --> 00:19:12.230
isn't it?


00:19:12.240 --> 00:19:16.230
>> It is. It is. Uh from my research, uh


00:19:16.240 --> 00:19:20.470
the sample return was 121.6 g of


00:19:20.480 --> 00:19:21.590
material.


00:19:21.600 --> 00:19:22.630
>> There you go.


00:19:22.640 --> 00:19:25.110
>> 4.29. half right


00:19:25.120 --> 00:19:27.190
>> 4.29 O and


00:19:27.200 --> 00:19:30.310
>> you're right they um the the the authors


00:19:30.320 --> 00:19:33.350
are from the United States um places


00:19:33.360 --> 00:19:37.669
like uh the department of geosciences


00:19:37.679 --> 00:19:41.190
um Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory


00:19:41.200 --> 00:19:44.870
etc. So yes, definitely a USbased


00:19:44.880 --> 00:19:47.430
uh based study that uh has has been


00:19:47.440 --> 00:19:50.549
released on on the latest from uh


00:19:50.559 --> 00:19:53.590
asteroid Bennu. Um I'm just trying to


00:19:53.600 --> 00:19:55.510
remember where that sample landed. Was


00:19:55.520 --> 00:19:57.350
that the one that landed in Australia or


00:19:57.360 --> 00:19:58.789
was that another one?


00:19:58.799 --> 00:19:59.430
>> That was


00:19:59.440 --> 00:20:01.110
>> No, that was a Japanese mission, wasn't


00:20:01.120 --> 00:20:01.990
it?


00:20:02.000 --> 00:20:04.470
>> So Benu's sample Sirius Rex is the


00:20:04.480 --> 00:20:07.110
spacecraft which I think is on its way


00:20:07.120 --> 00:20:09.029
might be on its way to Apous. It's been


00:20:09.039 --> 00:20:10.630
redirected. I can't remember where it's


00:20:10.640 --> 00:20:12.789
going though. What it did was dropped a


00:20:12.799 --> 00:20:16.150
capsule which has the uh which has the


00:20:16.160 --> 00:20:19.270
um uh samples in it and they landed in


00:20:19.280 --> 00:20:22.230
Utah. That's where the landing site was.


00:20:22.240 --> 00:20:24.150
Uh our samples that came to Australia


00:20:24.160 --> 00:20:25.909
are from the two Hayabusa missions, the


00:20:25.919 --> 00:20:28.630
two Japanese asteroid sample return


00:20:28.640 --> 00:20:29.590
missions.


00:20:29.600 --> 00:20:31.270
>> Yeah. And you're right. It's headed for


00:20:31.280 --> 00:20:32.870
Apous.


00:20:32.880 --> 00:20:34.149
>> Good. I thought it was


00:20:34.159 --> 00:20:36.149
>> they refer to it as a mission extension


00:20:36.159 --> 00:20:39.510
to study um a near-Earth asteroid. and


00:20:39.520 --> 00:20:43.190
it should arrive in April of 2029.


00:20:43.200 --> 00:20:45.909
So, they're extraordinarily long


00:20:45.919 --> 00:20:47.350
missions, aren't they? When you when


00:20:47.360 --> 00:20:49.110
you're out there in the


00:20:49.120 --> 00:20:50.870
>> in the nether regions of the solar


00:20:50.880 --> 00:20:52.950
system.


00:20:52.960 --> 00:20:54.789
>> That's right. It's um you know, that's


00:20:54.799 --> 00:20:57.430
just the way space works. You kind of


00:20:57.440 --> 00:20:59.990
tied tied up with gravity and time and


00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:01.830
you can't really do much about either of


00:21:01.840 --> 00:21:02.950
those two things.


00:21:02.960 --> 00:21:05.190
>> Oh, you can in a science fiction story.


00:21:05.200 --> 00:21:06.710
Yes. Amazing what you can do in a


00:21:06.720 --> 00:21:07.590
science fiction book.


00:21:07.600 --> 00:21:10.549
>> Stories. Yes.


00:21:10.559 --> 00:21:12.950
And I keep saying it, a lot of science


00:21:12.960 --> 00:21:14.789
fiction has turned into reality over the


00:21:14.799 --> 00:21:16.789
years. So,


00:21:16.799 --> 00:21:19.110
um, you know, you never know. In fact, I


00:21:19.120 --> 00:21:21.190
can't remember what the what the the


00:21:21.200 --> 00:21:24.390
problem was, but they they did actually


00:21:24.400 --> 00:21:27.909
not so long ago, um, get science fiction


00:21:27.919 --> 00:21:30.149
writers together. I don't know if it was


00:21:30.159 --> 00:21:32.230
NASA or someone else to try and solve a


00:21:32.240 --> 00:21:33.909
problem that they couldn't get their


00:21:33.919 --> 00:21:35.190
heads around to see if the science


00:21:35.200 --> 00:21:37.350
fiction community could come up with an


00:21:37.360 --> 00:21:39.990
answer for them. Can't remember any more


00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:41.510
about it than that. And I wish I could


00:21:41.520 --> 00:21:43.990
because I the story fascinated me. They


00:21:44.000 --> 00:21:45.990
never called me Fred.


00:21:46.000 --> 00:21:49.190
obviously sold anything


00:21:49.200 --> 00:21:50.789
>> your


00:21:50.799 --> 00:21:52.789
I would think being a best-selling


00:21:52.799 --> 00:21:55.029
author of one or two copies that have


00:21:55.039 --> 00:21:57.430
been sold over the years that I would be


00:21:57.440 --> 00:22:01.029
the go-to guy.


00:22:01.039 --> 00:22:02.470
>> Not the case.


00:22:02.480 --> 00:22:04.310
>> Not the case. Um have we finished


00:22:04.320 --> 00:22:06.789
answering that question?


00:22:06.799 --> 00:22:09.029
>> Yes. Basically, there's a lot going on.


00:22:09.039 --> 00:22:11.669
Um you know, I urge David just to check


00:22:11.679 --> 00:22:13.990
it out on the web. this um quite a lot


00:22:14.000 --> 00:22:16.630
of stuff on on Benu. It's u it's been


00:22:16.640 --> 00:22:18.710
interesting. I've I've I've noticed over


00:22:18.720 --> 00:22:21.190
the last few weeks things popping out


00:22:21.200 --> 00:22:23.270
particularly about the minerals which


00:22:23.280 --> 00:22:25.510
have been water affected which in itself


00:22:25.520 --> 00:22:26.870
tells you something about where it's


00:22:26.880 --> 00:22:28.070
come from somewhere where there was


00:22:28.080 --> 00:22:29.909
liquid water.


00:22:29.919 --> 00:22:31.510
>> That is fascinating.


00:22:31.520 --> 00:22:35.350
>> Yeah. Um and yes uh that um paper was


00:22:35.360 --> 00:22:38.630
published on sciencedaily.com


00:22:38.640 --> 00:22:40.870
uh David if you want to check it out. Um


00:22:40.880 --> 00:22:42.630
and it was published the paper was


00:22:42.640 --> 00:22:46.070
published on the 31st of March. Uh an


00:22:46.080 --> 00:22:47.990
auspicious day in history Fred I must


00:22:48.000 --> 00:22:51.190
say. Yeah. Um yes


00:22:51.200 --> 00:22:53.190
a certain non-successful science fiction


00:22:53.200 --> 00:22:57.669
writer was born on that day.


00:22:57.679 --> 00:22:59.750
>> So yes yesterday was


00:22:59.760 --> 00:23:01.510
>> yesterday our time. Yeah. Yeah.


00:23:01.520 --> 00:23:04.470
>> So that was your 64th. Is that right?


00:23:04.480 --> 00:23:06.789
>> Yes. I can I can uh officially play that


00:23:06.799 --> 00:23:07.830
Beatles song now.


00:23:07.840 --> 00:23:09.590
>> Good on you. I was just about to say


00:23:09.600 --> 00:23:11.909
that.


00:23:11.919 --> 00:23:12.149
>> Yeah,


00:23:12.159 --> 00:23:14.070
>> it's okay.


00:23:14.080 --> 00:23:15.909
>> Good old Paul McCartney. He hit the nail


00:23:15.919 --> 00:23:16.630
on the head.


00:23:16.640 --> 00:23:18.470
>> Yeah, I watched his doco the other day.


00:23:18.480 --> 00:23:20.789
They had they released a doco about him.


00:23:20.799 --> 00:23:23.830
Gosh, it's amazing what I didn't know


00:23:23.840 --> 00:23:25.590
about him.


00:23:25.600 --> 00:23:27.669
>> That's that's come out now. It's um


00:23:27.679 --> 00:23:30.470
yeah, quite incredible. But that's a


00:23:30.480 --> 00:23:32.070
different story. Completely different


00:23:32.080 --> 00:23:35.350
story. But uh yeah, 64. Can't believe


00:23:35.360 --> 00:23:37.669
it. Um, anyway, when I told my


00:23:37.679 --> 00:23:39.270
grandchildren I was 64, they looked at


00:23:39.280 --> 00:23:41.350
me and said, "And you're still alive?"


00:23:41.360 --> 00:23:44.149
No, they didn't.


00:23:44.159 --> 00:23:45.909
I said, "Well, hang on a minute. You


00:23:45.919 --> 00:23:47.510
should meet Fred." No, I didn't say that


00:23:47.520 --> 00:23:49.270
either.


00:23:49.280 --> 00:23:55.430
>> I remember 64 just about.


00:23:55.440 --> 00:23:57.350
>> Oh dear. All right, let's move on. Uh,


00:23:57.360 --> 00:23:59.270
thank you, David. Um, yeah, good news


00:23:59.280 --> 00:24:01.590
about Benu and yeah, they've just


00:24:01.600 --> 00:24:03.909
published that paper on my birthday. Uh,


00:24:03.919 --> 00:24:06.070
our final question, uh, comes from


00:24:06.080 --> 00:24:08.149
Keith. Hello, gentlemen. Oh, well, he


00:24:08.159 --> 00:24:09.750
got that wrong straight away. Uh, this


00:24:09.760 --> 00:24:12.149
is Keith from Washington State, USA.


00:24:12.159 --> 00:24:14.230
This is my first time asking a question.


00:24:14.240 --> 00:24:15.590
We've had a couple of newbies on the


00:24:15.600 --> 00:24:17.750
show today. Uh, looking forward to your


00:24:17.760 --> 00:24:20.070
explanation. From what I understand,


00:24:20.080 --> 00:24:22.630
neutrinos travel vast distances through


00:24:22.640 --> 00:24:26.549
space and even from our own sun. Uh,


00:24:26.559 --> 00:24:28.630
they they pass through our bodies every


00:24:28.640 --> 00:24:31.190
second and easily through the Earth. But


00:24:31.200 --> 00:24:33.830
do they travel straight through a black


00:24:33.840 --> 00:24:36.710
hole or are they captured by it?


00:24:36.720 --> 00:24:38.070
Appreciate you guys and love the


00:24:38.080 --> 00:24:40.549
podcast. Look forward to every episode.


00:24:40.559 --> 00:24:42.310
Thank you, Keith. Hope all is well in


00:24:42.320 --> 00:24:43.830
Washington State. That's on the


00:24:43.840 --> 00:24:45.990
northwest corner of the United States.


00:24:46.000 --> 00:24:48.310
Seattle's in Washington State. I love


00:24:48.320 --> 00:24:50.630
Seattle. Bent went there a year bit over


00:24:50.640 --> 00:24:53.750
or couple of years ago now. Um terrific


00:24:53.760 --> 00:24:56.630
place. Terrific. Uh current Super Bowl


00:24:56.640 --> 00:24:59.990
champions Seahawks.


00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:01.350
I knew you'd be interested in that,


00:25:01.360 --> 00:25:02.310
Fred.


00:25:02.320 --> 00:25:05.909
>> Keep talking cuz I'm just googling this.


00:25:05.919 --> 00:25:08.070
>> I kind of figured I needed to pad, but I


00:25:08.080 --> 00:25:10.789
didn't pad long enough. Yeah. See, I'm


00:25:10.799 --> 00:25:12.070
I'm out of practice.


00:25:12.080 --> 00:25:14.549
>> I'm out of practice. I haven't been on


00:25:14.559 --> 00:25:17.269
radio for two years now, so I don't need


00:25:17.279 --> 00:25:19.909
to add lib like I used to. It used to be


00:25:19.919 --> 00:25:21.029
really funny when something went


00:25:21.039 --> 00:25:22.630
horribly wrong and you knew you had to


00:25:22.640 --> 00:25:25.430
fix it while you were talking. And have


00:25:25.440 --> 00:25:27.110
you ever tried to thread a tape on a


00:25:27.120 --> 00:25:29.909
realtore recorder while you're talking


00:25:29.919 --> 00:25:33.590
to an audience and making sense of what


00:25:33.600 --> 00:25:34.789
you're saying and you don't even know


00:25:34.799 --> 00:25:38.149
what you're Yeah. Gosh, it can be a fun


00:25:38.159 --> 00:25:42.630
moment. I miss those days so much.


00:25:42.640 --> 00:25:44.470
>> Are you Are you good now?


00:25:44.480 --> 00:25:46.870
>> Yes.


00:25:46.880 --> 00:25:49.110
I just I just you've conjured up an


00:25:49.120 --> 00:25:51.110
entirely different picture in my head of


00:25:51.120 --> 00:25:53.350
you threading a realtore recorder which


00:25:53.360 --> 00:25:54.789
I used to remember


00:25:54.799 --> 00:25:56.870
>> doing. The one the one piece of kit that


00:25:56.880 --> 00:25:59.350
I'd like that I don't have is a realtore


00:25:59.360 --> 00:25:59.830
machine.


00:25:59.840 --> 00:26:02.149
>> I can steal one for you. I I know I know


00:26:02.159 --> 00:26:04.789
a guy in town who's got one


00:26:04.799 --> 00:26:06.789
>> and if I took it he wouldn't notice for


00:26:06.799 --> 00:26:07.830
a few years.


00:26:07.840 --> 00:26:11.110
>> No,


00:26:11.120 --> 00:26:12.710
>> tell me more offline.


00:26:12.720 --> 00:26:15.430
>> Yes, I will. Yes. Good morning, Richard.


00:26:15.440 --> 00:26:16.789
Uh, hi Richard.


00:26:16.799 --> 00:26:18.390
>> Um,


00:26:18.400 --> 00:26:20.390
>> yeah, but look, what we're talking about


00:26:20.400 --> 00:26:22.789
radio, I it's changed so much because


00:26:22.799 --> 00:26:25.510
it's all digital now. So, you don't


00:26:25.520 --> 00:26:26.789
really


00:26:26.799 --> 00:26:30.470
>> all those those um what what do you call


00:26:30.480 --> 00:26:31.669
them? Skills


00:26:31.679 --> 00:26:33.590
>> that you developed in radio like like


00:26:33.600 --> 00:26:37.110
like cut splicing tape and and and drop


00:26:37.120 --> 00:26:38.470
editing and


00:26:38.480 --> 00:26:40.950
>> all of those special talents, they're


00:26:40.960 --> 00:26:43.110
gone. They're just gone. If you gave


00:26:43.120 --> 00:26:44.789
someone a a realtore to real tape and


00:26:44.799 --> 00:26:46.870
said, "Here, can you just um edit that


00:26:46.880 --> 00:26:49.190
piece out for me? Here's a razor blade."


00:26:49.200 --> 00:26:53.350
They'd go, "What?


00:26:53.360 --> 00:26:55.510
>> Remember to to make the cut diagonally


00:26:55.520 --> 00:26:57.510
so that it doesn't impair the sound


00:26:57.520 --> 00:26:58.390
quality."


00:26:58.400 --> 00:27:00.549
>> Exactly. Yeah, that's that's how it


00:27:00.559 --> 00:27:01.510
works.


00:27:01.520 --> 00:27:02.070
>> Yeah.


00:27:02.080 --> 00:27:04.630
>> In fact, splicing block the splicing


00:27:04.640 --> 00:27:06.870
block had the had the slots in it so you


00:27:06.880 --> 00:27:09.029
could do the diagonal cut and and it was


00:27:09.039 --> 00:27:11.110
made in a way so that the tape actually


00:27:11.120 --> 00:27:12.390
just


00:27:12.400 --> 00:27:14.950
sat in there without folding up or


00:27:14.960 --> 00:27:17.669
rolling around or slipping was


00:27:17.679 --> 00:27:20.390
brilliantly p made piece of kit as Fred


00:27:20.400 --> 00:27:23.909
would say to to keep the tape still.


00:27:23.919 --> 00:27:26.149
>> I bet look all this all this all these


00:27:26.159 --> 00:27:27.909
memories. Gosh,


00:27:27.919 --> 00:27:30.549
>> I think I've ped enough now, Fred.


00:27:30.559 --> 00:27:32.710
>> Yeah, I'm sure


00:27:32.720 --> 00:27:35.350
>> a tape splicing block. It's how do you


00:27:35.360 --> 00:27:37.830
splice neutrinos? That's the question.


00:27:37.840 --> 00:27:39.669
>> Well, why do they splice or can they


00:27:39.679 --> 00:27:41.669
splice a black hole? That's the That's


00:27:41.679 --> 00:27:43.269
the question.


00:27:43.279 --> 00:27:45.510
>> That's the worst segue I think we've


00:27:45.520 --> 00:27:47.430
ever made, but that will do. It's as


00:27:47.440 --> 00:27:50.230
good as it gets. Adequacy is all we aim


00:27:50.240 --> 00:27:53.269
for. Um, but neutrinos are indeed


00:27:53.279 --> 00:27:55.990
affected by gravity, as you'd expect.


00:27:56.000 --> 00:27:58.389
Um, because they're particles. They're


00:27:58.399 --> 00:28:01.510
subatomic particles. And so once uh a


00:28:01.520 --> 00:28:03.590
neutrino crosses the event horizon, then


00:28:03.600 --> 00:28:05.990
it's doomed. It will be absorbed by the


00:28:06.000 --> 00:28:09.110
black hole just like light basically. um


00:28:09.120 --> 00:28:11.909
they they hardly interact with normal


00:28:11.919 --> 00:28:15.350
matter uh exactly as Keith mentions. Uh


00:28:15.360 --> 00:28:18.389
but they do h feel the force of gravity


00:28:18.399 --> 00:28:22.630
or the the um what base of gravity and


00:28:22.640 --> 00:28:24.630
they just get pulled in in the same way


00:28:24.640 --> 00:28:28.389
as uh as a any other particle. So the


00:28:28.399 --> 00:28:32.710
answer is yes. Um and it's


00:28:32.720 --> 00:28:34.630
you know it's a really interesting


00:28:34.640 --> 00:28:36.470
subatomic particle. We used to think for


00:28:36.480 --> 00:28:39.269
a while that maybe nutrinos made up the


00:28:39.279 --> 00:28:41.350
dark matter of the universe, but it


00:28:41.360 --> 00:28:43.110
turns out from other studies that they


00:28:43.120 --> 00:28:45.510
don't have enough mass to do that. Uh so


00:28:45.520 --> 00:28:47.909
they're not the culprits, but there are


00:28:47.919 --> 00:28:49.430
a lot of them.


00:28:49.440 --> 00:28:52.149
>> I think uh um David mentioned, sorry,


00:28:52.159 --> 00:28:55.590
Keith begg mentioned the um the nutr the


00:28:55.600 --> 00:28:59.269
sun solar neutrinos and for a long time


00:28:59.279 --> 00:29:01.510
that was there was a problem there. I


00:29:01.520 --> 00:29:03.190
think it was that we didn't see enough


00:29:03.200 --> 00:29:07.029
neutrinos coming from the sun to agree


00:29:07.039 --> 00:29:08.710
with theory and that was called the


00:29:08.720 --> 00:29:10.549
solar neutrino problem. I think that was


00:29:10.559 --> 00:29:12.710
the way round it was. But I believe that


00:29:12.720 --> 00:29:16.950
has now been basically solved by both


00:29:16.960 --> 00:29:18.549
observational and theoretical


00:29:18.559 --> 00:29:21.029
astronomers. I should um go down a


00:29:21.039 --> 00:29:22.870
rabbit hole and chase all that because


00:29:22.880 --> 00:29:25.750
um my knowledge of neutrinos is really


00:29:25.760 --> 00:29:28.310
really a little bit sad.


00:29:28.320 --> 00:29:32.789
Uh it's got uh it does have uh the one


00:29:32.799 --> 00:29:35.510
joke that I remember about neutrinos uh


00:29:35.520 --> 00:29:38.310
which is probably not worth relating.


00:29:38.320 --> 00:29:40.710
>> Oh, now you've got to say it.


00:29:40.720 --> 00:29:43.190
Well, it was when there was this idea


00:29:43.200 --> 00:29:45.830
that the Large Hadron Collider had


00:29:45.840 --> 00:29:48.230
generated a neutrino that turned up at a


00:29:48.240 --> 00:29:52.630
detector in Grand Sasso in in um Italy


00:29:52.640 --> 00:29:54.870
uh sooner than it would have done if it


00:29:54.880 --> 00:29:57.110
had not been traveling at less than the


00:29:57.120 --> 00:29:59.350
speed of light. And so it became known


00:29:59.360 --> 00:30:02.389
as the faster than light neutrino. Um in


00:30:02.399 --> 00:30:04.230
the end it was debunked. They found it


00:30:04.240 --> 00:30:07.269
was due to a loose connection in the


00:30:07.279 --> 00:30:09.750
detector. Uh which led to the director


00:30:09.760 --> 00:30:12.389
of Grand Sasso resigning. Actually was


00:30:12.399 --> 00:30:15.190
so ashamed of what his institution had


00:30:15.200 --> 00:30:15.909
done.


00:30:15.919 --> 00:30:17.909
>> I remember that now.


00:30:17.919 --> 00:30:21.669
>> But the joke is uh the joke is I'm sorry


00:30:21.679 --> 00:30:23.590
we don't allow faster than night light


00:30:23.600 --> 00:30:26.470
nutrinos into our bar. A faster than


00:30:26.480 --> 00:30:28.630
light neutrino walked into a bar. That's


00:30:28.640 --> 00:30:31.669
the joke.


00:30:31.679 --> 00:30:33.510
Okay.


00:30:33.520 --> 00:30:35.110
That's pretty good though.


00:30:35.120 --> 00:30:36.710
>> I think it's a good one, too. I wish it


00:30:36.720 --> 00:30:37.909
was mine, but


00:30:37.919 --> 00:30:40.710
>> that is pretty good. Yeah. But what I


00:30:40.720 --> 00:30:42.630
find difficult to get my head around is


00:30:42.640 --> 00:30:44.389
that these things pass through the


00:30:44.399 --> 00:30:45.510
planet. I mean,


00:30:45.520 --> 00:30:47.430
>> yes, they do. Oh, yeah. They don't


00:30:47.440 --> 00:30:49.430
notice the planet at all.


00:30:49.440 --> 00:30:52.070
>> Yeah. But there is a detector. There's


00:30:52.080 --> 00:30:53.669
the ice cube detector down in


00:30:53.679 --> 00:30:56.389
Antarctica. This is a cube of ice. It's


00:30:56.399 --> 00:30:59.350
a 1 kilometer cube of ice which is got


00:30:59.360 --> 00:31:02.710
it's um basically uh not festoned so


00:31:02.720 --> 00:31:05.430
much as impre impregnated with many many


00:31:05.440 --> 00:31:08.230
optical detectors that would sense the


00:31:08.240 --> 00:31:12.470
flash of light. If a neutrino actually


00:31:12.480 --> 00:31:15.430
did collide and interact with a a normal


00:31:15.440 --> 00:31:17.830
particle uh then you'd get a flash of


00:31:17.840 --> 00:31:20.549
light uh which it would be detectable in


00:31:20.559 --> 00:31:21.830
ice cube and I think they've had


00:31:21.840 --> 00:31:24.950
detections as well. Oh, interesting.


00:31:24.960 --> 00:31:27.350
Fascinating even.


00:31:27.360 --> 00:31:29.669
All right. Uh, Keith, I think we covered


00:31:29.679 --> 00:31:32.070
it. Did we cover it?


00:31:32.080 --> 00:31:34.470
>> We Well, we answered the question, but I


00:31:34.480 --> 00:31:35.990
think that was a value added question,


00:31:36.000 --> 00:31:36.389
Keith.


00:31:36.399 --> 00:31:38.070
>> Yes, it was. It's got lots of bonus


00:31:38.080 --> 00:31:40.230
material in there. Probably boring as


00:31:40.240 --> 00:31:43.909
you know, or whatever, an old sock. But,


00:31:43.919 --> 00:31:44.710
uh,


00:31:44.720 --> 00:31:45.430
>> oh dear.


00:31:45.440 --> 00:31:48.070
>> We got there in the end. Uh, thank you,


00:31:48.080 --> 00:31:49.590
Keith. Thank you everybody who sent


00:31:49.600 --> 00:31:51.269
questions in. If you do have questions


00:31:51.279 --> 00:31:53.430
for us, please go to our website and


00:31:53.440 --> 00:31:55.909
send them in on the ask me anything tab


00:31:55.919 --> 00:31:59.509
at the top. Just click a the AMA letters


00:31:59.519 --> 00:32:01.430
and there's an interface there where you


00:32:01.440 --> 00:32:04.310
can send us text and audio questions.


00:32:04.320 --> 00:32:05.669
Please remember to tell us who you are


00:32:05.679 --> 00:32:07.909
and where you're from. And uh we'll do


00:32:07.919 --> 00:32:11.110
our very best to answer them all. Uh and


00:32:11.120 --> 00:32:13.430
again, we we're just yeah, we're on the


00:32:13.440 --> 00:32:14.710
cusp of not quite having enough


00:32:14.720 --> 00:32:16.149
questions. Got a lot of text questions,


00:32:16.159 --> 00:32:18.070
but audio questions are few and far


00:32:18.080 --> 00:32:19.990
between for some reason.


00:32:20.000 --> 00:32:22.789
But um who knows uh get them into us.


00:32:22.799 --> 00:32:24.870
We'd love to hear from you. We love all


00:32:24.880 --> 00:32:26.710
these uh voices, all the different


00:32:26.720 --> 00:32:28.389
people from around the world. It's it's


00:32:28.399 --> 00:32:31.029
fantastic. Uh and thank you Fred as


00:32:31.039 --> 00:32:34.070
always. It's been a great pleasure.


00:32:34.080 --> 00:32:36.310
>> It has indeed. And good to talk to you


00:32:36.320 --> 00:32:38.149
uh this week and hopefully we'll do it


00:32:38.159 --> 00:32:39.509
again next week.


00:32:39.519 --> 00:32:41.269
>> Yes indeed. And I'll get back to you on


00:32:41.279 --> 00:32:45.190
that free realtore tape recorder. Fred.


00:32:45.200 --> 00:32:47.590
>> Yeah. Nudge nudge wink wink. uh,


00:32:47.600 --> 00:32:49.350
Professor Fred Watson, astronomer at


00:32:49.360 --> 00:32:51.669
large, part of the team here, uh, on the


00:32:51.679 --> 00:32:53.750
Space Nuts podcast. And, uh, thanks to


00:32:53.760 --> 00:32:56.230
Hugh in the studio, who couldn't be with


00:32:56.240 --> 00:32:58.149
us today. He's a bit slow. He's an old


00:32:58.159 --> 00:33:02.470
Trino. And, um, yeah, he can't even get


00:33:02.480 --> 00:33:05.350
through a door. And from me, Andrew


00:33:05.360 --> 00:33:07.430
Dunley, thanks for your company. We'll


00:33:07.440 --> 00:33:10.070
see see you on the next episode of Space


00:33:10.080 --> 00:33:11.750
Nuts. Bye-bye.


00:33:11.760 --> 00:33:12.789
>> Space Nuts.


00:33:12.799 --> 00:33:14.870
>> You've been listening to the Space Nuts


00:33:14.880 --> 00:33:17.110
podcast. radio


00:33:17.120 --> 00:33:20.070
>> available at Apple Podcasts, Spotify,


00:33:20.080 --> 00:33:22.710
iHeart Radio, or your favorite podcast


00:33:22.720 --> 00:33:25.190
player. You can also stream on demand at


00:33:25.200 --> 00:33:28.070
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00:33:28.080 --> 00:33:32.519
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