Big Bang Theories & Andromeda Collisions: #500 - Your Questions Answered in Our Milestone...

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Language: en

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hello again thanks for joining us and


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welcome this is Believe It or Not


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episode 500 of Space Nuts can you


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believe it and what have we got in store


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for you today absolutely nothing we


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didn't have time to organize energy um


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but uh we will be answering audience


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questions it's a Q&A episode uh we have


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got a few remarks that have come in


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always scared of remarks but anyway


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we'll deal with that uh we've got a


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question about Big Bang Theory we've got


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a another question about the collision


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with Andromeda cold


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welding I I I've never tried it but uh


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I'm willing to give it a go and a


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question from Mike who's asking all of


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us about our favorite upcoming missions


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that'll be fun it's all coming up on


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this episode 500 of Space Nuts 15


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seconds guidance is internal 10 9


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ignition sequence


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Space Nuts 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1


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Space Nuts as night report it feels good


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and joining us for this auspicious


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occasion or it's just another episode


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whichever way you want to look at it is


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uh jonty Horner professor of


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astrophysics at the University of


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Southern Queensland hello JY good


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evening how you going good thank you and


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Professor Fred Watson astronomer at


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large back in the chair hello hello


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Andrew and uh uh nice to be back is the


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answer lagged hell


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obviously it's all right it'll come back


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to you you had plenty of time to forget


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how we do this but it'll come back


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wouldn't proper who am I again yeah yes


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it reminds ah now who was it Graham


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Garden who was with the goodies remember


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yes I do he was on another TV Sho show


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once and they they were um uh I can't


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remember what the circum stances are but


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they were all doing pickup pickup lines


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at nursing


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homes and gra of garden went


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hello who am


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I it was um it was the radio show it was


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I'm sorry I haven't a clue that's what


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it was which isul oh brilliant stuff


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brilliant stuff you could probably dig


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that stuff up on YouTube or somewhere


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these days oh very funny very funny


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radio uh now I want to start off with um


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not not so much a question but a comment


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uh I've been at an academic conference


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this is more of a comment than a


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question yes yes hi guys I'm Michael


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from Glasgow Scotland thanks for your


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great show that was the comment no


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thanks for your great show which I've


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been listening to for several years now


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here's my thoughts on a subject much


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discussed we know that words are


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powerful that powerful equals energy and


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that energy equals matter my theory is


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that dark matter is the mass equivalent


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of all the bad one liners dead jokes and


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awful puns that Andrew has collected and


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shared over the years dark energy is


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simply the rest of the universe trying


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to get


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away before he delivers the punch lines


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should I collect a Nobel Prize or a coat


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on my way out uh wishing you and your


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nearest and dearest the best for um well


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the festive season see how long it's


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taken me to get to this one and for 2025


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Michael thanks Michael great comment I


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appreciate it and just watch my boot on


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your way out


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think abut good one it allows me to seg


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go into a fabulous British author who is


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dearly missed in the form of Terry pret


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so Terry pratchet who when he was kned


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forged his own sword out of star metal


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which is kind of awesome and pret was an


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incredible author and incredible


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Visionary but he came up with this very


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similar concept there's a bit in guards


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guards which is I think the eighth of


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the dis World Books where the librarian


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of the Unseen University who is an


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orangutan for various reasons is trying


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to go back to figure out who sell a book


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and there's this beautiful paragraph


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about how collections of books and colle


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collections of knowledge distort space


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and time and perhap it says you know the


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relevant equation is knowledge equals


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power equals energy equals matter equals


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mass a good Bookshop is just a gentile


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black hole that knows how to read


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M this start space into poly fractal l


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space in which everywhere is also


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everywhere


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else and basically goes on to allow the


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librarian to travel back through the


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hidden shelves of Els space to work out


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who had committed the heinous act of


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stealing a book which is clearly a crime


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far more important than murder or


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anything else that the watch she's


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dealing with at the time fabulous books


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but he often had science inflected humor


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in there and yeah it's lovely to be able


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to reminisce and think back to him than


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to what's a fabulous comment I think he


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also um invented uh my wife Salter


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ego granny OG yes because manie OG is


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the person to whom I'm married and she's


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a she's a step


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granny oh I've actually got sat on my


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desk here um the first real disc world


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bestas book that has been come out other


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than for Terry praet which is put


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together by his daughter Rihanna which


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is Tiffany Akins guide to being a witch


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and yeah granny Weatherwax and Nanny o


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feature prominently in the beautiful


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cover art there so yeah


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good okay getting commission for


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that so well you might uh so uh to our


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first question uh is there any


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conclusive evidence that the Big Bang


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did not occur in an already existing


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Universe I love your show and never miss


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an episode keep up the good work Joe


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from Washington so is there any


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conclusive evidence that the Big Bang


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did not occur in an already existing


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Universe challenging I've got you on


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record as saying when I've asked the


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question what was there before the Big


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Bang and you said nothing well you


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answered it but your answer was


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nothing well just I'm I'm gonna throw


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this one direct to to jonty and see what


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he says in answer to it um my answer is


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we don't know uh the the our best theory


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for the way the universe works is


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general relativity and general


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relativity says that time started with


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the big bang uh and so there wasn't a


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universe there before but that theory is


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challenged by people who think they


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might be a Multiverse and by quantum


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mechanics who think that you've got to


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have time before the Big Bang for


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quantum mechanics to work and so it's


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all a bit messy but there's there's no


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evidence in fact really there's no


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evidence on either


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way well we're a bit back to more


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proatate aren't we in the beginning


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there was nothing which exploded that's


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right yeah um the hard part for this and


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again I'm not a cosmologist I think our


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wonderful colleagues down the hill at


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the University of Queensland would be


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well placed to also fail to answer this


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question but they' fail it from a


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position of much more knowledge than I


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have but I take on this is


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that space and time are inherently of


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the universe so when people ask me a


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question that's related to this which is


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what's outside the universe or what's


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before the universe in the framework


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that our cosmological friends have come


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up with those questions are meaningless


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because you can't be outside the


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universe because to be outside you need


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to be in some way that is spal so you're


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actually still in the


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universe the idea is that if everything


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in the universe when you rewind time


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back ends up in exactly the same place


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but that place is everywhere all at once


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then


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having that been something that is


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already an existing Universe outside


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that falls into that same philosophical


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problem it's where I think cosmology and


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philosophy blur together because if the


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Big Bang creates space and time then the


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concept of outside the Big Bang is the


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same as before the Big Bang and it


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becomes meaningless it's like a divide


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by zero error what that probably means


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is I don't understand the theories as


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well as I should do but it also probably


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means that our theories are not yet at


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the final evolution of them because


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there are questions we still can't


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answer and this is something we see with


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kind of the iterative nature of science


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is that you get a theory that explains


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everything you can observe and


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everything you can ask that does a


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really good job for a really long time


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until you get better at studying the


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universe and you start to find the


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cracks and I think this is one of the


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questions that's illustrating cracks


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that we haven't explained yet so we can


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give you our best imagination of what it


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could be but the reality is as Fred says


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we just don't know and that's why people


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are doing the research you know if we


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knew knew the answer already it wouldn't


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be researched and it wouldn't be worth


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doing yeah we've had questions about


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this many many times over the years and


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uh even people with their own theories


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uh you know could the Big Bang be the


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result of uh a previous Universe


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collapsing in on itself so the ganab


00:09:21.440 --> 00:09:24.310
Gibb creates a big bang that one's been


00:09:24.320 --> 00:09:28.750
tossed at us and a few other thoughts um


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look yeah the I don't know answer sits


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pretty well with me at the moment


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because how could we possibly figure it


00:09:35.160 --> 00:09:38.470
out that's that's another question that


00:09:38.480 --> 00:09:39.990
that hurts my head as well because I


00:09:40.000 --> 00:09:42.389
occasionally come back to this we know


00:09:42.399 --> 00:09:43.910
an incredible amount about the universe


00:09:43.920 --> 00:09:45.870
and we've worked a whole heap out with a


00:09:45.880 --> 00:09:48.310
couple of kilos of mushy goo mushy


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carbon it's amazing what you can work


00:09:50.560 --> 00:09:53.150
out but there's still more to learn and


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that's a good thing because otherwise we


00:09:54.519 --> 00:09:58.509
wouldn't be employed yeah that's it a


00:09:58.519 --> 00:10:00.269
very good point come to think of it I'm


00:10:00.279 --> 00:10:04.389
not employed by anyone for


00:10:04.399 --> 00:10:07.190
anything yes so the the cracks are


00:10:07.200 --> 00:10:09.870
interesting I mean and and perhaps um


00:10:09.880 --> 00:10:13.230
it's just worth highlighting what led to


00:10:13.240 --> 00:10:15.630
the idea of multiverses in the first


00:10:15.640 --> 00:10:19.630
place um which uh one is the fact that


00:10:19.640 --> 00:10:22.030
um it's the an what's it called I can't


00:10:22.040 --> 00:10:23.949
remember the word I'm jet likeed anyway


00:10:23.959 --> 00:10:26.389
and the the the fact that we seem to


00:10:26.399 --> 00:10:28.389
have a universe that's fine-tuned for


00:10:28.399 --> 00:10:31.269
life to exist the anthropic that's so I


00:10:31.279 --> 00:10:32.910
thought it was anthropic but my brain


00:10:32.920 --> 00:10:34.430
said no it's something else anyway


00:10:34.440 --> 00:10:37.590
that's all right um and you know that


00:10:37.600 --> 00:10:40.350
that's what led uh people like Martin


00:10:40.360 --> 00:10:42.670
Ree who I think coined the term


00:10:42.680 --> 00:10:45.389
Multiverse uh to um and the astronomer


00:10:45.399 --> 00:10:48.750
Royal uh to to postulate that maybe


00:10:48.760 --> 00:10:50.230
there are other universes out there that


00:10:50.240 --> 00:10:52.550
are not fine tune for life to exist and


00:10:52.560 --> 00:10:55.069
the one we live in happen to be the the


00:10:55.079 --> 00:10:58.269
only one that that has that is um and


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the other thing that intrigues people is


00:11:00.800 --> 00:11:02.670
you know the four fundamental forces of


00:11:02.680 --> 00:11:05.069
nature the weak and strong nuclear


00:11:05.079 --> 00:11:07.750
forces the electromagnetic force and


00:11:07.760 --> 00:11:11.230
gravity uh gravity is hundreds of


00:11:11.240 --> 00:11:14.230
billions of billions of time weaker


00:11:14.240 --> 00:11:16.590
times weaker than the others any of the


00:11:16.600 --> 00:11:20.069
others um and so some of suggested that


00:11:20.079 --> 00:11:23.350
maybe gravity leaks out into whatever


00:11:23.360 --> 00:11:26.870
the void is between our universe and


00:11:26.880 --> 00:11:28.750
next door's Universe which I think


00:11:28.760 --> 00:11:31.750
cosmology just called the bulk um I've


00:11:31.760 --> 00:11:33.269
Got a Feeling Doctor Who called it the


00:11:33.279 --> 00:11:35.190
void is that right I can't remember


00:11:35.200 --> 00:11:37.509
anyway it's the space between universes


00:11:37.519 --> 00:11:40.030
which must exist in a higher Dimension


00:11:40.040 --> 00:11:41.910
and we don't know about high Dimensions


00:11:41.920 --> 00:11:43.949
yet but if we did find out about higher


00:11:43.959 --> 00:11:45.509
dimensions then we might start thinking


00:11:45.519 --> 00:11:49.590
of answers to this exact question I you


00:11:49.600 --> 00:11:51.509
never know one day maybe somebody will


00:11:51.519 --> 00:11:53.790
make a breakthrough and we'll know


00:11:53.800 --> 00:11:55.190
exactly what happened but I'm not


00:11:55.200 --> 00:11:56.750
holding my


00:11:56.760 --> 00:11:59.710
bread okay thanks Joe great question as


00:11:59.720 --> 00:12:03.829
always um yeah it's it's one of the more


00:12:03.839 --> 00:12:05.829
regular questions we get on Space Nuts


00:12:05.839 --> 00:12:08.550
about the Big Bang uh it's right up


00:12:08.560 --> 00:12:11.110
there with dark energy and black holes


00:12:11.120 --> 00:12:14.629
uh and dark matter uh question two with


00:12:14.639 --> 00:12:16.910
the Collision of Andromeda and the Milky


00:12:16.920 --> 00:12:19.509
Way uh some 4 and a half billion years


00:12:19.519 --> 00:12:22.310
from now it's in my diary uh how close


00:12:22.320 --> 00:12:24.550
to each other will it take the two


00:12:24.560 --> 00:12:26.910
galaxies to start affecting one one


00:12:26.920 --> 00:12:29.829
another and to add to that will solar


00:12:29.839 --> 00:12:33.110
systems likely Collide or is there so


00:12:33.120 --> 00:12:35.910
much space between everything that uh


00:12:35.920 --> 00:12:37.949
that part won't happen thanks guys Dan


00:12:37.959 --> 00:12:39.910
from the Gold Coast in Australia up in


00:12:39.920 --> 00:12:44.670
Queensland not far from you jonty um I


00:12:44.680 --> 00:12:47.310
yeah this is a good one uh I think we've


00:12:47.320 --> 00:12:49.790
talked about the slow motion effect


00:12:49.800 --> 00:12:54.550
that's going to be the Collision um but


00:12:54.560 --> 00:12:57.150
yeah are they are they going to affect


00:12:57.160 --> 00:12:58.790
each other before it happens or are they


00:12:58.800 --> 00:13:01.150
maybe affecting each other already


00:13:01.160 --> 00:13:03.750
exactly absolutely yeah and it it's a


00:13:03.760 --> 00:13:06.269
matter of how big an effect you want the


00:13:06.279 --> 00:13:09.470
effect to be before you recognize it if


00:13:09.480 --> 00:13:10.990
you think the diameter of the Milky Way


00:13:11.000 --> 00:13:13.430
is usually scoped has been about 100,000


00:13:13.440 --> 00:13:16.230
light years so that means something that


00:13:16.240 --> 00:13:17.870
is on the edge of our galaxy that is


00:13:17.880 --> 00:13:20.629
nearest to Andromeda is about 50,000


00:13:20.639 --> 00:13:21.990
light years from the middle of the Milky


00:13:22.000 --> 00:13:25.590
Way and about 200 about 2.5 million


00:13:25.600 --> 00:13:28.269
light years from Andromeda roughly so


00:13:28.279 --> 00:13:30.030
Andromeda is a lot lot further away but


00:13:30.040 --> 00:13:32.509
Andromeda is a bit more massive what


00:13:32.519 --> 00:13:34.790
that means is that Andromeda is exerting


00:13:34.800 --> 00:13:36.949
a force on those stars in the Milky Way


00:13:36.959 --> 00:13:38.710
but it's exerting a differential Force


00:13:38.720 --> 00:13:41.269
across the Milky Way so the stars at one


00:13:41.279 --> 00:13:42.750
side of the Milky Way feel Andromeda


00:13:42.760 --> 00:13:44.750
pulling more strongly on us than the


00:13:44.760 --> 00:13:47.550
other so that means that there will in a


00:13:47.560 --> 00:13:50.150
very realistic sense be a tidal effect


00:13:50.160 --> 00:13:52.749
on our galaxy caused by Andromeda at the


00:13:52.759 --> 00:13:55.269
distance aw that it is now now whether


00:13:55.279 --> 00:13:57.389
we've actually detected that yet or not


00:13:57.399 --> 00:13:59.189
is another matter because we've got a


00:13:59.199 --> 00:14:00.790
lot of weird stuff going on with our


00:14:00.800 --> 00:14:03.189
galaxy it's got other galaxies


00:14:03.199 --> 00:14:04.990
interfering with it as well like the


00:14:05.000 --> 00:14:08.150
many satellite galaxies we've got so I


00:14:08.160 --> 00:14:09.389
think the answer is that they will


00:14:09.399 --> 00:14:10.910
already be interfering with each other


00:14:10.920 --> 00:14:12.749
they'll already be affecting each other


00:14:12.759 --> 00:14:14.509
but it's likely that the scale of that


00:14:14.519 --> 00:14:16.550
at the minute is too small for us to


00:14:16.560 --> 00:14:19.069
readily detect but it doesn't mean that


00:14:19.079 --> 00:14:20.749
it isn't happening I guess much the same


00:14:20.759 --> 00:14:23.629
way as instantaneously the gravitational


00:14:23.639 --> 00:14:25.749
pull of the moon is affecting you but


00:14:25.759 --> 00:14:27.189
you don't ever notice it because it's


00:14:27.199 --> 00:14:29.670
such a small effect as they closer


00:14:29.680 --> 00:14:31.189
together that becomes a bigger and


00:14:31.199 --> 00:14:34.749
bigger effect and they will start to


00:14:34.759 --> 00:14:36.550
noticeably distort each other before


00:14:36.560 --> 00:14:38.269
they're physically in contact so if you


00:14:38.279 --> 00:14:40.590
were on the outside looking at the diss


00:14:40.600 --> 00:14:42.030
there are stars from our galaxies


00:14:42.040 --> 00:14:43.870
further out than the disc there just not


00:14:43.880 --> 00:14:45.910
many of them so you don't see them but


00:14:45.920 --> 00:14:47.710
they will start distorting and affecting


00:14:47.720 --> 00:14:49.230
each other long before they are


00:14:49.240 --> 00:14:51.550
physically coming into contact but then


00:14:51.560 --> 00:14:53.829
when they do everything in them is so


00:14:53.839 --> 00:14:55.670
spread out and space is so big that it


00:14:55.680 --> 00:14:57.230
isn't like planets will collide with


00:14:57.240 --> 00:14:59.430
planets and stars with stars I think I


00:14:59.440 --> 00:15:01.150
saw someone worked out statistics at


00:15:01.160 --> 00:15:03.150
some point that said if one star from


00:15:03.160 --> 00:15:04.790
Andromeda collides with one star in the


00:15:04.800 --> 00:15:07.590
Milky Way that would be unusual and our


00:15:07.600 --> 00:15:09.949
Galaxy's got 400,000 million stars and


00:15:09.959 --> 00:15:11.949
ROM's got about a thousand thousand


00:15:11.959 --> 00:15:14.590
million stars but space is just so big


00:15:14.600 --> 00:15:16.350
that they'll pass through each other


00:15:16.360 --> 00:15:19.030
without physical collisions the gas and


00:15:19.040 --> 00:15:21.110
dust will collide we'll get a starburst


00:15:21.120 --> 00:15:23.829
event so loads of new stars will form it


00:15:23.839 --> 00:15:26.189
will be interesting times but the Earth


00:15:26.199 --> 00:15:28.509
is unlikely to be hit by an andromedan


00:15:28.519 --> 00:15:29.990
earth


00:15:30.000 --> 00:15:32.670
ah all right yeah it was an interesting


00:15:32.680 --> 00:15:34.470
thought but uh if the stars are going to


00:15:34.480 --> 00:15:36.590
miss each other then the solar systems


00:15:36.600 --> 00:15:39.350
are not going to collide either are they


00:15:39.360 --> 00:15:42.550
yeah and that'll just and I think you


00:15:42.560 --> 00:15:44.710
did describe it as a sort of a slow


00:15:44.720 --> 00:15:47.430
motion ballet type of an event


00:15:47.440 --> 00:15:50.590
for that's right because they the two


00:15:50.600 --> 00:15:52.309
objects kind of spiral around one


00:15:52.319 --> 00:15:54.990
another be before they merge to become


00:15:55.000 --> 00:15:59.670
mil coma Mila Mila yeah um and then


00:15:59.680 --> 00:16:01.269
everything gets very boring a bit after


00:16:01.279 --> 00:16:04.030
that star event gets rid of all the gas


00:16:04.040 --> 00:16:05.749
and dust and the Galaxy just grad ends


00:16:05.759 --> 00:16:08.430
up as a pretty amorphous blob of Doom


00:16:08.440 --> 00:16:10.550
yeah dead C the sky will be very


00:16:10.560 --> 00:16:13.110
different though w't it will eventually


00:16:13.120 --> 00:16:14.790
um it'll start off being a lot more


00:16:14.800 --> 00:16:17.030
dramatic and RDA will get quite big in


00:16:17.040 --> 00:16:19.150
the sky then the Milky Way will get


00:16:19.160 --> 00:16:20.949
noticeably distorted but noticeably


00:16:20.959 --> 00:16:23.350
brighter with all the star formation but


00:16:23.360 --> 00:16:25.430
then when it all dies down you'll just


00:16:25.440 --> 00:16:26.910
end up with instead of the Milky Way


00:16:26.920 --> 00:16:29.309
kind of a morphous Blobby you know half


00:16:29.319 --> 00:16:30.790
of the sky as a big blood because our


00:16:30.800 --> 00:16:33.030
galaxy will end up as a big spherical


00:16:33.040 --> 00:16:35.670
Galaxy with very little star formation


00:16:35.680 --> 00:16:38.030
like Messier 87's the archetypal


00:16:38.040 --> 00:16:41.670
elliptical galaxy um and that is


00:16:41.680 --> 00:16:43.710
essentially Galactic cian so that's when


00:16:43.720 --> 00:16:45.309
the Milky Way goes off into a nursing


00:16:45.319 --> 00:16:47.069
home complaining about how things as


00:16:47.079 --> 00:16:49.870
good as they used to be well yeah and it


00:16:49.880 --> 00:16:52.350
also goes with the theory that beauty


00:16:52.360 --> 00:16:55.749
Fades with age so no that's probably


00:16:55.759 --> 00:16:58.110
where it's coming speak for yourself


00:16:58.120 --> 00:17:00.710
Andrew


00:17:00.720 --> 00:17:04.110
Freddy is an exception rule uh okay


00:17:04.120 --> 00:17:06.909
thank you Dan I hope we um adequately


00:17:06.919 --> 00:17:08.710
answered your question this is Space


00:17:08.720 --> 00:17:10.669
Nuts Andrew Dunley here with Professor


00:17:10.679 --> 00:17:16.630
Fred Watson and Professor jonty


00:17:16.640 --> 00:17:20.270
Horner Space Nuts next question on


00:17:20.280 --> 00:17:23.189
episode 500 comes from Sha he's in


00:17:23.199 --> 00:17:26.549
Oliver British Columbia Canada uh I just


00:17:26.559 --> 00:17:28.990
became aware of the concept of cold


00:17:29.000 --> 00:17:31.350
welding where the same kinds of metal


00:17:31.360 --> 00:17:33.950
Fus together in the vacuum of space I'm


00:17:33.960 --> 00:17:36.549
hoping you can talk a bit about that it


00:17:36.559 --> 00:17:38.909
seems to me that it is a critical


00:17:38.919 --> 00:17:41.710
process in Planet formation I'm and I'm


00:17:41.720 --> 00:17:45.590
wondering uh if the role this wondering


00:17:45.600 --> 00:17:47.470
about the role this may play after a


00:17:47.480 --> 00:17:49.990
star explodes and all these newly formed


00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:52.510
elements Clump together love the show


00:17:52.520 --> 00:17:54.909
Miss Fred and jonty is a great addition


00:17:54.919 --> 00:17:56.510
to the team well you're lucky Sean


00:17:56.520 --> 00:18:00.630
because they're both here


00:18:00.640 --> 00:18:02.909
um so cold welding have you heard that


00:18:02.919 --> 00:18:05.750
term before either of you I have yeah it


00:18:05.760 --> 00:18:07.990
it's an interesting one I me it's I've


00:18:08.000 --> 00:18:09.990
seen little video clips to do with this


00:18:10.000 --> 00:18:11.950
and it is to do with blocks of metal so


00:18:11.960 --> 00:18:13.549
my understanding and Fred can correct me


00:18:13.559 --> 00:18:15.390
when I'm wrong and I think it is a when


00:18:15.400 --> 00:18:17.710
rather than an if in this case but my


00:18:17.720 --> 00:18:18.990
understanding is it's with lumps of


00:18:19.000 --> 00:18:21.470
metal in particular so lumps of water


00:18:21.480 --> 00:18:24.789
ice w c well to the same degree you'll


00:18:24.799 --> 00:18:26.390
get some degree of stickiness between


00:18:26.400 --> 00:18:28.830
them but with lumps of metal this thing


00:18:28.840 --> 00:18:31.230
can have such a strong effect that you


00:18:31.240 --> 00:18:33.870
don't even see a joint there is that


00:18:33.880 --> 00:18:35.070
degree


00:18:35.080 --> 00:18:37.710
of glomeration of sticking together and


00:18:37.720 --> 00:18:40.549
it's to do with how Metals behave and


00:18:40.559 --> 00:18:42.750
how free the electrons are to


00:18:42.760 --> 00:18:44.909
move which is part of what allows a


00:18:44.919 --> 00:18:47.470
metal to be incredibly conductive it


00:18:47.480 --> 00:18:49.549
means that metals can essentially stick


00:18:49.559 --> 00:18:51.430
together incredibly strongly because of


00:18:51.440 --> 00:18:53.310
the electrons moving freely between them


00:18:53.320 --> 00:18:54.990
that's kind of my loose understanding of


00:18:55.000 --> 00:18:58.230
it now why that is too critical for


00:18:58.240 --> 00:19:00.470
planet for is metals are only a small


00:19:00.480 --> 00:19:03.549
part of that so if you got two lumps of


00:19:03.559 --> 00:19:05.710
metal come together very very gently


00:19:05.720 --> 00:19:08.350
they would kind of cold well together um


00:19:08.360 --> 00:19:09.789
but they won kind of be tending to


00:19:09.799 --> 00:19:11.350
bounce off each other unless they have


00:19:11.360 --> 00:19:13.549
something causing them to stick so if


00:19:13.559 --> 00:19:14.990
they hooked together a bit this could


00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:17.149
help them agglomerate into a single


00:19:17.159 --> 00:19:19.950
piece but I don't think it would help


00:19:19.960 --> 00:19:22.430
the much bigger scale solid material


00:19:22.440 --> 00:19:24.190
stuff that's going on to do with dust


00:19:24.200 --> 00:19:27.390
grains and isers so I don't think cold


00:19:27.400 --> 00:19:29.230
welding works if if you're in a


00:19:29.240 --> 00:19:30.669
situation where you don't have that


00:19:30.679 --> 00:19:32.230
mobility of the electrons where you


00:19:32.240 --> 00:19:34.669
don't have that conductivity essentially


00:19:34.679 --> 00:19:36.789
so that's why I don't think it it seems


00:19:36.799 --> 00:19:38.310
to be a critical process in Planet


00:19:38.320 --> 00:19:40.310
formation but I suspect it will have


00:19:40.320 --> 00:19:42.909
happened at times in Planet formation


00:19:42.919 --> 00:19:45.909
and since for example if you got and


00:19:45.919 --> 00:19:48.789
this is quite an an extended series of


00:19:48.799 --> 00:19:51.029
events that will cause this but you get


00:19:51.039 --> 00:19:53.750
asteroids that form that become large


00:19:53.760 --> 00:19:55.990
enough to differentiate so they get hot


00:19:56.000 --> 00:19:58.750
in their interior the metal sinks the


00:19:58.760 --> 00:20:00.149
rocky to flots like we've got on the


00:20:00.159 --> 00:20:01.470
earth so you get a core and a mantle and


00:20:01.480 --> 00:20:04.110
a crust then you smash them apart that's


00:20:04.120 --> 00:20:05.470
how you get the different types of


00:20:05.480 --> 00:20:07.070
meteorites we get that have been


00:20:07.080 --> 00:20:09.230
processed so you get the evolved


00:20:09.240 --> 00:20:11.110
material you get the Stoney meteorites


00:20:11.120 --> 00:20:13.070
the Stoney ions which come from the


00:20:13.080 --> 00:20:15.070
manle core interface and then you get


00:20:15.080 --> 00:20:17.470
the metal meteorites and the biggest


00:20:17.480 --> 00:20:19.470
object like that is possibly psychic


00:20:19.480 --> 00:20:20.870
that we know about which is a mission


00:20:20.880 --> 00:20:23.630
going to at the minute if you did that


00:20:23.640 --> 00:20:25.990
and then you shattered that enormous


00:20:26.000 --> 00:20:28.630
metaloid psych but you shattered it


00:20:28.640 --> 00:20:30.750
fairly gently so the bits still came and


00:20:30.760 --> 00:20:32.149
buttered against each other they could


00:20:32.159 --> 00:20:34.549
then cold weld back together which gives


00:20:34.559 --> 00:20:36.149
you almost this image of the kind of


00:20:36.159 --> 00:20:37.990
Terminator style asteroid that you


00:20:38.000 --> 00:20:40.470
cannot destroy and that's the kind of


00:20:40.480 --> 00:20:41.830
scenario where I could see this


00:20:41.840 --> 00:20:44.029
happening but in general I think it


00:20:44.039 --> 00:20:46.669
would be a very Niche area that wouldn't


00:20:46.679 --> 00:20:48.390
happen often in Planet formation so


00:20:48.400 --> 00:20:49.590
wouldn't be that critical I don't know


00:20:49.600 --> 00:20:51.750
Fred if you want to add to that or if


00:20:51.760 --> 00:20:53.950
you have additional thoughts to do with


00:20:53.960 --> 00:20:57.789
it um no you've absolutely nailed it um


00:20:57.799 --> 00:21:00.110
jonty the only thing I was going to add


00:21:00.120 --> 00:21:00.950
is


00:21:00.960 --> 00:21:03.710
that uh the certainly in the process of


00:21:03.720 --> 00:21:04.990
Planet building it's going to be hot


00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:08.310
welding it's basically just metal chunks


00:21:08.320 --> 00:21:10.990
of metal fusing together um if that you


00:21:11.000 --> 00:21:14.750
know if you uh fusing together because


00:21:14.760 --> 00:21:17.310
they're mixed up with the dusty and and


00:21:17.320 --> 00:21:21.029
silicate stuff and the IES it's it's and


00:21:21.039 --> 00:21:23.990
so those collisions actually heat the


00:21:24.000 --> 00:21:26.590
material uh if they're are metallic


00:21:26.600 --> 00:21:28.830
components they will fuse but it'll be


00:21:28.840 --> 00:21:30.630
mixed up with all that other stuff until


00:21:30.640 --> 00:21:32.909
as exactly as jonty says it it


00:21:32.919 --> 00:21:34.789
differentiates and all the metal sinks


00:21:34.799 --> 00:21:38.070
to the middle uh and gives you a solid


00:21:38.080 --> 00:21:41.029
core if it cools down and maybe I think


00:21:41.039 --> 00:21:43.470
your analysis of what happens after that


00:21:43.480 --> 00:21:45.669
is right as well that if you get


00:21:45.679 --> 00:21:48.710
something smashing into uh into a a


00:21:48.720 --> 00:21:51.190
Proto a protoplanet or more likely a


00:21:51.200 --> 00:21:54.830
plantis or the smaller stage uh then you


00:21:54.840 --> 00:21:58.630
might get lumps of metal literally on on


00:21:58.640 --> 00:22:00.549
contaminated metal if I can put it that


00:22:00.559 --> 00:22:04.029
way that could that could call fuse um I


00:22:04.039 --> 00:22:06.630
think it's not an important process uh


00:22:06.640 --> 00:22:08.990
in the whole scenario of Planet


00:22:09.000 --> 00:22:12.149
formation bu yeah where it is important


00:22:12.159 --> 00:22:13.909
though I think is space flight and it's


00:22:13.919 --> 00:22:15.909
important as something you want to avoid


00:22:15.919 --> 00:22:18.750
now you know this is why you would paint


00:22:18.760 --> 00:22:20.669
your metal surfaces I mean if you think


00:22:20.679 --> 00:22:22.390
about the arm that used to come out of


00:22:22.400 --> 00:22:24.710
the space rutle to grab onto things when


00:22:24.720 --> 00:22:26.549
that folds up you don't want it welding


00:22:26.559 --> 00:22:28.830
itself solid so it can't move anymore


00:22:28.840 --> 00:22:30.149
and I guess that's probably the reason


00:22:30.159 --> 00:22:32.310
you paint all those things so it's


00:22:32.320 --> 00:22:34.110
something people have to be very aware


00:22:34.120 --> 00:22:36.510
of with spacecraft design in vacuum of


00:22:36.520 --> 00:22:40.350
space so his second part of the question


00:22:40.360 --> 00:22:42.750
about exploding Stars Supernova what you


00:22:42.760 --> 00:22:44.230
going to call it creating all those


00:22:44.240 --> 00:22:47.070
elements uh those elements could Clump


00:22:47.080 --> 00:22:50.909
together but as you say not a critical


00:22:50.919 --> 00:22:53.110
process in formation yeah I I think this


00:22:53.120 --> 00:22:54.549
will be a very small and minor thing I


00:22:54.559 --> 00:22:55.789
wouldn't rule it out happening


00:22:55.799 --> 00:22:57.470
occasionally particularly when you get


00:22:57.480 --> 00:23:00.269
to the size scales that you're no longer


00:23:00.279 --> 00:23:01.830
thinking of individual molecules but


00:23:01.840 --> 00:23:04.110
you're thinking lumps of stuff but when


00:23:04.120 --> 00:23:06.029
you're not big enough for the lumps of


00:23:06.039 --> 00:23:07.549
stuff to become molten when they hit


00:23:07.559 --> 00:23:10.590
each other and when those lumps of stuff


00:23:10.600 --> 00:23:12.390
hit each other very gently so they just


00:23:12.400 --> 00:23:15.110
Nestle up together and you know if you


00:23:15.120 --> 00:23:17.070
can have two bits of metal that Nestle


00:23:17.080 --> 00:23:18.669
up against one another then this will


00:23:18.679 --> 00:23:20.750
happen but that's going to be a very


00:23:20.760 --> 00:23:22.549
minor part of the process if it's


00:23:22.559 --> 00:23:25.669
significant at all okay very good thanks


00:23:25.679 --> 00:23:27.549
Sean great to hear from you hope all is


00:23:27.559 --> 00:23:31.230
well in British


00:23:31.240 --> 00:23:37.590
Columbia 3 2 1 Space Nuts we've got time


00:23:37.600 --> 00:23:40.110
for one more question it's an audio


00:23:40.120 --> 00:23:42.430
question and it's sort of um an


00:23:42.440 --> 00:23:45.070
open-ended question which will become


00:23:45.080 --> 00:23:47.669
self-explanatory uh comes from Mike Fred


00:23:47.679 --> 00:23:49.950
and Andrew hi it's Mike cupit here from


00:23:49.960 --> 00:23:52.510
the northwest of England in the UK and I


00:23:52.520 --> 00:23:54.390
have a little bit of a wishy-washy


00:23:54.400 --> 00:23:58.070
question for you if I made now you guys


00:23:58.080 --> 00:24:01.110
always confirm that space exploration is


00:24:01.120 --> 00:24:03.269
slow you can't start a mission and


00:24:03.279 --> 00:24:05.269
expect it to yield results after a week


00:24:05.279 --> 00:24:07.149
or two everything you do seems to take


00:24:07.159 --> 00:24:10.230
years however there seems to be an awful


00:24:10.240 --> 00:24:12.350
lot going on at the moment uh just off


00:24:12.360 --> 00:24:13.710
the top of my head without even


00:24:13.720 --> 00:24:15.990
scratching the surface and we're trying


00:24:16.000 --> 00:24:17.789
to work out what's going on with dark


00:24:17.799 --> 00:24:19.630
matter and dark energy and what it


00:24:19.640 --> 00:24:21.789
actually is and what's causing it we're


00:24:21.799 --> 00:24:23.430
talking about saying on the permanent


00:24:23.440 --> 00:24:25.870
Moon Bas we're talking about Manet on


00:24:25.880 --> 00:24:28.389
Mars we're talking about research for


00:24:28.399 --> 00:24:30.389
sort of extraterrestrial life within our


00:24:30.399 --> 00:24:32.669
solar system and further a field it's


00:24:32.679 --> 00:24:34.830
just absolutely


00:24:34.840 --> 00:24:37.590
mindblowing now my question for both of


00:24:37.600 --> 00:24:41.430
you if that's okay um if you had to pick


00:24:41.440 --> 00:24:44.149
one field of research or one mission


00:24:44.159 --> 00:24:46.630
that gets you more excited than anything


00:24:46.640 --> 00:24:49.350
else your the fa your favorite thing


00:24:49.360 --> 00:24:51.549
that is going on at the moment what


00:24:51.559 --> 00:24:54.710
would it be what do you hope it yields


00:24:54.720 --> 00:24:58.750
in the next sort of 10 or 15 years um


00:24:58.760 --> 00:25:00.110
what do you think the results are going


00:25:00.120 --> 00:25:02.950
to be um a lot of what you guys say


00:25:02.960 --> 00:25:05.190
absolutely astonishes me just absolutely


00:25:05.200 --> 00:25:07.070
bold my mind and I'm sure I'm not the


00:25:07.080 --> 00:25:09.950
only one but I just really want to know


00:25:09.960 --> 00:25:11.789
what blows your mind what gets you


00:25:11.799 --> 00:25:14.230
excited and thank you very much for the


00:25:14.240 --> 00:25:15.870
show I don't think I've ever missed a


00:25:15.880 --> 00:25:17.430
single episode I think you've been


00:25:17.440 --> 00:25:19.190
absolutely brilliant I hope it never


00:25:19.200 --> 00:25:21.669
stops um thank you very much for your


00:25:21.679 --> 00:25:25.029
work and uh yeah keep it up thank you


00:25:25.039 --> 00:25:27.630
Mike um love that question and I love


00:25:27.640 --> 00:25:29.310
these open-ended ones where they throw


00:25:29.320 --> 00:25:31.669
it back at us and Mike it's your lucky


00:25:31.679 --> 00:25:35.789
day because uh we've got um two people


00:25:35.799 --> 00:25:38.389
here that can um shed a bit of light on


00:25:38.399 --> 00:25:40.029
what they think is their favorite


00:25:40.039 --> 00:25:42.750
upcoming Mission um can I go first just


00:25:42.760 --> 00:25:44.750
so we can get the lame stuff out of the


00:25:44.760 --> 00:25:48.549
way um I actually wrote down three


00:25:48.559 --> 00:25:51.630
things that excite me uh


00:25:51.640 --> 00:25:55.870
obviously emus 2 that that to me sort of


00:25:55.880 --> 00:25:57.510
takes me back to my childhood watching


00:25:57.520 --> 00:25:59.110
the Apollo mission


00:25:59.120 --> 00:26:01.950
and so I'm really excited about that uh


00:26:01.960 --> 00:26:03.950
I'm very this is not so much a mission


00:26:03.960 --> 00:26:05.190
as something that I'm really looking


00:26:05.200 --> 00:26:07.789
forward to that you and I have well all


00:26:07.799 --> 00:26:10.510
of us have spoken about uh in previous


00:26:10.520 --> 00:26:13.630
episodes and that's the um uh the the


00:26:13.640 --> 00:26:15.870
commissioning of the Vera rubben


00:26:15.880 --> 00:26:18.750
telescope but my favorite which we've


00:26:18.760 --> 00:26:20.710
already talked about in the last episode


00:26:20.720 --> 00:26:22.789
or two this is the one I'm really


00:26:22.799 --> 00:26:26.310
excited about is the Europa Clipper


00:26:26.320 --> 00:26:28.110
Mission I think we've already mentioned


00:26:28.120 --> 00:26:31.590
it today um I'm excited about that


00:26:31.600 --> 00:26:34.230
because of the potential the the the


00:26:34.240 --> 00:26:38.590
possibility they may be able to confirm


00:26:38.600 --> 00:26:40.870
the existence of Life on an ice moon in


00:26:40.880 --> 00:26:44.669
our solar system I hope they can that's


00:26:44.679 --> 00:26:47.310
that's my big hope Mike that that this


00:26:47.320 --> 00:26:50.789
Mission will uh without doubt be able to


00:26:50.799 --> 00:26:52.950
nail down the fact that we are not alone


00:26:52.960 --> 00:26:54.710
in the universe we might be sharing it


00:26:54.720 --> 00:26:57.070
with a couple of germs on an icy planet


00:26:57.080 --> 00:26:59.430
or an icy body


00:26:59.440 --> 00:27:04.190
or or maybe Krill I don't know um but it


00:27:04.200 --> 00:27:06.350
the fact that we have been discovering


00:27:06.360 --> 00:27:09.990
more and more um bodies in our solar


00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:13.070
system that have oceans is extraordinary


00:27:13.080 --> 00:27:15.190
and we spoke about one in the last


00:27:15.200 --> 00:27:19.630
episode Kalisto and now we're going out


00:27:19.640 --> 00:27:22.710
there to see what we can find that that


00:27:22.720 --> 00:27:26.669
really gets me ramped up I I can't wait


00:27:26.679 --> 00:27:29.149
to see how this goes I'm really really


00:27:29.159 --> 00:27:31.590
hopeful that um they will be able to go


00:27:31.600 --> 00:27:35.750
yep we found a frog and um it'll be


00:27:35.760 --> 00:27:38.750
Ribbit yes it's will make a lot of noise


00:27:38.760 --> 00:27:41.830
about that so that that's the one for me


00:27:41.840 --> 00:27:44.070
Mike that is the one for


00:27:44.080 --> 00:27:48.190
R and um oh you said it I can't remember


00:27:48.200 --> 00:27:51.110
that the European Space Agency Miss was


00:27:51.120 --> 00:27:53.909
we to doy moons Explorer which is one


00:27:53.919 --> 00:27:55.750
I'm watching with interest because I was


00:27:55.760 --> 00:27:58.389
at one of the first little meetings when


00:27:58.399 --> 00:28:00.669
that was being planned back in 2004 just


00:28:00.679 --> 00:28:03.590
after I started my first ever post stock


00:28:03.600 --> 00:28:05.950
and I ended up needing to borrow €1 from


00:28:05.960 --> 00:28:08.230
a really senior scientist to get a taxi


00:28:08.240 --> 00:28:10.149
because the cash point wouldn't give me


00:28:10.159 --> 00:28:11.509
money or something like that so it was


00:28:11.519 --> 00:28:13.750
an interesting experience for me


00:28:13.760 --> 00:28:18.029
excellent all right um so that's mine


00:28:18.039 --> 00:28:21.310
um Johny what what do you I've got a


00:28:21.320 --> 00:28:22.470
couple I mean it's worth mentioning


00:28:22.480 --> 00:28:23.830
juice because of that personal


00:28:23.840 --> 00:28:25.669
connection to it even though it's a very


00:28:25.679 --> 00:28:27.789
brief personal connection the fact that


00:28:27.799 --> 00:28:29.710
20 one years after I was at that meeting


00:28:29.720 --> 00:28:31.070
the thing is still on its way and hasn't


00:28:31.080 --> 00:28:33.230
got there yet tells you how long these


00:28:33.240 --> 00:28:34.669
things take and what a big part of


00:28:34.679 --> 00:28:37.389
people's lives they are the two that I


00:28:37.399 --> 00:28:39.509
wanted to flag up I talk a lot about ver


00:28:39.519 --> 00:28:40.990
Rubin we talk a lot about things like


00:28:41.000 --> 00:28:42.870
the Rosal in Franklin Lander going to


00:28:42.880 --> 00:28:45.750
Mars the iy moons explorers both of them


00:28:45.760 --> 00:28:47.310
going out to Jupiter but the two that


00:28:47.320 --> 00:28:50.350
catch my eye are um the comet


00:28:50.360 --> 00:28:52.549
Interceptor Mission so you know my first


00:28:52.559 --> 00:28:54.230
love has always been comets and meteors


00:28:54.240 --> 00:28:57.310
and this is a mission that was proposed


00:28:57.320 --> 00:28:58.909
in the aftermath of the interstellar


00:28:58.919 --> 00:29:01.789
objects we saw came through so Mau and


00:29:01.799 --> 00:29:04.149
borisov um team of researchers put


00:29:04.159 --> 00:29:05.669
together a very basic thing saying


00:29:05.679 --> 00:29:07.789
wouldn't it be awesome if we had a


00:29:07.799 --> 00:29:11.110
spacecraft sat in a holding orbit ready


00:29:11.120 --> 00:29:12.750
to go when we find a comic that's


00:29:12.760 --> 00:29:15.870
interesting to actually go visit it now


00:29:15.880 --> 00:29:17.190
in the past we've been to comets and


00:29:17.200 --> 00:29:18.389
we've been to the ones that we could


00:29:18.399 --> 00:29:20.830
predict coming so we knew in advance we


00:29:20.840 --> 00:29:22.230
could trundle off there and catch them


00:29:22.240 --> 00:29:23.509
because we had plenty of warning and


00:29:23.519 --> 00:29:24.950
that means we've seen comets that are


00:29:24.960 --> 00:29:27.389
old comets that are evolved that have


00:29:27.399 --> 00:29:30.310
had a lot going on and in reality


00:29:30.320 --> 00:29:32.110
probably comets that have their origins


00:29:32.120 --> 00:29:33.669
in the edge with coper belt Beyond


00:29:33.679 --> 00:29:35.830
Neptune we've never really been able to


00:29:35.840 --> 00:29:37.669
visit an all Cloud Comet a comet coming


00:29:37.679 --> 00:29:40.269
in for the first time or an Interstellar


00:29:40.279 --> 00:29:43.990
object and so this mission was devised


00:29:44.000 --> 00:29:45.350
which is hopefully going to launch in


00:29:45.360 --> 00:29:48.029
2029 possibly on the same spaceship as


00:29:48.039 --> 00:29:51.110
Ariel which is a planet characterization


00:29:51.120 --> 00:29:52.590
mission that Europe putting together


00:29:52.600 --> 00:29:54.710
that is also going to be awesome and


00:29:54.720 --> 00:29:56.190
then it's going to hang out there in


00:29:56.200 --> 00:29:58.630
space perap there and until the right


00:29:58.640 --> 00:30:01.190
object is discovered now thanks of ver


00:30:01.200 --> 00:30:02.950
Rubin we'll get much more notice of the


00:30:02.960 --> 00:30:04.190
right object we'll probably find


00:30:04.200 --> 00:30:06.190
intersell objects by the Dozen rather


00:30:06.200 --> 00:30:08.710
than just two that we've ever had and


00:30:08.720 --> 00:30:11.269
this thing will be there ready to go so


00:30:11.279 --> 00:30:12.830
even when it's launched we won't know


00:30:12.840 --> 00:30:15.230
where it's going and then we'll sit and


00:30:15.240 --> 00:30:16.750
we'll wait and the right thing will be


00:30:16.760 --> 00:30:18.269
discovered and then it will jet off to


00:30:18.279 --> 00:30:20.870
intercept it and I think that's just a


00:30:20.880 --> 00:30:22.789
fabulous step forward in technology the


00:30:22.799 --> 00:30:26.310
other one is the dragonfly Mission which


00:30:26.320 --> 00:30:28.029
is scheduled to launch in a few years


00:30:28.039 --> 00:30:30.149
time will'll probably get to Saturn in


00:30:30.159 --> 00:30:31.149
the mid


00:30:31.159 --> 00:30:33.830
2030s and it's destined to go to Titan


00:30:33.840 --> 00:30:36.310
now Titan's the only other object in the


00:30:36.320 --> 00:30:37.870
solar system than the earth that


00:30:37.880 --> 00:30:39.870
experiences rain and weather in that


00:30:39.880 --> 00:30:42.190
sense um so it probably feels very much


00:30:42.200 --> 00:30:44.029
like um the previous caller from the


00:30:44.039 --> 00:30:45.590
northwest of England like their


00:30:45.600 --> 00:30:47.269
day-to-day life to be honest it's gray


00:30:47.279 --> 00:30:48.789
and overcast and there's a lot of stuff


00:30:48.799 --> 00:30:51.350
falling from the sky Titans a really


00:30:51.360 --> 00:30:54.190
bizarre players so on Titan you've got


00:30:54.200 --> 00:30:56.590
the water ice is harder than granite so


00:30:56.600 --> 00:30:59.190
the rocks are made from water ice but


00:30:59.200 --> 00:31:00.669
you've got rivers and oceans and


00:31:00.679 --> 00:31:02.389
rainfall made of liquid methane and


00:31:02.399 --> 00:31:04.789
liquid Ethan and it's a fascinating


00:31:04.799 --> 00:31:06.350
world and the only time we've ever


00:31:06.360 --> 00:31:09.269
touched its surface was the hyan Lander


00:31:09.279 --> 00:31:10.990
which landed with a little penetrometer


00:31:11.000 --> 00:31:13.350
Spike on the bottom confused colleagues


00:31:13.360 --> 00:31:15.110
of mine who were at the O University who


00:31:15.120 --> 00:31:16.509
were the first to handle the data


00:31:16.519 --> 00:31:18.509
because they run all these drop tests of


00:31:18.519 --> 00:31:20.110
different materials that the surface of


00:31:20.120 --> 00:31:21.590
Titan could resemble and none of them


00:31:21.600 --> 00:31:23.350
worked and then they thought to try


00:31:23.360 --> 00:31:25.590
Creme Brule and that's what it was


00:31:25.600 --> 00:31:27.350
because it's got a firm crisp top and


00:31:27.360 --> 00:31:30.149
then a soggy bottom essentially that's


00:31:30.159 --> 00:31:31.549
the only time we've ever spent there and


00:31:31.559 --> 00:31:33.310
that was a very brief fleeing touch on


00:31:33.320 --> 00:31:34.830
the surface whereas dragonfly is going


00:31:34.840 --> 00:31:37.149
to be something comparable in size to a


00:31:37.159 --> 00:31:40.789
golf cart that is a quadcopter but with


00:31:40.799 --> 00:31:43.350
eight rots instead so I think that makes


00:31:43.360 --> 00:31:45.590
it an Octor copter which sounds like


00:31:45.600 --> 00:31:47.230
something out of a bad sci-fi movie you


00:31:47.240 --> 00:31:49.750
know helicopter with tentacles and it's


00:31:49.760 --> 00:31:52.029
going to fly around it'll have this huge


00:31:52.039 --> 00:31:54.950
radioisotope generator and during the


00:31:54.960 --> 00:31:57.430
day it will fly around take observations


00:31:57.440 --> 00:32:00.710
visit places check out what's happening


00:32:00.720 --> 00:32:02.389
search for things like the possible


00:32:02.399 --> 00:32:04.509
evidence of life in this totally alien


00:32:04.519 --> 00:32:06.909
Place send back weather reports saying


00:32:06.919 --> 00:32:08.230
you've got I've gone to another world


00:32:08.240 --> 00:32:10.269
and it's reigning here as well you know


00:32:10.279 --> 00:32:12.950
welcome to Manchester and then at night


00:32:12.960 --> 00:32:15.149
it will land and it will recharge and


00:32:15.159 --> 00:32:17.029
the nights on Titan take seven Earth


00:32:17.039 --> 00:32:19.070
days to complete recharge from the radio


00:32:19.080 --> 00:32:21.230
isop generator and then we're ready to


00:32:21.240 --> 00:32:24.310
go the next day so for however long this


00:32:24.320 --> 00:32:26.750
Mission lasts we're going to be getting


00:32:26.760 --> 00:32:28.549
live weather reports from another planet


00:32:28.559 --> 00:32:29.950
and we're getting live images from a


00:32:29.960 --> 00:32:33.110
place we've never really visited before


00:32:33.120 --> 00:32:35.070
exploring it's going to be absolutely


00:32:35.080 --> 00:32:37.269
breathtaking and the technology


00:32:37.279 --> 00:32:38.789
challenge of this is Bonkers because


00:32:38.799 --> 00:32:39.990
this environment where you're going to


00:32:40.000 --> 00:32:40.870
build a


00:32:40.880 --> 00:32:43.190
quadcopter that will have so many moving


00:32:43.200 --> 00:32:46.629
Parts it can fly is 180 degrees below


00:32:46.639 --> 00:32:49.430
freezing so you talk about cold welding


00:32:49.440 --> 00:32:50.870
those kind of things are a problem a lot


00:32:50.880 --> 00:32:53.230
of the materials we use on Earth won't


00:32:53.240 --> 00:32:55.509
work they'll be too brittle so there's


00:32:55.519 --> 00:32:57.190
huge technological challenges for this


00:32:57.200 --> 00:32:59.029
but it's in devel velopment I think it's


00:32:59.039 --> 00:33:00.509
currently scheduled to launch in two or


00:33:00.519 --> 00:33:03.029
three years time from now we'll have a


00:33:03.039 --> 00:33:04.870
nice toasty seven-year cruise to get


00:33:04.880 --> 00:33:06.870
there and then we'll fly fly back and


00:33:06.880 --> 00:33:08.110
you'll be able to get a live weather


00:33:08.120 --> 00:33:10.190
report from Titan another world on which


00:33:10.200 --> 00:33:12.470
it RS so I'm very excited about that


00:33:12.480 --> 00:33:14.509
that's amazing yeah that sounds really


00:33:14.519 --> 00:33:19.509
exciting uh Fred what's your favorite


00:33:19.519 --> 00:33:22.029
or upcoming mission that tickles your


00:33:22.039 --> 00:33:25.590
fancy okay two things


00:33:25.600 --> 00:33:28.509
uh isn't it interesting we can't on well


00:33:28.519 --> 00:33:31.230
no we can't no um well they're both


00:33:31.240 --> 00:33:33.789
close to my heart actually uh for


00:33:33.799 --> 00:33:36.750
different reasons so one's got its feet


00:33:36.760 --> 00:33:40.070
firmly on the ground um costs uh much


00:33:40.080 --> 00:33:43.230
less than a space mission one six of the


00:33:43.240 --> 00:33:45.590
cost of the James web Space Telescope


00:33:45.600 --> 00:33:48.029
but many many times bigger and that's


00:33:48.039 --> 00:33:51.629
the elt which is taking shape on Sarah


00:33:51.639 --> 00:33:54.310
amazones in Northern Chile and the way


00:33:54.320 --> 00:33:56.070
they're progressing with it is just


00:33:56.080 --> 00:33:58.789
astonishing it's um looking like a


00:33:58.799 --> 00:34:01.110
finished telescope now it hasn't got its


00:34:01.120 --> 00:34:05.110
uh 798 mirror segments yet uh but it


00:34:05.120 --> 00:34:08.230
will have so the the uh elt the


00:34:08.240 --> 00:34:10.669
extremely large telescope the European


00:34:10.679 --> 00:34:12.430
Southern observatories Flagship


00:34:12.440 --> 00:34:15.470
instrument which we still expect to come


00:34:15.480 --> 00:34:17.829
on stream in


00:34:17.839 --> 00:34:21.589
2028 uh and that will be you know a date


00:34:21.599 --> 00:34:23.550
to look out for and we'll cover it in


00:34:23.560 --> 00:34:25.750
space notes jont T you have 10 I was


00:34:25.760 --> 00:34:27.030
just going to flag up with that the


00:34:27.040 --> 00:34:28.790
numbers with that truly Bon so we're in


00:34:28.800 --> 00:34:30.990
Australia where we've got the biggest


00:34:31.000 --> 00:34:32.669
telescope in Australia is the Ang


00:34:32.679 --> 00:34:34.990
Australian telescope which has a primary


00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:39.510
mirror of 3.9 M diameter the E El's


00:34:39.520 --> 00:34:42.270
mirror will be 39 M in diameter so the


00:34:42.280 --> 00:34:44.149
primary of this telescope is 10 times


00:34:44.159 --> 00:34:46.389
the diameter so that's 100 times the


00:34:46.399 --> 00:34:48.909
collecting area the secondary mirror of


00:34:48.919 --> 00:34:50.990
this telescope is bigger than the mirror


00:34:51.000 --> 00:34:53.190
on the angle Australian telescope the


00:34:53.200 --> 00:34:56.550
tertiary mirror is still 3.9 M so the


00:34:56.560 --> 00:34:58.670
third mirror on this is nearly as big as


00:34:58.680 --> 00:35:00.270
the biggest mirror on the biggest


00:35:00.280 --> 00:35:02.349
telescope in Australia just to put into


00:35:02.359 --> 00:35:04.510
perspective how big it is so yeah


00:35:04.520 --> 00:35:07.390
actually the um the thing that blows my


00:35:07.400 --> 00:35:10.470
mind because um of course I was the


00:35:10.480 --> 00:35:12.390
astronomer in charge of that telescope


00:35:12.400 --> 00:35:14.510
so I know I know it's enclosure very


00:35:14.520 --> 00:35:17.270
well but the mirror diameter of the elt


00:35:17.280 --> 00:35:19.270
is 3 MERS bigger than the diameter of


00:35:19.280 --> 00:35:21.030
the Dome of the Anglo Australian


00:35:21.040 --> 00:35:24.870
telescope and it is a very generous Dome


00:35:24.880 --> 00:35:26.630
oh it is it's one one of the biggest


00:35:26.640 --> 00:35:28.750
domes in the world anyway looking at


00:35:28.760 --> 00:35:30.710
photos at the moment of the progress of


00:35:30.720 --> 00:35:32.190
the


00:35:32.200 --> 00:35:35.069
construction stunning it's an amazing to


00:35:35.079 --> 00:35:36.750
quote you Fred it's an amazing piece of


00:35:36.760 --> 00:35:38.230
kid


00:35:38.240 --> 00:35:40.430
yes the fact that having walked around


00:35:40.440 --> 00:35:42.030
that catwalk on the edge of the


00:35:42.040 --> 00:35:44.270
observatory yeah I'm thinking that that


00:35:44.280 --> 00:35:46.349
catwalk is smaller than the mirror is


00:35:46.359 --> 00:35:48.510
going to be in


00:35:48.520 --> 00:35:51.589
the it's mindblowing isn't it so yes so


00:35:51.599 --> 00:35:55.870
that's to come 2028 we'll see first


00:35:55.880 --> 00:35:57.790
light it might happen before that with a


00:35:57.800 --> 00:36:00.109
fewer number of segments of the mirror


00:36:00.119 --> 00:36:02.270
uh but um looking forward to that


00:36:02.280 --> 00:36:04.150
because it will pretty well


00:36:04.160 --> 00:36:07.349
revolutionize all aspects of astronomy


00:36:07.359 --> 00:36:09.910
uh it um it's going to you know it's got


00:36:09.920 --> 00:36:12.470
the whole the whole um textbook of


00:36:12.480 --> 00:36:16.069
astronomy uh to to basically rewrite and


00:36:16.079 --> 00:36:18.030
I'm sure it will something a little bit


00:36:18.040 --> 00:36:21.670
more sorry time with ver Ruben because


00:36:21.680 --> 00:36:23.270
Vera Rubin will find stuff and then the


00:36:23.280 --> 00:36:27.710
El will understand it soip Synergy there


00:36:27.720 --> 00:36:29.710
correct and that highlights what I was


00:36:29.720 --> 00:36:31.790
about to say that you need what you


00:36:31.800 --> 00:36:35.550
really need is a survey telescope to to


00:36:35.560 --> 00:36:37.710
find the really exciting objects and


00:36:37.720 --> 00:36:40.030
that was the symbiosis between United


00:36:40.040 --> 00:36:41.630
Kingdom telescope which is what


00:36:41.640 --> 00:36:43.109
brought me to Australia in the first


00:36:43.119 --> 00:36:45.270
place and the Ang Australian telescope


00:36:45.280 --> 00:36:46.870
they work perfectly well together one


00:36:46.880 --> 00:36:49.069
with a wide angle camera and the other


00:36:49.079 --> 00:36:52.109
with the capability of homing in on the


00:36:52.119 --> 00:36:53.950
details of the objects that were being


00:36:53.960 --> 00:36:56.630
discovered and it's the wide angle


00:36:56.640 --> 00:37:00.870
aspect that excites me with my final


00:37:00.880 --> 00:37:03.790
mission that's uh that I think is going


00:37:03.800 --> 00:37:06.910
to be very important and what is


00:37:06.920 --> 00:37:10.150
brilliant is that that launches in three


00:37:10.160 --> 00:37:11.030
days


00:37:11.040 --> 00:37:15.030
time it's a spacecraft called sphere x


00:37:15.040 --> 00:37:17.670
uh and sphere X is an acronym as you


00:37:17.680 --> 00:37:19.550
might guess it's short for Spectra


00:37:19.560 --> 00:37:21.190
photometer for the history of the


00:37:21.200 --> 00:37:24.230
universe Epoch of re reionization an


00:37:24.240 --> 00:37:27.630
Isis Explorer it's a bit convoluted


00:37:27.640 --> 00:37:29.270
uh but that's what it is it's a


00:37:29.280 --> 00:37:31.390
relatively small telescope it will go


00:37:31.400 --> 00:37:33.950
into orbit uh but what it will do


00:37:33.960 --> 00:37:35.670
because it's a basically a wide angle


00:37:35.680 --> 00:37:37.910
telescope in the infrared it's like a


00:37:37.920 --> 00:37:40.750
wide-angle James web telescope uh it


00:37:40.760 --> 00:37:44.190
will take images of a billion galaxies a


00:37:44.200 --> 00:37:47.710
100 million stars and 10,000 asteroids


00:37:47.720 --> 00:37:51.950
and that uh is uh in order to look at


00:37:51.960 --> 00:37:54.230
the the three particular aspects that


00:37:54.240 --> 00:37:57.190
this spacecraft is being launched for uh


00:37:57.200 --> 00:38:01.230
one is um the the the COS the cosmology


00:38:01.240 --> 00:38:02.990
questions the the you know the big


00:38:03.000 --> 00:38:05.589
questions how did the universe begin in


00:38:05.599 --> 00:38:09.230
particular was the epoch of inflation


00:38:09.240 --> 00:38:10.870
that's that time of gazillion of a


00:38:10.880 --> 00:38:13.270
second after the big bang when it became


00:38:13.280 --> 00:38:16.309
10 to the 50th times bigger than it was


00:38:16.319 --> 00:38:19.510
the gazillionth of a second ago uh was


00:38:19.520 --> 00:38:21.990
that real we we have every reason to


00:38:22.000 --> 00:38:23.589
believe it was because it's the only way


00:38:23.599 --> 00:38:26.349
we can make the theories work but this e


00:38:26.359 --> 00:38:28.270
this spacecraft will


00:38:28.280 --> 00:38:29.990
measure the geometry of the universe in


00:38:30.000 --> 00:38:31.710
such a way that we will get insights


00:38:31.720 --> 00:38:34.150
into that process the inflation process


00:38:34.160 --> 00:38:35.710
it will also look in detail at the


00:38:35.720 --> 00:38:37.589
evolution of galaxies the way they


00:38:37.599 --> 00:38:39.589
string out along the filaments of the


00:38:39.599 --> 00:38:42.430
cosmic web uh but coming closer to home


00:38:42.440 --> 00:38:47.309
it will be looking for IES for um


00:38:47.319 --> 00:38:50.790
um carbon containing organic molecules


00:38:50.800 --> 00:38:54.030
all of that stuff uh which is really


00:38:54.040 --> 00:38:56.309
designed to look again at the question


00:38:56.319 --> 00:38:58.870
that we all have on our lips at this at


00:38:58.880 --> 00:39:00.750
the mo at the moment and I have done


00:39:00.760 --> 00:39:03.230
probably for the last 400 years are we


00:39:03.240 --> 00:39:05.550
alone are there other living organisms


00:39:05.560 --> 00:39:07.150
because we'll see the building blocks of


00:39:07.160 --> 00:39:09.950
life in detail and see where they are


00:39:09.960 --> 00:39:11.870
not only in our own Galaxy but probably


00:39:11.880 --> 00:39:14.430
in galaxies Beyond so this Friday


00:39:14.440 --> 00:39:16.589
spherex launches and we might have some


00:39:16.599 --> 00:39:20.349
answers before well before 2026 how's


00:39:20.359 --> 00:39:22.230
that yeah very exciting very exciting


00:39:22.240 --> 00:39:24.510
and best of all spherex gets off the


00:39:24.520 --> 00:39:28.510
ground a day before SpaceX so that's


00:39:28.520 --> 00:39:30.710
andk goodness for


00:39:30.720 --> 00:39:35.870
that yes um that brings us to the end of


00:39:35.880 --> 00:39:38.870
episode 500 look we had big plans for a


00:39:38.880 --> 00:39:42.150
very exciting special guest uh but here


00:39:42.160 --> 00:39:45.430
in the studio said no so what can you do


00:39:45.440 --> 00:39:49.470
but um uh I I all jokes aside though uh


00:39:49.480 --> 00:39:51.990
I want to say special thanks to our


00:39:52.000 --> 00:39:54.630
sponsors uh who have been on board with


00:39:54.640 --> 00:39:57.390
us some of them for years uh I


00:39:57.400 --> 00:39:58.710
especially want to thank the audience


00:39:58.720 --> 00:40:02.270
for for backing us up for for so long uh


00:40:02.280 --> 00:40:04.390
Fred you know as well as I do when we


00:40:04.400 --> 00:40:06.309
started we didn't think we' last a few


00:40:06.319 --> 00:40:08.670
weeks we really didn't believe that it


00:40:08.680 --> 00:40:11.230
would um take off and and we've been


00:40:11.240 --> 00:40:14.510
enjoying a very long ride at the crest


00:40:14.520 --> 00:40:18.109
of a a couple of waves on the um various


00:40:18.119 --> 00:40:20.630
platforms out there that that are um are


00:40:20.640 --> 00:40:25.030
well known uh sometimes um number one or


00:40:25.040 --> 00:40:27.390
number two on the iTunes science list so


00:40:27.400 --> 00:40:29.670
you we we we couldn't be more thrilled


00:40:29.680 --> 00:40:31.790
with that kind of success and that's


00:40:31.800 --> 00:40:33.950
because of uh of you the people who


00:40:33.960 --> 00:40:36.550
download us week in week out despite


00:40:36.560 --> 00:40:40.950
Apple updates uh and um I give him a


00:40:40.960 --> 00:40:45.069
hard time but um Hugh uh jury who is the


00:40:45.079 --> 00:40:48.390
brains and and the brawn behind uh not


00:40:48.400 --> 00:40:50.870
only the this podcast but several others


00:40:50.880 --> 00:40:53.190
in the stable that um you'll find on


00:40:53.200 --> 00:40:57.309
bites.com uh Hugh's a tius worker and uh


00:40:57.319 --> 00:40:59.790
I often get emails from him from you


00:40:59.800 --> 00:41:02.030
know 1:00 in the morning because he's


00:41:02.040 --> 00:41:04.069
he's he's sitting in on a conference or


00:41:04.079 --> 00:41:06.309
he's or he's learning something or he's


00:41:06.319 --> 00:41:08.870
he's putting the final touches on a show


00:41:08.880 --> 00:41:11.470
uh he does a fabulous job and um I did


00:41:11.480 --> 00:41:12.990
say once before I'd never say anything


00:41:13.000 --> 00:41:15.630
nice about him again but he deserves it


00:41:15.640 --> 00:41:19.030
he works so hard but it could not be


00:41:19.040 --> 00:41:21.990
done without the likes of of jonty


00:41:22.000 --> 00:41:24.870
Horner and Professor Fred Watson thank


00:41:24.880 --> 00:41:26.710
you both I'm glad we could all be


00:41:26.720 --> 00:41:30.829
together for episode 500 me too um I I


00:41:30.839 --> 00:41:33.870
you know I am in awe of what you do and


00:41:33.880 --> 00:41:36.670
I I it's such a thrill for me to be able


00:41:36.680 --> 00:41:40.710
to team up with you guys um every week


00:41:40.720 --> 00:41:42.829
and and talk about this stuff that has


00:41:42.839 --> 00:41:44.990
just got people around the world


00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:47.630
thinking wondering and and coming up


00:41:47.640 --> 00:41:50.910
with ideas that they throw at us about


00:41:50.920 --> 00:41:53.550
you know could this be the answer to


00:41:53.560 --> 00:41:56.230
Black to dark matter or dark energy or


00:41:56.240 --> 00:41:59.790
black holes or or whatever um and


00:41:59.800 --> 00:42:01.790
getting emails from people saying we've


00:42:01.800 --> 00:42:03.950
published this paper because we listen


00:42:03.960 --> 00:42:06.390
to your podcast but that happened while


00:42:06.400 --> 00:42:07.990
you're away Fred but I sent you the


00:42:08.000 --> 00:42:11.829
email I mean that just you know that is


00:42:11.839 --> 00:42:13.790
probably one of the greatest


00:42:13.800 --> 00:42:16.349
Thrills that I could experience that we


00:42:16.359 --> 00:42:19.030
have inspired people like that so I'm so


00:42:19.040 --> 00:42:21.870
so happy to be a part of it and um you


00:42:21.880 --> 00:42:25.670
know um 500 down how many many more to


00:42:25.680 --> 00:42:27.270
come I hope thank you thank you thank


00:42:27.280 --> 00:42:29.230
you so much gentlemen appreciate very


00:42:29.240 --> 00:42:31.349
much and thanks to you Andrew the the


00:42:31.359 --> 00:42:33.030
man with the silken voice that keeps


00:42:33.040 --> 00:42:36.270
this whole thing running and um uh has


00:42:36.280 --> 00:42:38.589
the world's probably the universe's


00:42:38.599 --> 00:42:40.990
worst dad jokes thrown in for


00:42:41.000 --> 00:42:44.670
nothing yes without them they they'd be


00:42:44.680 --> 00:42:47.549
nothing Well Done Andrew and thank you


00:42:47.559 --> 00:42:49.910
again gry it's been a pleasure and


00:42:49.920 --> 00:42:51.670
congratulations both it's a great


00:42:51.680 --> 00:42:53.750
achievement thank you JY and thank you


00:42:53.760 --> 00:42:55.630
for uh filling in for these last several


00:42:55.640 --> 00:42:57.349
weeks and we look forward to getting


00:42:57.359 --> 00:42:59.390
back on again real soon appreciate it


00:42:59.400 --> 00:43:01.589
sounds good thank you Professor Fred


00:43:01.599 --> 00:43:03.349
Watson as Storer at large and professor


00:43:03.359 --> 00:43:06.030
johy hoer professor of astrophysics at


00:43:06.040 --> 00:43:07.829
the University of Southern Queensland


00:43:07.839 --> 00:43:10.190
and from me Andrew Dunley thank you


00:43:10.200 --> 00:43:12.150
again and we'll look forward to your


00:43:12.160 --> 00:43:14.829
company on the very next episode of


00:43:14.839 --> 00:43:18.589
Space Nuts byebye Space Nuts you'll been


00:43:18.599 --> 00:43:21.430
listening to the Space Nuts


00:43:21.440 --> 00:43:24.510
podcast available at Apple podcasts


00:43:24.520 --> 00:43:27.510
Spotify iHeart radio or your favorite


00:43:27.520 --> 00:43:29.750
podcast player you can also stream on


00:43:29.760 --> 00:43:32.470
demand at bites.com this has been


00:43:32.480 --> 00:43:34.829
another quality podcast production from


00:43:34.839 --> 00:43:37.839
b.com