Astronomy Q&A: Super Jupiters, Light Echoes & Cosmic Mysteries | Space Nuts: Astronomy Insights...

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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Hello again. Thanks for joining us on a


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Q&A edition of Space Nuts. My name is


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Andrew Dunley. This is where we answer


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audience questions. And uh Daryl is


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asking uh could we witness the birth of


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our son?


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That's looking at old light, I suspect.


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Uh we also


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get a have a question from Renie who


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wants to know what we might solve over


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the next hundred years in astronomy and


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space science. Uh Dave is asking about a


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super Jupiter with a moon the size of


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Earth. It's a bit of a what if question


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and Cal is asking about whether or not a


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a gas giant could become a star. Fred


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will be answering all of those questions


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on this episode of Space Nuts.


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>> 15 seconds. Guidance is internal. 10 9


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Ignition sequence start.


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>> Space Nuts. 5 4 3 2


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>> 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1


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>> space notice.


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>> Astronauts report. It feels good.


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>> You'll also be answering the question as


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to why sometimes when you push a button,


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nothing happens. Hello, Fred.


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>> That's usually because you've pressed


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the wrong button.


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>> I pressed the right button, but it


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didn't do anything. So,


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>> they used to used to happen on the radio


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a lot.


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>> Press a button, nothing happens.


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>> Yeah. Because and and you know what?


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It's a quirk of the digital age. When we


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worked in analog radio, a button was a


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button.


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>> Yeah.


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>> Until it broke.


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>> Yeah, that's right.


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>> But in the digital age, uh, you press


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the button and that goes, "No, no, I


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don't want to do that. No, sorry. Go


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find something else to push. Need a


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reboot."


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>> Yeah, indeed. How you been, Fred?


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>> Very well, thank you. Yes. um uh you


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know just relishing uh being back home


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and being back into the routine with


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Space Nuts uh twice a week.


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>> Yes, indeed. Although it's it's so close


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to the end of the year, we we're just


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about to go into summer recess or


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Christmas New Year recess, but we won't


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I don't think we'll take a heck of a


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long time off. We we'll work it out.


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We've got to work it out.


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>> Uh now, I've got four text questions and


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um we we get a lot more text questions


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than we do audio. So, I thought we'd


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bump a few of these off politely. Uh, so


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let's get to our first one. Uh, good


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day, space nuts. When we look up um uh


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when we look up at our space, we're


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always looking back in time. So, when we


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look at Andromeda, the light was uh that


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we see is 2 to 2 and a half million


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years old. Could we train our telescopes


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to see light from 4 and a half billion


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years ago and see our sun being born? My


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guess is no, but I love the idea of it.


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That comes from Daryl in South Australia


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who is a patron. Uh thank you Darl. Uh


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much appreciated. So um yeah, if you


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want to become a patron and jump on our


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website and get all the details, uh and


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and the platforms are Patreon or


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Supercast or Sprea or Apple Podcast.


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They all do their own versions of uh


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patron services. So, uh, if, uh, you're


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interested in joining Daryl, uh, that


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would be greatly appreciated, but it's


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not mandatory. Okay, this one I I


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suspect he's right that we probably


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can't look back at the birth of our son.


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It's not as simple as just finding it


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and going, "Oh, look at that. That's


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that's what was happening, you know, all


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those billions of years ago." But, um,


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we can see a lot of stuff that's


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historical. Just about everything,


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actually.


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Yep, that's right. you're as exactly as


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Daryl says, when you look out into


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space, you're always looking back in


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time. And that's the trick. So, um, we


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do indeed see the Andromeda galaxy two


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and a half million years after the light


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left. So, we're looking back.


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>> That's shortening slowly because


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ultimately


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>> That's right, actually. Um, and as well,


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just a a quick um plug for the Andromeda


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galaxy while we're talking. It's um very


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much in our skies at the moment. Uh


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November is the time of year when


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Andromeda is sort of at its highest. Uh


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it only skirts our northern horizon here


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in Australia, but if you're in Europe or


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the United States or elsewhere in the


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northern hemisphere, it passes almost


00:04:23.120 --> 00:04:25.590
overhead. Um and in fact, I was looking


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for it a few nights ago from Cyprus. Uh,


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but the pair of binoculars that I had


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weren't good enough to find it among the


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light pollution of the place where I was


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looking. So, I didn't see it, but I kind


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of knew where it was. I saw Saturn


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instead. Um, never mind. Uh, that um is


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uh the you know that that's what happens


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when you're looking at something that is


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so far away the light has taken two and


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a half million years to get here. Um the


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problem with finding our son being born


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uh is that uh that happened 4.5 as


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exactly as Daryl says 4.5 billion years


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ago and the sun is only 150 million


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kilometers away. So we can never see the


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sun uh uh except at any other stage than


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what it was 8 minutes ago. That's the


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look back time for the sun. It's about 8


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minutes. Um, so when you see the sun,


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you're seeing it as it was eight minutes


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ago, not four and a half billion years


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ago. So really, the only way you could


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do this, and it still wouldn't really


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work, but if you could find a way of


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putting a mirror uh 2.25


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billion years from us looking back at


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us, and you look in that mirror, then


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the light from the sun being born will


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have gone out to the mirror, taken 2.25


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25 billion years to do that. It'll take


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another 2.25 billion years to get uh to


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now when we're looking at it and we


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might see the sun being born. But that


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is flight of fancy because it's never


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going to happen.


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>> Even gravitational lensing probably


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couldn't bend like that.


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>> No, that's right. That's correct. You're


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right.


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>> Sorry, Darl. Uh probably not, but um


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great question and keep them coming. Uh


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but we are seeing and learning so much


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from from uh historical light and and


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gravitational lensing and we even get to


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witness certain things more than once


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because the light gets split


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>> two or three ways and we can see


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something from different angles. It it's


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really quite um quite amazing what


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what's going on out there. And it um to


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to quote Jonty, it makes my head hurt


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sometimes to try and think of how this


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is all working and why it's all


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happening. And um


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>> yeah, that's right. Mine does all the


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time.


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>> Um but you you reminded me something I


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meant to mention uh because there is a


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you know there is a quirky thing. We can


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look back uh at some events that took


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place in the historical past. And what


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I'm thinking of is light echoes. Uh so


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for example the supernova that was


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observed by Tikry the Danish astronomer


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in um I think it was 1572 when he


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observed that uh that has recently been


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observed again because it lit up dust


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clouds uh which give it a a dog leg path


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uh so these dust clouds are sort of 400


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light years away and you get this dogleg


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path and the light comes to us again


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with that 400 year delay. And so we can


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see what that supernova looked like


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because the light is still traveling and


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you can analyze that with modern


00:07:44.240 --> 00:07:45.589
instruments and find out what sort of


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supernova it was. I think we covered


00:07:47.360 --> 00:07:48.950
those in space notes quite a while ago,


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but it's great. Light echoes are


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terrific things.


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>> Yes, indeed. Thanks for your question,


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Darl.


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>> Let's take a break from the show so I


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3 2 1


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>> Space nuts.


00:09:20.320 --> 00:09:22.389
>> This one comes from Renie. Knowing the


00:09:22.399 --> 00:09:24.070
pace at which technology builds on


00:09:24.080 --> 00:09:26.310
itself, do you think we will have solved


00:09:26.320 --> 00:09:28.949
the mysteries of what was before the Big


00:09:28.959 --> 00:09:31.829
Bang, dark matter, dark energy, and the


00:09:31.839 --> 00:09:33.350
expansion of the universe, let's say,


00:09:33.360 --> 00:09:36.710
within the next 100 years. Uh Renie's


00:09:36.720 --> 00:09:39.350
from California, uh and a regular


00:09:39.360 --> 00:09:41.670
contributor. Thank you, Renie. Um I I


00:09:41.680 --> 00:09:43.750
suspect we'll have solved maybe one or


00:09:43.760 --> 00:09:46.790
two of those things. uh even while you


00:09:46.800 --> 00:09:49.670
were away uh and maybe just before you


00:09:49.680 --> 00:09:51.829
went, they were starting to sort of


00:09:51.839 --> 00:09:53.990
waver on the expansion of the universe


00:09:54.000 --> 00:09:56.150
theory. They were starting to think,


00:09:56.160 --> 00:09:58.470
well, no, we're we're probably now


00:09:58.480 --> 00:10:02.949
looking at a ganab gibb. Uh so that


00:10:02.959 --> 00:10:06.630
that's now starting to change. Um the


00:10:06.640 --> 00:10:10.710
evidence is is mounting up to um change


00:10:10.720 --> 00:10:12.870
the the the probability in that regard.


00:10:12.880 --> 00:10:16.389
So yeah um 100 years is a long time in


00:10:16.399 --> 00:10:19.990
terms of um science and and astronomy


00:10:20.000 --> 00:10:23.110
development. It yes it is at the rate


00:10:23.120 --> 00:10:25.590
technology is changing now. Absolutely.


00:10:25.600 --> 00:10:27.350
And I think Renie asks a really good


00:10:27.360 --> 00:10:29.910
question. You know it it um behooves us


00:10:29.920 --> 00:10:31.670
from time to time to stop and think well


00:10:31.680 --> 00:10:33.590
what we going to find out next.


00:10:33.600 --> 00:10:36.069
>> Um the expansion of the universe. Yes


00:10:36.079 --> 00:10:39.750
you're right. the the the most recent uh


00:10:39.760 --> 00:10:42.710
observations seem to suggest that the


00:10:42.720 --> 00:10:45.269
acceleration of the expansion is slowing


00:10:45.279 --> 00:10:46.310
down


00:10:46.320 --> 00:10:48.470
>> and if the acceleration slows down


00:10:48.480 --> 00:10:51.110
enough then it might well start to


00:10:51.120 --> 00:10:54.630
decelerate and so yes perhaps one day


00:10:54.640 --> 00:10:56.069
I've forgotten how many billion years


00:10:56.079 --> 00:10:58.150
into the future it is it's 40 or 50 I


00:10:58.160 --> 00:11:00.790
think we might have a gab gibb a big


00:11:00.800 --> 00:11:02.550
crunch when everything falls back


00:11:02.560 --> 00:11:05.269
together so you're right that's this is


00:11:05.279 --> 00:11:07.670
discoveries or or what you might call


00:11:07.680 --> 00:11:09.269
facts about the universe that are that


00:11:09.279 --> 00:11:12.710
are constantly being updated. Um so the


00:11:12.720 --> 00:11:14.389
big bang what was before the big bang


00:11:14.399 --> 00:11:16.790
that's always an open question because


00:11:16.800 --> 00:11:19.990
um the general theory of relativity


00:11:20.000 --> 00:11:22.470
suggests that time started with the big


00:11:22.480 --> 00:11:25.509
bang and so before might not have any


00:11:25.519 --> 00:11:28.230
meaning. Uh but there are people


00:11:28.240 --> 00:11:30.710
thinking well maybe that's not correct.


00:11:30.720 --> 00:11:32.470
Uh we've talked about, you know,


00:11:32.480 --> 00:11:36.949
explosive um um phenomena in in a kind


00:11:36.959 --> 00:11:40.150
of continuum, things like gi gigantic


00:11:40.160 --> 00:11:42.870
black holes exploding. And if we're in


00:11:42.880 --> 00:11:44.389
one of them, that might be what we see


00:11:44.399 --> 00:11:46.150
as a big bang, even though that black


00:11:46.160 --> 00:11:48.470
hole was in space that existed already.


00:11:48.480 --> 00:11:50.790
This is another idea that I think we


00:11:50.800 --> 00:11:52.870
talked about a few months ago, Andrew.


00:11:52.880 --> 00:11:55.590
So, um that's um you know, how you find


00:11:55.600 --> 00:11:57.590
the evidence for all those things is the


00:11:57.600 --> 00:12:00.710
important bit. And at the moment, our


00:12:00.720 --> 00:12:02.470
perhaps most powerful tools are the


00:12:02.480 --> 00:12:04.310
cosmic microwave background radiation,


00:12:04.320 --> 00:12:06.230
the flash of the big bang, which is


00:12:06.240 --> 00:12:08.550
still being analyzed. Um, and


00:12:08.560 --> 00:12:10.389
gravitational wave telescopes, which


00:12:10.399 --> 00:12:13.110
might lead us to some inferences about


00:12:13.120 --> 00:12:15.430
the the the the dynamics of the big


00:12:15.440 --> 00:12:18.470
bang, the way material shifted around.


00:12:18.480 --> 00:12:22.629
Um, so that's one I think uh we'll see a


00:12:22.639 --> 00:12:24.949
lot more uh emphasis and we might have


00:12:24.959 --> 00:12:27.670
new discoveries about it. dark matter I


00:12:27.680 --> 00:12:30.470
hope will get to the bottom of that


00:12:30.480 --> 00:12:33.269
within uh maybe the next 10 years rather


00:12:33.279 --> 00:12:36.150
than the next hundred years but um it's


00:12:36.160 --> 00:12:39.750
a problem that's existed for 90 years uh


00:12:39.760 --> 00:12:42.550
since Fritz Vicki first spotted it so it


00:12:42.560 --> 00:12:44.790
might still have another 90 years to go


00:12:44.800 --> 00:12:48.790
I don't know dark energy um that it


00:12:48.800 --> 00:12:51.030
really feeds into the or our


00:12:51.040 --> 00:12:53.430
understanding of dark energy uh is


00:12:53.440 --> 00:12:55.110
basically tied up with our understanding


00:12:55.120 --> 00:12:57.110
of the the where the acceleration of the


00:12:57.120 --> 00:13:00.069
universe is changing. Because if you've


00:13:00.079 --> 00:13:02.230
if the acceleration is actually


00:13:02.240 --> 00:13:05.030
decreasing as we now think it might be


00:13:05.040 --> 00:13:07.350
then dark energy is not what we used to


00:13:07.360 --> 00:13:09.350
call the cosmological constant. It's not


00:13:09.360 --> 00:13:12.389
a constant phenomenon. It's something


00:13:12.399 --> 00:13:14.470
that evolves with time and that becomes


00:13:14.480 --> 00:13:16.870
even more mysterious. So I think of all


00:13:16.880 --> 00:13:18.470
those dark energy is the one that's


00:13:18.480 --> 00:13:20.550
going to take us the longest to work


00:13:20.560 --> 00:13:22.470
out. But I hope it's not 100 years cuz I


00:13:22.480 --> 00:13:24.230
won't be around in 100 years time even


00:13:24.240 --> 00:13:26.629
with the best will in the world.


00:13:26.639 --> 00:13:27.670
>> Yeah.


00:13:27.680 --> 00:13:32.230
>> Yeah, I know. Um but you know


00:13:32.240 --> 00:13:34.550
where technology is going it's it's just


00:13:34.560 --> 00:13:36.230
going ahead in leaps and bounds. You


00:13:36.240 --> 00:13:37.990
look how quickly artificial intelligence


00:13:38.000 --> 00:13:38.710
has taken off.


00:13:38.720 --> 00:13:40.710
>> That's right. Uh what are we going to be


00:13:40.720 --> 00:13:43.190
able to do in 100 years with telescopes


00:13:43.200 --> 00:13:45.590
and uh you know there'll probably be


00:13:45.600 --> 00:13:49.030
telescop telescopes uh on the moon and


00:13:49.040 --> 00:13:51.350
Mars and maybe on a few of the other


00:13:51.360 --> 00:13:53.269
moons in other parts of the solar


00:13:53.279 --> 00:13:56.790
system. Um you know there'll be more


00:13:56.800 --> 00:13:58.389
space telescopes than you can poke a


00:13:58.399 --> 00:14:00.790
stick at I imagine and and very very


00:14:00.800 --> 00:14:02.389
high tech compared to what we can


00:14:02.399 --> 00:14:04.230
achieve now which is really high-tech in


00:14:04.240 --> 00:14:05.590
itself.


00:14:05.600 --> 00:14:09.829
>> Yeah. Um space telescopes um are things


00:14:09.839 --> 00:14:11.829
that are not that prolific because


00:14:11.839 --> 00:14:13.350
they're expensive compared with


00:14:13.360 --> 00:14:15.750
groundbased telescopes and astronomy


00:14:15.760 --> 00:14:17.670
doesn't really have budgets that are


00:14:17.680 --> 00:14:19.990
huge um you know compared with something


00:14:20.000 --> 00:14:22.949
like defense or or education or all all


00:14:22.959 --> 00:14:25.189
of those other publicly funded things.


00:14:25.199 --> 00:14:27.430
So astronomy tends to be very much


00:14:27.440 --> 00:14:29.110
picking up the pieces and something like


00:14:29.120 --> 00:14:31.910
the James Webb telescope is an exception


00:14:31.920 --> 00:14:35.590
uh that uh is revolutionary but it's


00:14:35.600 --> 00:14:37.110
true that there are other space


00:14:37.120 --> 00:14:39.430
telescopes coming on stream the grace


00:14:39.440 --> 00:14:41.670
nomen roman telescope which we will be


00:14:41.680 --> 00:14:43.990
launched I think within the next year


00:14:44.000 --> 00:14:46.230
probably sooner I hope


00:14:46.240 --> 00:14:48.710
>> I looked up a while back that there


00:14:48.720 --> 00:14:51.030
there are 27 or something in the


00:14:51.040 --> 00:14:51.990
pipeline


00:14:52.000 --> 00:14:53.990
>> in the pipeline yeah not all of those


00:14:54.000 --> 00:14:55.350
will be funded


00:14:55.360 --> 00:14:58.069
And you know so that when you think like


00:14:58.079 --> 00:15:00.550
the James Web telescope


00:15:00.560 --> 00:15:03.990
came it got into action what 2022


00:15:04.000 --> 00:15:06.470
is that right something like that


00:15:06.480 --> 00:15:08.949
thereabouts. Uh the last big thing in


00:15:08.959 --> 00:15:11.430
optical astronomy and infrared astronomy


00:15:11.440 --> 00:15:13.750
was the Hubble telescope launched in


00:15:13.760 --> 00:15:17.750
1990. So, you know, that's like 30 years


00:15:17.760 --> 00:15:19.910
inter interlude. But yeah, you're right.


00:15:19.920 --> 00:15:21.910
Um, as time goes on, I mean, one of the


00:15:21.920 --> 00:15:23.750
things that will that is changing that


00:15:23.760 --> 00:15:26.310
will actually affect this is that it's


00:15:26.320 --> 00:15:28.310
now much cheaper to put stuff into orbit


00:15:28.320 --> 00:15:29.590
than it was.


00:15:29.600 --> 00:15:32.150
>> Uh, partly because of SpaceX being able


00:15:32.160 --> 00:15:35.110
to reuse its Falcon boosters. Um the the


00:15:35.120 --> 00:15:37.590
latest record is one that has flown 31


00:15:37.600 --> 00:15:40.230
times uh which is quite extraordinary.


00:15:40.240 --> 00:15:41.829
But also we've now got Blue Origin


00:15:41.839 --> 00:15:43.189
coming into the picture with their


00:15:43.199 --> 00:15:45.509
successful recovery of their new new


00:15:45.519 --> 00:15:47.590
Glenn booster a couple of weeks ago


00:15:47.600 --> 00:15:49.430
which is fantastic. So things are


00:15:49.440 --> 00:15:50.310
changing. Yeah.


00:15:50.320 --> 00:15:52.949
>> Yes indeed. Thanks Renie. Great to hear


00:15:52.959 --> 00:15:55.269
from you. This is Space Nuts with Andrew


00:15:55.279 --> 00:16:00.710
Dunley and Professor Fred Watson.


00:16:00.720 --> 00:16:02.230
>> Space Nuts.


00:16:02.240 --> 00:16:04.069
>> Okay, next question. And hey guys,


00:16:04.079 --> 00:16:06.470
greetings from Dave. He's from Sussex


00:16:06.480 --> 00:16:08.310
County in New Jersey. I have a pretty


00:16:08.320 --> 00:16:12.389
quick question in 25 parts. Uh suppose,


00:16:12.399 --> 00:16:16.310
no, suppose that a Jupiter size or subbr


00:16:16.320 --> 00:16:19.670
dwarf planet um has a moon the size of


00:16:19.680 --> 00:16:21.670
Earth. Would the moon necessarily be


00:16:21.680 --> 00:16:25.189
tidily locked to the planet? Also, would


00:16:25.199 --> 00:16:27.110
it be possible for the Earth-sized


00:16:27.120 --> 00:16:30.230
satellite to be in the Goldilock zone of


00:16:30.240 --> 00:16:32.389
the super Jupiter? love listening to


00:16:32.399 --> 00:16:35.030
your podcasts. It's good stuff. Thanks,


00:16:35.040 --> 00:16:38.230
Dave. Appreciate it.


00:16:38.240 --> 00:16:40.470
I like this question because um you


00:16:40.480 --> 00:16:43.030
know, when you're talking gas giants,


00:16:43.040 --> 00:16:45.269
sub brown dwarves, um you know, failed


00:16:45.279 --> 00:16:47.670
stars, whatever you like, um you're


00:16:47.680 --> 00:16:49.350
getting into some pretty exciting


00:16:49.360 --> 00:16:51.590
territory.


00:16:51.600 --> 00:16:54.790
Uh you are indeed. That's right. Um and


00:16:54.800 --> 00:16:57.509
uh so super Jupiters, things bigger than


00:16:57.519 --> 00:17:02.389
Jupiter. Uh, and um, as exactly as Dave


00:17:02.399 --> 00:17:05.990
says, that would be a subbr dwarf. Um,


00:17:06.000 --> 00:17:07.669
I've got to get my thinking right here.


00:17:07.679 --> 00:17:11.510
I think a brown dwarf. Um, I probably


00:17:11.520 --> 00:17:14.150
hope I don't get this number wrong, but


00:17:14.160 --> 00:17:17.110
I think it has to be more than 13 times


00:17:17.120 --> 00:17:20.069
the mass of Jupiter for the low-level


00:17:20.079 --> 00:17:22.150
nuclear reactions that will power it and


00:17:22.160 --> 00:17:24.789
turn it into a brown dwarf uh to


00:17:24.799 --> 00:17:26.789
actually make much difference to it to


00:17:26.799 --> 00:17:29.190
to mean that it radiates in the infrared


00:17:29.200 --> 00:17:31.350
region of the spectrum. In a sense,


00:17:31.360 --> 00:17:33.430
Jupiter itself is a sub brown dwarf


00:17:33.440 --> 00:17:36.470
because it actually uh radiates I think


00:17:36.480 --> 00:17:39.990
it's 50% more radiation than it receives


00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:42.549
u from the sun. So it there are nuclear


00:17:42.559 --> 00:17:44.710
processes taking place deep in Jupiter


00:17:44.720 --> 00:17:48.150
that actually give off energy. Uh and so


00:17:48.160 --> 00:17:49.990
something like you know if you have


00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:52.549
something let's say halfway between a


00:17:52.559 --> 00:17:54.870
brown dwarf and a Jupiter uh and it's


00:17:54.880 --> 00:17:56.630
got a moon the size of the earth that's


00:17:56.640 --> 00:17:59.029
the scenario that Dave's postulating.


00:17:59.039 --> 00:17:59.350
Yep.


00:17:59.360 --> 00:18:00.950
>> Would the moon necessarily be tied


00:18:00.960 --> 00:18:02.150
locked to the planet? In other words,


00:18:02.160 --> 00:18:04.789
would that moon, the earth-sized object


00:18:04.799 --> 00:18:08.710
uh be um one that always faced its


00:18:08.720 --> 00:18:10.630
parent planet? And I think the answer to


00:18:10.640 --> 00:18:13.350
that is yes. Uh because it's all about


00:18:13.360 --> 00:18:16.310
mass. This whole gravitational locking


00:18:16.320 --> 00:18:20.470
of uh of um moons uh around planets or


00:18:20.480 --> 00:18:22.470
indeed planets around their parent star


00:18:22.480 --> 00:18:24.470
because the same thing happens. It's all


00:18:24.480 --> 00:18:27.190
about gravity. Uh, and if you got, you


00:18:27.200 --> 00:18:29.270
know, two objects that are bigger than


00:18:29.280 --> 00:18:31.669
the ones that we think of at the moment,


00:18:31.679 --> 00:18:33.990
uh, then I think you would still get the


00:18:34.000 --> 00:18:36.070
tidal locking. So, my guess is that your


00:18:36.080 --> 00:18:39.830
moon, your Earth-sized moon would be,


00:18:39.840 --> 00:18:41.750
uh, tidly locked. In other words, it


00:18:41.760 --> 00:18:45.110
would always face the sub brown dwarf.


00:18:45.120 --> 00:18:47.190
And then, uh, would it be possible for


00:18:47.200 --> 00:18:48.789
the Earth-sized satellite to be in the


00:18:48.799 --> 00:18:51.510
Goldilock zone of the super Jupiter? Uh


00:18:51.520 --> 00:18:54.950
so that depends on just how much energy


00:18:54.960 --> 00:18:57.029
you're getting from it. I mean the the


00:18:57.039 --> 00:18:59.350
Goldilock zone of a brown dwarf is much


00:18:59.360 --> 00:19:02.470
closer uh to the brown dwarf than it is


00:19:02.480 --> 00:19:06.630
for a normal star. Uh and maybe uh you


00:19:06.640 --> 00:19:08.470
don't you can't get near enough. That


00:19:08.480 --> 00:19:09.990
might be the answer to that question


00:19:10.000 --> 00:19:12.710
that the Goldilock zone is so close to


00:19:12.720 --> 00:19:16.230
the super Jupiter uh that it really is,


00:19:16.240 --> 00:19:18.150
you know, it's not something that's at


00:19:18.160 --> 00:19:20.710
all practical. I'm guessing at that, and


00:19:20.720 --> 00:19:22.950
some planetary specialists might correct


00:19:22.960 --> 00:19:24.549
me, but I think that will be the case


00:19:24.559 --> 00:19:26.310
that you're not going to find the


00:19:26.320 --> 00:19:28.630
Goldilock zone of a super Jupiter uh


00:19:28.640 --> 00:19:31.830
that's going to be very helpful um for


00:19:31.840 --> 00:19:33.990
uh for life on an Earth-sized satellite


00:19:34.000 --> 00:19:38.070
of such a such a star. Um work that one


00:19:38.080 --> 00:19:40.390
out for yourself.


00:19:40.400 --> 00:19:43.110
>> Yeah, you were right though. 13 um is


00:19:43.120 --> 00:19:44.150
your masses.


00:19:44.160 --> 00:19:44.630
>> Okay, good.


00:19:44.640 --> 00:19:47.190
>> Uh when you get to Sorry, I put my hands


00:19:47.200 --> 00:19:49.510
in front of the camera there. uh 13 to


00:19:49.520 --> 00:19:52.549
80 Jupiter masses is defined as a brown


00:19:52.559 --> 00:19:53.909
dwarf.


00:19:53.919 --> 00:19:56.630
>> Um and then beyond that is a star, I


00:19:56.640 --> 00:19:57.430
guess, because it can


00:19:57.440 --> 00:19:58.150
>> Yes.


00:19:58.160 --> 00:20:00.230
>> burn hydrogen or something. Is that it?


00:20:00.240 --> 00:20:01.350
>> That's right. Red.


00:20:01.360 --> 00:20:06.549
>> Y yeah. Yes. So uh yeah, under 13 is um


00:20:06.559 --> 00:20:09.750
is is basically just a gas giant.


00:20:09.760 --> 00:20:10.710
>> Indeed. That's right.


00:20:10.720 --> 00:20:11.990
>> Yes. Right.


00:20:12.000 --> 00:20:13.510
>> Or a sub or a subbrand dwarf.


00:20:13.520 --> 00:20:16.310
>> Or a subbrand dwarf. Yes. Yeah. Just


00:20:16.320 --> 00:20:18.549
It's hard to Yeah.


00:20:18.559 --> 00:20:19.750
Okay.


00:20:19.760 --> 00:20:23.110
>> Um, so yeah, the title locking question


00:20:23.120 --> 00:20:25.190
definitely probably would probably


00:20:25.200 --> 00:20:27.590
definitely would happen that way.


00:20:27.600 --> 00:20:30.230
>> I think as Dave said, uh, great


00:20:30.240 --> 00:20:32.070
question. Thank you for sending it in,


00:20:32.080 --> 00:20:35.430
Dave.


00:20:35.440 --> 00:20:38.310
>> 3 2 1


00:20:38.320 --> 00:20:40.070
>> Space Nuts.


00:20:40.080 --> 00:20:43.830
>> Our final question today comes from Cal.


00:20:43.840 --> 00:20:46.149
Hi, Space Nuts. was uh wondering if a


00:20:46.159 --> 00:20:49.590
gas giant orbiting a star that went


00:20:49.600 --> 00:20:52.549
supernova can then subsequently absorb


00:20:52.559 --> 00:20:54.789
the debris from that star at the end of


00:20:54.799 --> 00:20:57.430
its life to form enough mass to then


00:20:57.440 --> 00:20:59.510
form itself


00:20:59.520 --> 00:21:02.149
into a star. And the second part of my


00:21:02.159 --> 00:21:06.310
question is uh is uh if not can a gas


00:21:06.320 --> 00:21:09.190
giant have enough mass and gravity for


00:21:09.200 --> 00:21:11.350
other smaller planets to end up orbiting


00:21:11.360 --> 00:21:15.110
the gas giant with no star? Is there any


00:21:15.120 --> 00:21:17.190
uh example or evidence of this ever


00:21:17.200 --> 00:21:18.710
happening out there? Thank you so much.


00:21:18.720 --> 00:21:20.789
Cal from Swansea uh Swansy, New South


00:21:20.799 --> 00:21:24.870
Wales in the um Lake McQuary region of


00:21:24.880 --> 00:21:27.750
New South Wales, just uh across near the


00:21:27.760 --> 00:21:29.430
coast from us. I drove through there the


00:21:29.440 --> 00:21:31.990
other day actually.


00:21:32.000 --> 00:21:34.470
>> Yes. Uh so um what was it? What's he


00:21:34.480 --> 00:21:37.350
want to know? Gas giant. Um


00:21:37.360 --> 00:21:39.430
a gas giant orbiting a star that goes


00:21:39.440 --> 00:21:41.750
supernova. Could it absorb enough energy


00:21:41.760 --> 00:21:44.630
to become a star itself? First part of


00:21:44.640 --> 00:21:45.430
his question.


00:21:45.440 --> 00:21:48.710
>> Um, so when an object turns into a


00:21:48.720 --> 00:21:51.909
supernova, uh, it basically blasts


00:21:51.919 --> 00:21:55.590
debris at very high velocity, uh, into


00:21:55.600 --> 00:21:59.110
the surrounding region of space. Um, and


00:21:59.120 --> 00:22:01.029
it's not even clear that a gas giant


00:22:01.039 --> 00:22:04.070
would survive that, let alone accrete


00:22:04.080 --> 00:22:07.029
debris to form a star itself. So, I


00:22:07.039 --> 00:22:08.950
think the answer to that first part of


00:22:08.960 --> 00:22:13.270
the question is no. Um, if uh you know,


00:22:13.280 --> 00:22:16.149
if if you've got uh this this gas giant


00:22:16.159 --> 00:22:19.029
orbiting a star that goes supernova, I


00:22:19.039 --> 00:22:20.310
don't think it would end up a star


00:22:20.320 --> 00:22:23.190
itself. It might even end up being


00:22:23.200 --> 00:22:25.750
destroyed by the by the shock waves that


00:22:25.760 --> 00:22:27.669
come from the supernova.


00:22:27.679 --> 00:22:29.510
Um, on the other hand, we do have one


00:22:29.520 --> 00:22:31.510
example of a planet orbiting something


00:22:31.520 --> 00:22:34.070
that has gone supernova, and that was


00:22:34.080 --> 00:22:37.110
the first extra solar planet that was


00:22:37.120 --> 00:22:39.669
discovered back in the 1970s,


00:22:39.679 --> 00:22:42.149
I think. Uh, to there's something called


00:22:42.159 --> 00:22:44.710
the double pulsar.


00:22:44.720 --> 00:22:47.190
I think I'm writing dig digging that up


00:22:47.200 --> 00:22:49.190
from my memory. Anyway, a second part of


00:22:49.200 --> 00:22:51.029
the question. If not, can a gas giant


00:22:51.039 --> 00:22:52.390
have enough mass and gravity for the


00:22:52.400 --> 00:22:54.149
other smaller planets to end up orbiting


00:22:54.159 --> 00:22:59.029
it with no star? Um, so perhaps what


00:22:59.039 --> 00:23:01.669
you're thinking of here is a, you know,


00:23:01.679 --> 00:23:02.950
one of these objects that we call a


00:23:02.960 --> 00:23:04.549
rogue planet or an orphan planet,


00:23:04.559 --> 00:23:05.830
something that is going through space


00:23:05.840 --> 00:23:09.029
with no star. Uh, and many of them are


00:23:09.039 --> 00:23:11.190
gas giants. That's right. They they


00:23:11.200 --> 00:23:12.870
might be what we could call failed


00:23:12.880 --> 00:23:15.590
stars. And probably, uh, they have their


00:23:15.600 --> 00:23:17.750
own moons, which might in some


00:23:17.760 --> 00:23:20.149
circumstances be the size of smaller


00:23:20.159 --> 00:23:23.270
planets. Uh we haven't observed any


00:23:23.280 --> 00:23:25.510
moons of rogue planets or orphan planets


00:23:25.520 --> 00:23:28.549
yet but um it's possible they might be


00:23:28.559 --> 00:23:31.510
there. Uh so the last bit of the


00:23:31.520 --> 00:23:32.870
question is there any example or


00:23:32.880 --> 00:23:34.230
evidence of this ever happening out


00:23:34.240 --> 00:23:36.710
there? Um I don't think there is but I


00:23:36.720 --> 00:23:38.630
wouldn't rule it out. It might well turn


00:23:38.640 --> 00:23:41.909
up that we see uh objects in orbit


00:23:41.919 --> 00:23:44.630
around rogue planets when we've got um


00:23:44.640 --> 00:23:47.190
well probably the next generation of of


00:23:47.200 --> 00:23:48.870
big telescopes.


00:23:48.880 --> 00:23:51.270
>> Yes indeed. Uh when it comes to


00:23:51.280 --> 00:23:53.029
astronomy, it's very difficult to rule


00:23:53.039 --> 00:23:54.950
rule anything out a lot of the time


00:23:54.960 --> 00:23:58.630
because uh the more exoplanets to we


00:23:58.640 --> 00:24:01.270
discover, the more unusual things we


00:24:01.280 --> 00:24:04.390
tend to find like those those cotton


00:24:04.400 --> 00:24:05.990
cotton canned planets.


00:24:06.000 --> 00:24:06.870
>> Yeah, that's right.


00:24:06.880 --> 00:24:10.149
>> Um you know, really huge planets that


00:24:10.159 --> 00:24:12.710
have got, you know, next to no density


00:24:12.720 --> 00:24:14.549
at all in some respects. They they're


00:24:14.559 --> 00:24:18.870
just like vapor um for one of a better


00:24:18.880 --> 00:24:20.230
term. And there probably is a better


00:24:20.240 --> 00:24:23.029
term for that, but um there there's and


00:24:23.039 --> 00:24:25.990
and we're finding uh and Johnny and I


00:24:26.000 --> 00:24:27.269
talked about this recently and you and I


00:24:27.279 --> 00:24:29.510
have talked about this that our solar


00:24:29.520 --> 00:24:31.430
system starting to look like it is not


00:24:31.440 --> 00:24:32.870
typical


00:24:32.880 --> 00:24:35.269
>> when we look at other solar systems and


00:24:35.279 --> 00:24:37.350
how they've formed and how gas giants


00:24:37.360 --> 00:24:39.269
seem to be on the interior rather than


00:24:39.279 --> 00:24:41.590
the exterior. Ours seems to have kind of


00:24:41.600 --> 00:24:42.390
flipped


00:24:42.400 --> 00:24:45.190
>> and doesn't look normal at all. We're


00:24:45.200 --> 00:24:48.549
we're unique possibly. I would think in


00:24:48.559 --> 00:24:50.470
the scheme of things we wouldn't be, but


00:24:50.480 --> 00:24:51.909
um it's just looking that way.


00:24:51.919 --> 00:24:53.990
>> But we're certainly absolutely right. We


00:24:54.000 --> 00:24:55.990
we look very unusual. We look a bit


00:24:56.000 --> 00:24:57.430
conspicuous. Really?


00:24:57.440 --> 00:24:58.630
>> Yeah. And we've got one other thing


00:24:58.640 --> 00:25:00.950
that's really weird that no other solar


00:25:00.960 --> 00:25:02.630
systems shown us that they've got yet.


00:25:02.640 --> 00:25:06.390
We've got a planet with life, an


00:25:06.400 --> 00:25:08.789
abundance of life in in a great many


00:25:08.799 --> 00:25:10.870
forms from cidal cells right up to


00:25:10.880 --> 00:25:13.510
complex life forms. Uh


00:25:13.520 --> 00:25:14.230
>> yeah,


00:25:14.240 --> 00:25:18.230
>> you know, plant life. Um the list is is


00:25:18.240 --> 00:25:21.190
long. It's when when you really think


00:25:21.200 --> 00:25:23.990
about it, this planet is miraculous


00:25:24.000 --> 00:25:27.830
with with what it what it contains. It's


00:25:27.840 --> 00:25:30.310
>> Well, that's right. And that's one of


00:25:30.320 --> 00:25:33.669
the reasons why um


00:25:33.679 --> 00:25:35.750
you know why why there is such an


00:25:35.760 --> 00:25:39.990
emphasis on detecting other earthlike


00:25:40.000 --> 00:25:42.310
environments to see whether the same


00:25:42.320 --> 00:25:44.710
sort of miraculous array of living


00:25:44.720 --> 00:25:47.110
organisms can exist there. And so far


00:25:47.120 --> 00:25:48.549
we've drawn a blank.


00:25:48.559 --> 00:25:51.750
>> No. The Drake equation remains at one.


00:25:51.760 --> 00:25:53.430
>> Yes, it does. That's right. Yeah.


00:25:53.440 --> 00:25:57.029
>> Would would um finding life on one of


00:25:57.039 --> 00:26:00.230
the ice moons in our solar system like


00:26:00.240 --> 00:26:03.669
Enceladus change the Drake equation?


00:26:03.679 --> 00:26:06.310
>> No. No. Because it was based on life


00:26:06.320 --> 00:26:08.230
that was capable of communication,


00:26:08.240 --> 00:26:08.630
wasn't it?


00:26:08.640 --> 00:26:10.310
>> That's right. It is. Yeah. It's it's


00:26:10.320 --> 00:26:12.630
basically life on planets around other


00:26:12.640 --> 00:26:13.909
stars. That's right.


00:26:13.919 --> 00:26:17.510
>> Yeah. So question set up. So no change


00:26:17.520 --> 00:26:18.310
to that.


00:26:18.320 --> 00:26:21.029
>> Indeed. All right. Uh Cal, thanks for


00:26:21.039 --> 00:26:23.350
the question. very uh very interesting


00:26:23.360 --> 00:26:26.950
and uh thoughtprovoking and um yeah oh


00:26:26.960 --> 00:26:28.549
that's right there was a question that


00:26:28.559 --> 00:26:32.149
came to my mind from Cal's question um


00:26:32.159 --> 00:26:36.549
how big a radius when a star goes


00:26:36.559 --> 00:26:38.310
supernova are we talking in terms of


00:26:38.320 --> 00:26:41.669
devastation


00:26:41.679 --> 00:26:44.470
>> uh you're talking about light years um


00:26:44.480 --> 00:26:47.510
because the shock the shock wave um you


00:26:47.520 --> 00:26:49.909
know when you think of like supernova


00:26:49.919 --> 00:26:52.149
1987a which is one of the best studied


00:26:52.159 --> 00:26:53.669
of all supernovi. It was in the large


00:26:53.679 --> 00:26:57.269
Melanic cloud. So relatively nearbyund


00:26:57.279 --> 00:27:00.390
whatever is it 130,000 light years away


00:27:00.400 --> 00:27:02.630
something like that.


00:27:02.640 --> 00:27:04.549
Yes, my numbers are all a bit rusty


00:27:04.559 --> 00:27:05.990
because of jet lag but it's something


00:27:06.000 --> 00:27:09.029
like that. Maybe 160,000. Anyway, never


00:27:09.039 --> 00:27:11.029
mind that. It's a long way off. uh and


00:27:11.039 --> 00:27:12.950
it's very well studied as and you can


00:27:12.960 --> 00:27:15.750
already see the you know the the the


00:27:15.760 --> 00:27:18.230
fact that um there's high energy


00:27:18.240 --> 00:27:21.190
radiation gone through a large large


00:27:21.200 --> 00:27:23.190
neighborhood around it measured in light


00:27:23.200 --> 00:27:25.110
years which of course is much bigger


00:27:25.120 --> 00:27:27.510
than the solar system. So that's the


00:27:27.520 --> 00:27:29.029
area of devastation. Yeah.


00:27:29.039 --> 00:27:31.669
>> So a planet sort of orbiting a star like


00:27:31.679 --> 00:27:33.269
that probably wouldn't have a prayer


00:27:33.279 --> 00:27:33.669
would it?


00:27:33.679 --> 00:27:35.669
>> Yeah. Yep. That's right.


00:27:35.679 --> 00:27:37.110
>> Okay.


00:27:37.120 --> 00:27:39.110
>> Thank you Cal. Uh enjoyed that question


00:27:39.120 --> 00:27:40.549
very much. And if you've got a question


00:27:40.559 --> 00:27:42.310
for us, please send it in. You can do


00:27:42.320 --> 00:27:44.630
that through the Spacenuts website,


00:27:44.640 --> 00:27:46.149
spacenutpodcast.com,


00:27:46.159 --> 00:27:49.590
spacenuts.io. Click on the AMA link at


00:27:49.600 --> 00:27:51.669
the top and you can send uh text or


00:27:51.679 --> 00:27:53.990
audio questions. Uh easy to send an


00:27:54.000 --> 00:27:55.430
audio question because if you've got a


00:27:55.440 --> 00:27:57.269
device with a microphone like a I don't


00:27:57.279 --> 00:28:00.310
know, a smartphone or or a tablet or a


00:28:00.320 --> 00:28:01.669
computer, they've all got them these


00:28:01.679 --> 00:28:04.470
days. Just um press and talk and uh


00:28:04.480 --> 00:28:06.389
don't forget forget to tell us who you


00:28:06.399 --> 00:28:07.990
are and where you're from. We're all


00:28:08.000 --> 00:28:09.990
done, Fred. Thank you.


00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:12.310
>> Great pleasure, Andrew. Good to chat and


00:28:12.320 --> 00:28:13.830
great to get our listeners questions


00:28:13.840 --> 00:28:15.590
again. There's some real intriguing


00:28:15.600 --> 00:28:17.110
thinking going on there.


00:28:17.120 --> 00:28:18.870
>> Indeed. Um, we'll catch up with you real


00:28:18.880 --> 00:28:19.830
soon. See you, Fred.


00:28:19.840 --> 00:28:20.870
>> Sounds good. Thanks a lot.


00:28:20.880 --> 00:28:23.510
>> Fred Watson, astronomer at large. And


00:28:23.520 --> 00:28:25.430
thanks to Hugh in the studio who


00:28:25.440 --> 00:28:26.870
couldn't be with us. We were just


00:28:26.880 --> 00:28:28.389
talking about gas giants. Well, he's got


00:28:28.399 --> 00:28:31.669
a giant gas problem


00:28:31.679 --> 00:28:33.190
and and he's had to go to hospital, but


00:28:33.200 --> 00:28:35.110
he'll be back soon. And from me, Andrew


00:28:35.120 --> 00:28:36.710
Duckley, thanks for your company. We


00:28:36.720 --> 00:28:38.789
will see you on the very next episode of


00:28:38.799 --> 00:28:41.110
Space Nuts. Until then, bye-bye.


00:28:41.120 --> 00:28:42.149
>> Space Nuts.


00:28:42.159 --> 00:28:44.230
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00:28:44.240 --> 00:28:46.470
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00:28:46.480 --> 00:28:49.430
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00:28:56.000 --> 00:28:57.990
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