Asteroid Threats, Dark Matter Discoveries, and Martian Volcanism Unveiled: S28E18

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is spacetime series 28 episode 18


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for broadcast on the 10th of February


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2025 coming up on SpaceTime NASA raises


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the threat level for a potentially Earth


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impacting asteroid plans for a new test


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to try and identify dark matter and


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Martian lava rocks spreading light on a


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critical period in the red planet's


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history all that and more coming up on


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SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with


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steuart gar


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[Music]


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NASA has dramatically raised the Threat


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Level posed by a recently discovered


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neuroth asteroid NASA's jet propulsion


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laboratory in passing into California


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says the space Rock 2024 yr4 now has a 1


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in 43 that's a 2.3% chance of hitting


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the Earth on December the 22nd


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2032 now that's double last week's


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estimate of 1 in 83 or 1.2% chance of a


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direct hit the figures are consistent


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with independent estimates by the center


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for near Earth object studies and the


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near Earth object Dynamic side meanwhile


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the European space agency's Planet your


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defense office says it's now begun to


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closely track the newly discovered


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asteroid 2024 yr4 was first detected


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back on December the 27th by Atlas the


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asteroid terrestrial impact last alert


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system following its Discovery Issa


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elevated the asteroid to the top of its


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asteroid risk list and astronomers


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worldwide have started undertaking high


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priority follow-up observations closely


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monitoring the space Rock to try and


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find out more about its orbit and


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trajectory it's currently ranked as a


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level three on the Torino impact hazard


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scale and that suggests a close


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encounter which would warrant careful


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attention by both astronomers and


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authorities as well as the general


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public now based on the amount of


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observations available so far 2024 yr4


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appears to be on an elongated elliptical


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orbit around the sun it's currently


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moving away from the earth and that's


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making it more difficult to track so


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is's coordinating observations using


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larger more powerful telescopes such as


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the Catalina Sky survey and the European


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Southern observatory's VT or very large


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telescope in Chile the asid makes its


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next close approach to Earth on December


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the 17th


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2028 while a near Miss of around 10


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16,200 km in 2032 is still likely with a


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98% chance any potential Earth impact


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would be along an arc running from the


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central eastern Pacific Ocean across


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Northern South America then the Atlantic


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Ocean then equatorial Africa and finally


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onto Northern India the asteroids


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between 60 and 90 M across an airburst


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explosion of an asteroid of this size


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would be the equivalent of about 8


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megatons of TNT now that's more than 500


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times the power of the harashima nuclear


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bomb now if yr4 is a rubble pile


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asteroid and most of them are then it


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would likely air burst in the atmosphere


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similar the famous tangus event in 1908


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that's when an asteroid or Comet


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fragment measuring around 30 to 50 m


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wide exploded in the Skies over Siberia


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that blast flattened over 80 million


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trees in a matchwood across an area of


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over 2,000 square kilm with a blinding


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flash bright enough to be seen a third


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of the way around the world in London


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where it was reported that the explosion


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was so bright it allowed people to read


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their evening newspapers without the


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need to turn on lights on the other hand


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if yr4 is a rocky or iron asteroid it'll


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cut through the Earth's atmosphere like


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a knife slamming hard into the planet's


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surface producing a massive crater as


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large as Sydney or Melbourne Central


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business district with a destructive


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shock wave flattening buildings up to 20


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km away from Ground Zero if it explodes


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over the ocean the blast wave could


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trigger a tsunami however as more and


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more is discovered about this asteroid


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and its trajectory and orbit are better


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understood it's expected and hoped that


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the risk factor will drop needless to


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say no matter what happens we'll keep


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you informed this is spacetime still to


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come a new test to try and determine


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what mysterious Dark Matter might be and


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scientists say marshan lava rocks are


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shedding new light on a critical period


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in the red planet's history all that and


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more still to come on


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[Music]


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SpaceTime scientists are working on an


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ambitious new dark matter experiment in


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space which they hope can unravel one of


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the universe's greatest mysteries for


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years researchers have been baffled by


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the puzzling invisible force of Dark


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Matter first identified back in the


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1930s Dark Matter does not emit absorb


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or reflect light making it undetectable


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by telescopes put simply scientists have


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no idea what it is but they know it


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exists because they can see its


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gravitational influence on regular


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So-Cal bionic matter such as preventing


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galaxies from flinging apart as they


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rotate and acting as a gravit ational


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lens to amplify light from more distant


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background objects in fact based on


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these observations we now know Dark


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Matter makes up about 85% of all the


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mass in the universe that means that all


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the stars and galaxies planets gas and


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dust all the trees houses dogs cats cars


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and people only make up 15% of the total


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mass budget of the universe so trying to


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understand what dark matter is is an


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important step in science's quest to


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stand the cosmos put simply Dark Matter


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dictates the very structure of the


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universe and yet it remains a complete


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mystery now scientists have developed a


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New Concept which could Advance their


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understanding of Dark Matter they've


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started testing a device that measures


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tiny signals by firing lasers through


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graphite sheets levitating in zero


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gravity the study's lead author Tim FKS


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from the University of Southampton says


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it could be the first step to more


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space-based experiments that might one


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day be able to detect dark matter he


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says while there are lots of theories as


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to what Dark Matter might be no


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experiment on Earth so far has even come


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close to detecting it but this new


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experiment is unlike anything attempted


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before folks and colleagues will


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levitate graphite between magnets which


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in zero gravity are incredibly sensitive


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to small forces if there's a


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sufficiently high density of dark matter


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the dark wind it creates will softly


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push the levitated particles by a measur


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amount thereby providing the first ever


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direct detection of dark matter the


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experimental device would be blasted


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into space aboard a new satellite which


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is now being developed between space


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South Central and the universities of


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Southampton Portsmouth and Su under the


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name Jovian one different options are


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still being explored by the Jovin one


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team which hopes to launch the satellite


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early next year the Southampton Dark


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Matter device weighs just 1 1/2 kg and


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once deployed will fly around the Earth


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in low orbit for about 2 years in order


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to conduct its tests FK says there are


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many theories that say Dark Matters


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interaction rate may actually be so high


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that it cannot penetrate Earth's


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atmosphere or the mountains under which


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most Dark Matter detectors have been


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built now this might explain why all the


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major experiments on Earth that have


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been built to try and detect Dark Matter


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haven't revealed any conclusive results


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we want to do levitated mechanics in


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Space the goal is to provide a proof of


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principle test for a new method of Dark


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Matter detection we are not exactly sure


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yet ourselves what dark matter is it's


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very active uh field of research so we


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know it has to be out there based on


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gravitational effects but these are all


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indirect and we don't know what makes it


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up because it doesn't seem to interact


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with light and magnetism the way our


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conventional matter does it's very


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difficult to predict what kind of like


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technical implementations this knowledge


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might yield us but we're still in that


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like very early like fundamental


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Inception phase that's physicist Tim


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folks from the University of Southampton


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and this is spacetime still to come


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Martian lava rocks shedding new light on


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a critical phase in the red planet's


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history and later in the science report


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a new study warns that micro


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nanoplastics are accumulating at higher


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rates in the human brain than in see the


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kidneys or liver should we be concerned


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all that and more still to come on


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SpaceTime


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[Music]


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a new study suggests that the Martian


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crust was built up by widespread


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volcanism rather than the volcanic


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Hotpot remnants which doop the red


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planet surface today the findings


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reported in the journal science advances


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suggest that the ous Rocks now being


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examined by NASA's M perseverance Rover


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in jez Crater appear to date back to a


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crucial time period in Martian


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evolutionary history a time when the


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internal dynamics of the planet were


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undergoing major changes the study's


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lead author mck Schmidt from Brock


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University says volcanism on Mars is


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dominated by hotspots these are similar


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to Earth's Hawaii and Iceland where


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there's a focused magma Source deep in


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the mantle which punches up through


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everything including the crust to erupt


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on the planet's surface but early on in


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Martian history there's modeling to


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support the idea that the Martian crust


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was built up by widespread volcanism not


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necessarily focused on those hot spots


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and the transition between the two is


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thought to have happened around the same


00:10:08.079 --> 00:10:10.190
time that these rocks now being examined


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by perseverance were formed Schmid and


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colleagues used perseverance pixel x-ray


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fluorescent spectrometer to determine


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the fine scale Elemental composition of


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Martian surface materials allowing them


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to remotely dive deep into the rocks to


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investigate how they formed and what


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they're made of Schmid says the samples


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from jezzro crater are thought to be at


00:10:31.079 --> 00:10:34.710
least 3 and2 billion years old Mars is


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very well preserved in terms of its


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early geological history and so that


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opens a window on the early history of


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our solar system see we can't say the


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same for the Earth erosion and plate


00:10:45.760 --> 00:10:47.670
tectonics have recycled the Earth's


00:10:47.680 --> 00:10:49.670
surface making it much harder to work


00:10:49.680 --> 00:10:52.829
out what our original Planet was like so


00:10:52.839 --> 00:10:55.150
by studying the history of Mars we not


00:10:55.160 --> 00:10:56.990
only better understand the inner solar


00:10:57.000 --> 00:10:59.069
systems history but also that of the


00:10:59.079 --> 00:11:02.450
Earth Earth as well this is


00:11:02.460 --> 00:11:17.269
[Music]


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spacetime and time now to take a brief


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look at some of the other stories making


00:11:20.880 --> 00:11:22.509
news and science this week with a


00:11:22.519 --> 00:11:25.470
science report a new study has found


00:11:25.480 --> 00:11:27.790
that both micro and nanoplastics


00:11:27.800 --> 00:11:30.030
accumulate at higher levels in the human


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brain than in the kidneys or liver the


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findings reported in the journal Nature


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medicine also found that levels of


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microplastics found in brains and livers


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increased between 2016 and


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2024 the authors use new techniques to


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look for plastic particles in liver


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kidney and brain samples from human


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body's autopsi between 2016 and 2024


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including some 52 brain specimens in the


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2016 samples the authors detected


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Plastics in all samples and found


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similar concentration in the livering


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kidneys but brain samples from 2016


00:12:03.279 --> 00:12:04.710
contain substantially higher


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concentrations of plastic particles than


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either the liver or the kidneys in the


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2024 samples the authors found plastic


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concentrations have become much higher


00:12:13.480 --> 00:12:15.269
in brain and liver tissues than those


00:12:15.279 --> 00:12:16.069
from


00:12:16.079 --> 00:12:18.910
2016 and interestingly concentrations in


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the brain were highest in 12 people who


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had dementia now this link between


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microplastics in the brain and dementia


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can't prove causation so reearch want to


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look at a wider range of tissue samples


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in order to investigate the health


00:12:33.360 --> 00:12:36.550
effects of microplastics in human


00:12:36.560 --> 00:12:39.110
organs a World Health Organization


00:12:39.120 --> 00:12:41.430
commission systematic review has failed


00:12:41.440 --> 00:12:43.910
to find any association between radio


00:12:43.920 --> 00:12:45.990
wave exposure and various cancers


00:12:46.000 --> 00:12:48.509
including Leukemia Lymphoma thyroid and


00:12:48.519 --> 00:12:52.030
oral cavity cancers it's the second who


00:12:52.040 --> 00:12:53.949
commission systematic review which has


00:12:53.959 --> 00:12:56.030
looked at the association between cell


00:12:56.040 --> 00:12:58.470
phones and cancer the first published


00:12:58.480 --> 00:13:00.269
last year looked at the association


00:13:00.279 --> 00:13:02.269
between cell phones and brain and other


00:13:02.279 --> 00:13:05.030
head Cancers and also failed to find any


00:13:05.040 --> 00:13:07.389
link you can read the latest study in


00:13:07.399 --> 00:13:10.430
full in the journal environment


00:13:10.440 --> 00:13:12.750
International scientists of bre a strain


00:13:12.760 --> 00:13:15.509
of rice which emit 70% less methane


00:13:15.519 --> 00:13:18.310
without compromising yield methane is a


00:13:18.320 --> 00:13:20.590
greenhouse gas more potent than carbon


00:13:20.600 --> 00:13:22.590
dioxide and it's become a specific


00:13:22.600 --> 00:13:25.790
concern as global warming increases and


00:13:25.800 --> 00:13:27.910
growing rice is responsible for around


00:13:27.920 --> 00:13:30.550
12% of global methane emissions with


00:13:30.560 --> 00:13:33.670
demand for the staple growing rice emits


00:13:33.680 --> 00:13:35.310
methane due to specific chemical


00:13:35.320 --> 00:13:37.310
compounds in its roots and researchers


00:13:37.320 --> 00:13:39.110
investigated differences between a


00:13:39.120 --> 00:13:40.910
genetically modified variety with low


00:13:40.920 --> 00:13:42.990
methane emissions and another variety


00:13:43.000 --> 00:13:44.629
with average emissions in order to


00:13:44.639 --> 00:13:46.310
identify which compounds were


00:13:46.320 --> 00:13:48.310
determining how much methane is being


00:13:48.320 --> 00:13:50.550
released once they identify these


00:13:50.560 --> 00:13:52.470
compounds the authors bred a high yield


00:13:52.480 --> 00:13:54.790
variety of rice with a non-GMO low


00:13:54.800 --> 00:13:56.509
emitting variety with the chemical


00:13:56.519 --> 00:13:58.629
composition they were looking for a


00:13:58.639 --> 00:14:00.749
report the journal molecular plant


00:14:00.759 --> 00:14:02.430
claims growing the plants from this


00:14:02.440 --> 00:14:05.110
cross breeding produce 70% less methane


00:14:05.120 --> 00:14:06.829
compared with the original high yield


00:14:06.839 --> 00:14:09.749
Vari previously used for


00:14:09.759 --> 00:14:12.670
breeding Dr Jane Goodall one of the


00:14:12.680 --> 00:14:14.829
planet's most respected primatologist


00:14:14.839 --> 00:14:17.230
and anthropologists says she's certain


00:14:17.240 --> 00:14:19.310
that Sasquatch in other words Bigfoot is


00:14:19.320 --> 00:14:23.189
real sasquatch is a giant 3 m tall apik


00:14:23.199 --> 00:14:25.389
bipedal hominid reported to inhabit the


00:14:25.399 --> 00:14:27.310
North American Wilderness especially


00:14:27.320 --> 00:14:29.189
around the forest of the Pacific northw


00:14:29.199 --> 00:14:31.910
West it also has its counterparts such


00:14:31.920 --> 00:14:34.310
as the yeti or abominable snowman which


00:14:34.320 --> 00:14:36.110
is said to roam the Himalayan mountain


00:14:36.120 --> 00:14:38.790
ranges of Asia although there have been


00:14:38.800 --> 00:14:41.069
thousands of alleged anecdotal sightings


00:14:41.079 --> 00:14:43.590
lots of disputed films video recordings


00:14:43.600 --> 00:14:45.629
photographs and even plastic casts of


00:14:45.639 --> 00:14:48.230
large Footprints no scientific evidence


00:14:48.240 --> 00:14:50.710
such as remains or DNA samples have ever


00:14:50.720 --> 00:14:53.590
been found but Tim minum from strin


00:14:53.600 --> 00:14:55.470
skeptic says for good all there's no


00:14:55.480 --> 00:14:58.269
debate and no hesitancy Bigfoot is real


00:14:58.279 --> 00:15:00.030
it is a fascina story because she's a


00:15:00.040 --> 00:15:01.870
very sympathetic person she comes across


00:15:01.880 --> 00:15:03.269
very well she's obviously done a lot of


00:15:03.279 --> 00:15:05.550
research on chimpanzees in Africa for a


00:15:05.560 --> 00:15:07.710
long time she's very sincere seems to be


00:15:07.720 --> 00:15:09.350
very qualified in that area but like a


00:15:09.360 --> 00:15:10.670
lot of scientists you have to be very


00:15:10.680 --> 00:15:12.350
careful when they step slightly outside


00:15:12.360 --> 00:15:14.310
their areas of expertise because they're


00:15:14.320 --> 00:15:16.949
just syndrome well yes yeah they're just


00:15:16.959 --> 00:15:18.910
as as prone to sort of Step as making a


00:15:18.920 --> 00:15:20.350
mistake as as the rest of us they're


00:15:20.360 --> 00:15:22.150
human like the rest of us but yeah Jane


00:15:22.160 --> 00:15:23.949
Goodall is always been a hero of


00:15:23.959 --> 00:15:25.030
everyone it's one of those sort of


00:15:25.040 --> 00:15:27.310
people like David aten Jane goodle that


00:15:27.320 --> 00:15:30.150
sort of person everybody loves but for


00:15:30.160 --> 00:15:34.110
years yeah possibly um for years she's


00:15:34.120 --> 00:15:35.629
been making in interviews and things


00:15:35.639 --> 00:15:37.350
she's been saying that she definitely


00:15:37.360 --> 00:15:39.829
believes in bigfoots and yetis and


00:15:39.839 --> 00:15:41.629
probably yahs if you ever heard of the


00:15:41.639 --> 00:15:43.749
Australian variation squats all that


00:15:43.759 --> 00:15:46.030
sort of stuff she can see she says one


00:15:46.040 --> 00:15:49.110
is no reason not to believe it and two


00:15:49.120 --> 00:15:50.590
yes it's worthwhile believing in it so


00:15:50.600 --> 00:15:52.509
the reason no reason not to believe it


00:15:52.519 --> 00:15:54.309
is totally pointless because it means


00:15:54.319 --> 00:15:55.389
you haven't looked at any evidence


00:15:55.399 --> 00:15:56.470
you're trying to find an Evidence where


00:15:56.480 --> 00:15:58.230
something doesn't exist is very hard you


00:15:58.240 --> 00:15:59.910
certainly have to look those who claim


00:15:59.920 --> 00:16:01.150
that there's evidence and look at the


00:16:01.160 --> 00:16:03.309
evidence okay so it's up to the claimant


00:16:03.319 --> 00:16:05.230
to put forward the evidence really you


00:16:05.240 --> 00:16:06.749
can't sort of say there's no evidence at


00:16:06.759 --> 00:16:08.550
all she's really not following the


00:16:08.560 --> 00:16:10.829
scientific method is she no not at all


00:16:10.839 --> 00:16:12.670
she I mean the evidence is the evidence


00:16:12.680 --> 00:16:14.189
that's been put forward on the belief is


00:16:14.199 --> 00:16:16.990
poor very anecdotal very sort of vague


00:16:17.000 --> 00:16:18.230
all those sort of things whether it's


00:16:18.240 --> 00:16:20.829
personal stor sightings sounds whatever


00:16:20.839 --> 00:16:22.629
Footprints you name it it's always very


00:16:22.639 --> 00:16:23.990
sort of dodgy things and because no


00:16:24.000 --> 00:16:25.629
one's actually found one right captured


00:16:25.639 --> 00:16:27.710
one killed one whatever it makes you


00:16:27.720 --> 00:16:29.629
only relying on these an toal and sort


00:16:29.639 --> 00:16:31.590
of very very vague evidence but that's


00:16:31.600 --> 00:16:33.069
not good enough in a scientific


00:16:33.079 --> 00:16:34.509
environment you got to get do better


00:16:34.519 --> 00:16:35.910
than that thank you very much and it


00:16:35.920 --> 00:16:37.710
seems that Jane goodle who's a scientist


00:16:37.720 --> 00:16:39.990
qualified very experienced in primates


00:16:40.000 --> 00:16:42.269
Etc has been coming out over the years


00:16:42.279 --> 00:16:43.870
and sort of not just once it's been a


00:16:43.880 --> 00:16:45.189
whole range of different times that she


00:16:45.199 --> 00:16:47.910
said this giving credence to yahi stat


00:16:47.920 --> 00:16:50.110
squat Bigwood Etc is a worry because


00:16:50.120 --> 00:16:51.350
people will believe it because she's a


00:16:51.360 --> 00:16:52.990
believable sort of person she's a nice


00:16:53.000 --> 00:16:55.350
person she in her scientific Community


00:16:55.360 --> 00:16:57.069
that's got to affect her credibility


00:16:57.079 --> 00:16:58.110
people have got to think she's being a


00:16:58.120 --> 00:17:01.150
Nutter yes it happens a lot but then


00:17:01.160 --> 00:17:02.949
people often allow for that and they say


00:17:02.959 --> 00:17:04.390
yeah well she's a nut in that area but


00:17:04.400 --> 00:17:06.110
in this area she's very good and does


00:17:06.120 --> 00:17:07.710
that override all the good things she's


00:17:07.720 --> 00:17:09.549
done not if you believe her not if not


00:17:09.559 --> 00:17:11.309
if you if you support her not if you


00:17:11.319 --> 00:17:13.350
have faith in her Etc you'll just regard


00:17:13.360 --> 00:17:15.390
this as sort of an Abomination a


00:17:15.400 --> 00:17:18.029
aberration this case both well we all


00:17:18.039 --> 00:17:19.750
have human foibles I guess we all have


00:17:19.760 --> 00:17:21.470
human fbl in a story about Alfred


00:17:21.480 --> 00:17:23.029
Russell Wallace which I written about a


00:17:23.039 --> 00:17:25.110
number of times who was the co-


00:17:25.120 --> 00:17:27.150
developer discoverer of natural


00:17:27.160 --> 00:17:29.350
selection in evolution the same time is


00:17:29.360 --> 00:17:31.230
believing in head bumps ionology


00:17:31.240 --> 00:17:33.630
believing in spiritualism believing in


00:17:33.640 --> 00:17:35.789
all sorts of pseudo Sciences Etc at the


00:17:35.799 --> 00:17:37.630
same time as being a scientist and they


00:17:37.640 --> 00:17:39.669
noted and approved scientists the people


00:17:39.679 --> 00:17:41.470
who work with him Etc just said oh


00:17:41.480 --> 00:17:43.270
that's just Alfie being a bit strange


00:17:43.280 --> 00:17:44.789
over there but his work here is great


00:17:44.799 --> 00:17:46.270
and you think well does that mean that


00:17:46.280 --> 00:17:48.190
the person himself is is wrong is the


00:17:48.200 --> 00:17:50.549
work wrong an agile problem anyway so


00:17:50.559 --> 00:17:52.630
Jane goodle because she is respected


00:17:52.640 --> 00:17:54.270
because she comes across well and


00:17:54.280 --> 00:17:56.070
because she gives Credence to the


00:17:56.080 --> 00:17:58.149
possibility that means it exists and


00:17:58.159 --> 00:18:00.070
people will believe her saying it exists


00:18:00.080 --> 00:18:02.070
and you say ah Jane goodle says you know


00:18:02.080 --> 00:18:03.909
it's true and she should know therefore


00:18:03.919 --> 00:18:05.750
it must be true unfortunately not you


00:18:05.760 --> 00:18:07.230
could say the same thing about Edwin


00:18:07.240 --> 00:18:09.630
Hubble he he believed in in elves and


00:18:09.640 --> 00:18:12.909
yet uh he was a brilliant astronomer and


00:18:12.919 --> 00:18:17.020
that's timum from Australian Skeptics


00:18:17.030 --> 00:18:30.909
[Music]


00:18:30.919 --> 00:18:33.789
and that's the show for now SpaceTime is


00:18:33.799 --> 00:18:35.630
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