Asteroid 2024 YR4’s Threat Averted, Martian Core Study Breakthrough, and NASA’s Latest Lunar...

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Language: en

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this is spacetime series 28 episode 27


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for broadcast on the 3rd of March


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2025 coming up on SpaceTime a bit of


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good news with new observations having


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all but completely ruled out any


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possibility of asteroid 2024 yr4 hitting


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the earth a new study looking at what


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the Martian core could be like and


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NASA's latest mission to the surface of


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the Moon now underway all that and more


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coming up on SpaceTime


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welcome to SpaceTime with steuart


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[Music]




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Gary and we start this week's show with


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a bit of good news with new observations


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having now all but ruled out any


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possibility of asteroid 2024 yr4 hitting


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the Earth the new calculations by a


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Global Network of telescopes including


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the European Southern observatory's very


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large telescope the VT now show the


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chances of an impact event at just


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0.001% the asteroid's been closely


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monitored ever since it was first


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detected back on December the 27th last


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year with early calculations of an Earth


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impact on December the 22nd 2032 getting


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as high as


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3.1% the asteroid which is estimated to


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be up to 90 M wide would have caused a


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massive kilometer wide impact crater had


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it collided with our planet and when you


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include the blast wave that would be big


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enough to wipe out an entire city


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because of its size and the likelihood


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of an impact the asteroid quickly Rose


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to the top of the European space


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agency's risk list a catalog of all


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space rocks with a Chance of hitting the


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Earth the very large telescope or VT was


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used to observe 2024 wire for in mid


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January giving astronomers The crucial


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data they needed to more precisely


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calculate orbit combined with data from


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other observatories these new more


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precise measurements improved science's


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knowledge of the asteroids orbit which


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originally led to an impact probability


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exceeding 1% a key threshold to trigger


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disaster mitigation efforts more


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observations were triggered and the


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international asteroid warning Network


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issued a potential asteroid impact


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notification that alerted planetary


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defense groups including the space


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missions planning Advisory Group about


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the possibility of an impact with


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modable Tes Scopes around the world now


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observing the asteroid and astronomers


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modeling its orbit in ever finer detail


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the impact probability quickly Rose to


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3.1% on February the 18th the highest


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impact probability ever recorded for any


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asteroid more than 30 m in size of


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course as we predicted the rise and fall


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of the asteroids impact probability


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flows an expected and well understood


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pattern you see to know where an


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asteroid will be in the future


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astronomers need to extrapolate its


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trajectory from a small bit of the orbit


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they've already been able to measure and


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the amount of orbit they've been able to


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measure is determined by the amount of


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time they've had to observe it see


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because of the uncertainties the orbit


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of the asteroid is sort of like a beam


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from a flashlight it gets broader and


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broader and fuzzier and fuzzier with


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distance but the longer you can observe


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it the more detail you can accumulate


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and so the better your projections will


00:03:21.480 --> 00:03:24.110
be in other words the beam become


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sharper and narrower the new VT


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observations together with data from


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other observatories have allowed


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astronomers to constrain the orbit


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enough to rule out an impact with the


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Earth in


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2032 the asteroids highly elongated


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orbit is now moving it further and


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further away from our part of the solar


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system it'll be back in 2028 when


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astronomers will get another chance to


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have a close-up inspection and maybe


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even launch a mission to study it more


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closely needless to say we'll keep you


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informed this SpaceTime still to come a


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new study looks at what the Martian core


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is likely to be made of and nessa's


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latest mission to the surface of the


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Moon now underway all that and more


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still to come on


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[Music]


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SpaceTime data from NASA's Mars Insight


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land emission suggest that the red


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planet has a liquid cor similar to the


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outer core but now new research is


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suggesting that the Martian core may be


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at least partially solid scientists know


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the Maran core is lower in density than


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the Earth's core that suggests that it


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contains a lot of lighter elements such


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as sulfur so researchers from the


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University of beuth and the European


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synchotron subjected a blend of iron and


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sulfur to extreme conditions resembling


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the Deep interior of Mars they observe


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the formation of an iron sofa Crystal


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phase under high pressure and


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temperature bries and that raises the


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possibility that the red planet has a


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solid inner core a report in the journal


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Nature Communications found solid


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Crystal structures were forming from ion


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sulfide at temperatures below roughly


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1,960 Kelvin that's


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1,687 de C which is within the estimated


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temperature range of the Martian core


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the authors say that below this


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temperature crystals could form a solid


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inner core on the red planet although


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further measurements would be required


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to confirm whether or not this is the


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case NASA's Insight Lander was a robotic


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Mission designed to study the Deep


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interior of Mars the mission launched on


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the 5th of May 2018 aboard an atlas 5401


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rocket from the Cape Canal space force


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station in Florida it successfully


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landed on the Elian penia of Mars on


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November the 26th Insight was active for


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4 years and 19 days until the increasing


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amount of marsh and dust covering its


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solar arrays finally brought the mission


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to an end with a loss of contact on


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December the 15th


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2022 during its operational life Insight


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returned Mar Quake data indicating the


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red planet had a molten core with a


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1,650 to 1,800 km radius accounting for


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over half Mars's total radius however


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there was insufficient data to establish


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whether or not the inner core region was


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solid see many geoscientists have always


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assumed that an iron-rich heart of Mars


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would simply be too hot to solidify


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that's partly because the marching caus


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richer in lighter elements compared to


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the Earth's one of those elements is


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likely to be sulfur and that's abundant


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in Martian rocks on the surface and it's


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also seen in meteorites and material


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that coales to form Mars the study's


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lead author Lan man from Germany's B


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geotechnical Institute says that since


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the 1990s scientists have known that an


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iron sulfide phase could theoretically


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crystallize under marh and core


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conditions but they didn't have the


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experimental techniques to identify the


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structure and stability


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but by using Diamond Anvil cells man and


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colleagues were able to subject ion


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sulfide samples to the sorts of


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pressures estimated to exist at the


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Martian core simultaneously laser


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heating was able to establish high


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temperatures in the sample and single


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Crystal defraction revealed the crystal


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structure density of this novel phase


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complimentary experiments then confirmed


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ion sulfide could crystalize from liquid


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when temperatures dropped below 1,960


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Kelvin plus or minus 105 kin


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and that falls well within the


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temperature range of geophysical models


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for the Martian core so if the Martian


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core is on the cooler side of


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predictions then a solid core seems


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perfectly reasonable future experiments


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could explore more realistic iron


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softare mixtures incorporating other


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Light Elements such as oxygen and


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hydrogen and this work could also help


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solve another puzzle a suspected molten


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Zone at the base of the Martian mantle


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this 150 km thick layer was predicted by


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two independent analys IES from Insight


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seismic data if further evidence does


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support a solid Martian core then it


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would cast out on the existence of this


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molon Zone at the mantle base core


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region would simply be too cold to melt


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the overlying mantle material on the


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flip side if new evidence does support


00:08:16.400 --> 00:08:18.510
the existence of a matal melt Zone then


00:08:18.520 --> 00:08:20.749
it would spell bad news for the idea of


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a solid core the region would simply be


00:08:23.000 --> 00:08:25.990
too hot for now the question remains


00:08:26.000 --> 00:08:28.390
open with Insight seismic mission


00:08:28.400 --> 00:08:30.430
complete and no follow missions planned


00:08:30.440 --> 00:08:32.110
the answer May well lie with a deeper


00:08:32.120 --> 00:08:35.469
analysis of the existing data this is


00:08:35.479 --> 00:08:38.230
spacetime still to come NASA's latest


00:08:38.240 --> 00:08:40.029
mission to the surface of the Moon and


00:08:40.039 --> 00:08:41.670
later in the science report


00:08:41.680 --> 00:08:43.670
archaeologists discover the tomb of an


00:08:43.680 --> 00:08:46.310
ancient Egyptian pharaoh the first such


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Discovery since Tut hamon all that and


00:08:48.640 --> 00:09:03.650
more still to come on SpaceTime


00:09:03.660 --> 00:09:06.750
[Music]


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nessa's latest commercial Luna payload


00:09:09.120 --> 00:09:11.150
Services initiative mission is now on


00:09:11.160 --> 00:09:13.750
its way to the Luna South Pole the


00:09:13.760 --> 00:09:16.030
intuitive machines im2 spacecraft


00:09:16.040 --> 00:09:18.389
blasted off from launch complex 39a at


00:09:18.399 --> 00:09:20.030
the Kennedy Space Center in Florida


00:09:20.040 --> 00:09:23.069
aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket the


00:09:23.079 --> 00:09:24.949
mission includes the intuitive machines


00:09:24.959 --> 00:09:27.190
Athena Luna Lander and NASA's lunar


00:09:27.200 --> 00:09:29.949
Trailblazer Orbiter lunar TR Blazer


00:09:29.959 --> 00:09:32.470
separated from Athena 48 minutes after


00:09:32.480 --> 00:09:34.310
launch in order to undertake its own


00:09:34.320 --> 00:09:36.550
separate Journey To The Moon see


00:09:36.560 --> 00:09:38.389
Trailblazer is on a longer more


00:09:38.399 --> 00:09:41.190
securious indirect flight path it'll use


00:09:41.200 --> 00:09:43.590
a series of gravity assist flybys of the


00:09:43.600 --> 00:09:45.509
sun earth and moon over several months


00:09:45.519 --> 00:09:47.790
to gradually line up for a capture into


00:09:47.800 --> 00:09:50.110
low lunar orbit eventually flying just


00:09:50.120 --> 00:09:52.389
100 kilm above the lunar surface and


00:09:52.399 --> 00:09:55.470
undertaking some 12 orbits a day its


00:09:55.480 --> 00:09:57.710
2-year primary Mission will search for


00:09:57.720 --> 00:10:00.190
and Map sites containing lunar surface


00:10:00.200 --> 00:10:02.190
water that's expected to be found in


00:10:02.200 --> 00:10:04.230
so-called coal traps permanently


00:10:04.240 --> 00:10:06.590
shadowed regions of polar crater floors


00:10:06.600 --> 00:10:09.470
areas where sunlight never reaches troll


00:10:09.480 --> 00:10:10.750
Blazer is equipped with a high


00:10:10.760 --> 00:10:12.750
resolution volatiles and minerals Moon


00:10:12.760 --> 00:10:15.069
mapper infrared spectrometer and Al Luna


00:10:15.079 --> 00:10:17.710
thermal mappa infrared multispectral


00:10:17.720 --> 00:10:20.590
imager meanwhile Athena's Target is the


00:10:20.600 --> 00:10:23.389
mons Mutan Plateau at the Moon South


00:10:23.399 --> 00:10:25.990
Pole from launch to Landing will take


00:10:26.000 --> 00:10:28.389
about 8 Days the mission will provide


00:10:28.399 --> 00:10:30.389
one of the first on site demonstrations


00:10:30.399 --> 00:10:32.550
of resource use packages to be used on


00:10:32.560 --> 00:10:34.870
the moon the equipment includes a drill


00:10:34.880 --> 00:10:36.470
and mass speec trumeter designed to


00:10:36.480 --> 00:10:38.629
measure volatiles or gases in the lunar


00:10:38.639 --> 00:10:41.509
soil also aboard is a passive laser retr


00:10:41.519 --> 00:10:43.829
reflector array it'll bounce the laser


00:10:43.839 --> 00:10:45.629
light back to any orbiting or incoming


00:10:45.639 --> 00:10:47.790
spacecraft providing a unique permanent


00:10:47.800 --> 00:10:50.310
reference point on the lunar surface the


00:10:50.320 --> 00:10:52.550
land is also equipped with a new 4G


00:10:52.560 --> 00:10:54.829
cellular phone communication system an


00:10:54.839 --> 00:10:57.150
experimental hardened computer and a


00:10:57.160 --> 00:10:59.710
small mobile drone called Grace that's


00:10:59.720 --> 00:11:01.430
designed to literally hop across the


00:11:01.440 --> 00:11:03.790
lunar surface this technology


00:11:03.800 --> 00:11:05.670
demonstration package is designed to


00:11:05.680 --> 00:11:07.750
test equipment and improve science's


00:11:07.760 --> 00:11:09.269
understanding of the lunar environment


00:11:09.279 --> 00:11:10.949
in order to help prepare for future


00:11:10.959 --> 00:11:12.750
Artemus man missions to the lunar


00:11:12.760 --> 00:11:14.550
surface which are all part of NASA's


00:11:14.560 --> 00:11:17.110
Moon to Mars program the inuitive


00:11:17.120 --> 00:11:19.389
machines im2 Mission follows on from


00:11:19.399 --> 00:11:21.790
last year's unsuccessful im1 Mission


00:11:21.800 --> 00:11:23.509
which wound up undertaking what they


00:11:23.519 --> 00:11:25.670
call a hard landing on the lunar surface


00:11:25.680 --> 00:11:26.990
in other words it basically hit the


00:11:27.000 --> 00:11:28.910
ground so hard it buckled and tipped


00:11:28.920 --> 00:11:31.629
over out side ending the mission early


00:11:31.639 --> 00:11:33.269
mission managers are hoping for this


00:11:33.279 --> 00:11:35.509
follow-up Mission progress somewhat more


00:11:35.519 --> 00:11:38.910
smoothly this report from NASA TV there


00:11:38.920 --> 00:11:41.069
are more than a dozen NASA and


00:11:41.079 --> 00:11:42.430
Commercial instruments headed to the


00:11:42.440 --> 00:11:43.790
moon and we're going to walk you through


00:11:43.800 --> 00:11:45.670
them Josh tell us a little bit about


00:11:45.680 --> 00:11:47.389
your spacecraft including her solar


00:11:47.399 --> 00:11:50.310
panels she's just over 14 ft tall with


00:11:50.320 --> 00:11:52.910
the landing gear she's just shy of 15 ft


00:11:52.920 --> 00:11:54.629
wide that's about the length of a


00:11:54.639 --> 00:11:56.790
standard car parking spot the lunar


00:11:56.800 --> 00:11:59.629
lander weighs nearly 1,500 PBS and is


00:11:59.639 --> 00:12:02.190
capable of delivering about 220 pounds


00:12:02.200 --> 00:12:04.590
of payload to the lunar surface can you


00:12:04.600 --> 00:12:06.509
walk us through some of those payloads


00:12:06.519 --> 00:12:08.190
on on Athena absolutely let's take a


00:12:08.200 --> 00:12:09.350
look at some commercial ones we have


00:12:09.360 --> 00:12:12.069
lunar Outpost map Rover we have noia you


00:12:12.079 --> 00:12:14.470
have Lone Star data Holdings data center


00:12:14.480 --> 00:12:16.269
all these commercial payloads that


00:12:16.279 --> 00:12:18.150
you've been pointing out they're all on


00:12:18.160 --> 00:12:20.509
the outside of the Lander because as I


00:12:20.519 --> 00:12:22.230
understand Athena's fuel tanks are on


00:12:22.240 --> 00:12:23.870
the inside of the core structure you got


00:12:23.880 --> 00:12:25.629
it right that's liquid methane and


00:12:25.639 --> 00:12:28.230
liquid oxygen tanks inside of the Lander


00:12:28.240 --> 00:12:30.389
what that requires is extremely cold


00:12:30.399 --> 00:12:32.629
fuel to be loaded inside of the vehicle


00:12:32.639 --> 00:12:34.870
that fueling process started about 3


00:12:34.880 --> 00:12:37.230
hours before launch and fueling stops


00:12:37.240 --> 00:12:38.910
just before lift off there are more than


00:12:38.920 --> 00:12:41.150
a dozen instruments on board Athena and


00:12:41.160 --> 00:12:43.030
we're going to walk you through them to


00:12:43.040 --> 00:12:44.829
show you how they'll inform on how


00:12:44.839 --> 00:12:46.829
astronauts live and work on the lunar


00:12:46.839 --> 00:12:49.189
surface in the future so let's jump


00:12:49.199 --> 00:12:51.030
right into the NASA technology


00:12:51.040 --> 00:12:53.269
demonstrations we have the prime one


00:12:53.279 --> 00:12:55.750
Suite which stands for Polar resources


00:12:55.760 --> 00:12:58.230
ice mining experiment it consists of two


00:12:58.240 --> 00:13:00.949
instruments the Trident drill and a mass


00:13:00.959 --> 00:13:03.310
spectrometer called IM solo and joining


00:13:03.320 --> 00:13:05.829
us now live to discuss these two tools


00:13:05.839 --> 00:13:08.389
is Dr Jackie Quinn prime one project


00:13:08.399 --> 00:13:10.990
manager with NASA the Trident drill can


00:13:11.000 --> 00:13:13.509
you walk us through how this works it's


00:13:13.519 --> 00:13:15.910
uh actually was designed and built by um


00:13:15.920 --> 00:13:17.710
honeybee robotics it's a percussive


00:13:17.720 --> 00:13:19.990
auguring drill and it has the ability to


00:13:20.000 --> 00:13:21.990
sample down to a meter depth so that's a


00:13:22.000 --> 00:13:24.189
little over 3 feet and the way it works


00:13:24.199 --> 00:13:26.350
is it goes down in about 4 in sections


00:13:26.360 --> 00:13:29.189
it'll go down 4 in it'll collect the um


00:13:29.199 --> 00:13:32.110
lunar regolith on the the flutes of the


00:13:32.120 --> 00:13:33.470
drill it'll bring it to the surface


00:13:33.480 --> 00:13:34.990
deposit on the surface and then it goes


00:13:35.000 --> 00:13:36.389
down again another four inches and


00:13:36.399 --> 00:13:38.710
deposit so do that sequentially until it


00:13:38.720 --> 00:13:40.750
reaches its terminal depth one of the


00:13:40.760 --> 00:13:42.310
very uh cool things about the Trident


00:13:42.320 --> 00:13:44.030
drill is it has a temperature sensor in


00:13:44.040 --> 00:13:45.990
the very tip of the drill so as we're


00:13:46.000 --> 00:13:47.910
going down we're going to stop and take


00:13:47.920 --> 00:13:49.710
uh temperature measurements uh at


00:13:49.720 --> 00:13:52.110
different depths along the way M solo is


00:13:52.120 --> 00:13:53.949
a commercially available Mass


00:13:53.959 --> 00:13:56.230
spectrometer built by infocon which the


00:13:56.240 --> 00:13:57.790
engineers and scientists here at the


00:13:57.800 --> 00:14:00.670
Kennedy Space Center of ruged for um use


00:14:00.680 --> 00:14:03.430
in the harsh environment of space so the


00:14:03.440 --> 00:14:06.069
molo Works in tandem with Trident when


00:14:06.079 --> 00:14:07.910
Trident brings up the soil and deposits


00:14:07.920 --> 00:14:10.269
it on the surface the activity of


00:14:10.279 --> 00:14:12.670
depositing it um gives enough energy


00:14:12.680 --> 00:14:15.629
that the Frozen gas molecules are


00:14:15.639 --> 00:14:17.910
sitting or residing on the grains of the


00:14:17.920 --> 00:14:20.509
soil actually sublimate into the vacuum


00:14:20.519 --> 00:14:22.949
of space and when that happens the mass


00:14:22.959 --> 00:14:25.110
spectrometer M solo is able to analyze


00:14:25.120 --> 00:14:27.470
the molecules and tell us which specific


00:14:27.480 --> 00:14:30.670
gases we're seeing and um what quantity


00:14:30.680 --> 00:14:33.910
is there and so Jackie real quick can


00:14:33.920 --> 00:14:35.790
you give us the big picture you know


00:14:35.800 --> 00:14:37.749
what does prime one what does a prime


00:14:37.759 --> 00:14:40.629
one Suite contribute to the overall goal


00:14:40.639 --> 00:14:43.350
of long-term human Presence at the Moon


00:14:43.360 --> 00:14:45.550
Yeah so so right now I I would say we're


00:14:45.560 --> 00:14:48.150
we're fairly tethered uh to Earth as


00:14:48.160 --> 00:14:50.670
human explorers and we want to be able


00:14:50.680 --> 00:14:53.670
to have a sustained presence on on the


00:14:53.680 --> 00:14:55.910
moon on Mars on any Celestial body and


00:14:55.920 --> 00:14:57.910
in order to do that we need to be able


00:14:57.920 --> 00:14:59.829
to live off the land so if we look


00:14:59.839 --> 00:15:02.550
historically at explorers say Lewis and


00:15:02.560 --> 00:15:05.110
Clark that went from U Missouri to the


00:15:05.120 --> 00:15:07.629
Pacific they did they were able to do it


00:15:07.639 --> 00:15:09.030
because they lived off the land they


00:15:09.040 --> 00:15:11.310
gathered food and vegetables they hunted


00:15:11.320 --> 00:15:13.310
they drank water well we as explorers of


00:15:13.320 --> 00:15:15.069
space need to be able to live off the


00:15:15.079 --> 00:15:17.110
land as well and the way to do that is


00:15:17.120 --> 00:15:18.990
to be able to get the water if it's if


00:15:19.000 --> 00:15:21.910
it's there and be able to um harness it


00:15:21.920 --> 00:15:24.110
for creating Fuel and oxygen and that's


00:15:24.120 --> 00:15:25.629
what prime one will do is to give us


00:15:25.639 --> 00:15:28.430
those first key engineering um uh


00:15:28.440 --> 00:15:30.550
components to allow us to design future


00:15:30.560 --> 00:15:34.189
systems now also aboard Athena is the


00:15:34.199 --> 00:15:37.990
laser retro reflector array or L it's a


00:15:38.000 --> 00:15:40.069
collection of reflectors you can also


00:15:40.079 --> 00:15:41.949
think of them as mirrors that are


00:15:41.959 --> 00:15:44.030
designed to use reflected light from an


00:15:44.040 --> 00:15:46.470
orbiting spacecraft laser to help locate


00:15:46.480 --> 00:15:48.790
Landers better on the lunar surface to


00:15:48.800 --> 00:15:50.749
hear of this technology requires no


00:15:50.759 --> 00:15:52.710
power to work and has been used since


00:15:52.720 --> 00:15:54.910
the Apollo era Josh one thing that I


00:15:54.920 --> 00:15:56.230
think is super cool is that it's


00:15:56.240 --> 00:15:58.269
controlled from your mission control and


00:15:58.279 --> 00:16:00.949
it is a super unique setup Nova control


00:16:00.959 --> 00:16:03.189
this is the nerve center of our entire


00:16:03.199 --> 00:16:05.870
program at intuitive machines we have


00:16:05.880 --> 00:16:07.910
three primary flight controller teams


00:16:07.920 --> 00:16:11.269
working 247 to monitor command and


00:16:11.279 --> 00:16:13.230
control our lunar lander during its


00:16:13.240 --> 00:16:15.269
Journey To The Moon and Athena's mission


00:16:15.279 --> 00:16:17.670
on the lunar surface here's a closer


00:16:17.680 --> 00:16:19.870
look at how Athena May accomplish her


00:16:19.880 --> 00:16:22.670
Mission Athena's mission may provide the


00:16:22.680 --> 00:16:25.590
wisdom required to Define how will


00:16:25.600 --> 00:16:27.949
Humanity live and work on the moon these


00:16:27.959 --> 00:16:30.150
kind of questions where we go from being


00:16:30.160 --> 00:16:33.150
observers of the Moon to builders on the


00:16:33.160 --> 00:16:34.990
moon this is the first step to begin to


00:16:35.000 --> 00:16:36.670
answer those kinds of questions her


00:16:36.680 --> 00:16:38.949
route to unlocking the moon's Secrets


00:16:38.959 --> 00:16:41.629
follows the same path as an old friend


00:16:41.639 --> 00:16:45.230
Odus lunar lander separation


00:16:45.240 --> 00:16:48.110
confirmed Small Engine firings refine


00:16:48.120 --> 00:16:50.150
Athena's trajectory before approaching


00:16:50.160 --> 00:16:51.829
lunar orbit we have to do what's called


00:16:51.839 --> 00:16:54.670
a lunar orbit insertion it's about a 900


00:16:54.680 --> 00:16:58.949
M pers second maneuver it's a big burn


00:16:58.959 --> 00:17:01.509
in orbit Athena checks on her payloads


00:17:01.519 --> 00:17:03.910
including lone star's Data Center and


00:17:03.920 --> 00:17:06.470
manages extreme heat in the light and


00:17:06.480 --> 00:17:09.429
frigid cold in darkness we're just going


00:17:09.439 --> 00:17:11.710
in orbit doing the things you do with


00:17:11.720 --> 00:17:13.150
satellites this will be very similar to


00:17:13.160 --> 00:17:15.069
what we do with our orbit and Comm relay


00:17:15.079 --> 00:17:17.590
satellites starting with in3 a short


00:17:17.600 --> 00:17:20.110
engine firing sends Athena into a lower


00:17:20.120 --> 00:17:23.390
orbit to prepare for one final 6 100


00:17:23.400 --> 00:17:25.909
second burn maneuver to the surface and


00:17:25.919 --> 00:17:28.549
uh it's a nice ride the the engine


00:17:28.559 --> 00:17:30.350
provid provides a a steady level of


00:17:30.360 --> 00:17:32.110
thrust that does pick up a little bit as


00:17:32.120 --> 00:17:34.750
we deplete fuel but we control it once


00:17:34.760 --> 00:17:36.990
you're there you want to expand from


00:17:37.000 --> 00:17:38.669
that landing spot and go and look at


00:17:38.679 --> 00:17:40.549
different things for approximately 10


00:17:40.559 --> 00:17:42.350
days Athena is designed to support


00:17:42.360 --> 00:17:44.950
NASA's Prime 1 drill Suite deployer


00:17:44.960 --> 00:17:47.789
Rover send a rocket fuel drone into a


00:17:47.799 --> 00:17:50.230
crater and connect those spacecraft


00:17:50.240 --> 00:17:53.150
using Nokia's 4G LTE lunar surface


00:17:53.160 --> 00:17:55.630
Communications system in addition to


00:17:55.640 --> 00:17:57.750
Athena intuitive machines in NASA


00:17:57.760 --> 00:18:00.310
developed a first of its kind technology


00:18:00.320 --> 00:18:03.149
called the micronova hopper for im2


00:18:03.159 --> 00:18:05.190
we're joined Now by Trent Martin the


00:18:05.200 --> 00:18:07.149
senior vice president of Space Systems


00:18:07.159 --> 00:18:09.029
at intuitive machines to talk about the


00:18:09.039 --> 00:18:10.990
hopper you'll call the micronova the


00:18:11.000 --> 00:18:14.190
Grace Hopper we do we need uh Nar agall


00:18:14.200 --> 00:18:15.870
our program project manager for the


00:18:15.880 --> 00:18:18.070
hopper uh named it after Grace Hopper


00:18:18.080 --> 00:18:20.510
who was a Pioneer in uh in software


00:18:20.520 --> 00:18:22.510
programming Hopper had big support from


00:18:22.520 --> 00:18:24.190
NASA's space technology Mission


00:18:24.200 --> 00:18:25.669
directorate through what we call a


00:18:25.679 --> 00:18:28.310
Tipping Point award can you explain why


00:18:28.320 --> 00:18:30.350
that is you know what is it about Grace


00:18:30.360 --> 00:18:33.070
that has everybody so excited yeah so we


00:18:33.080 --> 00:18:34.750
had decided that we were looking for a


00:18:34.760 --> 00:18:36.870
technology that could be utilized to go


00:18:36.880 --> 00:18:38.750
to extreme locations on the moon in


00:18:38.760 --> 00:18:40.510
particular places that Rovers couldn't


00:18:40.520 --> 00:18:42.430
go we had settled on the hopper and we


00:18:42.440 --> 00:18:44.190
started working on the hopper through a


00:18:44.200 --> 00:18:45.590
a partnership with NASA through the


00:18:45.600 --> 00:18:47.830
Tipping Point uh opportunity we're able


00:18:47.840 --> 00:18:49.510
to fund that fly it to the moon and


00:18:49.520 --> 00:18:51.350
prove out this technology prove that we


00:18:51.360 --> 00:18:53.909
can go down into pits or down into


00:18:53.919 --> 00:18:55.950
permanently shadowed regions or even


00:18:55.960 --> 00:18:59.549
into uh lava tubes on the moon wow and


00:18:59.559 --> 00:19:02.230
once she's in a pit or a lava tube or a


00:19:02.240 --> 00:19:03.990
crater what payloads do you have on


00:19:04.000 --> 00:19:05.909
board conducting the science that you


00:19:05.919 --> 00:19:07.789
expect to get back there yeah so this


00:19:07.799 --> 00:19:09.110
first mission we didn't intend to have


00:19:09.120 --> 00:19:11.190
any uh payloads on this but we actually


00:19:11.200 --> 00:19:13.149
have three so we have a camera system so


00:19:13.159 --> 00:19:15.110
we can look down see what's underneath


00:19:15.120 --> 00:19:16.789
um through a partnership with the German


00:19:16.799 --> 00:19:18.510
space agency we added a temperature


00:19:18.520 --> 00:19:20.710
sensor a pyrometer onto this onto the


00:19:20.720 --> 00:19:22.270
foot of the hopper so that we can sense


00:19:22.280 --> 00:19:23.750
the temperature down inside of a a


00:19:23.760 --> 00:19:25.350
permanently shadowed region and then


00:19:25.360 --> 00:19:26.710
working with a company out of Hungary


00:19:26.720 --> 00:19:28.950
called pulley space we put a new a


00:19:28.960 --> 00:19:30.710
Neutron spectrometer on board so we can


00:19:30.720 --> 00:19:32.390
actually tell if there's water down


00:19:32.400 --> 00:19:34.870
inside of a PSR you talk about Hopper


00:19:34.880 --> 00:19:36.549
going inside these craters these Lava


00:19:36.559 --> 00:19:38.710
Tubes does she have to hop back out to


00:19:38.720 --> 00:19:40.470
transmit the data or can she do it from


00:19:40.480 --> 00:19:43.310
right inside there AB well we believe


00:19:43.320 --> 00:19:44.750
that she's going to have to hop back out


00:19:44.760 --> 00:19:46.870
however uh we partnering with Nokia


00:19:46.880 --> 00:19:48.549
we've actually put a Nokia antenna on


00:19:48.559 --> 00:19:51.149
top of Hopper and based on the the


00:19:51.159 --> 00:19:52.750
analysis that Nokia has done we we


00:19:52.760 --> 00:19:53.909
believe that we will be able to


00:19:53.919 --> 00:19:55.789
communicate outside of that PSR that


00:19:55.799 --> 00:19:57.870
we're flying into uh just by bouncing


00:19:57.880 --> 00:19:59.510
the signals off of off the walls of the


00:19:59.520 --> 00:20:01.630
crater uh but we'll find out that's part


00:20:01.640 --> 00:20:03.270
of that's part of the experiment how far


00:20:03.280 --> 00:20:05.149
away is that crater and how many hops do


00:20:05.159 --> 00:20:06.390
you think it'll take to get there so


00:20:06.400 --> 00:20:07.990
we're going to take five Hops uh once we


00:20:08.000 --> 00:20:09.669
get to the surface one to get us off of


00:20:09.679 --> 00:20:12.149
the Lander and then uh several different


00:20:12.159 --> 00:20:14.510
hops to prove that we can fly U


00:20:14.520 --> 00:20:16.630
parabolically we can fly a steady level


00:20:16.640 --> 00:20:18.950
flight we can fly down into the PSR and


00:20:18.960 --> 00:20:20.950
then wait a period of time and then fly


00:20:20.960 --> 00:20:22.909
back out of the PSR will'll be several


00:20:22.919 --> 00:20:25.430
hundred K excuse me 700 meters away from


00:20:25.440 --> 00:20:26.870
the the Lander by the time we're


00:20:26.880 --> 00:20:29.110
finished Josh if all goes as planned


00:20:29.120 --> 00:20:31.149
this would be the second lunar Landing


00:20:31.159 --> 00:20:33.110
for intuitive machines I mean that has


00:20:33.120 --> 00:20:35.669
to feel good it it does it does and and


00:20:35.679 --> 00:20:37.470
just last year we became the first


00:20:37.480 --> 00:20:39.470
commercial company to land and operate


00:20:39.480 --> 00:20:41.710
on the surface of the Moon despite of


00:20:41.720 --> 00:20:44.110
harder than expected Landing caused by a


00:20:44.120 --> 00:20:46.789
laser altimeter mishap now so what did


00:20:46.799 --> 00:20:49.350
your team do to assess im1 and really


00:20:49.360 --> 00:20:51.029
make modifications for this second


00:20:51.039 --> 00:20:53.470
mission with Athena right after im1 the


00:20:53.480 --> 00:20:55.630
entire team met and reviewed every


00:20:55.640 --> 00:20:57.909
minute of the mission what went right


00:20:57.919 --> 00:20:59.750
what went wrong and identified a few


00:20:59.760 --> 00:21:02.110
improvements for Athena namely we've


00:21:02.120 --> 00:21:04.630
taken extra steps in testing to ensure


00:21:04.640 --> 00:21:07.149
Athena's laser altimeter is rock and


00:21:07.159 --> 00:21:09.870
roll ready to go too and in that report


00:21:09.880 --> 00:21:11.750
from NASA TV we heard from nessa's


00:21:11.760 --> 00:21:13.669
Tahira Allen intuitive machines


00:21:13.679 --> 00:21:15.830
Communications manager Josh Marshall


00:21:15.840 --> 00:21:18.230
nessa's prime one project manager Jackie


00:21:18.240 --> 00:21:20.230
Quinn and intuitive machine System


00:21:20.240 --> 00:21:32.820
Manager Trent Martin this is spacetime


00:21:32.830 --> 00:21:39.350
[Music]


00:21:39.360 --> 00:21:40.710
and time now to take a brief look at


00:21:40.720 --> 00:21:42.269
some of the other stories making use in


00:21:42.279 --> 00:21:45.350
science this week with a science report


00:21:45.360 --> 00:21:47.310
a new study claims the ocean currents


00:21:47.320 --> 00:21:48.950
that make up the Atlantic's water


00:21:48.960 --> 00:21:51.070
circulation system known as the Atlantic


00:21:51.080 --> 00:21:53.549
meridional overturning circulation may


00:21:53.559 --> 00:21:55.510
be able to withstand future global


00:21:55.520 --> 00:21:58.590
warming and could even avoid collapse


00:21:58.600 --> 00:22:00.630
the Atlantic meridianal overturning


00:22:00.640 --> 00:22:03.029
circulation system is a key ocean


00:22:03.039 --> 00:22:05.190
current with a major role in regulating


00:22:05.200 --> 00:22:07.549
temperatures right around the planet the


00:22:07.559 --> 00:22:09.549
findings reported in the journal Nature


00:22:09.559 --> 00:22:12.789
use 34 models from the ipcc to assess


00:22:12.799 --> 00:22:14.590
the Atlantic meridianal overturning


00:22:14.600 --> 00:22:17.149
circulation response to extreme changes


00:22:17.159 --> 00:22:19.230
in greenhouse gas concentrations and


00:22:19.240 --> 00:22:22.110
North Atlantic freshwater levels under


00:22:22.120 --> 00:22:23.830
these conditions the authors found the


00:22:23.840 --> 00:22:25.350
current to be resilient to climate


00:22:25.360 --> 00:22:28.350
change and did not collapse the findings


00:22:28.360 --> 00:22:29.950
in indicate that although it's likely


00:22:29.960 --> 00:22:31.950
the circulation will weaken under global


00:22:31.960 --> 00:22:34.669
warming scenarios other ocean processes


00:22:34.679 --> 00:22:37.310
could end up preventing its


00:22:37.320 --> 00:22:39.590
collapse scientists have found evidence


00:22:39.600 --> 00:22:41.110
for what's thought to be the earliest


00:22:41.120 --> 00:22:43.310
known community of humans living in an


00:22:43.320 --> 00:22:46.070
African rainforest the researchers found


00:22:46.080 --> 00:22:48.029
signs of human occupation including


00:22:48.039 --> 00:22:50.390
stone tools at a site in modern-day


00:22:50.400 --> 00:22:52.909
western Africa a report in the journal


00:22:52.919 --> 00:22:55.149
Nature claims the site dates back some


00:22:55.159 --> 00:22:57.950
150,000 years that's long before any


00:22:57.960 --> 00:22:59.950
other known rainforest dwelling humans


00:22:59.960 --> 00:23:02.190
around the world this could mean that


00:23:02.200 --> 00:23:04.070
the wet tropical forests of Africa


00:23:04.080 --> 00:23:06.549
during early homid migration were far


00:23:06.559 --> 00:23:09.310
more habitable than previously


00:23:09.320 --> 00:23:11.630
thought archaeologists have uncovered


00:23:11.640 --> 00:23:14.029
the tomb of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh


00:23:14.039 --> 00:23:16.149
the first since the discovery of Tuton


00:23:16.159 --> 00:23:17.750
hamun back in


00:23:17.760 --> 00:23:20.149
1922 the remarkable discovery of the


00:23:20.159 --> 00:23:22.590
tune of T mosis II the last missing


00:23:22.600 --> 00:23:24.870
Royal Tomb of the 18th dynasty was found


00:23:24.880 --> 00:23:26.990
in the western valleys of Egypt's theban


00:23:27.000 --> 00:23:29.870
Acropolis 3 km west of the Valley of the


00:23:29.880 --> 00:23:32.669
Kings at laaw however unlike toon


00:23:32.679 --> 00:23:35.909
hammon's pristine tomb tmis II's resting


00:23:35.919 --> 00:23:38.110
place was in poor condition due to


00:23:38.120 --> 00:23:40.070
flooding shortly after the pharaoh's


00:23:40.080 --> 00:23:42.110
death archaeological evidence suggest


00:23:42.120 --> 00:23:43.990
the contents were moved to a second tomb


00:23:44.000 --> 00:23:46.470
due to that flooding the burial chamber


00:23:46.480 --> 00:23:48.390
featured a wide staircase and large


00:23:48.400 --> 00:23:50.470
doorway indicating that it was the tomb


00:23:50.480 --> 00:23:52.549
of a pharaoh and it was decorated with


00:23:52.559 --> 00:23:54.510
scenes from a religious text reserved


00:23:54.520 --> 00:23:58.909
for the Kings T mosis II died 3,5 500


00:23:58.919 --> 00:24:01.190
years ago he's believed to have ruled


00:24:01.200 --> 00:24:05.510
from about 1483 to 1479 BCE and he


00:24:05.520 --> 00:24:08.470
fathered just one child to merus III


00:24:08.480 --> 00:24:10.310
among the objects recovered so far are


00:24:10.320 --> 00:24:12.350
fragments of alabaster jars used to


00:24:12.360 --> 00:24:15.070
store perfumes oils and ointments they


00:24:15.080 --> 00:24:17.350
were inscribed with a Pharaoh's name and


00:24:17.360 --> 00:24:19.029
inscriptions bearing the name of his


00:24:19.039 --> 00:24:21.430
wife Queen haat who wound up becoming


00:24:21.440 --> 00:24:24.310
one of Egypt's few female Pharos the


00:24:24.320 --> 00:24:26.350
tomb escaped Discovery until now because


00:24:26.360 --> 00:24:28.029
it was expected to be at the other end


00:24:28.039 --> 00:24:29.789
of the Mountain closer to the Valley of


00:24:29.799 --> 00:24:30.870
the


00:24:30.880 --> 00:24:33.350
Kings the History Channel secret of


00:24:33.360 --> 00:24:35.990
Skinwalker Ranch is an alleged reality


00:24:36.000 --> 00:24:37.830
series following a team of paranormal


00:24:37.840 --> 00:24:39.710
investigators anthropologists


00:24:39.720 --> 00:24:41.590
cryptozoologists and others who are


00:24:41.600 --> 00:24:43.549
exploring the mysterious paranormal


00:24:43.559 --> 00:24:47.310
secrets of a 500 acre Utah Ranch the


00:24:47.320 --> 00:24:49.389
series Heroes investigate everything


00:24:49.399 --> 00:24:51.990
from Monsters to cattle mutilations UFO


00:24:52.000 --> 00:24:53.669
sightings and of course the famous


00:24:53.679 --> 00:24:55.710
Navajo skin walker legend for which the


00:24:55.720 --> 00:24:58.510
ranch has been named and like so many


00:24:58.520 --> 00:25:00.510
shows along a similar vein there's very


00:25:00.520 --> 00:25:02.389
little scientific evidence to support


00:25:02.399 --> 00:25:04.909
any of the Fantastic claims the program


00:25:04.919 --> 00:25:07.430
makes even famed ufologists such as


00:25:07.440 --> 00:25:09.269
Barry Greenwood have expressed their


00:25:09.279 --> 00:25:11.950
doubts Tim menum from Australian skeptic


00:25:11.960 --> 00:25:13.470
says well there's little to support the


00:25:13.480 --> 00:25:15.510
supernatural claims made in the show it


00:25:15.520 --> 00:25:17.549
is great entertainment as long as you


00:25:17.559 --> 00:25:19.710
don't take it too seriously gim Walker R


00:25:19.720 --> 00:25:22.029
is an area that supposedly had a few


00:25:22.039 --> 00:25:23.590
UFOs sightings and that sort of thing on


00:25:23.600 --> 00:25:25.630
it and suddenly becomes the center of


00:25:25.640 --> 00:25:28.310
all these weird activities from UFOs to


00:25:28.320 --> 00:25:31.389
aliens to monsters to all sorts of


00:25:31.399 --> 00:25:33.590
psychic and paranormal phenomena all in


00:25:33.600 --> 00:25:35.710
this one place and it was taken over by


00:25:35.720 --> 00:25:38.350
a fellow in the mid 2000 who has


00:25:38.360 --> 00:25:40.350
obviously promoted this a lot there's TV


00:25:40.360 --> 00:25:42.510
shows all over the place promoting this


00:25:42.520 --> 00:25:45.070
skin walker Ranch and it's equally been


00:25:45.080 --> 00:25:46.230
debunked there's a lot of people have


00:25:46.240 --> 00:25:47.789
debunked and getting into the skin


00:25:47.799 --> 00:25:49.310
walker Ranch is not easy because they


00:25:49.320 --> 00:25:51.070
tend to select who goes in there to do


00:25:51.080 --> 00:25:52.590
their research but there's also of


00:25:52.600 --> 00:25:53.990
people you know I think American some


00:25:54.000 --> 00:25:55.590
American politicians have been there one


00:25:55.600 --> 00:25:57.310
even suggesting that he took a monster


00:25:57.320 --> 00:25:59.789
unbounce to him back to Washington or


00:25:59.799 --> 00:26:01.830
something that it was sort of embedded


00:26:01.840 --> 00:26:03.389
in his body or something was followed


00:26:03.399 --> 00:26:04.630
him something like that and there's a


00:26:04.640 --> 00:26:06.110
lot of people out there who will believe


00:26:06.120 --> 00:26:07.830
anything the people who go to Skid


00:26:07.840 --> 00:26:09.630
Walker Ranch tend to be people who want


00:26:09.640 --> 00:26:11.590
to be convinced or already are convinced


00:26:11.600 --> 00:26:13.710
anyway it's a self- selecting evidence


00:26:13.720 --> 00:26:15.070
people say all these things are out


00:26:15.080 --> 00:26:16.510
there there's things in the sky there's


00:26:16.520 --> 00:26:18.029
things on the ground there's all sorts


00:26:18.039 --> 00:26:20.710
of phenomena it's 500 Acres of hell of a


00:26:20.720 --> 00:26:23.029
lot of you UFOs and weird animals and


00:26:23.039 --> 00:26:25.430
strange things going on no serious


00:26:25.440 --> 00:26:27.350
person takes it seriously it's it's a


00:26:27.360 --> 00:26:29.909
nice publicity thing S TV shows and


00:26:29.919 --> 00:26:31.830
people like weird TV shows some people


00:26:31.840 --> 00:26:33.029
suggesting oh that's just for


00:26:33.039 --> 00:26:35.350
entertainment anyway one researcher a


00:26:35.360 --> 00:26:37.190
skeptical researcher who suggests that


00:26:37.200 --> 00:26:39.510
it's valuable as entertainment I'm not


00:26:39.520 --> 00:26:40.630
quite sure what that means next thing


00:26:40.640 --> 00:26:42.110
you'll be telling me the X-Files wasn't


00:26:42.120 --> 00:26:43.950
a documentary series I think skin walker


00:26:43.960 --> 00:26:45.430
Ranch I don't know actually featured in


00:26:45.440 --> 00:26:47.029
The X it should have done it's a funny


00:26:47.039 --> 00:26:48.269
place and yeah if people say It's


00:26:48.279 --> 00:26:50.590
Entertainment yeah so big deal if people


00:26:50.600 --> 00:26:52.549
start taking it seriously and and it


00:26:52.559 --> 00:26:54.190
endorses their beliefs generally and


00:26:54.200 --> 00:26:55.789
they start acting upon those beliefs


00:26:55.799 --> 00:26:57.710
then it's not just simple entertainment


00:26:57.720 --> 00:26:59.149
it becomes a problem and this is like a


00:26:59.159 --> 00:27:00.389
lot of these things might be a small


00:27:00.399 --> 00:27:01.909
problem it could end up being a big


00:27:01.919 --> 00:27:03.510
problem depending on the individual who


00:27:03.520 --> 00:27:05.110
believes it if you're a politician and


00:27:05.120 --> 00:27:06.830
you believe that you've taken a monster


00:27:06.840 --> 00:27:08.070
or a ghost or something back to


00:27:08.080 --> 00:27:09.870
Washington with you I would suggest that


00:27:09.880 --> 00:27:11.430
starts to be a problem and that's Tim


00:27:11.440 --> 00:27:15.140
mum from Australian Skeptics


00:27:15.150 --> 00:27:29.029
[Music]


00:27:29.039 --> 00:27:31.909
and that's the show for now SpaceTime is


00:27:31.919 --> 00:27:33.750
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00:27:33.760 --> 00:27:36.310
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Stewart gary.com for full details you've


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00:28:25.159 --> 00:28:27.630
Gary this has been another quality


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