Artemis Updates, The Brain Nebula & Mapping the Galactic Center | Space Nuts: Astronomy Insights...

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Hi there. Thanks for joining us again.


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This is Space Nuts. My name is Andrew


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Dunley. It's great to have your company.


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We're um going to talk about a lot of


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things today and one of them is the


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Arteimus program. Now, we did talk about


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it um very recently because things had


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changed. The Arteimus 2 launch was set


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back and it looks like they're actually


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going to take the Artemis 2 rocket back


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to the assembly building now. and


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they're not anticipating an Artemis 2


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launch to send humans around the moon


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and back until at least April. But


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that's not what we're going to talk


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about. We'll explain that shortly. Uh


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we're going to look at the new Cranium


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Nebula. This one sounds quite


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unbelievable. Um a brain in space could


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be. And the center of our galaxy has


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been mapped in detail. What's it look


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like? We will tell you on this episode


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of Space Nuts.


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>> 15 seconds. Guidance is internal. 10 9


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Ignition sequence start.


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>> Space Nuts.


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>> 5 4 3 2


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>> 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1


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>> Space Nuts.


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>> Astronauts report. It feels good.


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>> Joining us once again is Professor Fred


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Watson, astronomer at large. Hi Fred.


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>> Hello Andrew. Good to see you back from


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your sodome. Yes. Yes. Um, I won't dwell


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on it too much. I'm sure people have


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seen the photos on Facebook if they care


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to look uh on on my page. I didn't put


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them on the space page, but uh yeah, we


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went to Borneo for a couple of weeks.


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Uh, and we saw some amazing wildlife.


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Uh, orangutang, uh, sunbears,


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uh, proboscus monkeys, civets, you know,


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you know about the civet, they eat the


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eat the coffee berry and poo out the


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bean and then they collect the beans and


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turn them into coffee.


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Yeah, we saw some of those. Uh, didn't


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try the coffee. Um, what else? Oh,


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Macack Monkeys. I even managed 18 holes


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at a a rather nice resort golf course.


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Um, and I paid the price for that


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because it was a pretty ordinary game,


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but I enjoyed the course. Beautiful.


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Although


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>> the greens in do are better than that.


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>> There you go.


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>> Much better.


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>> It's our superintendent was very pleased


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to hear when I saw him the other day.


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Um, but yeah, incredible country. I


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think um I don't know if you can see the


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map behind me, Fred. See that?


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>> I can. Yes, you can see.


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>> That is the map of the Sandakin death


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march uh in World War II. Uh Australian


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and English military personnel that have


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been captured by the Japanese were sent


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to Borneo uh to build an airport. And


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when it looked like the war was lost to


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Japan, they were ordered to kill all


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prisoners. and they force marched 1,800


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Australians from Sandakan to uh a um a a


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a place called Rena in northern Borneo.


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Uh of those 1800,


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six survived. Uh it's a terrible


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tragedy. It's um Australia's worst


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um atrocity in terms of uh of war. Uh


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and not many people know about it. They


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know all about Gallipoli. They know all


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about uh some of the major battles of


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World War I and World War II. Um the


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rats of Tbrook. It all goes down in


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folklore. But this is one of the


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probably one of the most forgotten


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elements of Australian military history


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and really and I would encourage people


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to go and read about it. um I knew about


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it, but um it's it's not well publicized


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and I think it's a tragedy that we tend


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to put this stuff at the at the back of


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our minds. Um and and should never be


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forgotten what happened over there. Uh


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so we we've basically on the tour


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followed the the route of the the death


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march. Not intentionally, it was just


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the way the road went, but um uh went to


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the memorials and um and and read all


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the names. uh hundreds and hundreds of


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names. Uh the British suffered


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similarly. Uh there were 600 British


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that were captured and basically left to


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die. It was just just horrible, Fred.


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Horrible.


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>> But the wildlife and the rainforest and


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the rivers and and the people


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magnificent. Highly recommend Borneo.


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Highly recommend it. Now, you were up


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late last night, weren't you?


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>> I was. Yeah. There was u because of the


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total eclipse of the moon


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>> which um we I know you didn't get to see


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because you had 88 cloud in do I know


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that because the Anglo Australian


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telescope not very far away from you got


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no observations last night of any kind


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but in Sydney uh we've had cloudy


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weather for weeks. Um but the the clouds


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the clouds broke uh and uh so we saw the


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eclipse and um that was Jordi of course


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>> uh that just chimed in there. But uh we


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actually have Jord's sister staying with


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us for a little while. Uh so um yeah,


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this is going to probably for the next


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few weeks we'll have uh the terrible


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duo. They're more or less identical.


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One's a little bit fatter than the


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other. I won't mention which is which,


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but um yeah. And so they Yes. She


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arrived, Rosie arrived today. Uh but


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yeah, that's nothing to do with the


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eclipse. Uh we did see the blood moon.


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It was a total eclipse of the moon. So


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that the earth, the moon was well


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immersed in the shadow of the earth. Uh


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we had about an hour of totality. Uh and


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during that time, the clouds came and


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went a bit, but we got uh really good


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view of the that blood moon phenomenon


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caused by scattering of light from the


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earth's atmosphere, scattering of


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sunlight. Yes. So it was it was good.


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But it was, as you've just said, a late


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night and I'm just catching up


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basically.


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>> Yeah, fair enough. Yeah, it's quite a


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spectacle, a blood moon. I'm sorry I


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missed it, but uh you can't help the


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weather.


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>> Um which reminds me, we also had to deal


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with flooding at the end of the monsoon


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while we were overseas. So, uh that was


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fun driving through flood waters. They


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wouldn't let you do that in Australia,


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but we weren't in Australia, were we?


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So, yeah. Uh we should get down to it,


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Fred. There's a lot to talk about. And


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our first subject is yet again the


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Arteimus missions. And I mentioned at


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the beginning that Artemis 2's been put


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back in the shed and probably won't


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launch those astronauts until at least


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April. But we are now talking about


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Arteimus 3. Now this was the mission


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that was slated for initially 2027, then


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pushed back to probably 2028


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to put people on the moon.


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Uh there's been several changes. It


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looks like they won't be doing that and


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they might not be using SpaceX


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>> the way things are shaping up.


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>> Uh that's right. So um this was uh an


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announcement last week uh at the time


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we're recording. Uh and you're quite


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right. What has happened is that there's


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been a major update to the Arteimus


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program uh with an extra mission slotted


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in. M


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>> um so Arteimus 3 exactly as you've said


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was originally going to be the lunar


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landing uh uh mission uh sometime after


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2027.


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Uh but what they have uh what NASA has


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done is uh inserted


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another mission which is now Arteimus 3


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which will not land on the moon. Uh it


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will be a spacecraft uh that will simply


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go into earth orbit. Uh and uh what it


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will do is essentially


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replicate in a sense what Apollo 9 did


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um after the Apollo 8 mission. Uh it


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it's to check that you can rendevu with


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the equipment. You can do the necessary


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steps that need to be taken in space. uh


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which um have not yet been tried and


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tested because Artemis 2 uh will simply


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involve the uh the Orion capsule


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containing the four astronauts. Uh what


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that will do is uh it will accelerate up


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to the 11 kilometers/s needing to get to


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the moon, go around the moon and then


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come back again without um any of the


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kind of technical details involved with


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first of all refueling uh spacecraft in


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space. That's one of the things that's


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part of the Arteimus program, but also


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>> doing the rendevous uh and turning


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spacecraft around and things of that


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sort. It's a bit like in the Apollo


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missions where you had to turn the um


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turn the uh lunar module around to dock


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with the with the crew module with the


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the basically the the crew capsule. So


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all of that is now being slotted into


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Apollo sorry beyond Arteimus 3 with the


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landing itself uh actually forecast for


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Arteimus 4 and one of the reasons for


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this is the fact that there is still a


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lot of work to do on the landing


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vehicle. Now um back in the day some


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years ago uh NASA contracted both SpaceX


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and Blue Origin uh the two companies led


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by the two billionaires Elon Musk and


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Jeff Bezos. Uh those two companies were


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tasked with developing a a crew lander


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uh vehicle to land on the moon. Uh the


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favored version was uh Elon Musk's uh


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Starship uh the top end of a Starship um


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which would which uh was originally


00:09:43.040 --> 00:09:46.389
going to be the Arteimus 3 lander. Now


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the lander landing has been pushed back


00:09:48.160 --> 00:09:51.269
to Artemis 4, but the the gate is now


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still open for the BA Bezos company uh


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to further develop its own lunar landing


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module uh which has been under test for


00:10:02.160 --> 00:10:05.670
quite a while and is so in a sense is a


00:10:05.680 --> 00:10:09.110
competitor uh to SpaceX. So the two the


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two programs are running side by side


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and NASA will eventually have to make a


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choice as to which one they go with. Uh


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if I may, there's a very nice quote from


00:10:18.560 --> 00:10:20.550
uh NASA,


00:10:20.560 --> 00:10:23.030
a NASA associate administrator, a very


00:10:23.040 --> 00:10:25.829
senior person in NASA uh who says, "We


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are looking back to the wisdom of the


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folks that designed Apollo. The entire


00:10:30.079 --> 00:10:31.910
sequence of Arteimus flights needs to


00:10:31.920 --> 00:10:34.069
represent a stepbystep buildup of


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capability with each step bringing us


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closer to our ability to perform the


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landing missions. Each step needs to be


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big enough to make progress, but not so


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big that we take unnecessary risk given


00:10:45.040 --> 00:10:47.350
previous learnings. Therefore, we want


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to fly the landing missions in as close


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to the same earth ascent configuration


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as possible, which means using an upper


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stage and pad system as close to the


00:10:56.160 --> 00:10:57.910
block one configuration as possible.


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That's the basic the basic uh space


00:11:00.240 --> 00:11:03.269
launch system configuration. Uh so we


00:11:03.279 --> 00:11:05.509
will see what happens. Uh you're right


00:11:05.519 --> 00:11:09.590
that um Artemis 2 uh the that the uh the


00:11:09.600 --> 00:11:11.269
stack is currently back in the vehicle


00:11:11.279 --> 00:11:14.389
assembly building for checks on the


00:11:14.399 --> 00:11:16.310
upper stage. That's the second stage


00:11:16.320 --> 00:11:19.030
that will actually push the spacecraft


00:11:19.040 --> 00:11:22.069
into a lunar trajectory. Uh there were


00:11:22.079 --> 00:11:26.710
issues with the helium uh mechanism for


00:11:26.720 --> 00:11:28.470
that upper stage. You might remember we


00:11:28.480 --> 00:11:31.030
did talk about that before. Uh that's


00:11:31.040 --> 00:11:34.150
now being fixed. uh and we have a date


00:11:34.160 --> 00:11:37.269
no sooner than April the 6th for uh a


00:11:37.279 --> 00:11:39.190
launch of Otimus 2. So we'll look out


00:11:39.200 --> 00:11:41.269
for that. But yes, a major change in the


00:11:41.279 --> 00:11:43.750
in the strategy which makes a lot of


00:11:43.760 --> 00:11:45.670
sense.


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>> Yeah, I think it does. Uh and copying a


00:11:48.720 --> 00:11:50.389
successful series like the Apollo


00:11:50.399 --> 00:11:51.829
missions, notwithstanding what happened


00:11:51.839 --> 00:11:54.389
to Apollo 13, but that wasn't that that


00:11:54.399 --> 00:11:56.949
was unforeseen. It was just a a quirk


00:11:56.959 --> 00:11:58.150
really.


00:11:58.160 --> 00:12:02.389
>> Uh and everyone got home. But um yeah,


00:12:02.399 --> 00:12:03.990
what what I find interesting is those


00:12:04.000 --> 00:12:06.150
Apollo missions went back to back to


00:12:06.160 --> 00:12:08.150
back to back to back really fast. Uh


00:12:08.160 --> 00:12:08.870
these ones


00:12:08.880 --> 00:12:11.910
>> seem to be much more elongated in their


00:12:11.920 --> 00:12:14.710
in their um mission dates, don't they?


00:12:14.720 --> 00:12:16.550
>> They do. Um and that's partly because


00:12:16.560 --> 00:12:19.030
the technology is now far more complex


00:12:19.040 --> 00:12:21.670
because the these missions are not just


00:12:21.680 --> 00:12:23.990
to achieve boots on the ground. Uh it's


00:12:24.000 --> 00:12:27.030
all about setting up science, you know,


00:12:27.040 --> 00:12:29.590
a kind of almost permanent presence on


00:12:29.600 --> 00:12:31.829
on the moon. Um the the ultimate


00:12:31.839 --> 00:12:35.190
schedule uh again this came out of the


00:12:35.200 --> 00:12:37.430
recent press releases uh and press


00:12:37.440 --> 00:12:39.269
conferences. The ultimate schedule is


00:12:39.279 --> 00:12:42.150
one Arteimus mission per year once we


00:12:42.160 --> 00:12:44.629
have start once the the first lunar


00:12:44.639 --> 00:12:46.389
landing has taken place. There'll be one


00:12:46.399 --> 00:12:49.030
a year. Now that is much slower than the


00:12:49.040 --> 00:12:51.670
Apollo cadence. They were one every few


00:12:51.680 --> 00:12:54.949
months. Um I think so Apollo 11 was


00:12:54.959 --> 00:12:59.670
July. Apollo 12 was uh was November.


00:12:59.680 --> 00:13:01.430
Can't remember when Apollo 13 was but


00:13:01.440 --> 00:13:03.910
you get that you know the the intervals


00:13:03.920 --> 00:13:05.350
were a few months rather than a few


00:13:05.360 --> 00:13:06.150
years.


00:13:06.160 --> 00:13:06.629
>> Yeah.


00:13:06.639 --> 00:13:10.310
>> Um I guess another reason for um not


00:13:10.320 --> 00:13:12.870
just not just the the scientific reasons


00:13:12.880 --> 00:13:15.430
for for making it a spacing of one year


00:13:15.440 --> 00:13:17.190
but that each of these is a very


00:13:17.200 --> 00:13:20.069
expensive venture. Uh, I've seen a


00:13:20.079 --> 00:13:22.470
figure quoted of $4 billion per launch


00:13:22.480 --> 00:13:25.829
for an Arteimus mission, which is eye


00:13:25.839 --> 00:13:27.509
watering. That's right.


00:13:27.519 --> 00:13:29.509
>> Yeah. Yeah. Did they hit you up for a


00:13:29.519 --> 00:13:32.550
loan for it?


00:13:32.560 --> 00:13:34.230
>> I think Yeah, I could probably muster a


00:13:34.240 --> 00:13:36.470
few dollars there, you know.


00:13:36.480 --> 00:13:38.310
>> Yeah. Uh, it's funny when you talk about


00:13:38.320 --> 00:13:40.310
the advances in technology because um,


00:13:40.320 --> 00:13:42.790
I'm holding my mobile phone in my hand


00:13:42.800 --> 00:13:45.829
right now. It's got a hell of a lot more


00:13:45.839 --> 00:13:47.829
computer power than the computer on


00:13:47.839 --> 00:13:49.590
Apollo 11.


00:13:49.600 --> 00:13:51.590
>> That's right. Sadly, it's also invisible


00:13:51.600 --> 00:13:53.269
uh because of your background.


00:13:53.279 --> 00:13:54.470
>> Is that better?


00:13:54.480 --> 00:13:56.550
>> No. No.


00:13:56.560 --> 00:13:56.790
>> Yeah.


00:13:56.800 --> 00:13:57.670
>> It just disappears.


00:13:57.680 --> 00:13:58.629
>> You know what it looks like.


00:13:58.639 --> 00:13:59.829
>> You know what it looks like. That's


00:13:59.839 --> 00:14:01.590
right. Yeah. But but you're absolutely


00:14:01.600 --> 00:14:03.350
right. Yes. Um


00:14:03.360 --> 00:14:05.910
>> it's it's quite amazing. Not many people


00:14:05.920 --> 00:14:07.509
probably realize they're packing a lot


00:14:07.519 --> 00:14:09.189
more power than the Apollo missions


00:14:09.199 --> 00:14:11.350
carried. So yeah, it's all in your


00:14:11.360 --> 00:14:13.430
pocket. Uh if you'd like to read about


00:14:13.440 --> 00:14:17.509
the latest in regard to uh the Artemis


00:14:17.519 --> 00:14:18.949
missions, you can do that at the


00:14:18.959 --> 00:14:20.629
universetoday.com


00:14:20.639 --> 00:14:22.629
website, but NASA will have it on their


00:14:22.639 --> 00:14:25.189
website and many others as well. This is


00:14:25.199 --> 00:14:27.030
Space Nuts with Andrew Dunley and


00:14:27.040 --> 00:14:34.230
Professor Fred Watson.


00:14:34.240 --> 00:14:36.629
That's agre that's agreement. He's at


00:14:36.639 --> 00:14:41.750
for goodness sake. I'M REALLY


00:14:41.760 --> 00:14:43.670
THIS IS what he does is he gets very


00:14:43.680 --> 00:14:48.230
enthusiastic. Hang on. Hang on.


00:14:48.240 --> 00:14:49.910
Space nuts.


00:14:49.920 --> 00:14:50.790
>> Oh dear.


00:14:50.800 --> 00:14:52.870
>> Drives me in mud. Honestly, it drives me


00:14:52.880 --> 00:14:55.110
mud.


00:14:55.120 --> 00:14:58.310
>> I love it. I really do. Uh to our next


00:14:58.320 --> 00:15:00.550
story. Um this this could be the title


00:15:00.560 --> 00:15:03.590
of a science fiction novel, The Brain in


00:15:03.600 --> 00:15:06.949
Space. Uh we're talking about a very


00:15:06.959 --> 00:15:10.069
strange nebula that looks like a brain


00:15:10.079 --> 00:15:14.949
inside a clear sphere. Uh and and this


00:15:14.959 --> 00:15:19.030
is the consequence of a um a star that's


00:15:19.040 --> 00:15:20.790
kind of shed its outer layers and


00:15:20.800 --> 00:15:24.150
created this this quite bizarre looking


00:15:24.160 --> 00:15:27.750
nebula called PMR1.


00:15:27.760 --> 00:15:30.870
>> Indeed. That's right. Um I I very much


00:15:30.880 --> 00:15:34.230
liked uh the headline from space.com


00:15:34.240 --> 00:15:36.949
covering this story uh which is James


00:15:36.959 --> 00:15:39.110
Webb Space Telescope performs brain


00:15:39.120 --> 00:15:41.750
surgery on mysterious exposed cranial


00:15:41.760 --> 00:15:43.990
nebula which I think sums it up pretty


00:15:44.000 --> 00:15:45.430
well. That's a good one.


00:15:45.440 --> 00:15:49.670
>> Yeah, it's great. Uh so uh it's it's a


00:15:49.680 --> 00:15:52.389
basically a highly evolved star by which


00:15:52.399 --> 00:15:54.710
I mean a a star that's getting near the


00:15:54.720 --> 00:15:56.949
end of its life. it's thrown off some of


00:15:56.959 --> 00:16:01.590
the layers of its outer envelope. And


00:16:01.600 --> 00:16:04.550
what we've seen from the James Web is uh


00:16:04.560 --> 00:16:06.310
images which are taken in the near


00:16:06.320 --> 00:16:09.030
infrared and in the mid infrared. And so


00:16:09.040 --> 00:16:11.030
we get two quite different views of this


00:16:11.040 --> 00:16:13.430
thing that does look for all the world


00:16:13.440 --> 00:16:16.150
like a like an X-ray uh inside


00:16:16.160 --> 00:16:18.629
somebody's head. It's you can see the


00:16:18.639 --> 00:16:21.990
outline of the skull and a lot of funny


00:16:22.000 --> 00:16:23.990
stuff going on inside. It really does


00:16:24.000 --> 00:16:26.310
look that way, doesn't it? Like somebody


00:16:26.320 --> 00:16:28.470
put a a brain in a goldfish bowl and


00:16:28.480 --> 00:16:29.990
chucked that up in the air.


00:16:30.000 --> 00:16:31.829
>> Yes, that's right. With a few stars in


00:16:31.839 --> 00:16:33.110
the background.


00:16:33.120 --> 00:16:36.389
>> Um it's uh a little bit close to home


00:16:36.399 --> 00:16:39.030
for me actually because um this the


00:16:39.040 --> 00:16:43.590
object's technical formal name is PMR1.


00:16:43.600 --> 00:16:48.550
Um, and it was uh discovered originally


00:16:48.560 --> 00:16:50.710
uh by astronomers using the telescope,


00:16:50.720 --> 00:16:52.550
one of the telescopes I was astronomy in


00:16:52.560 --> 00:16:54.470
charge of, the 1.2 m UK Schmidt


00:16:54.480 --> 00:16:58.790
telescope uh back in the late 1990s. And


00:16:58.800 --> 00:17:01.509
three of my close colleagues were


00:17:01.519 --> 00:17:03.269
involved with this program. Quentyn


00:17:03.279 --> 00:17:05.750
Parker, David Morgan, and Ken Russell.


00:17:05.760 --> 00:17:07.990
And their names are Parker, Morgan, and


00:17:08.000 --> 00:17:10.069
Russell. And that is why this is called


00:17:10.079 --> 00:17:13.510
PMR1. was the first uh object that was


00:17:13.520 --> 00:17:16.309
discovered under a program actually


00:17:16.319 --> 00:17:18.630
really masterminded by Quentyn Parker,


00:17:18.640 --> 00:17:20.630
an old friend who's now a professor in


00:17:20.640 --> 00:17:23.750
the University of Hong Kong. um he uh


00:17:23.760 --> 00:17:28.150
had a uh a mission to photograph the sky


00:17:28.160 --> 00:17:29.750
cuz back in those days we were still


00:17:29.760 --> 00:17:31.029
using photography on the Schmidt


00:17:31.039 --> 00:17:33.510
telescope using what we call a narrow


00:17:33.520 --> 00:17:35.750
band filter that just picked out the


00:17:35.760 --> 00:17:37.830
light of excited hydrogen something


00:17:37.840 --> 00:17:41.190
called an H1 filter or an Halpha filter.


00:17:41.200 --> 00:17:44.470
Um and so the telescope used this filter


00:17:44.480 --> 00:17:47.669
to survey the night sky and many uh


00:17:47.679 --> 00:17:50.310
interesting objects were revealed of


00:17:50.320 --> 00:17:52.070
which the first one in the particular


00:17:52.080 --> 00:17:54.070
program that he collaborated with David


00:17:54.080 --> 00:17:57.669
Morgan and Ken Russell uh was concerned


00:17:57.679 --> 00:17:59.909
uh PMR1 that's the object we're talking


00:17:59.919 --> 00:18:02.630
about now we never saw it with the


00:18:02.640 --> 00:18:04.789
Schmidt telescope that was just a flame


00:18:04.799 --> 00:18:08.789
faint glowing blob but with the um with


00:18:08.799 --> 00:18:11.110
the James Web


00:18:11.120 --> 00:18:14.390
uh we see this extraordinarily detailed


00:18:14.400 --> 00:18:16.470
uh this detailed image so that the


00:18:16.480 --> 00:18:18.070
history is that it was discovered in the


00:18:18.080 --> 00:18:20.630
late 1990s on the Schmidt telescope the


00:18:20.640 --> 00:18:22.549
Spitzer space telescope which was a kind


00:18:22.559 --> 00:18:23.909
of forerunner of the James Webb


00:18:23.919 --> 00:18:25.909
telescope an infrared telescope a NASA


00:18:25.919 --> 00:18:28.870
infrared observatory um when they looked


00:18:28.880 --> 00:18:31.909
at PMR1 that was when this curious


00:18:31.919 --> 00:18:34.390
appearance led to its unofficial name of


00:18:34.400 --> 00:18:37.350
the exposed cranium nebula uh but the


00:18:37.360 --> 00:18:39.750
James Web has taken that a step further


00:18:39.760 --> 00:18:41.830
with these latest observations which are


00:18:41.840 --> 00:18:43.830
really quite remarkable and you do get a


00:18:43.840 --> 00:18:45.909
very strong impression of the


00:18:45.919 --> 00:18:49.669
three-dimensional view of this um ball


00:18:49.679 --> 00:18:52.549
of not so much a ball. It's a kind of


00:18:52.559 --> 00:18:56.549
elongated almost like a you know an oval


00:18:56.559 --> 00:19:01.750
football uh elongated sphere of gas with


00:19:01.760 --> 00:19:04.470
a whole lot of stuff going on inside it.


00:19:04.480 --> 00:19:08.870
Um and what we've got is uh an ancient


00:19:08.880 --> 00:19:12.870
star which is casting off its outer


00:19:12.880 --> 00:19:16.470
outer layers. Um there is a there is a


00:19:16.480 --> 00:19:19.830
class of stars called Vulf Rea stars


00:19:19.840 --> 00:19:24.549
named after two astronomers I think um


00:19:24.559 --> 00:19:26.710
doctors Vulf and Rey I think that's


00:19:26.720 --> 00:19:29.669
right thinking back um they are really


00:19:29.679 --> 00:19:31.510
ancient stars massive stars that are


00:19:31.520 --> 00:19:33.590
getting near the end of their lives uh


00:19:33.600 --> 00:19:35.510
and uh and are basically they have winds


00:19:35.520 --> 00:19:37.590
of radiation which are blowing away


00:19:37.600 --> 00:19:40.950
their outer envelopes um and and form


00:19:40.960 --> 00:19:43.750
this nebula and eventually uh they may


00:19:43.760 --> 00:19:45.990
turn into a supernova, an exploding


00:19:46.000 --> 00:19:50.950
star. Uh so um we understand though from


00:19:50.960 --> 00:19:52.470
the research that's been carried out


00:19:52.480 --> 00:19:55.190
with this that whether it is a Vulfraa


00:19:55.200 --> 00:19:57.990
star in the middle of PMR1 or something


00:19:58.000 --> 00:20:00.630
else, we don't know. Uh that's going to


00:20:00.640 --> 00:20:03.029
be absolutely at the very center of that


00:20:03.039 --> 00:20:06.470
brainike nebula inside the exposed


00:20:06.480 --> 00:20:07.830
cranium.


00:20:07.840 --> 00:20:10.710
>> Yeah. Um I'm gathering that seeing


00:20:10.720 --> 00:20:13.510
something like this is very unusual. Uh


00:20:13.520 --> 00:20:16.870
it doesn't look like the kind of nebula


00:20:16.880 --> 00:20:19.510
you'd normally see photographed. It's


00:20:19.520 --> 00:20:23.350
got uniformity for a start and it's uh


00:20:23.360 --> 00:20:26.710
and you can see the explosive effect uh


00:20:26.720 --> 00:20:30.789
radiating out. It just happens to look


00:20:30.799 --> 00:20:32.149
like a brain.


00:20:32.159 --> 00:20:35.990
>> Yes, that's right. Um, so it I mean it


00:20:36.000 --> 00:20:38.630
that um hydrogen alpha survey that I


00:20:38.640 --> 00:20:40.390
mentioned that Quentyn Parker and


00:20:40.400 --> 00:20:42.950
colleagues were engaged in. I'm pretty


00:20:42.960 --> 00:20:45.029
sure I took some of the photographs for


00:20:45.039 --> 00:20:47.350
it as well back in the day. Um because I


00:20:47.360 --> 00:20:48.950
was still a working astronomer then when


00:20:48.960 --> 00:20:52.470
I was astronomer in charge. Uh I think


00:20:52.480 --> 00:20:54.870
uh that one of the main things that that


00:20:54.880 --> 00:20:58.310
uh program did was reveal a very large


00:20:58.320 --> 00:21:00.789
number of so-called planetary nebula. So


00:21:00.799 --> 00:21:03.909
a planetary nebula is a cloud of gas


00:21:03.919 --> 00:21:06.789
that's got usually has circular symmetry


00:21:06.799 --> 00:21:08.710
which is why it looks like a planet and


00:21:08.720 --> 00:21:11.510
it was William who gave it gave them the


00:21:11.520 --> 00:21:13.350
name a planetary nebula. The most famous


00:21:13.360 --> 00:21:15.990
ones are are the the ring nebula in the


00:21:16.000 --> 00:21:18.149
northern hemisphere and the helix nebula


00:21:18.159 --> 00:21:20.870
down in the south. Uh but um this thing


00:21:20.880 --> 00:21:22.950
might might be might actually in the end


00:21:22.960 --> 00:21:24.710
turn out to be a planetary nebula which


00:21:24.720 --> 00:21:28.230
is an old star that's um cast off its


00:21:28.240 --> 00:21:31.350
outer layers and the central core of the


00:21:31.360 --> 00:21:32.870
star has turned into what we call a


00:21:32.880 --> 00:21:36.710
white dwarf something about the size of


00:21:36.720 --> 00:21:41.029
the earth uh but with um very high mass


00:21:41.039 --> 00:21:44.549
um mass of a star. uh and uh those are


00:21:44.559 --> 00:21:46.070
white dwarfs are very hot and they're


00:21:46.080 --> 00:21:48.149
what excite the the the g the glowing


00:21:48.159 --> 00:21:50.630
the gas into into glowing, but it's not


00:21:50.640 --> 00:21:53.110
clear whether this object is actually a


00:21:53.120 --> 00:21:55.190
white dwarf or one of these wolf stars


00:21:55.200 --> 00:21:56.630
that I was just talking about.


00:21:56.640 --> 00:21:59.110
>> Yeah. Yeah. Uh I I think we've probably


00:21:59.120 --> 00:22:01.350
got a bit of a paradolia effect here


00:22:01.360 --> 00:22:03.590
because we've just looked at it and gone


00:22:03.600 --> 00:22:04.630
that's a that's a brain.


00:22:04.640 --> 00:22:06.710
>> It's a it's a brain. Yeah, that's right.


00:22:06.720 --> 00:22:08.710
Definitely was paradolia. Yeah. When we


00:22:08.720 --> 00:22:11.830
were out on the river in Borneo, um what


00:22:11.840 --> 00:22:14.070
they told us was it's chalk full of


00:22:14.080 --> 00:22:16.310
saltwater crocodiles. Of course, every


00:22:16.320 --> 00:22:17.909
time we saw a log.


00:22:17.919 --> 00:22:18.950
>> Yes.


00:22:18.960 --> 00:22:20.149
>> The thing you thought it was.


00:22:20.159 --> 00:22:22.870
>> Oh, it's a crocodile. Yes. Yeah.


00:22:22.880 --> 00:22:26.149
>> Yeah. I I think when we saw that 40 m


00:22:26.159 --> 00:22:28.230
crocodile surging down the river, we


00:22:28.240 --> 00:22:29.750
were all panicking a bit. Turned out to


00:22:29.760 --> 00:22:30.950
be a tree,


00:22:30.960 --> 00:22:32.710
>> but um


00:22:32.720 --> 00:22:34.230
>> Well, the branches gave it away, did


00:22:34.240 --> 00:22:34.710
they?


00:22:34.720 --> 00:22:36.549
>> Yes. Well, no, it didn't have any. was


00:22:36.559 --> 00:22:38.789
that's what really made it weird.


00:22:38.799 --> 00:22:39.990
>> Like a crocodile. Yeah.


00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:42.149
>> Well, cuz we had all that monsoon rain


00:22:42.159 --> 00:22:43.510
while we were there and the river was


00:22:43.520 --> 00:22:46.390
flooded. And this is a river 560


00:22:46.400 --> 00:22:48.789
kilometers long and about where we were


00:22:48.799 --> 00:22:51.669
2 or 300 m wide. It was massive.


00:22:51.679 --> 00:22:53.750
>> And the water was flowing very fast. It


00:22:53.760 --> 00:22:55.750
was quite scary actually. But um yeah,


00:22:55.760 --> 00:22:58.149
it is it is um yeah, one of those weird


00:22:58.159 --> 00:22:59.909
effects. We we try to humanize


00:22:59.919 --> 00:23:02.310
everything we see and you'll look at


00:23:02.320 --> 00:23:03.909
something and think crocodile. No,


00:23:03.919 --> 00:23:06.549
actually, no. That's a log. Uh, and here


00:23:06.559 --> 00:23:08.549
we here we are looking at a brain in


00:23:08.559 --> 00:23:11.909
space, which is a yeah, some kind of


00:23:11.919 --> 00:23:13.909
nebula trying to figure out what kind


00:23:13.919 --> 00:23:16.070
and how it all happened. But you can


00:23:16.080 --> 00:23:19.830
read about that at the issae.org


00:23:19.840 --> 00:23:21.430
website if you want to check it out.


00:23:21.440 --> 00:23:23.990
Amazing images they are, too. This is


00:23:24.000 --> 00:23:25.669
Space Nuts with Andrew Dunley and Fred


00:23:25.679 --> 00:23:28.710
Watson.


00:23:28.720 --> 00:23:32.549
>> I'm going to step off the land now.


00:23:32.559 --> 00:23:37.909
That's one small step for man,


00:23:37.919 --> 00:23:40.870
one giant leap for mankind.


00:23:40.880 --> 00:23:43.029
>> Space nuts.


00:23:43.039 --> 00:23:45.029
>> In the past, Fred, we've had questions


00:23:45.039 --> 00:23:46.710
from the audience about the center of


00:23:46.720 --> 00:23:50.310
our galaxy. Uh, and it's not easy to


00:23:50.320 --> 00:23:52.070
answer because we can't see it. It's all


00:23:52.080 --> 00:23:54.230
shrouded in dust. Although you and I


00:23:54.240 --> 00:23:56.230
have discussed what it would be like on


00:23:56.240 --> 00:23:59.430
Earth if there was no dust and the light


00:23:59.440 --> 00:24:01.510
would be so much different for us. So,


00:24:01.520 --> 00:24:03.590
um things could have turned out a


00:24:03.600 --> 00:24:05.270
different way had that dust not been


00:24:05.280 --> 00:24:08.070
there. But, um yes, it's shrouded, but


00:24:08.080 --> 00:24:10.630
there are ways to look. And they've just


00:24:10.640 --> 00:24:14.710
published a um a finding uh thanks to a


00:24:14.720 --> 00:24:16.710
couple of the the great telescopes on


00:24:16.720 --> 00:24:19.350
Earth of what the center of our galaxy


00:24:19.360 --> 00:24:21.510
is like. They've mapped a a massive


00:24:21.520 --> 00:24:25.830
section of it in in significant detail.


00:24:25.840 --> 00:24:28.549
>> That is correct. And um I might just


00:24:28.559 --> 00:24:31.909
preface this discussion by uh noting


00:24:31.919 --> 00:24:35.669
that um in terms of personnel there is a


00:24:35.679 --> 00:24:37.430
close connection with what we've just


00:24:37.440 --> 00:24:39.590
been talking about the UK Schmidt


00:24:39.600 --> 00:24:41.669
telescope because one of my former


00:24:41.679 --> 00:24:44.230
colleagues at the UK Schmidt telescope


00:24:44.240 --> 00:24:47.269
um uh Dr. Randy Longore. Uh I worked


00:24:47.279 --> 00:24:48.470
with him at the Royal Observatory,


00:24:48.480 --> 00:24:50.870
Edinburgh. Uh he's still based in


00:24:50.880 --> 00:24:53.269
Edinburgh, but he and his wife Marie


00:24:53.279 --> 00:24:55.190
were actually visiting us here in


00:24:55.200 --> 00:24:57.269
Australia at the beginning of this year.


00:24:57.279 --> 00:24:59.190
So I went up to Newcastle to see them,


00:24:59.200 --> 00:25:02.390
and it's their son that is the lead


00:25:02.400 --> 00:25:05.110
author on the paper that has just mapped


00:25:05.120 --> 00:25:07.909
the center of the galaxy. Uh which is


00:25:07.919 --> 00:25:09.750
very nice. It's a lovely connection. So


00:25:09.760 --> 00:25:13.590
Steve Longmore their son uh like father


00:25:13.600 --> 00:25:16.310
like son he's turned into an astronomer


00:25:16.320 --> 00:25:19.269
and very capable because he has led this


00:25:19.279 --> 00:25:25.350
major survey uh which is called as is a


00:25:25.360 --> 00:25:30.070
uh an acronym for ALMA CMZ


00:25:30.080 --> 00:25:33.110
exploration survey and the CMZ if I


00:25:33.120 --> 00:25:35.350
remember rightly is the central uh


00:25:35.360 --> 00:25:38.149
something zone central molecular zone of


00:25:38.159 --> 00:25:41.830
the uh of the galaxy where molecules


00:25:41.840 --> 00:25:45.350
lurk around uh around the the black hole


00:25:45.360 --> 00:25:47.110
at the center of the galaxy. So these


00:25:47.120 --> 00:25:49.510
observations uh have been principally


00:25:49.520 --> 00:25:52.630
done by as you said uh it's been done by


00:25:52.640 --> 00:25:54.710
some of the great telescopes uh one of


00:25:54.720 --> 00:25:57.909
them is ALMA Alma itself the Atakama


00:25:57.919 --> 00:26:01.350
large millimeter submill array uh that


00:26:01.360 --> 00:26:05.430
has basically formed images of the whole


00:26:05.440 --> 00:26:08.630
of the region around the center of our


00:26:08.640 --> 00:26:11.990
galaxy and it's a very very detailed uh


00:26:12.000 --> 00:26:13.830
image. It's a mosaic basically that's


00:26:13.840 --> 00:26:15.669
been built up. The great thing about


00:26:15.679 --> 00:26:19.350
Alma is that you can tune it in uh to


00:26:19.360 --> 00:26:21.669
various chemical molecules all of which


00:26:21.679 --> 00:26:23.990
emit their radio frequencies at


00:26:24.000 --> 00:26:26.390
different wavelengths. So it's like


00:26:26.400 --> 00:26:29.990
having a radio spectrum of every point


00:26:30.000 --> 00:26:31.830
in the center of our galaxy which means


00:26:31.840 --> 00:26:34.870
that you can build up images showing how


00:26:34.880 --> 00:26:39.350
these molecules behave around the center


00:26:39.360 --> 00:26:42.870
uh of the of the galaxy. So it it really


00:26:42.880 --> 00:26:46.630
is u an extraordinary piece of work um


00:26:46.640 --> 00:26:51.590
with a lot of detail uh a great deal of


00:26:51.600 --> 00:26:54.549
um information about both the the the


00:26:54.559 --> 00:26:56.390
turbulence and the chemistry that's


00:26:56.400 --> 00:26:58.470
taking place around the center of our


00:26:58.480 --> 00:27:01.990
galaxy. There's a very extensive article


00:27:02.000 --> 00:27:04.710
about it on the brighter side of of of


00:27:04.720 --> 00:27:08.070
science uh a brighter side of news. Uh


00:27:08.080 --> 00:27:11.029
it's um got some great images and a lot


00:27:11.039 --> 00:27:13.669
of details about what has been found.


00:27:13.679 --> 00:27:15.510
I'm looking for a quote which came from


00:27:15.520 --> 00:27:19.510
one of the scientists uh which really


00:27:19.520 --> 00:27:23.750
describes very cogently uh what uh


00:27:23.760 --> 00:27:26.950
they've done. Um, in fact, Andy, sorry,


00:27:26.960 --> 00:27:29.510
Steve Longmore himself, uh, is saying


00:27:29.520 --> 00:27:32.390
the CMZ or CMZ we would call it, but


00:27:32.400 --> 00:27:34.549
Americanizing it because that's the


00:27:34.559 --> 00:27:36.710
Artakama large millimeter arrays got a


00:27:36.720 --> 00:27:39.590
strong US contingent as well as other


00:27:39.600 --> 00:27:42.070
international users. The CMZ hosts some


00:27:42.080 --> 00:27:44.070
of the most massive stars known in our


00:27:44.080 --> 00:27:46.950
galaxy. Uh many of these stars live fast


00:27:46.960 --> 00:27:49.029
and die young and they end in supernova


00:27:49.039 --> 00:27:50.710
explosions and in some cases what we


00:27:50.720 --> 00:27:53.990
call hypernovi very very intense uh


00:27:54.000 --> 00:27:57.110
supernovi. Um let me just find some


00:27:57.120 --> 00:27:58.870
other words that I was looking for


00:27:58.880 --> 00:28:03.269
because uh the the the the extraordinary


00:28:03.279 --> 00:28:06.549
thing is just how turbulent this region


00:28:06.559 --> 00:28:10.549
is. uh the fact that we've got u packed


00:28:10.559 --> 00:28:12.870
into that region around the center of


00:28:12.880 --> 00:28:15.590
our galaxy. We've got the turbulence of


00:28:15.600 --> 00:28:18.549
gas moving under the in gravitational


00:28:18.559 --> 00:28:20.070
influence of a black hole. You've got


00:28:20.080 --> 00:28:21.830
the gravity of the black hole. You've


00:28:21.840 --> 00:28:24.230
got intense magnetic fields. You've got


00:28:24.240 --> 00:28:27.029
outflows from these giant stars. And all


00:28:27.039 --> 00:28:29.590
of this is coming together to make a


00:28:29.600 --> 00:28:33.110
very complex uh region of space which


00:28:33.120 --> 00:28:35.510
basically is what has been revealed uh


00:28:35.520 --> 00:28:37.110
by this new image. is quite


00:28:37.120 --> 00:28:38.070
extraordinary.


00:28:38.080 --> 00:28:40.710
>> It is rather and I'm just reading some


00:28:40.720 --> 00:28:43.190
of the data and uh you know the


00:28:43.200 --> 00:28:46.310
description they've given lists a radius


00:28:46.320 --> 00:28:48.870
of 6.1 parex


00:28:48.880 --> 00:28:50.870
uh with an expansion velocity of 21


00:28:50.880 --> 00:28:53.750
kilometers a second. Uh


00:28:53.760 --> 00:28:55.269
like you said it's a pretty busy


00:28:55.279 --> 00:28:56.470
neighborhood.


00:28:56.480 --> 00:29:00.630
>> Yes. About 650 light years across. So


00:29:00.640 --> 00:29:03.350
really quite a large a large area. And


00:29:03.360 --> 00:29:05.590
you're right actually um that the the


00:29:05.600 --> 00:29:07.110
other telescope that was involved sorry


00:29:07.120 --> 00:29:09.590
I didn't mention that is the European


00:29:09.600 --> 00:29:11.430
Southern Observatory's Vista telescope


00:29:11.440 --> 00:29:13.510
which is one that is also at Sarah


00:29:13.520 --> 00:29:17.269
Paranel near the the VT. Uh Vista was a


00:29:17.279 --> 00:29:18.950
telescope built actually by the Brits


00:29:18.960 --> 00:29:22.549
and used by them as their buy into the


00:29:22.559 --> 00:29:25.110
European Southern Observatory.


00:29:25.120 --> 00:29:27.590
>> I it's a really great article. Uh I like


00:29:27.600 --> 00:29:30.070
the way they've got those different


00:29:30.080 --> 00:29:32.310
images of the various chemical makeups


00:29:32.320 --> 00:29:34.710
of sex and they've over overlapped them


00:29:34.720 --> 00:29:37.190
all to create one image but uh you can


00:29:37.200 --> 00:29:39.590
you can look at it from several


00:29:39.600 --> 00:29:42.870
viewpoints really and um helps you to


00:29:42.880 --> 00:29:44.230
understand what's going on in there


00:29:44.240 --> 00:29:46.230
which we've been trying to figure out


00:29:46.240 --> 00:29:47.669
for a long time. friend.


00:29:47.679 --> 00:29:49.830
>> Yeah, that's right. I mean, um, you


00:29:49.840 --> 00:29:53.029
know, again, hopping back to my time at


00:29:53.039 --> 00:29:54.950
the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh, um,


00:29:54.960 --> 00:29:57.590
my work was actually on my research was


00:29:57.600 --> 00:30:00.230
about stars in the galactic center


00:30:00.240 --> 00:30:02.549
region. And we we couldn't see the


00:30:02.559 --> 00:30:03.909
galactic centers because it's it's


00:30:03.919 --> 00:30:05.669
hidden from us by dust. And a lot of


00:30:05.679 --> 00:30:08.310
these stars were, you know, visible


00:30:08.320 --> 00:30:10.549
through thick layers of dust. That's all


00:30:10.559 --> 00:30:12.710
penetrated, of course, with infrared


00:30:12.720 --> 00:30:15.430
telescopes. That's why and and by


00:30:15.440 --> 00:30:17.909
millimeter wave telescopes too. That's


00:30:17.919 --> 00:30:20.630
why you can reveal all these fairly


00:30:20.640 --> 00:30:23.110
complex molecules that have been that


00:30:23.120 --> 00:30:26.710
that have been found. Uh so um really


00:30:26.720 --> 00:30:28.630
quite a remarkable exactly as you've


00:30:28.640 --> 00:30:31.430
said it's a great article uh gives you a


00:30:31.440 --> 00:30:33.350
good idea of just what's going on in the


00:30:33.360 --> 00:30:34.870
center of our galaxy.


00:30:34.880 --> 00:30:36.789
>> Somebody's going to ask so I'll ask on


00:30:36.799 --> 00:30:38.789
their behalf. Why couldn't James Webb


00:30:38.799 --> 00:30:40.870
have done this?


00:30:40.880 --> 00:30:44.230
Um, so it a lot of it's to do with field


00:30:44.240 --> 00:30:46.389
of view. Um, the fact that you've got a


00:30:46.399 --> 00:30:48.549
huge area here, uh, you need the


00:30:48.559 --> 00:30:50.310
coverage of what we would call a survey


00:30:50.320 --> 00:30:52.710
telescope, which the James Web isn't. It


00:30:52.720 --> 00:30:55.830
homes in on fine points of detail. Um,


00:30:55.840 --> 00:30:57.510
and the other thing is the James Web


00:30:57.520 --> 00:31:01.430
would give you a different set of um of


00:31:01.440 --> 00:31:03.909
of chemical constituents because you're


00:31:03.919 --> 00:31:07.269
looking at different wave. Uh so these


00:31:07.279 --> 00:31:11.269
are the the the um the the uh ACS


00:31:11.279 --> 00:31:13.510
project the one I just mentioned uh


00:31:13.520 --> 00:31:16.549
which uses ALMA as its main uh


00:31:16.559 --> 00:31:18.710
instrument that's looking in the


00:31:18.720 --> 00:31:21.669
millimeter sub millimeter wave region.


00:31:21.679 --> 00:31:23.830
Uh and so you see that's sensitive to


00:31:23.840 --> 00:31:25.909
different molecules from what you get in


00:31:25.919 --> 00:31:29.190
the infrared. So, uh, it is it's really,


00:31:29.200 --> 00:31:31.269
uh, it's a really neat piece of work


00:31:31.279 --> 00:31:33.029
that's been done by the right telescope


00:31:33.039 --> 00:31:34.630
by the look of it and the right group of


00:31:34.640 --> 00:31:35.190
people.


00:31:35.200 --> 00:31:37.750
>> Indeed. Yes. Fantastic. Uh, if you want


00:31:37.760 --> 00:31:40.310
to read all about it, you can do so by


00:31:40.320 --> 00:31:42.549
uh, finding the paper. Just do a search


00:31:42.559 --> 00:31:45.430
for AS's overview paper or you can read


00:31:45.440 --> 00:31:49.269
the fabulous article at the brightside.


00:31:49.279 --> 00:31:52.789
News. Uh, we're just about done. Fred,


00:31:52.799 --> 00:31:53.990
thank you very much.


00:31:54.000 --> 00:31:55.990
>> Uh, it's a pleasure. That went extremely


00:31:56.000 --> 00:31:57.029
quickly. Andrew,


00:31:57.039 --> 00:31:59.110
>> it has been lately.


00:31:59.120 --> 00:32:00.470
Maybe we're finally getting more


00:32:00.480 --> 00:32:01.590
efficient.


00:32:01.600 --> 00:32:02.950
>> No, no, no.


00:32:02.960 --> 00:32:03.590
>> Don't think so.


00:32:03.600 --> 00:32:05.430
>> All the adequate not efficient.


00:32:05.440 --> 00:32:07.350
>> Uh I think it's because Jordy didn't


00:32:07.360 --> 00:32:09.750
actually play up too much that


00:32:09.760 --> 00:32:11.590
>> that's right. It's because his sister's


00:32:11.600 --> 00:32:12.630
holding him down.


00:32:12.640 --> 00:32:16.230
>> Yeah, she is. Sisters do that. Thanks,


00:32:16.240 --> 00:32:18.149
Fred. We'll catch you very, very soon.


00:32:18.159 --> 00:32:19.750
>> Sounds great. Thanks, Andrew.


00:32:19.760 --> 00:32:21.509
>> Professor Fred Watson, astronomer at


00:32:21.519 --> 00:32:22.950
large. Uh don't forget to visit us


00:32:22.960 --> 00:32:25.350
online while you're uh listening to the


00:32:25.360 --> 00:32:27.909
podcast. Maybe uh spacenutspodcast.com


00:32:27.919 --> 00:32:29.830
or spacenuts.io


00:32:29.840 --> 00:32:32.310
and have a look around, visit the shop,


00:32:32.320 --> 00:32:35.509
maybe become a supporter. Um leave a


00:32:35.519 --> 00:32:38.470
review uh on your platform wherever you


00:32:38.480 --> 00:32:40.470
listen to us. And uh don't forget you


00:32:40.480 --> 00:32:43.509
can send us um notes and information and


00:32:43.519 --> 00:32:45.669
questions on the ask me anything tab at


00:32:45.679 --> 00:32:48.710
the top ama. And thanks to Hugh in the


00:32:48.720 --> 00:32:51.110
studio. Now Hugh couldn't be with us


00:32:51.120 --> 00:32:53.509
today. Apparently, he uh heard about


00:32:53.519 --> 00:32:55.750
this this mapping of the center of the


00:32:55.760 --> 00:32:57.830
galaxy and put the coordinates in his


00:32:57.840 --> 00:33:00.149
car GPS and he has hasn't been seen


00:33:00.159 --> 00:33:01.750
since.


00:33:01.760 --> 00:33:03.350
>> And from me, Andrew Dunley, thanks for


00:33:03.360 --> 00:33:04.630
your company. We'll see you on the next


00:33:04.640 --> 00:33:06.870
episode of Space Nuts. Bye-bye.


00:33:06.880 --> 00:33:07.830
>> Space Nuts.


00:33:07.840 --> 00:33:09.909
>> You've been listening to the Space Nuts


00:33:09.919 --> 00:33:12.230
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00:33:12.240 --> 00:33:15.190
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