Artemis II Rollout Weekend: NASA Preps Moon Mission + ESA Hacked & Jupiter’s Oxygen Surprise

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Language: en

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Hello space fans. Welcome to Astronomy


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Daily, your source for the latest news


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from across the cosmos. I'm Anna.


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>> And I'm Avery. Great to have you with us


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today. We've got a really exciting


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lineup of stories covering everything


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from upcoming missions to mysterious


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discoveries.


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>> That's right. We're starting with some


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big news from NASA. Artemis 2 is


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entering its final preparations for the


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first crude mission beyond low Earth


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orbit in over 50 years. The roll out to


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the launchpad happens this weekend.


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>> Very exciting. We'll also be talking


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about a serious cyber security breach at


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the European Space Agency, China's


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ambitious satellite launches to kick off


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2026, and the surprising discovery about


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Jupiter's atmosphere.


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>> Plus, we have an intriguing cosmic


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mystery. Astronomers have found a


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massive bar of iron hidden inside the


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famous ring nebula. and we'll wrap up


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with a fascinating look back at the


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Apollo 14 moon trees and what happened


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to them.


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>> Lots to cover, so let's get started.


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>> All right, Avery, let's dive into our


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top story. NASA is entering the final


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stages of preparation for Artemis 2, and


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the excitement is really building.


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>> This is huge, Anna. We're talking about


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the first crude mission beyond low Earth


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orbit in over 50 years. The launch


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window opens as early as February 6th,


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though it could extend into April


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depending on final preparations.


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>> And this weekend is a major milestone,


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right? The roll out to the launchpad.


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>> Exactly. Targeted for no earlier than


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this Saturday, January 17th, the Space


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Launch System rocket and Orion


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spacecraft will make that slow journey


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from the Vehicle Assembly Building to


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launch pad 39B at Kennedy Space Center.


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It's about 6.5 km or 4 miles and it'll


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take up to 12 hours on the crawler


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transporter.


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>> That's the same launchpad used for


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Apollo, isn't it?


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>> It is. Launchpad 39B has quite a


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history. Now, the Artemis 2 crew


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consists of four astronauts. NASA's Reed


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Wiseman as commander, Victor Glover as


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pilot, Christina Coach as mission


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specialist, and Canadian astronaut


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Jeremy Hansen also a mission specialist.


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This mission is essentially a dress


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rehearsal for the actual lunar landing.


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Correct.


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>> Right. Artemis 2 will be a 10-day circum


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lunar flight. They'll loop around the


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moon without landing and return to


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Earth. It's building on the success of


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Aremis 1 uncrrewed mission and paving


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the way for Artemis 3, currently


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scheduled for 2028, which will put


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humans back on the lunar surface for the


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first time since Apollo 17 in 1972.


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I know they've been working around the


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clock to get everything ready. Have


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there been any challenges?


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>> There have been some. Back in December


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during a countdown demonstration test,


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engineers detected a problem with a


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valve associated with the Orion


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capsule's hatch pressurization system.


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They replaced that valve on January 5th


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and successfully completed a pressure


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test. They also resolved a leak in the


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ground support hardware that pressurizes


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Orion with oxygen gas. So, what happens


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when one sits at the launchpad?


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>> Ground crews will connect all the


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electrical lines, fuel control system


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ducts, cryogenic propellant feeds, and


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other ground support equipment. Then


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they'll power up all the rocket


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integrated systems for the first time to


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make sure everything works together, the


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rocket, the mobile launcher, and the


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launchpad infrastructure.


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>> And then comes the wet dress rehearsal


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>> scheduled for the end of January. That's


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when they'll load the rocket with about


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2.65 million L. That's 700,000 gallons


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of cryogenic fuel, conduct a launch


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countdown, and then safely unload it.


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They'll run through several countdown


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holds and recycles just like they would


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during an actual launch.


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>> NASA learned a lot from Artemis 1's wet


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dress rehearsal, didn't they?


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>> They did, particularly around loading


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liquid hydrogen propellant. They


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experienced some challenges with that,


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so they'll be monitoring very carefully


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this time. They're also watching how


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much nitrogen gas accumulates between


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the Orion crew module and the launch


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abort system using recently updated


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procedures.


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>> And if all goes well with the wet dress


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rehearsal,


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>> then NASA's mission management team will


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hold a flight readiness review to assess


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whether all systems are truly ready.


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Only then will they commit to a firm


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launch date. And of course, the Aremis 2


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astronauts will conduct a final walkdown


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at the pad, which will be quite a media


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event. The launch windows are


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interesting, too, aren't they? It's not


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every day in February and April.


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>> That's right. Due to the complex orbital


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mechanics of Earth and the moon, there's


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a pattern of about a week of launch


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opportunities followed by 3 weeks


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without any. NASA has published a


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specific dates between February and


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April when launches are possible. This


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is such an exciting time, 50 years since


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we've sent humans beyond low Earth


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orbit,


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>> and it's setting the stage for


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sustainable lunar exploration. Crew


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safety remains NASA's top priority every


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step of the way, as Lorie Glaze, acting


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associate administrator for NASA's


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exploration systems development mission


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directorate, emphasized in their recent


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statement. Moving on to some concerning


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news, Avery. The European Space Agency


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has suffered a significant cyber attack.


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>> Unfortunately, yes. This happened just


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after Christmas on Boxing Day. Actually,


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a hacker operating under the code name


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888 dumped over 200 gigabytes of ESA


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data onto dark web forums.


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>> What kind of data are we talking about?


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The leaked information included


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proprietary software, authorization


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credentials, access tokens, and


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sensitive project documentation. ESA


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initially downplayed the breach, saying


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its impact was limited to servers with


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unclassified documents.


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>> But there was more to the story.


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>> There was. Just a week later, a cyber


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crime group known as Scattered Lapsis


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Hunters claimed they stole another 500


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GB of data, saying the security hole was


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still unpatched. This batch reportedly


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included operational procedures,


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spacecraft and mission details,


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subsystems documentation, and even


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proprietary data from ESA contractors


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like SpaceX, Airbus Group, and Thalus


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Alenia Space.


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>> That's pretty serious. How did ESA


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respond?


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>> They've launched a criminal


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investigation and are fully cooperating


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with authorities. In a press briefing on


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January 8th, Eric Morel de Westgver,


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ESA's director of European legal and


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international matters, said the


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authorities will manage communication


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about the case and handle the criminal


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proceedings.


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>> Is this kind of attack common against


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space agencies?


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>> More common than you think. Cyber


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security researcher Clement Porier from


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the Center for Security Studies at


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ETHZurich told space.com that during her


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research she frequently encounters email


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credentials of ESA employees and even


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other space agencies being sold on dark


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web forums.


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>> How are these credentials being


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obtained?


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>> Hier suggests it may be due to a lack of


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cyber hygiene from ESA staff. Threat


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actors may have used info stealer


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malware which harvests data stored in


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web browsers. things like credentials,


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session cookies, multifactor


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authentication data, and even saved


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credit cards.


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>> That's pretty insidious.


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>> It is. These info steelers are


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particularly dangerous because they can


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evade detection by anti virus software.


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They often spread through malicious ads


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on popular websites or infected links in


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YouTube video descriptions.


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>> And NASA faces similar threats.


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According to sources familiar with space


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cyber risk environment, NASA's actually


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a frequent victim. Vulnerabilities are


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being disclosed almost every day via the


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crowdsource cyber security platform Bug


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Crowd.


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>> Even though the recent ESA leaks didn't


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seem highly critical, there are still


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concerns, right?


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>> Absolutely. Puyer warned that this data


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could be combined with information from


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future breaches to reveal strategic


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information that could enable another


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cyber attack against a space system.


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We're not there yet, but it's an


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important consideration.


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>> And vulnerabilities might exist with


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third party providers, too.


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>> Exactly. The security holes could be on


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the side of software providers or other


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third parties they purchase services


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from. Or ISA's own networks might be


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hiding unpatched vulnerabilities that


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hackers could exploit. What's the bottom


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line here?


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>> As Pooyer put it, data leaks and


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breaches against space agencies are


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common. It can happen to each agency and


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will happen to each agency in the future


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given the rise of cyber attacks against


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the space sector. It's a reality that


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all space organizations need to take


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very seriously.


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>> Let's shift gears to some space activity


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from China. They've kicked off 2026 with


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a couple of impressive satellite


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launches.


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>> They really have, Anna. On January 13th,


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China launched two Long March rockets


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from the Wang Chan Space Launch Center,


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representing a strong start to what's


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expected to be a very busy year for


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their space program.


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>> What were they launching?


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>> The first mission carried the Yaoan 501


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remote sensing satellite, and the second


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deployed a series of Guawang satellites


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into low Earth orbit. Both launches were


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successful and marked the beginning of


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what China hopes will be a


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record-breaking year.


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>> Tell us about the Yaoan 501. That sounds


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interesting.


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>> It is. This satellite was launched


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aboard a Long March 6A rocket, and it's


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notable for its unusual orbit. Unlike


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typical satellites in standard low Earth


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orbits, Yaogon 501's orbit is designed


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to maximize its ability to observe Earth


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from unique angles, providing broader


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and more detailed views of the planet.


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>> What will it be used for? It's part of


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China's growing portfolio of remote


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sensing technology, which has


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applications ranging from agricultural


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monitoring to, let's be honest, military


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surveillance. As China develops and


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deploys more of these satellites,


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they're positioning themselves as a


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leader in Earth observation


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capabilities.


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>> And it'll also help with natural


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disaster monitoring and resource


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management.


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>> Absolutely. It'll contribute to


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monitoring natural disasters, managing


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resources, and supporting scientific


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research efforts globally. The satellite


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is quite advanced in terms of what it


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can do.


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>> Now, what about the Guawang satellites?


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>> The Guawang constellation is designed to


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improve China's capabilities in


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telecommunications, Earth observation,


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and scientific research. By placing


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these satellites in low Earth orbit,


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China will be able to provide enhanced


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communication services, including


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high-speed data transmission over large


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regions.


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>> So, it's not just for China


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domestically. No, it'll improve their


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global connectivity, particularly in


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areas with limited access to terrestrial


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communication networks. And beyond just


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communications, the Guawang


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constellation is expected to play a


00:10:51.839 --> 00:10:53.670
crucial role in supporting China's


00:10:53.680 --> 00:10:55.509
future space exploration goals.


00:10:55.519 --> 00:10:56.470
>> How so?


00:10:56.480 --> 00:10:58.710
>> By providing real-time communication and


00:10:58.720 --> 00:11:00.710
data transfer capabilities. These


00:11:00.720 --> 00:11:02.550
satellites will be instrumental in


00:11:02.560 --> 00:11:04.230
supporting future missions to the moon


00:11:04.240 --> 00:11:06.470
and Mars. It's all part of China's


00:11:06.480 --> 00:11:08.310
integrated approach to building space


00:11:08.320 --> 00:11:10.550
infrastructure. This seems like quite an


00:11:10.560 --> 00:11:12.230
ambitious start to the year.


00:11:12.240 --> 00:11:14.710
>> It really is. According to the China


00:11:14.720 --> 00:11:16.790
Aerospace Corporation, these missions


00:11:16.800 --> 00:11:18.790
underscore China's growing capabilities


00:11:18.800 --> 00:11:20.710
and commitment to expanding their space


00:11:20.720 --> 00:11:23.030
exploration infrastructure. And this is


00:11:23.040 --> 00:11:24.790
just the beginning. They have many more


00:11:24.800 --> 00:11:27.110
launches planned throughout 2026.


00:11:27.120 --> 00:11:29.110
>> It's fascinating to see how competitive


00:11:29.120 --> 00:11:31.110
the space sector has become with


00:11:31.120 --> 00:11:32.790
multiple nations ramping up their


00:11:32.800 --> 00:11:35.590
capabilities. Indeed, we're in a new era


00:11:35.600 --> 00:11:37.590
of space activity, and it's not just


00:11:37.600 --> 00:11:39.430
government agencies anymore. The


00:11:39.440 --> 00:11:41.509
combination of national programs and


00:11:41.519 --> 00:11:43.030
commercial ventures is really


00:11:43.040 --> 00:11:44.630
accelerating progress.


00:11:44.640 --> 00:11:46.550
>> All right, Avery, let's head out to


00:11:46.560 --> 00:11:48.870
Jupiter for our next story. Scientists


00:11:48.880 --> 00:11:51.030
have made a surprising discovery about


00:11:51.040 --> 00:11:53.269
the gas giants atmosphere.


00:11:53.279 --> 00:11:55.670
>> This is really interesting, Anna. A new


00:11:55.680 --> 00:11:57.670
study published in the Planetary Science


00:11:57.680 --> 00:11:59.509
Journal reveals that Jupiter holds


00:11:59.519 --> 00:12:02.630
roughly 1.5 times more oxygen than our


00:12:02.640 --> 00:12:03.430
sun.


00:12:03.440 --> 00:12:05.829
>> That's way more than expected, isn't it?


00:12:05.839 --> 00:12:08.150
>> It is. For decades, studies have


00:12:08.160 --> 00:12:10.470
disagreed about how much oxygen Jupiter


00:12:10.480 --> 00:12:12.790
contains. Some recent studies even


00:12:12.800 --> 00:12:14.949
suggested it was much less than the sun.


00:12:14.959 --> 00:12:17.430
So, this finding significantly reshapes


00:12:17.440 --> 00:12:18.870
our understanding of the planet's


00:12:18.880 --> 00:12:19.750
composition.


00:12:19.760 --> 00:12:22.790
>> Why is oxygen content so important?


00:12:22.800 --> 00:12:24.710
Oxygen is one of the most abundant


00:12:24.720 --> 00:12:26.389
elements in the universe and its


00:12:26.399 --> 00:12:27.990
presence on Jupiter has big


00:12:28.000 --> 00:12:30.389
implications. As Ji Hungyang, a


00:12:30.399 --> 00:12:32.310
post-doal researcher at the University


00:12:32.320 --> 00:12:34.470
of Chicago and the study's lead author


00:12:34.480 --> 00:12:36.550
explained, the precise quantity of


00:12:36.560 --> 00:12:38.870
oxygen offers important clues about how


00:12:38.880 --> 00:12:41.030
Jupiter formed and how our solar system


00:12:41.040 --> 00:12:41.910
evolved.


00:12:41.920 --> 00:12:43.829
>> Because oxygen is key to water


00:12:43.839 --> 00:12:44.790
formation.


00:12:44.800 --> 00:12:47.269
>> Exactly. Understanding its presence and


00:12:47.279 --> 00:12:48.949
distribution could help researchers


00:12:48.959 --> 00:12:50.470
learn more about the conditions that


00:12:50.480 --> 00:12:52.230
allow for the formation of habitable


00:12:52.240 --> 00:12:54.550
planets both in our solar system and


00:12:54.560 --> 00:12:55.430
beyond.


00:12:55.440 --> 00:12:57.750
>> Jupiter's atmosphere is famously


00:12:57.760 --> 00:12:59.350
difficult to study, though.


00:12:59.360 --> 00:13:01.430
>> That's putting it mildly. The thick


00:13:01.440 --> 00:13:03.509
clouds covering the planet, the Great


00:13:03.519 --> 00:13:05.509
Red Spot, which is a storm twice the


00:13:05.519 --> 00:13:07.829
size of Earth, and other violent weather


00:13:07.839 --> 00:13:09.430
patterns have kept scientists from


00:13:09.440 --> 00:13:11.030
getting a clear view of what lies


00:13:11.040 --> 00:13:13.190
beneath the surface. Previous missions


00:13:13.200 --> 00:13:14.550
couldn't measure deep into the


00:13:14.560 --> 00:13:15.509
atmosphere.


00:13:15.519 --> 00:13:17.590
>> The Galileo spacecraft couldn't, but


00:13:17.600 --> 00:13:19.829
more recently, the Juno spacecraft has


00:13:19.839 --> 00:13:21.750
provided valuable data on the upper


00:13:21.760 --> 00:13:23.350
layers, including measurements of


00:13:23.360 --> 00:13:26.150
ammonia, methane, and carbon monoxide.


00:13:26.160 --> 00:13:28.310
Still, building an accurate model has


00:13:28.320 --> 00:13:29.350
been challenging.


00:13:29.360 --> 00:13:31.590
>> What made this new model different?


00:13:31.600 --> 00:13:33.269
>> The researchers integrated both


00:13:33.279 --> 00:13:35.750
chemistry and hydrodnamics, the study of


00:13:35.760 --> 00:13:38.069
how fluids move. As Ji Hong Yang


00:13:38.079 --> 00:13:39.990
explained, you really need both.


00:13:40.000 --> 00:13:41.910
Chemistry alone doesn't include water


00:13:41.920 --> 00:13:43.910
droplets or cloud behavior, while


00:13:43.920 --> 00:13:46.230
hydrodnamics alone oversimplifies a


00:13:46.240 --> 00:13:48.310
chemistry. Bringing them together allows


00:13:48.320 --> 00:13:50.389
for much more accurate predictions.


00:13:50.399 --> 00:13:52.069
>> And they discovered something else


00:13:52.079 --> 00:13:53.829
surprising, too, didn't they?


00:13:53.839 --> 00:13:56.069
>> They did. The study revealed that the


00:13:56.079 --> 00:13:57.829
movement of gases within Jupiter's


00:13:57.839 --> 00:14:00.230
atmosphere is far slower than previously


00:14:00.240 --> 00:14:02.790
believed. The diffusion of molecules is


00:14:02.800 --> 00:14:05.269
35 to 40 times slower than the standard


00:14:05.279 --> 00:14:06.150
assumption.


00:14:06.160 --> 00:14:08.310
>> What does that mean practically? As Ji


00:14:08.320 --> 00:14:10.389
Hungyang put it, it would take a single


00:14:10.399 --> 00:14:12.629
molecule several weeks to move through


00:14:12.639 --> 00:14:14.550
one layer of the atmosphere rather than


00:14:14.560 --> 00:14:17.189
hours. This slower diffusion could have


00:14:17.199 --> 00:14:19.110
significant implications for how heat


00:14:19.120 --> 00:14:20.870
and chemical elements are transported


00:14:20.880 --> 00:14:23.110
within the planet, and it may affect how


00:14:23.120 --> 00:14:24.949
clouds form and dissipate.


00:14:24.959 --> 00:14:27.189
>> This must challenge a lot of existing


00:14:27.199 --> 00:14:29.910
assumptions about gas giant atmospheres.


00:14:29.920 --> 00:14:32.310
>> It does. The discovery adds another


00:14:32.320 --> 00:14:34.389
layer of complexity to our understanding


00:14:34.399 --> 00:14:36.550
and shows that even wellstudied planets


00:14:36.560 --> 00:14:38.389
like Jupiter still have surprises in


00:14:38.399 --> 00:14:40.629
store. This is the most comprehensive


00:14:40.639 --> 00:14:42.949
atmospheric model of Jupiter to date,


00:14:42.959 --> 00:14:45.350
but clearly there's still more to learn.


00:14:45.360 --> 00:14:47.189
>> We'll be sure to follow up this one with


00:14:47.199 --> 00:14:48.069
interest.


00:14:48.079 --> 00:14:50.790
>> Anna, our next story is about a cosmic


00:14:50.800 --> 00:14:53.670
mystery hiding in plain sight, or rather


00:14:53.680 --> 00:14:55.430
hiding in one of the night sky's most


00:14:55.440 --> 00:14:56.710
famous objects.


00:14:56.720 --> 00:14:58.870
>> Oh, this is the Ring Nebula discovery,


00:14:58.880 --> 00:15:01.030
right? I was reading about this. It's


00:15:01.040 --> 00:15:02.150
fascinating.


00:15:02.160 --> 00:15:04.470
>> It really is. Astronomers have


00:15:04.480 --> 00:15:06.790
discovered a mysterious bar-shaped cloud


00:15:06.800 --> 00:15:09.670
of iron inside the iconic Ring Nebula,


00:15:09.680 --> 00:15:11.829
and it went completely unnoticed for


00:15:11.839 --> 00:15:13.829
decades, despite this being one of the


00:15:13.839 --> 00:15:15.829
most studied objects in space.


00:15:15.839 --> 00:15:18.550
>> How did they finally spot it? A European


00:15:18.560 --> 00:15:21.030
team led by researchers at University


00:15:21.040 --> 00:15:23.590
College London and Cardiff University


00:15:23.600 --> 00:15:26.629
used a new instrument called Weave, the


00:15:26.639 --> 00:15:30.629
WHT, Enhanced Area Velocity Explorer


00:15:30.639 --> 00:15:32.389
installed on the William Hershel


00:15:32.399 --> 00:15:34.949
telescope. The key was that weave


00:15:34.959 --> 00:15:37.030
allowed them to obtain spectra across


00:15:37.040 --> 00:15:39.990
the entire face of the nebula at all


00:15:40.000 --> 00:15:42.870
optical wavelengths simultaneously.


00:15:42.880 --> 00:15:44.870
So it wasn't about getting a sharper


00:15:44.880 --> 00:15:46.790
image but analyzing the light


00:15:46.800 --> 00:15:47.990
differently.


00:15:48.000 --> 00:15:50.870
>> Exactly. Dr. Roger Wesson, the lead


00:15:50.880 --> 00:15:52.870
author, explained that by obtaining a


00:15:52.880 --> 00:15:55.110
spectrum continuously across the whole


00:15:55.120 --> 00:15:57.829
nebula, they could create images at any


00:15:57.839 --> 00:15:59.829
wavelength and determine the chemical


00:15:59.839 --> 00:16:02.710
composition at any position. And when


00:16:02.720 --> 00:16:05.030
they processed the data, this iron bar


00:16:05.040 --> 00:16:07.749
just popped out clear as anything.


00:16:07.759 --> 00:16:10.629
>> How big is this thing? The bar's length


00:16:10.639 --> 00:16:13.670
is roughly 500 times that of Pluto's


00:16:13.680 --> 00:16:16.629
orbit around the sun. And get this, the


00:16:16.639 --> 00:16:19.269
mass of iron atoms is comparable to the


00:16:19.279 --> 00:16:21.189
mass of Mars.


00:16:21.199 --> 00:16:23.990
>> That's colossal. And it fits inside the


00:16:24.000 --> 00:16:25.910
ring nebula's inner region.


00:16:25.920 --> 00:16:28.550
>> It does. It's shaped like a narrow strip


00:16:28.560 --> 00:16:30.949
that fits neatly within the nebula's


00:16:30.959 --> 00:16:33.269
elliptical inner layer. the part that's


00:16:33.279 --> 00:16:35.269
familiar from all those beautiful images


00:16:35.279 --> 00:16:37.350
we've seen from telescopes, including


00:16:37.360 --> 00:16:39.590
the James Webb Space Telescope.


00:16:39.600 --> 00:16:42.069
>> So, what is the Ring Nebula exactly for


00:16:42.079 --> 00:16:43.990
our listeners who might not know?


00:16:44.000 --> 00:16:46.550
>> The Ring Nebula, also known as Messier


00:16:46.560 --> 00:16:50.470
57, was first identified in 1779 by


00:16:50.480 --> 00:16:53.269
French astronomer Charles Messier. It's


00:16:53.279 --> 00:16:55.829
what's called a planetary nebula, a


00:16:55.839 --> 00:16:58.150
shell of gas created when a star reaches


00:16:58.160 --> 00:17:00.470
the end of its fuel burning life and


00:17:00.480 --> 00:17:03.430
releases its outer layers into space. In


00:17:03.440 --> 00:17:05.829
several billion years, our own sun is


00:17:05.839 --> 00:17:07.510
expected to undergo a similar


00:17:07.520 --> 00:17:08.870
transformation.


00:17:08.880 --> 00:17:11.189
>> And this iron bar, do we know how it


00:17:11.199 --> 00:17:12.230
formed?


00:17:12.240 --> 00:17:14.309
>> That's the mystery. The scientists


00:17:14.319 --> 00:17:16.470
honestly don't know yet. Professor


00:17:16.480 --> 00:17:18.390
Albert Silstra from the University of


00:17:18.400 --> 00:17:20.789
Manchester noted that they selected the


00:17:20.799 --> 00:17:23.110
Ring Nebula as an early target because


00:17:23.120 --> 00:17:25.909
it's bright, wellstudied, and ideal for


00:17:25.919 --> 00:17:27.909
testing the instrument. But then they


00:17:27.919 --> 00:17:30.710
found something entirely unexpected.


00:17:30.720 --> 00:17:32.310
>> What are the theories?


00:17:32.320 --> 00:17:35.029
>> There are two main scenarios. First, the


00:17:35.039 --> 00:17:36.870
iron bar might reveal something new


00:17:36.880 --> 00:17:39.190
about how the nebula was ejected by the


00:17:39.200 --> 00:17:41.830
parent star, perhaps showing an uneven


00:17:41.840 --> 00:17:44.789
or directional outflow in the process.


00:17:44.799 --> 00:17:47.510
Second, and more intriguingly, the iron


00:17:47.520 --> 00:17:49.990
might be an arc of plasma resulting from


00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:53.190
the vaporization of a destroyed planet.


00:17:53.200 --> 00:17:55.510
>> A planet that got too close to the dying


00:17:55.520 --> 00:17:56.549
star,


00:17:56.559 --> 00:17:59.350
>> possibly, as a star expanded into a red


00:17:59.360 --> 00:18:02.310
giant late in its life, any rocky planet


00:18:02.320 --> 00:18:04.230
that wandered too close could have been


00:18:04.240 --> 00:18:06.390
torn apart by extreme heat and


00:18:06.400 --> 00:18:09.029
radiation, living behind this metalrich


00:18:09.039 --> 00:18:12.070
cloud trapped inside the nebula. That


00:18:12.080 --> 00:18:13.990
would be quite a dramatic end for a


00:18:14.000 --> 00:18:15.990
planet. Do they think this iron bar is


00:18:16.000 --> 00:18:16.950
unique?


00:18:16.960 --> 00:18:19.350
>> Dr. Wesson doesn't think so. He said it


00:18:19.360 --> 00:18:21.110
would be very surprising if the ring


00:18:21.120 --> 00:18:23.830
nebula's iron bar is unique. Weave is


00:18:23.840 --> 00:18:26.150
conducting surveys of many more ionized


00:18:26.160 --> 00:18:28.549
nebuli across the northern Milky Way.


00:18:28.559 --> 00:18:30.390
And they hope to discover more examples


00:18:30.400 --> 00:18:32.470
of this phenomenon which would help them


00:18:32.480 --> 00:18:34.630
understand where the iron comes from.


00:18:34.640 --> 00:18:37.110
>> It's amazing that such a familiar object


00:18:37.120 --> 00:18:38.789
still had this hidden.


00:18:38.799 --> 00:18:41.750
>> Amen to that. Professor Janet Drew, also


00:18:41.760 --> 00:18:44.230
at UCL, cautioned that they need to know


00:18:44.240 --> 00:18:46.870
more, particularly if any other chemical


00:18:46.880 --> 00:18:49.510
elements coexist with the iron, as that


00:18:49.520 --> 00:18:51.350
would help determine the right model to


00:18:51.360 --> 00:18:53.350
pursue. They're planning follow-up


00:18:53.360 --> 00:18:55.590
studies using weave at higher spectral


00:18:55.600 --> 00:18:56.710
resolution.


00:18:56.720 --> 00:18:58.470
>> Just goes to show that even the most


00:18:58.480 --> 00:19:00.390
studied objects can surprise us when we


00:19:00.400 --> 00:19:01.990
look at them in new ways.


00:19:02.000 --> 00:19:03.190
>> Amen to that.


00:19:03.200 --> 00:19:05.669
>> For our final story today, we're taking


00:19:05.679 --> 00:19:07.830
a look back at a fascinating piece of


00:19:07.840 --> 00:19:10.789
Apollo history. Avery, tell us about the


00:19:10.799 --> 00:19:12.150
moon trees.


00:19:12.160 --> 00:19:14.310
>> This is such a cool story, Anna. When


00:19:14.320 --> 00:19:17.590
Apollo 14 returned to Earth in 1971, it


00:19:17.600 --> 00:19:19.750
brought back something unexpected.


00:19:19.760 --> 00:19:21.909
Hundreds of tree seeds that had orbited


00:19:21.919 --> 00:19:22.789
the moon.


00:19:22.799 --> 00:19:24.310
>> These were part of a scientific


00:19:24.320 --> 00:19:25.190
experiment.


00:19:25.200 --> 00:19:27.750
>> It started as a small experiment led by


00:19:27.760 --> 00:19:30.230
astronaut Steuart Rousa, who was a


00:19:30.240 --> 00:19:32.950
former US Forest Service smoke jumper


00:19:32.960 --> 00:19:35.510
before becoming an astronaut. He carried


00:19:35.520 --> 00:19:37.590
several hundred seeds in his personal


00:19:37.600 --> 00:19:41.430
kit. Lobli pine, sycamore, sweet gum,


00:19:41.440 --> 00:19:43.270
redwood, and Douglas fur.


00:19:43.280 --> 00:19:45.110
>> And there was an accident with these


00:19:45.120 --> 00:19:46.310
seeds, wasn't there?


00:19:46.320 --> 00:19:49.350
>> There was. As NASA recounts, the seed


00:19:49.360 --> 00:19:51.110
bags burst open during the


00:19:51.120 --> 00:19:53.270
decontamination procedures after the


00:19:53.280 --> 00:19:55.830
spacecraft returned to Earth. The seeds


00:19:55.840 --> 00:19:57.909
scattered around the chamber and were


00:19:57.919 --> 00:20:00.310
exposed to vacuum and everyone thought


00:20:00.320 --> 00:20:02.150
they might not be viable.


00:20:02.160 --> 00:20:03.909
>> But they decided to try planting them


00:20:03.919 --> 00:20:04.549
anyway.


00:20:04.559 --> 00:20:06.789
>> They did to test whether the seeds had


00:20:06.799 --> 00:20:08.789
survived and the results were


00:20:08.799 --> 00:20:11.510
extraordinary. Many sprouted and grew


00:20:11.520 --> 00:20:13.909
just like normal trees, showing no


00:20:13.919 --> 00:20:15.669
visible damage from their cosmic


00:20:15.679 --> 00:20:16.390
journey.


00:20:16.400 --> 00:20:18.710
>> How many trees eventually grew?


00:20:18.720 --> 00:20:21.430
>> Over 400 seedlings grew into mature


00:20:21.440 --> 00:20:23.750
trees. Some were planted beside


00:20:23.760 --> 00:20:25.909
earthgrown control trees to compare


00:20:25.919 --> 00:20:28.549
their development. And remarkably, after


00:20:28.559 --> 00:20:30.950
years of observation, no differences


00:20:30.960 --> 00:20:33.110
were found between the space flown seeds


00:20:33.120 --> 00:20:35.190
and their earthbound counterparts.


00:20:35.200 --> 00:20:37.350
>> When were these trees distributed?


00:20:37.360 --> 00:20:39.669
>> The distribution coincided with the US


00:20:39.679 --> 00:20:42.950
bsentennial celebrations of 1975 and


00:20:42.960 --> 00:20:44.549
1976.


00:20:44.559 --> 00:20:46.230
Most were given to state forest


00:20:46.240 --> 00:20:48.470
reorganizations to be planted as part of


00:20:48.480 --> 00:20:51.110
the nation's bsentennial celebration.


00:20:51.120 --> 00:20:53.110
The trees were only sent to countries


00:20:53.120 --> 00:20:55.270
and states where they could actually be


00:20:55.280 --> 00:20:56.630
grown and thrive.


00:20:56.640 --> 00:20:58.870
>> And some went to pretty notable places,


00:20:58.880 --> 00:20:59.510
right?


00:20:59.520 --> 00:21:02.630
>> Oh yes. A lobly pine was planted at the


00:21:02.640 --> 00:21:05.190
White House. Trees were sent to Brazil,


00:21:05.200 --> 00:21:07.430
Switzerland, and even presented to the


00:21:07.440 --> 00:21:10.549
emperor of Japan. Each tree served as a


00:21:10.559 --> 00:21:12.230
living connection between space


00:21:12.240 --> 00:21:14.230
exploration and Earth's natural


00:21:14.240 --> 00:21:15.190
environment.


00:21:15.200 --> 00:21:16.870
>> There were telegrams that accompanied


00:21:16.880 --> 00:21:19.190
the trees. NASA sent telegrams


00:21:19.200 --> 00:21:21.510
highlighting their symbolic importance.


00:21:21.520 --> 00:21:23.590
The message read that the tree is a


00:21:23.600 --> 00:21:25.990
living symbol of our spectacular human


00:21:26.000 --> 00:21:28.230
and scientific achievements and the


00:21:28.240 --> 00:21:30.310
fitting tribute to our national space


00:21:30.320 --> 00:21:32.549
program which has brought out the best


00:21:32.559 --> 00:21:35.350
of American patriotism, dedication and


00:21:35.360 --> 00:21:37.190
determination to succeed.


00:21:37.200 --> 00:21:39.350
>> That really captures the spirit of that


00:21:39.360 --> 00:21:39.909
era.


00:21:39.919 --> 00:21:42.470
>> It does. It was this beautiful blend of


00:21:42.480 --> 00:21:45.270
scientific curiosity and national pride


00:21:45.280 --> 00:21:48.070
during the Apollo years. Each moon tree


00:21:48.080 --> 00:21:50.310
represented not just a triumph of space


00:21:50.320 --> 00:21:52.470
exploration, but a reminder that the


00:21:52.480 --> 00:21:55.110
pursuit of knowledge can be rooted quite


00:21:55.120 --> 00:21:57.350
literally in the natural world.


00:21:57.360 --> 00:21:59.350
>> Many of these trees are still standing


00:21:59.360 --> 00:22:00.149
today.


00:22:00.159 --> 00:22:02.470
>> They are. Their plaques may be faded,


00:22:02.480 --> 00:22:05.510
but their symbolism remains intact. NASA


00:22:05.520 --> 00:22:07.350
continues to track and document the


00:22:07.360 --> 00:22:09.669
locations of surviving moon trees. And


00:22:09.679 --> 00:22:11.669
there's even a modern continuation of


00:22:11.679 --> 00:22:12.630
this project.


00:22:12.640 --> 00:22:15.510
>> The Moon Tree 2.0 project.


00:22:15.520 --> 00:22:18.390
>> Exactly. It uses seeds taken aboard the


00:22:18.400 --> 00:22:20.789
Orion spacecraft during the Aremis 1


00:22:20.799 --> 00:22:23.110
mission. So, this initiative bridges


00:22:23.120 --> 00:22:25.270
past and future, connecting the


00:22:25.280 --> 00:22:27.669
pioneering Apollo missions to the next


00:22:27.679 --> 00:22:29.830
generation of lunar explorers.


00:22:29.840 --> 00:22:31.990
>> I love that these trees serve as both


00:22:32.000 --> 00:22:34.470
scientific curiosities and powerful


00:22:34.480 --> 00:22:35.350
symbols.


00:22:35.360 --> 00:22:38.149
>> They really do. From forests across the


00:22:38.159 --> 00:22:41.190
United States to royal gardens overseas,


00:22:41.200 --> 00:22:43.750
these trees stand as silent witnesses to


00:22:43.760 --> 00:22:45.909
one of the most extraordinary chapters


00:22:45.919 --> 00:22:48.950
in human history. Their story, rooted in


00:22:48.960 --> 00:22:51.750
science, resilience, and wonder, remains


00:22:51.760 --> 00:22:53.510
a testament to what happens when


00:22:53.520 --> 00:22:56.149
curiosity literally takes flight beyond


00:22:56.159 --> 00:22:57.350
Earth's atmosphere.


00:22:57.360 --> 00:22:59.350
>> Well, that wraps up today's episode of


00:22:59.360 --> 00:23:01.830
Astronomy Daily. We covered quite a


00:23:01.840 --> 00:23:04.070
journey today. From NASA's preparations


00:23:04.080 --> 00:23:06.950
to return humans to lunar orbit to cyber


00:23:06.960 --> 00:23:09.110
security challenges in the space sector,


00:23:09.120 --> 00:23:11.430
China's expanding satellite network,


00:23:11.440 --> 00:23:13.830
surprising discoveries about Jupiter, a


00:23:13.840 --> 00:23:16.149
mysterious iron bar hidden in a famous


00:23:16.159 --> 00:23:18.870
nebula, and the enduring legacy of the


00:23:18.880 --> 00:23:21.270
moon trees. It's episodes like this that


00:23:21.280 --> 00:23:23.350
really show the breath of space science


00:23:23.360 --> 00:23:25.029
and exploration. Whether it's


00:23:25.039 --> 00:23:27.110
cuttingedge missions, astronomical


00:23:27.120 --> 00:23:29.430
discoveries, or looking back at historic


00:23:29.440 --> 00:23:31.590
achievements, there's always something


00:23:31.600 --> 00:23:33.669
fascinating happening in space.


00:23:33.679 --> 00:23:36.470
>> Thanks so much for joining us today. If


00:23:36.480 --> 00:23:38.950
you enjoyed the show, please subscribe


00:23:38.960 --> 00:23:41.430
and leave us a review. It really helps


00:23:41.440 --> 00:23:44.070
other space enthusiasts find us.


00:23:44.080 --> 00:23:45.990
>> And if you have questions or topics


00:23:46.000 --> 00:23:48.149
you'd like us to cover, reach out to us


00:23:48.159 --> 00:23:50.310
on social media. We love hearing from


00:23:50.320 --> 00:23:53.270
our listeners. Until next time, keep


00:23:53.280 --> 00:23:54.470
looking up.


00:23:54.480 --> 00:23:58.870
>> Clear skies everyone. Astronomy day.


00:23:58.880 --> 00:24:06.870
Stories be told.


00:24:06.880 --> 00:24:10.679
Stories to tell.