Artemis II: Homeward Bound and The Lost Mars Mission

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Language: en

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Hello and welcome to Astronomy Daily.


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I'm Anna.


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>> And I'm Avery. It is Wednesday, April


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8th, 2026. And what a week it has been.


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>> We are deep into what might be the most


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extraordinary few days in human space


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flight since 1972.


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Artemis 2 is heading home and we are


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going to walk you through exactly where


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the crew is right now. What happened on


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flight day 7 and what to expect as they


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come screaming back through the


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atmosphere on Friday.


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>> Screaming is right. We are talking


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25,000 mph, the fastest crude re-entry


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in history. But more on that in a


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moment. We have also got a cargo launch


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delay that has created one of the most


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beautifully poetic scheduling


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coincidences we have ever seen in space


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flight. Some planet shaking new science


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about how Earth actually formed. Fresh


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data from an alien comet courtesy of a


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spacecraft designed for Jupiter's moons.


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>> A new comet for sky watchers to get


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excited about after last week's


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spectacular disappointment.


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>> And then to close the show today,


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something a little different. A mystery.


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A space mystery that is 30 years old and


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has never been solved.


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>> I have been looking forward to this one


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all day. I won't lie.


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>> So have I. Let's get into it. This is


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Astronomy Daily Season 5 episode 84.


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>> Right. So let's set the scene. Artemis 2


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launched on April 1st. Yes, April Fool's


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Day. And no, it was not a joke. And the


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crew of four have already done the most


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extraordinary thing. On Monday, flight


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day six, they flew around the far side


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of the moon. They set a new record for


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the furthest humans have ever been,


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252,756


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miles. Nobody in human history has ever


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been that far.


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>> And flight day 7, which was yesterday,


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Tuesday, was the day after all that


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drama, the science debrief day,


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>> the comedown day.


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>> Well, sort of. They woke up to Tokyo


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Drifting by Glass Animals and Denzel


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Curry. And I genuinely love whoever


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selects these wakeup songs is having an


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absolute blast.


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>> The playlist creation on Artemis 2 has


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been exceptional. Somebody at NASA is


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doing their best work.


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>> They woke up 36,000 m from the moon,


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236,000 m from Earth. And the big item


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on the agenda was a 15minute audio call


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ship to ship with the crew aboard the


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International Space Station.


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>> So you have four astronauts who have


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just been further from Earth than any


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human in over 50 years calling up the


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International Space Station, which from


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where Orion was sitting must have felt


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practically next door,


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>> right? Relatively speaking. They spoke


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with NASA astronauts Jessica Mir, Jack


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Hathaway, Chris Williams, and ESA's


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Sophie Adonaut. Just imagine that


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conversation. So, how was the moon? You


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know, bit far.


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>> And after that, the science debrief. The


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Aremis 2 lunar science team had a full


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debrief session with the crew to capture


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everything they observed during the


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flyby while the memories were still


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sharp,


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>> which makes complete sense, right? These


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four people have just seen parts of the


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moon. No human eye has ever seen


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directly. The far side craters like


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Vavalov and the oriental basin, an


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ancient lava field on the border of the


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moon's near and far side that's almost


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impossible to see from Earth. You want


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those impressions captured immediately.


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>> And then in the evening at about 900


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p.m. Eastern, Orion fired the first of


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three trajectory correction burns to


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begin fine-tuning the return path to


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Earth. Though we are officially in the


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home stretch and flight day 8, which is


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today, the crew has two key tasks.


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First, a radiation shelter construction


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demonstration,


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>> which sounds alarming, but is actually a


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planned drill. They practice assembling


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a makeshift radiation shelter inside


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Orion using available materials in case


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of a solar event during a deep space


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mission. Exactly the kind of emergency


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preparedness you need locked in before


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Artemis 3 heads to the lunar surface.


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>> And second, manual piloting tests. The


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crew gets to handfly Orion directly,


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which given that computers handle


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basically everything on this mission,


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must feel a bit like being handed the


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wheel.


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>> And then Friday, April 10th, splashdown.


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>> Flight day 10. Orion re-enters the


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atmosphere at 25,000 miles per hour.


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That is the fastest crude re-entry ever


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attempted. The heat shield, which caused


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so much concern and engineering work


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before this mission, will be put to its


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ultimate test.


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>> And collecting data from that re-entry


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is actually one of the core mission


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objectives. So NASA will be watching


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those heat shield readings very closely.


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Splashdown is scheduled for about 8:00


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p.m. Eastern off the coast of San Diego.


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The USS John P. Murtha, a Navy


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amphibious transport dock ship, will be


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waiting. The crew will be recovered by


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helicopter, taken aboard for medical


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evaluation, then flown back to Houston.


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>> And that will be it. The first time


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humans have returned from beyond Earth


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orbit since Apollo 17 in 1972.


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Mission complete. But right now, Reed


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Weisman, Victor Glover, Christina Cotch,


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and Jeremy Hansen are heading home, and


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we could not be more excited for them.


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>> All right, from the crew heading back to


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Earth to a cargo ship heading up to the


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space station with a slight detour


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through the weather forecast.


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>> Yes. So, as we reported yesterday,


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Northrup Grumman's Signis CRS24 mission


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was supposed to launch today, Wednesday


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morning, from Cape Canaveral on SpaceX


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Falcon 9, carrying about 11,000 lbs of


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cargo to the International Space


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Station.


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>> But the weather at Space Launch Complex


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40 had other ideas and teams have pushed


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a launch to Friday, April 10th,


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targeting 8:03 in the morning Eastern.


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Backup opportunity on Saturday the 11th


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if needed. Now, here is why this matters


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beyond just a weather delay. Friday,


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April 10th is also the day Artemis 2


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splashdowns.


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>> So, on the same day, four astronauts


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return from the moon, the furthest


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humans have been from Earth in over 50


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years. A fresh cargo ship launches


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towards the space station


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simultaneously.


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>> Cape Canaveral is going to be having


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quite a Friday. The spacecraft itself is


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the Signis XL, the larger configuration


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carrying about 11,000 lbs of pressurized


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cargo. Northrup Grumman has named this


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one the SS Steven R Nagel in honor of


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the NASA astronaut who flew four shuttle


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missions and logged over 720 hours in


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space.


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>> Beautiful tradition naming these cargo


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ships and the science aboard CRS24 is


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genuinely interesting. There's a new


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module for the cold atom lab on the


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station, NASA's quantum science facility


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to help investigate dark matter and


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potentially improve computing


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technology. There's also hardware to


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produce greater numbers of therapeutic


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stem cells for blood diseases and


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cancer, model organisms for a gut


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microbiome study, and a receiver to


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improve space weather models that


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protect GPS and radar infrastructure.


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>> Though, it's not just food and


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equipment. This is a proper science


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delivery. Once it arrives, Signis


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doesn't dock automatically the way


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Dragon does. Astronauts Chris Williams


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and Jack Hathaway will use the Canid Arm


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2 robotic arm to grab it and bring it


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in. They've been practicing. There was a


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report last week of them running


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simulations together in the Cuba.


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>> And Signis is scheduled to stay at the


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station until October before undocking


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with several thousand pounds of trash


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and burning up on re-entry. A rather


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unglamorous end, but a useful one.


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>> Weather permitting, Friday should be


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quite the day.


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>> Okay, story three. And this one is a


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genuine rewrite of something we thought


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we understood.


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>> Where did Earth come from? We know the


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broad answer. 4 1/2 billion years ago, a


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cloud of gas and dust collapsed, the sun


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formed, and the leftover material


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clumped into planets. But where exactly


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did the specific material that became


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Earth come from?


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>> For decades, the accepted model was that


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Earth got a significant chunk of its


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building material from the outer solar


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system from beyond Jupiter. Estimates


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ranged from 6% to as much as 40% of


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Earth's mass. And the reason this


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mattered is water. Scientists needed


00:08:46.399 --> 00:08:48.790
that outer solar system contribution to


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explain where Earth's oceans came from


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because the inner solar system was


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thought to be too dry. But a new study


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from ETH Zurich published in the journal


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Nature Astronomy has just turned that on


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its head. Planetary scientists Paulo


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Sosi and Dan Bower analyze isotopic


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ratios of meteorites from across the


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solar system and compare them to Earth's


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composition. Their conclusion, Earth


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formed almost entirely from inner solar


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system material. The outer solar system


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contribution less than 2% and possibly


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nothing at all.


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>> Now, isotopes are essentially atomic


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fingerprints. Different regions of the


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solar system produce slightly different


00:09:31.120 --> 00:09:33.750
ratios of the same elements, and you can


00:09:33.760 --> 00:09:35.590
use those signatures to trace where


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material originated. Previous studies


00:09:38.160 --> 00:09:40.389
mostly looked at one or two isotopic


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systems. Saui and Bower looked at 10


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>> 10 different isotopic systems analyzed


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with statistical methods rarely used in


00:09:49.279 --> 00:09:51.750
geocchemistry. And when you look at all


00:09:51.760 --> 00:09:55.030
10 together, the picture is unambiguous.


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Earth is built of non-carbonacious


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material, inner solar system stuff


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through and through.


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>> Which immediately raises an enormous


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question. If Earth didn't get its water


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from the outer solar system, from comets


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and water-rich asteroids drifting


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inward, where did the water come from?


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>> And the answer, according to this study,


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is it was already here. Water and


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volatile elements must have been present


00:10:20.079 --> 00:10:22.389
in the inner solar system from the very


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beginning. We just didn't realize it.


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>> And why was so little outer solar system


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material reaching Earth in the first


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place? Jupiter. Jupiter formed extremely


00:10:32.880 --> 00:10:35.430
quickly and grew enormous and its


00:10:35.440 --> 00:10:37.269
gravity carved a gap in the young


00:10:37.279 --> 00:10:39.910
protolanetary disc, essentially a


00:10:39.920 --> 00:10:41.829
barrier between the inner and outer


00:10:41.839 --> 00:10:44.470
solar system. This study suggests that


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barrier was almost completely


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impermeable. Almost nothing got through.


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>> Jupiter, the bouncer of the solar


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system. Sorry, outer solar system


00:10:53.760 --> 00:10:56.230
material. Not tonight. One of the


00:10:56.240 --> 00:10:58.870
researchers, Dan Bower, said, "We were


00:10:58.880 --> 00:11:01.190
truly astonished to find that Earth is


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composed entirely from inner solar


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system material, distinct from any


00:11:05.839 --> 00:11:08.470
combination of existing meteorites. Even


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they didn't expect this result.


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>> The implications are genuinely big. If


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water was already present in the inner


00:11:15.200 --> 00:11:17.509
solar system, that changes how we think


00:11:17.519 --> 00:11:19.350
about the conditions that made life


00:11:19.360 --> 00:11:21.590
possible here. And it has implications


00:11:21.600 --> 00:11:24.069
for other planetary systems. Rocky


00:11:24.079 --> 00:11:26.310
planets around sunlike stars might be


00:11:26.320 --> 00:11:28.069
wetter than we assumed.


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>> It's the kind of result that makes you


00:11:29.839 --> 00:11:31.670
look at the ground beneath your feet


00:11:31.680 --> 00:11:33.990
differently. This material formed


00:11:34.000 --> 00:11:36.389
locally billions of years ago without


00:11:36.399 --> 00:11:38.790
much help from the wider solar system.


00:11:38.800 --> 00:11:41.030
Jupiter kept the neighborhood tidy.


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>> And Earth's water was here from the


00:11:43.120 --> 00:11:45.350
start, which is kind of beautiful,


00:11:45.360 --> 00:11:47.990
actually. digging with space science.


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And this one involves an alien comet, a


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spacecraft on its way to Jupiter's


00:11:52.399 --> 00:11:54.870
moons, and an instrument that was never


00:11:54.880 --> 00:11:57.190
designed to do what it ended up doing.


00:11:57.200 --> 00:11:59.910
>> We have followed 3i ATLS closely on this


00:11:59.920 --> 00:12:02.949
show. Quick catch up. 3EA ATLS is an


00:12:02.959 --> 00:12:05.030
interstellar comet, only the third


00:12:05.040 --> 00:12:06.870
object ever confirmed to have entered


00:12:06.880 --> 00:12:08.629
our solar system from interstellar


00:12:08.639 --> 00:12:12.230
space. Discovered in July 2025, reached


00:12:12.240 --> 00:12:13.990
its closest approach to the sun on


00:12:14.000 --> 00:12:16.790
October 29th. And when I say it was


00:12:16.800 --> 00:12:19.829
moving fast, 250,000


00:12:19.839 --> 00:12:23.269
km per hour, nothing that formed in our


00:12:23.279 --> 00:12:24.949
solar system moves like that.


00:12:24.959 --> 00:12:27.509
>> It is genuinely a visitor from another


00:12:27.519 --> 00:12:30.150
star system. We have no idea which one.


00:12:30.160 --> 00:12:32.550
>> In November 2025, issa's Juice


00:12:32.560 --> 00:12:34.710
spacecraft, the Jupiter Icy Moons


00:12:34.720 --> 00:12:37.030
Explorer, currently on route to Jupiter,


00:12:37.040 --> 00:12:39.110
was in a fortunate position to observe


00:12:39.120 --> 00:12:42.150
3IIA ATLS from deep space just 4 days


00:12:42.160 --> 00:12:44.870
after perihelion. The observations were


00:12:44.880 --> 00:12:47.829
difficult. It took until February 2026


00:12:47.839 --> 00:12:49.350
for the data to reach Earth.


00:12:49.360 --> 00:12:52.069
>> And issa has now published the findings.


00:12:52.079 --> 00:12:53.670
And the headline number is


00:12:53.680 --> 00:12:55.829
extraordinary. Juice's Magis


00:12:55.839 --> 00:12:59.190
spectrometer detected 2,000 kg of water


00:12:59.200 --> 00:13:02.710
vapor being expelled by 3II ATLS every


00:13:02.720 --> 00:13:04.069
single second.


00:13:04.079 --> 00:13:08.069
>> 2,000 kg per second. To give you a sense


00:13:08.079 --> 00:13:10.230
of scale, that is the equivalent of


00:13:10.240 --> 00:13:13.110
approximately 70 Olympic swimming pools


00:13:13.120 --> 00:13:15.509
of water every single day, just


00:13:15.519 --> 00:13:17.269
evaporating off the surface of this


00:13:17.279 --> 00:13:18.629
comet into space,


00:13:18.639 --> 00:13:20.629
>> which tells you this is a very active


00:13:20.639 --> 00:13:22.550
comet. Water rich, at least on the


00:13:22.560 --> 00:13:24.550
surface. Though, there's an interesting


00:13:24.560 --> 00:13:26.710
wrinkle. Its carbon dioxide to water


00:13:26.720 --> 00:13:28.550
ratio is higher than you'd typically


00:13:28.560 --> 00:13:31.030
expect from a solar system comet, which


00:13:31.040 --> 00:13:33.110
either means the nucleus is genuinely


00:13:33.120 --> 00:13:35.750
CO2 rich or there's a thick insulating


00:13:35.760 --> 00:13:37.509
crust hiding ice underneath.


00:13:37.519 --> 00:13:39.350
>> Neither of which we can determine from


00:13:39.360 --> 00:13:43.269
here. 3iLS has now passed Jupiter and is


00:13:43.279 --> 00:13:45.670
heading out of the solar system. It will


00:13:45.680 --> 00:13:46.710
never return.


00:13:46.720 --> 00:13:48.150
>> And here's the part I find most


00:13:48.160 --> 00:13:49.910
extraordinary.


00:13:49.920 --> 00:13:51.590
navigation camera designed for


00:13:51.600 --> 00:13:53.670
navigating near Jupiter's moons, looking


00:13:53.680 --> 00:13:56.629
at surfaces a few hundred km below also


00:13:56.639 --> 00:13:58.629
contributed to the science. It provided


00:13:58.639 --> 00:14:00.870
a unique vantage point from deep space


00:14:00.880 --> 00:14:02.870
that helped issa's planetary defense


00:14:02.880 --> 00:14:05.189
team refined a comet's orbital path to


00:14:05.199 --> 00:14:07.829
10 times better accuracy than earthbased


00:14:07.839 --> 00:14:09.509
observations alone could achieve.


00:14:09.519 --> 00:14:11.750
>> An instrument designed for one job,


00:14:11.760 --> 00:14:14.069
unexpectedly doing something completely


00:14:14.079 --> 00:14:16.949
different and doing it brilliantly. That


00:14:16.959 --> 00:14:19.110
is science at its best. What I keep


00:14:19.120 --> 00:14:22.150
coming back to is the age of 3 IATLS.


00:14:22.160 --> 00:14:24.230
Based on its trajectory, this comet may


00:14:24.240 --> 00:14:25.829
be billions of years older than the


00:14:25.839 --> 00:14:28.069
solar system itself. It's not just from


00:14:28.079 --> 00:14:30.310
another star. It may be older than our


00:14:30.320 --> 00:14:32.310
sun. It has been traveling through


00:14:32.320 --> 00:14:34.389
interstellar space for longer than Earth


00:14:34.399 --> 00:14:36.870
has existed. And it spent about a year


00:14:36.880 --> 00:14:38.870
passing through our backyard. And we


00:14:38.880 --> 00:14:41.269
watched it as carefully as we could. And


00:14:41.279 --> 00:14:43.990
now it's gone. Everything we will ever


00:14:44.000 --> 00:14:47.590
know about 3i ATLS, we know already.


00:14:47.600 --> 00:14:49.829
everything we will ever know. I love


00:14:49.839 --> 00:14:51.990
that and find it completely haunting in


00:14:52.000 --> 00:14:54.710
equal measure. Right after last week's


00:14:54.720 --> 00:14:57.030
heartbreak with comet maps, the sunrazer


00:14:57.040 --> 00:14:58.870
that did not survive its close pass with


00:14:58.880 --> 00:15:00.710
the sun, which we covered in yesterday's


00:15:00.720 --> 00:15:03.189
episode, the good news is that April is


00:15:03.199 --> 00:15:04.629
not done with comets.


00:15:04.639 --> 00:15:08.389
>> Not even close. Comet C 2025 R3


00:15:08.399 --> 00:15:10.790
discovered by the Pan Stars survey is


00:15:10.800 --> 00:15:12.870
now the prime target for April sky


00:15:12.880 --> 00:15:14.949
watching. And it's looking genuinely


00:15:14.959 --> 00:15:17.189
promising. Where maps was unpredictable


00:15:17.199 --> 00:15:19.829
and dramatic, a cret sungrazer diving to


00:15:19.839 --> 00:15:21.829
within a 100,000 miles of the sun's


00:15:21.839 --> 00:15:23.910
surface, pan stars is a more


00:15:23.920 --> 00:15:26.310
conventional comment. Predictable orbit,


00:15:26.320 --> 00:15:28.470
manageable approach, the reliable act


00:15:28.480 --> 00:15:29.910
that shows up when the headliner


00:15:29.920 --> 00:15:30.550
cancels.


00:15:30.560 --> 00:15:33.110
>> And its timing is good. Perihelion,


00:15:33.120 --> 00:15:35.189
closest approach to the sun is around


00:15:35.199 --> 00:15:38.069
April 20th. Closest approach to Earth is


00:15:38.079 --> 00:15:41.350
April 27th when it comes within about 44


00:15:41.360 --> 00:15:43.910
million miles of us. At peak brightness,


00:15:43.920 --> 00:15:45.990
it's expected to reach approximately


00:15:46.000 --> 00:15:47.189
magnitude 8.


00:15:47.199 --> 00:15:49.509
>> Now, magnitude 8 means you will not see


00:15:49.519 --> 00:15:51.110
it with the naked eye under normal


00:15:51.120 --> 00:15:53.670
skies, but binoculars will absolutely do


00:15:53.680 --> 00:15:55.910
the job. Any small telescope will give


00:15:55.920 --> 00:15:57.990
you a lovely view. You're looking for a


00:15:58.000 --> 00:16:00.710
fuzzy smudge, possibly with a faint tail


00:16:00.720 --> 00:16:02.550
extending away from the sun.


00:16:02.560 --> 00:16:05.189
>> For northern hemisphere listeners, look


00:16:05.199 --> 00:16:08.389
east in the pre-dawn sky from midappril


00:16:08.399 --> 00:16:10.389
through the end of the month. It will be


00:16:10.399 --> 00:16:12.470
in the constellations Pegasus and


00:16:12.480 --> 00:16:16.069
Pisces. A good star app, Delarium, Sky


00:16:16.079 --> 00:16:19.269
Safari, Starwalk 2, will give you exact


00:16:19.279 --> 00:16:20.470
positioning.


00:16:20.480 --> 00:16:22.710
>> And for our listeners in Australia and


00:16:22.720 --> 00:16:25.269
New Zealand, your window is actually in


00:16:25.279 --> 00:16:28.470
early May in the evening sky. Look west


00:16:28.480 --> 00:16:30.870
after sunset. Dark skies will


00:16:30.880 --> 00:16:33.110
significantly help. Get away from sigy


00:16:33.120 --> 00:16:34.550
lights if you can.


00:16:34.560 --> 00:16:37.110
>> Comet brightness predictions can shift.


00:16:37.120 --> 00:16:39.990
They famously don't always behave. So


00:16:40.000 --> 00:16:42.310
keep checking sky and telescope or


00:16:42.320 --> 00:16:44.389
universe today as we get closer to


00:16:44.399 --> 00:16:47.430
perihelion. But right now the forecast


00:16:47.440 --> 00:16:48.790
looks encouraging.


00:16:48.800 --> 00:16:51.189
>> Think of it as the universe offering a


00:16:51.199 --> 00:16:53.590
constellation prize after maps. It's a


00:16:53.600 --> 00:16:55.670
perfectly lovely comet and it deserves


00:16:55.680 --> 00:16:56.870
our attention.


00:16:56.880 --> 00:17:00.150
>> One comet destroyed, one comet incoming.


00:17:00.160 --> 00:17:02.790
April is very on brand for the solar


00:17:02.800 --> 00:17:06.150
system. All right, story six. And today


00:17:06.160 --> 00:17:07.909
we're doing something a little different


00:17:07.919 --> 00:17:09.510
to close the show.


00:17:09.520 --> 00:17:12.789
>> We are going back 30 years back to one


00:17:12.799 --> 00:17:14.789
of the strangest and most overlooked


00:17:14.799 --> 00:17:16.390
stories in the history of space


00:17:16.400 --> 00:17:18.630
exploration. A mission that was built


00:17:18.640 --> 00:17:21.270
with extraordinary ambition, launched


00:17:21.280 --> 00:17:24.549
into tragedy, and then vanished. And


00:17:24.559 --> 00:17:26.710
nobody has ever found it.


00:17:26.720 --> 00:17:29.909
>> This is the story of Mars 96.


00:17:29.919 --> 00:17:33.350
>> Let's set the scene. It's 1996. The Cold


00:17:33.360 --> 00:17:36.310
War has been over for 5 years. Russia


00:17:36.320 --> 00:17:38.390
and the United States are for the first


00:17:38.400 --> 00:17:41.350
time in decades not rivals in space.


00:17:41.360 --> 00:17:43.590
They're partners. Shuttlemeir is


00:17:43.600 --> 00:17:45.510
underway. The International Space


00:17:45.520 --> 00:17:47.510
Station is being designed. There is


00:17:47.520 --> 00:17:49.990
genuine optimism about what a postcold


00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:52.710
war space age could look like. And in


00:17:52.720 --> 00:17:54.710
that spirit of optimism, an


00:17:54.720 --> 00:17:56.390
extraordinary mission is being


00:17:56.400 --> 00:17:59.110
assembled. Russia is leading it, but it


00:17:59.120 --> 00:18:01.830
is genuinely multinational. science


00:18:01.840 --> 00:18:04.710
payloads from Germany, France, Italy,


00:18:04.720 --> 00:18:08.070
Poland, Spain, Belgium, Finland,


00:18:08.080 --> 00:18:11.029
Austria, and the United States. NASA's


00:18:11.039 --> 00:18:13.350
Jet Propulsion Lab contributing two


00:18:13.360 --> 00:18:15.990
instruments. This is what cooperation


00:18:16.000 --> 00:18:18.310
looks like when people choose it.


00:18:18.320 --> 00:18:21.190
>> The spacecraft itself is remarkable. At


00:18:21.200 --> 00:18:24.950
over 6,500 kg, it is the largest


00:18:24.960 --> 00:18:27.270
interplanetary spacecraft humans had


00:18:27.280 --> 00:18:29.830
ever launched. more than 40 science


00:18:29.840 --> 00:18:32.470
instruments aboard and its ambition is


00:18:32.480 --> 00:18:34.710
staggering. It would study Mars


00:18:34.720 --> 00:18:37.110
simultaneously from orbit from the


00:18:37.120 --> 00:18:39.750
surface and from below it.


00:18:39.760 --> 00:18:41.430
>> From below it.


00:18:41.440 --> 00:18:45.029
>> From below it. Mars 96 was carrying two


00:18:45.039 --> 00:18:47.190
surface penetrators. Hardened


00:18:47.200 --> 00:18:49.110
cylindrical probes specifically


00:18:49.120 --> 00:18:51.190
engineered to strike the Martian ground


00:18:51.200 --> 00:18:55.110
at 70 to 80 m/s and bury themselves


00:18:55.120 --> 00:18:57.270
several meters underground where they


00:18:57.280 --> 00:18:59.430
would measure seismic activity and heat


00:18:59.440 --> 00:19:01.350
flow for up to a year.


00:19:01.360 --> 00:19:04.710
>> That is actually extraordinary. Aworked


00:19:04.720 --> 00:19:09.110
subsurface Mars science station in 1996.


00:19:09.120 --> 00:19:11.270
It was also carrying two surface


00:19:11.280 --> 00:19:13.750
landers, small autonomous stations that


00:19:13.760 --> 00:19:16.230
would descend using an airbag system to


00:19:16.240 --> 00:19:18.789
cushion their landing. An airbag landing


00:19:18.799 --> 00:19:21.029
concept that NASA's Mars Pathfinder


00:19:21.039 --> 00:19:23.270
would use to enormous public acclaim


00:19:23.280 --> 00:19:24.870
just months later.


00:19:24.880 --> 00:19:27.029
>> So, the technology was there, the


00:19:27.039 --> 00:19:29.270
ambition was there, the international


00:19:29.280 --> 00:19:31.510
partnership was there. And on the night


00:19:31.520 --> 00:19:35.669
of November 16th, 1996, the Proton K


00:19:35.679 --> 00:19:37.830
rocket lifted off from Biconor


00:19:37.840 --> 00:19:39.029
Cosmodrome.


00:19:39.039 --> 00:19:41.909
>> And then almost immediately, something


00:19:41.919 --> 00:19:44.390
went catastrophically wrong.


00:19:44.400 --> 00:19:46.870
>> The spacecraft entered its parking orbit


00:19:46.880 --> 00:19:49.029
successfully. The upper stage was


00:19:49.039 --> 00:19:51.990
supposed to fire and push Mars 96 toward


00:19:52.000 --> 00:19:55.110
interplanetary velocity. It didn't. It


00:19:55.120 --> 00:19:57.750
either failed to ignite properly or shut


00:19:57.760 --> 00:20:00.549
down almost immediately. And here's a


00:20:00.559 --> 00:20:02.950
detail that stays with me. The onboard


00:20:02.960 --> 00:20:05.510
autopilot kept executing its programmed


00:20:05.520 --> 00:20:07.669
sequence. It had no way of knowing the


00:20:07.679 --> 00:20:09.990
mission had already failed. So, it


00:20:10.000 --> 00:20:12.470
separated from the upper stage. It fired


00:20:12.480 --> 00:20:15.270
its own engine. It unfolded its solar


00:20:15.280 --> 00:20:18.549
panels. It began transmitting telemetry.


00:20:18.559 --> 00:20:20.630
>> For a brief moment, controllers in


00:20:20.640 --> 00:20:22.710
Crimea thought it had worked. The


00:20:22.720 --> 00:20:24.789
signals were there. The spacecraft was


00:20:24.799 --> 00:20:27.350
doing everything it was supposed to


00:20:27.360 --> 00:20:30.310
>> until the orbital data arrived and the


00:20:30.320 --> 00:20:33.750
realization set in. Mars 96 had never


00:20:33.760 --> 00:20:37.190
left Earth orbit. It was trapped and it


00:20:37.200 --> 00:20:39.590
was about to come back down


00:20:39.600 --> 00:20:41.110
>> very rapidly.


00:20:41.120 --> 00:20:43.350
>> Early assessments suggested the debris


00:20:43.360 --> 00:20:45.510
might land over Australia, which


00:20:45.520 --> 00:20:47.669
prompted President Clinton to call Prime


00:20:47.679 --> 00:20:50.149
Minister John Howard directly to offer


00:20:50.159 --> 00:20:53.029
support for any recovery operation. As


00:20:53.039 --> 00:20:55.510
tracking data was refined, the projected


00:20:55.520 --> 00:20:58.310
impact zone shifted, eventually settling


00:20:58.320 --> 00:21:01.190
on a corridor across the eastern Pacific


00:21:01.200 --> 00:21:04.070
and into northern Chile and Bolivia.


00:21:04.080 --> 00:21:06.710
>> And in the Andes that same night,


00:21:06.720 --> 00:21:09.990
witnesses reported something unusual, a


00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:12.470
brilliant object moving slowly across


00:21:12.480 --> 00:21:15.029
the sky. Not the sudden flash of a


00:21:15.039 --> 00:21:17.990
meteor, something that lasted nearly a


00:21:18.000 --> 00:21:20.549
minute, jetting glowing fragments that


00:21:20.559 --> 00:21:23.110
briefly lit the thin mountain air before


00:21:23.120 --> 00:21:24.149
fading.


00:21:24.159 --> 00:21:26.390
>> One of those witnesses was an electronic


00:21:26.400 --> 00:21:28.310
specialist at the European Southern


00:21:28.320 --> 00:21:31.190
Observatory, who later said he had no


00:21:31.200 --> 00:21:33.270
illusions that it was anything other


00:21:33.280 --> 00:21:36.070
than a piece of space debris. US Space


00:21:36.080 --> 00:21:38.549
Command later acknowledged in writing,


00:21:38.559 --> 00:21:40.630
"We believe it is reasonable that the


00:21:40.640 --> 00:21:43.110
impact was in fact on land."


00:21:43.120 --> 00:21:45.990
>> And then nothing. A search was never


00:21:46.000 --> 00:21:49.110
performed. Nobody went looking. 30 years


00:21:49.120 --> 00:21:51.590
later, the final resting place of Mars


00:21:51.600 --> 00:21:54.549
96 is completely unknown.


00:21:54.559 --> 00:21:57.110
>> And here is where it gets genuinely


00:21:57.120 --> 00:22:00.310
strange. Those surface penetrators built


00:22:00.320 --> 00:22:03.590
to survive striking Mars at 70 to 80


00:22:03.600 --> 00:22:06.470
meters per second had thick compact


00:22:06.480 --> 00:22:09.909
casings engineered for violent impact.


00:22:09.919 --> 00:22:12.950
It is entirely possible that one or both


00:22:12.960 --> 00:22:15.270
of them survived re-entry and are


00:22:15.280 --> 00:22:17.830
sitting in the Andes right now largely


00:22:17.840 --> 00:22:19.029
intact.


00:22:19.039 --> 00:22:21.669
>> Hardware built for Mars in a Chilean


00:22:21.679 --> 00:22:24.789
valley that nobody has ever looked for.


00:22:24.799 --> 00:22:27.909
The spacecraft was also carrying 18


00:22:27.919 --> 00:22:30.870
radioisotope heater units. Small


00:22:30.880 --> 00:22:33.430
plutonium powered heaters specifically


00:22:33.440 --> 00:22:35.669
engineered to survive catastrophic


00:22:35.679 --> 00:22:39.029
events, including atmospheric re-entry.


00:22:39.039 --> 00:22:41.430
Similar units survived the uncontrolled


00:22:41.440 --> 00:22:43.590
crash of a Soviet satellite over


00:22:43.600 --> 00:22:46.390
northern Canada in 1978.


00:22:46.400 --> 00:22:49.430
So, these two could still be out there.


00:22:49.440 --> 00:22:51.510
>> The Space Review published a beautiful


00:22:51.520 --> 00:22:53.510
retrospective on this story just this


00:22:53.520 --> 00:22:55.909
week. And they put it perfectly. A


00:22:55.919 --> 00:22:58.310
spacecraft engineered to be tracked from


00:22:58.320 --> 00:23:01.029
hundreds of millions of kilometers away


00:23:01.039 --> 00:23:03.190
may instead have vanished somewhere on


00:23:03.200 --> 00:23:05.750
Earth. A world mapped in exquisite


00:23:05.760 --> 00:23:08.470
detail by satellites, aircraft, and


00:23:08.480 --> 00:23:10.470
ordinary people carrying cameras in


00:23:10.480 --> 00:23:13.510
their pockets. Somewhere in a dry valley


00:23:13.520 --> 00:23:16.470
across the windswept aliplano or among


00:23:16.480 --> 00:23:18.630
the salt flats and volcanic slopes of


00:23:18.640 --> 00:23:21.110
the high Andis hardware built for


00:23:21.120 --> 00:23:23.350
another planet may still be lying


00:23:23.360 --> 00:23:25.590
quietly under open sky.


00:23:25.600 --> 00:23:28.390
>> Could we find it today with modern


00:23:28.400 --> 00:23:31.190
satellite imagery, drone surveys, AI


00:23:31.200 --> 00:23:34.070
pattern recognition? Why has nobody gone


00:23:34.080 --> 00:23:36.070
looking in 30 years?


00:23:36.080 --> 00:23:38.630
>> That is a question I genuinely don't


00:23:38.640 --> 00:23:41.029
have an answer to. There is a koda to


00:23:41.039 --> 00:23:42.950
this story that I think deserves to be


00:23:42.960 --> 00:23:46.310
said. Many of Mars 96's science teams


00:23:46.320 --> 00:23:48.310
didn't give up. They went on to


00:23:48.320 --> 00:23:50.470
contribute to ISSA's Mars Express


00:23:50.480 --> 00:23:53.590
mission launched in 2003, which is still


00:23:53.600 --> 00:23:55.029
operating today.


00:23:55.039 --> 00:23:57.510
>> And one instrument, the Alpha Proton


00:23:57.520 --> 00:23:59.830
X-ray spectrometer, developed by the


00:23:59.840 --> 00:24:02.630
University of Chicago for Mars 96,


00:24:02.640 --> 00:24:05.669
actually reached Mars. A closely related


00:24:05.679 --> 00:24:07.830
version of it flew aboard NASA's Mars


00:24:07.840 --> 00:24:10.310
Pathfinder, launched just months after


00:24:10.320 --> 00:24:14.310
the crash. It landed on Mars in 1997 and


00:24:14.320 --> 00:24:16.070
began returning chemical readings from


00:24:16.080 --> 00:24:17.269
the surface.


00:24:17.279 --> 00:24:19.830
>> One instrument made it, carrying forward


00:24:19.840 --> 00:24:21.830
the work of the mission that never got


00:24:21.840 --> 00:24:22.789
there.


00:24:22.799 --> 00:24:25.269
>> Somewhere in the Andes, hardware built


00:24:25.279 --> 00:24:27.669
for another planet sits silent and


00:24:27.679 --> 00:24:30.950
unfound. And somewhere on Mars, a cousin


00:24:30.960 --> 00:24:33.350
of that same hardware did exactly what


00:24:33.360 --> 00:24:35.909
it was built to do. The mission failed.


00:24:35.919 --> 00:24:39.350
The science in part survived. Russia has


00:24:39.360 --> 00:24:41.909
never successfully sent an independent


00:24:41.919 --> 00:24:45.190
Mars mission since Mars 96. Worth


00:24:45.200 --> 00:24:47.830
sitting with, especially this week as we


00:24:47.840 --> 00:24:50.149
watch Aremis 2 completing one of the


00:24:50.159 --> 00:24:52.470
most successful crude missions in


00:24:52.480 --> 00:24:53.590
decades.


00:24:53.600 --> 00:24:55.909
>> Base is hard. Every mission we


00:24:55.919 --> 00:24:58.149
celebrate, every safe return, every


00:24:58.159 --> 00:25:00.950
trajectory burn that fires on time is


00:25:00.960 --> 00:25:03.110
built on decades of missions that didn't


00:25:03.120 --> 00:25:06.230
make it. Mars 96 is one of them.


00:25:06.240 --> 00:25:08.549
>> And if you're ever in the Andes, keep


00:25:08.559 --> 00:25:09.830
your eyes open.


00:25:09.840 --> 00:25:11.590
>> And that is Astronomy Daily for


00:25:11.600 --> 00:25:14.870
Wednesday, April the 8th, 2026. What a


00:25:14.880 --> 00:25:16.070
lineup today.


00:25:16.080 --> 00:25:19.190
>> We had Artemis 2 heading home. A cargo


00:25:19.200 --> 00:25:22.070
ship delayed into a spectacular Friday.


00:25:22.080 --> 00:25:24.230
The origin story of the ground beneath


00:25:24.240 --> 00:25:27.029
your feet rewritten. An alien comet


00:25:27.039 --> 00:25:29.830
saying its final farewell. A new comet


00:25:29.840 --> 00:25:32.630
arriving just in time. And a 30-year-old


00:25:32.640 --> 00:25:35.110
mystery that nobody has solved.


00:25:35.120 --> 00:25:36.950
>> If you enjoyed today's episode, please


00:25:36.960 --> 00:25:38.870
subscribe wherever you get your podcast.


00:25:38.880 --> 00:25:40.549
It genuinely makes a difference in


00:25:40.559 --> 00:25:42.390
helping us reach more space enthusiasts


00:25:42.400 --> 00:25:43.590
around the world.


00:25:43.600 --> 00:25:45.430
>> Leave us a review if you have a moment.


00:25:45.440 --> 00:25:47.909
Tell a friend. Find us on social media.


00:25:47.919 --> 00:25:50.310
We are at Astroailyaily Pod on Twitter


00:25:50.320 --> 00:25:53.750
and X, Instagram, Tik Tok, and YouTube.


00:25:53.760 --> 00:25:55.430
Links and full show notes at


00:25:55.440 --> 00:25:57.830
astronomyaily.io.


00:25:57.840 --> 00:25:59.510
>> We will be back tomorrow with the latest


00:25:59.520 --> 00:26:00.549
from space.


00:26:00.559 --> 00:26:03.110
>> Until then, for Avery, I'm Anna.


00:26:03.120 --> 00:26:05.190
>> And for Anna, I'm Avery. Keep looking


00:26:05.200 --> 00:26:18.070
up. We'll see you tomorrow.


00:26:18.080 --> 00:26:21.799
Stories told.