Apollo Secrets, Cosmic Questions & Martian Mysteries: #484 | Space Nuts

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Language: en

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Space Nuts is taking a bit of a break at


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the moment uh Fred and I will be back uh


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in the not too distant future with fresh


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episodes in the meantime enjoy some of


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uh the key episodes that we have


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presented over the years major events in


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astronomy and space science and we'll


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see you real soon Space Nuts hello again


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and thank you for joining us on Space


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Nuts where we talk all sorts of


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astronomy and space science news from


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space agencies and astronomers and


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scientists and physicists uh things that


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have been discovered things that have


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been achieved and we try to unravel some


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of the great Mysteries of the universe


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and we may have one of those solved


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today perhaps uh so whether you're at


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home or at work or sitting back in front


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of a lake fishing whatever you're doing


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thanks for joining us on this edition of


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Space Nuts 15 seconds guidance is


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internal 10 9


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sequence start Space Nuts 5 4 3 2 1 2 3


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4 5 5 4 3 2 1 space that's report it


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feels good it does indeed feel good to


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be here and thank you for your company


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as I said uh my name is Andrew Dunley I


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am your host and joining me as he always


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does without question without claiming


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any money without uh really thinking


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about it is Professor Fred Watson


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astronomer at large hello Fred Andre


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Australia's living fossil Australia's


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living fossil yes congratulations again


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on uh on your honorary doctorate and uh


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I've told a few people and they pass on


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their congratulations oh that's lovely


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thank you very much good for you thank


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you and I I know I said it sort of off


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stage but uh Ling the goatey oh good


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good I'm glad to hear it Andrew if you


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watch us on YouTube you'll you'll be


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able to pick that up I think oh yeah it


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suits you that's very supporting my um


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my young my son who I saw on Monday at


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the graduation uh he told me it makes me


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look exactly like my brother who one of


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these for 50 years or something so well


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it it uh takes seconds of your age I


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must


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say all right uh but Fred Let's uh start


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off with this situation with Apollo


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samples and they brought back quite a


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lot of stuff and some of it um just sort


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of sat there for 50 years sealed and I I


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I assume forgotten or just uh I will


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we'll get to that at some stage and it


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took them 50 years yeah it at first


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sight it does seem weird I agree with


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you but there is a very very good


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explanation and I think you know it it's


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a brilliant reasoning so um I can't


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remember the number I think it's about


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380 kilograms altogether of rock and


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soil that the Apollo Astronauts brought


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back with them in the 1960s and70s um I


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do know because I've got the number in


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front of me here that it was a total of


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20 96 samples oh wow yeah so it's you


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know they had a fair number and um it


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wasn't that wasn't really the reason why


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they've waited 50 years for for some of


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them um the real reason and it's really


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cunning stuff you know it's Forward


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Thinking of a of the first order uh the


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scientists who were interested in these


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moonrock samples 50 years ago knew that


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uh in 50 years time the technology to


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anal them would have would have advanced


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out of sight compared with what there


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was uh in the 1960s and70s


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thinking yeah so they so they reserved I


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think probably


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three okay um uh it's of which I think


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it's I think it's three there might be


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more actually but one of them has now


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been opened and that's why you know


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that's why the news is Big um it was um


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at actually lorri lorri gra glaz of the


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director of she director of the


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planetary science division at NASA


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headquarters who who wrote in a


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statement that NASA knew that Science


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and Technology would evolve and allow


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scientists to study the material in new


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ways to address new questions in the


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future brilliant isn't it that's exactly


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what's happened um I'm not sure to what


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extent I I mean I I think things were


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pretty well advanced in the 1960s and70s


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that's when I was beginning my career as


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a working scientist but um but you know


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things have moved on just out of sight


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since then if it's anything like the way


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we do astrophysics um planetary science


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has has come on by Leaps and Bounds so


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um a tube of material uh 35 cm long 4 cm


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wide uh which was hammered into the


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ground actually on um on the Apollo 17


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Mission the last the last of the uh of


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the Apollo missions in December


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1972 jeene cernon and Harrison Schmidt


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were the the two astronauts who walked


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on the um wasn't Harrison Schmidt a


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geologist I think you're right yes I


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think you're right uh I think he kept


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getting into trouble because he got so


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excited he just running out of oxygen


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and they were saying hurry up hurry


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up yeah so um I think he that's right


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yes it it's a mistake to send a olist to


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them I would think so it's just going to


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be like a kid in a lolly shop um anyway


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they they kind of hammered the tube into


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the ground uh pulled out the tube with


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rocks in it and vacuum and basically


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sealed it on the moan and and that is


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the way it's been kept for 50 years so


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not not only does it have Rock in it


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Andrew but the the volatiles that might


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be you know um locked up in these Rock


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surfaces so sort of things that are


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gaseous like carbon dioxide um at normal


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temperature here on Earth and things um


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that are liquid like water normal


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temperature here on Earth so the the uh


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you know the existence of these gases


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kind of locked up within the rocks that


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um there wouldn't be much because of


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course the the lunar surface is


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essentially a vacuum um but um the idea


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is to and I don't think this has been


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done yet um the


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idea actually no the extraction has


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taken place sorry Andrew uh anyway the


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idea is to extract them um and the


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minute quantities that are there and


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analyze them with the technology that um


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it's really about the Precision rather


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than the you know the ability to do it


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this is spectrometry so you're looking


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at the absolute fine details of what's


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going on in these


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atoms um let me just check


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and I did look you you mentioned the


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weight of the material they brought back


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which I think we talked about not so


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long ago 842 lb of stuff they brought


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back from the Moon which equates to 382


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kg so I was out by two kilograms oh


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close enough round down rounded down


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yeah yeah 382 I had a feeling it was 380


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thereabouts anyway um so


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the the process has started uh back in


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uh in fact last month February uh the


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23rd um as the uh the venerable physics


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f.org website tells us because that's


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that's one of the places where this


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story has been carried uh scientists


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began a weeks long process aimed at


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piercing the main tube and harvesting


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the gas contained inside and then um as


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over the coming weeks they'll take the


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rock out as well uh and they'll break it


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up so that it can be studied by several


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different different uh teams but what I


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really like uh about this sample is that


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it's not just any old sample Andrew um


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because where it came from is where


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there was a


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landslide um and uh Julian gross uh


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gross perhaps Deputy Apollo curator uh


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is quoted as saying now we don't have


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rain on the moon and so we don't quite


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understand how landslides happen on the


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moon uh so that's a good point um and so


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some of the research is you know um it's


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aimed at trying to understand how these


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rocks enable Landslide landslides to


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take place what what causes them um yeah


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so yeah well Moon Quakes do exist as we


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know um I I guess that is a


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possibility um and so actually I was


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wrong there I think there there


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there there are three Luna samples still


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left after this one's been opened which


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by the way is known as


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73001 that's its name um and there are


00:09:09.200 --> 00:09:13.190
still three sealed lunar samples so you


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know the question is Andrew which I'm


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sure you and I would ask if if we were


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there when will they be opened is it


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going to be another 50 years um and


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we've got a a quote a nice quote from


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another senior curator Ryan Ziggler I


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doubt we'll wait another 50 years


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particularly once they get the Artimus


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samples back it might be nice to do a


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direct comparison in real time between


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whatever's coming back from timus and


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with one of these remaining unopened


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sealed


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cores now well the the the Moon is once


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again drawing a lot of attention with


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well the Chinese are pottering around up


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there at the moment


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and the Americans want to send uh in the


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next few months a um an aramus rocket


00:09:58.040 --> 00:10:00.269
around the Moon nobody the one we talked


00:10:00.279 --> 00:10:01.790
about last week where you can put your


00:10:01.800 --> 00:10:05.190
name on a flash drive if you want to uh


00:10:05.200 --> 00:10:07.030
and that's with a view to going back


00:10:07.040 --> 00:10:09.230
there with a man's Mission or or a human


00:10:09.240 --> 00:10:11.590
Mission that's be politically correct


00:10:11.600 --> 00:10:14.829
and um and and uh they're talking about


00:10:14.839 --> 00:10:16.269
putting the first woman on the moon


00:10:16.279 --> 00:10:18.230
they're talking about putting the first


00:10:18.240 --> 00:10:21.069
uh black person on the moon and you know


00:10:21.079 --> 00:10:23.030
this is all great I think it's all


00:10:23.040 --> 00:10:26.829
fantastic stuff and the Moon being our


00:10:26.839 --> 00:10:30.110
closest neighbor in terms of


00:10:30.120 --> 00:10:33.470
what's out there is um yeah we should be


00:10:33.480 --> 00:10:35.790
giving it much more attention there's so


00:10:35.800 --> 00:10:38.269
many possibilities and of course it will


00:10:38.279 --> 00:10:41.269
potentially be a great Launchpad for


00:10:41.279 --> 00:10:44.230
Missions beyond Earth and the moon going


00:10:44.240 --> 00:10:47.110
forward y so yeah learning everything


00:10:47.120 --> 00:10:49.870
about it right down to the geology not a


00:10:49.880 --> 00:10:50.990
bad


00:10:51.000 --> 00:10:53.389
idea not a bad yeah it's going to be I


00:10:53.399 --> 00:10:55.150
mean the next decade is going to see our


00:10:55.160 --> 00:10:56.470
knowledge of the Moon totally


00:10:56.480 --> 00:10:58.750
revolutionized which is brilliant yeah


00:10:58.760 --> 00:11:00.790
just wondering though this is a sort of


00:11:00.800 --> 00:11:03.790
one of my stupid brain questions would a


00:11:03.800 --> 00:11:06.350
landslide on the moon happen in slow


00:11:06.360 --> 00:11:09.430
motion compared to Earth uh yeah it


00:11:09.440 --> 00:11:11.550
would given that you know walking


00:11:11.560 --> 00:11:14.430
happens in slow motion it would it would


00:11:14.440 --> 00:11:18.310
uh yeah the the the um acceleration due


00:11:18.320 --> 00:11:19.949
to gravity is lower on the moon of


00:11:19.959 --> 00:11:22.110
course because they did that experiment


00:11:22.120 --> 00:11:23.790
I don't know which Mission it was where


00:11:23.800 --> 00:11:25.509
they dropped a was it was it a hammer


00:11:25.519 --> 00:11:27.310
and a feather it is yeah and there's a a


00:11:27.320 --> 00:11:29.550
movie they both fell at the same that's


00:11:29.560 --> 00:11:32.949
right which is Galileo's yeah so I


00:11:32.959 --> 00:11:36.150
wondered if a landslide would um yeah it


00:11:36.160 --> 00:11:38.269
would if you watch the clip of that of


00:11:38.279 --> 00:11:40.150
the hammer and the feather sorry the


00:11:40.160 --> 00:11:42.829
feather they kind of drift down they


00:11:42.839 --> 00:11:44.150
they don't they they don't drop like


00:11:44.160 --> 00:11:46.269
they would on Earth yeah that's right


00:11:46.279 --> 00:11:48.790
yeah interesting very interesting it's


00:11:48.800 --> 00:11:50.670
great stuff yeah more to learn from the


00:11:50.680 --> 00:11:52.590
Moon and lots of exciting things


00:11:52.600 --> 00:11:55.790
happening um on and around the moon in


00:11:55.800 --> 00:11:58.069
the not too distant future and that emus


00:11:58.079 --> 00:12:02.150
One mission is slated to launch sometime


00:12:02.160 --> 00:12:05.670
in the next few months uh so and as we


00:12:05.680 --> 00:12:07.269
mentioned last week if you want to get


00:12:07.279 --> 00:12:09.069
your name on the flash drive that


00:12:09.079 --> 00:12:10.590
they're going to put on the EMS one


00:12:10.600 --> 00:12:12.790
rocket so that you at least your name


00:12:12.800 --> 00:12:15.670
gets to do a lap of the Moon you can


00:12:15.680 --> 00:12:17.430
jump on the NASA website and and


00:12:17.440 --> 00:12:19.389
register I've got my boarding pass I'll


00:12:19.399 --> 00:12:21.629
send you boarding pass it's so


00:12:21.639 --> 00:12:25.189
cool you're listening to and watching


00:12:25.199 --> 00:12:27.629
Space Nuts with Andrew Dunley and Fred


00:12:27.639 --> 00:12:31.710
Watson


00:12:31.720 --> 00:12:34.069
and I feel fine Space Nuts thanks for


00:12:34.079 --> 00:12:35.430
joining us always good to have your


00:12:35.440 --> 00:12:38.590
company uh and uh hope you're well too


00:12:38.600 --> 00:12:40.509
uh by the way if you want to become a


00:12:40.519 --> 00:12:43.509
patron of our um our little program you


00:12:43.519 --> 00:12:46.430
can do that via our website uh patrons


00:12:46.440 --> 00:12:49.230
uh the people who put a few dollars in


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our bucket uh once a month uh you can


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it through patreon you can do it through


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uh uh one of those other ones that I


00:12:59.240 --> 00:13:02.310
can't remember now gee I love live radio


00:13:02.320 --> 00:13:04.550
uh but um it it's uh it's as easy as


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jumping onto our website and doing so um


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00:13:46.560 --> 00:13:48.990
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shirts it's very important


00:13:59.759 --> 00:14:02.790
now we got some questions Fred and the


00:14:02.800 --> 00:14:07.749
first one comes from Simon hi team Simon


00:14:07.759 --> 00:14:09.910
from Newcastle thanks for the great


00:14:09.920 --> 00:14:13.030
podcast really enjoy it my question is


00:14:13.040 --> 00:14:17.030
around the formation of uh life the


00:14:17.040 --> 00:14:19.350
formation of elements and the thermy


00:14:19.360 --> 00:14:23.230
Paradox so my understanding is that in a


00:14:23.240 --> 00:14:25.710
normal star a star will only form


00:14:25.720 --> 00:14:30.910
elements up to iron and then after that


00:14:30.920 --> 00:14:34.269
uh we need other processes to form


00:14:34.279 --> 00:14:36.990
elements above iron in the um in the


00:14:37.000 --> 00:14:40.150
periodic table and that I believe not


00:14:40.160 --> 00:14:43.030
sure that that might be when the goes


00:14:43.040 --> 00:14:47.389
Supernova so then fir Paradox States you


00:14:47.399 --> 00:14:49.829
know where where is everyone I was


00:14:49.839 --> 00:14:51.350
thinking maybe an answer to that could


00:14:51.360 --> 00:14:54.310
be that uh that life itself might


00:14:54.320 --> 00:14:58.629
require elements that are higher up the


00:14:58.639 --> 00:15:00.790
periodic table than a


00:15:00.800 --> 00:15:04.269
normally produced in a standard star


00:15:04.279 --> 00:15:07.870
cycle and perhaps we actually need Super


00:15:07.880 --> 00:15:10.430
neighbors and that that in itself would


00:15:10.440 --> 00:15:13.990
then lead itself down to the conclusion


00:15:14.000 --> 00:15:16.350
that perhaps we are one of the first


00:15:16.360 --> 00:15:19.430
even though Earth's only 4 billion years


00:15:19.440 --> 00:15:22.310
old universe is 13 billion years old


00:15:22.320 --> 00:15:24.110
maybe we did actually need that period


00:15:24.120 --> 00:15:26.430
of time to get to this point anyway


00:15:26.440 --> 00:15:27.749
would just like to


00:15:27.759 --> 00:15:30.749
know if that actually adds up and makes


00:15:30.759 --> 00:15:33.069
sense thanks for your time thank you


00:15:33.079 --> 00:15:36.069
Simon very astute uh and a a really


00:15:36.079 --> 00:15:38.509
interesting question uh can you


00:15:38.519 --> 00:15:40.829
elaborate a bit um just to start with on


00:15:40.839 --> 00:15:43.350
the thermy Paradox he did refer to what


00:15:43.360 --> 00:15:47.710
it yes it's it's the but enrio fy's


00:15:47.720 --> 00:15:49.910
famous postulate from I think 1960 or


00:15:49.920 --> 00:15:52.590
thereabouts where is everybody yeah


00:15:52.600 --> 00:15:55.470
because the you know um it's really


00:15:55.480 --> 00:15:58.389
applying the capernum the the cernic


00:15:58.399 --> 00:15:59.910
principle


00:15:59.920 --> 00:16:02.150
uh to ARA's living organisms and the


00:16:02.160 --> 00:16:03.749
capernum principle is that there's


00:16:03.759 --> 00:16:06.030
nothing special about where we are in


00:16:06.040 --> 00:16:08.670
space and who we are um and it's named


00:16:08.680 --> 00:16:10.949
after cernus because he took the Earth


00:16:10.959 --> 00:16:12.710
from the center of the you know the


00:16:12.720 --> 00:16:14.670
solar system which people thought it was


00:16:14.680 --> 00:16:17.110
before and said no it's just just a


00:16:17.120 --> 00:16:19.949
planet um just a rock and it's a rock


00:16:19.959 --> 00:16:21.710
Third Rock Third Rock From the Sun yeah


00:16:21.720 --> 00:16:24.269
that's right um in fact didn't we talk


00:16:24.279 --> 00:16:26.670
some time ago about how our part of the


00:16:26.680 --> 00:16:29.870
universe is actually really boring


00:16:29.880 --> 00:16:32.269
well that could be yeah that could be


00:16:32.279 --> 00:16:33.629
part of the you know the reason why


00:16:33.639 --> 00:16:35.749
we're here because boring is good when


00:16:35.759 --> 00:16:38.350
you're trying to evolve living organisms


00:16:38.360 --> 00:16:41.069
um but yeah so F's argument was if you


00:16:41.079 --> 00:16:43.910
know if there's nothing special about us


00:16:43.920 --> 00:16:46.230
uh and the universe is 13.8 billion


00:16:46.240 --> 00:16:48.430
years old well they didn't know that


00:16:48.440 --> 00:16:51.389
back then but that's the sort of still


00:16:51.399 --> 00:16:55.030
knew it was pretty old um why haven't


00:16:55.040 --> 00:16:58.189
species formed earlier than ours uh and


00:16:58.199 --> 00:17:00.150
why haven't they call the whole galaxy


00:17:00.160 --> 00:17:02.069
basically because even you know even if


00:17:02.079 --> 00:17:05.270
it takes uh 60,000 years to get from one


00:17:05.280 --> 00:17:06.949
star to another as it would in our case


00:17:06.959 --> 00:17:10.189
to get from here to Proxima centu uh


00:17:10.199 --> 00:17:12.470
over a long enough time span you could


00:17:12.480 --> 00:17:14.630
do that and you know even if it even if


00:17:14.640 --> 00:17:17.390
it was colonized by robots so-called Fon


00:17:17.400 --> 00:17:19.829
Nyon machines that could


00:17:19.839 --> 00:17:23.069
self-replicate uh we should have


00:17:23.079 --> 00:17:24.990
evidence that there is intelligent life


00:17:25.000 --> 00:17:26.710
elsewhere that's that's the Fairly


00:17:26.720 --> 00:17:29.830
Paradox and we haven't and we still have


00:17:29.840 --> 00:17:32.310
um you know 62 years later we still


00:17:32.320 --> 00:17:34.710
haven't we're still looking for it on


00:17:34.720 --> 00:17:39.549
Earth yes that's right now um Simon's


00:17:39.559 --> 00:17:43.549
argument's a good one but uh the the


00:17:43.559 --> 00:17:48.510
issue though is that supern noi uh which


00:17:48.520 --> 00:17:50.190
he's absolutely right they're this


00:17:50.200 --> 00:17:52.310
source of many of the heavier elements


00:17:52.320 --> 00:17:54.510
than iron um that and things like


00:17:54.520 --> 00:17:56.270
neutron star merges and things of that


00:17:56.280 --> 00:17:59.350
sort which uh which creates some of the


00:17:59.360 --> 00:18:01.750
heaviest elements gold for example comes


00:18:01.760 --> 00:18:05.230
from them um they they they started


00:18:05.240 --> 00:18:07.430
happening with probably within the first


00:18:07.440 --> 00:18:09.350
100 million years of the universe's


00:18:09.360 --> 00:18:12.590
existence so for almost the whole age of


00:18:12.600 --> 00:18:15.710
the universe the you know what you might


00:18:15.720 --> 00:18:17.830
call the interstellar medium the space


00:18:17.840 --> 00:18:20.270
between Stars has been enriched with


00:18:20.280 --> 00:18:23.470
these heavier elements okay um and in


00:18:23.480 --> 00:18:26.549
fact that's how we we age we date stars


00:18:26.559 --> 00:18:29.029
in terms of how old they are it's by the


00:18:29.039 --> 00:18:30.190
number of


00:18:30.200 --> 00:18:32.230
chemical how much of the chemical


00:18:32.240 --> 00:18:36.390
elements is in their atmospheres um so a


00:18:36.400 --> 00:18:40.149
star like the sun its atmosphere is rich


00:18:40.159 --> 00:18:42.510
in all the you know I can't remember the


00:18:42.520 --> 00:18:45.710
number it's 60 or 70 different elements


00:18:45.720 --> 00:18:48.029
which are in the sun's atmosphere uh


00:18:48.039 --> 00:18:50.230
might might even be more than that um


00:18:50.240 --> 00:18:55.230
and uh it's uh essentially uh a highly


00:18:55.240 --> 00:18:57.789
enriched cloud of gas that the sun


00:18:57.799 --> 00:18:59.230
formed from


00:18:59.240 --> 00:19:01.909
but if you look at stars which are very


00:19:01.919 --> 00:19:04.149
very old and there are some they've only


00:19:04.159 --> 00:19:06.270
got hydrogen and you know a little bit


00:19:06.280 --> 00:19:08.630
of iron in their Spectrum not much at


00:19:08.640 --> 00:19:11.110
all but the bottom but the bottom line


00:19:11.120 --> 00:19:13.750
is that over right since the beginning


00:19:13.760 --> 00:19:17.149
the the enrichment of the raw materials


00:19:17.159 --> 00:19:20.390
of life has been taking place uh so it


00:19:20.400 --> 00:19:22.470
doesn't actually explain the FY Paradox


00:19:22.480 --> 00:19:23.950
in fact that's part of the fairing


00:19:23.960 --> 00:19:25.430
Paradox that we know this has been going


00:19:25.440 --> 00:19:28.750
on for a long time so you know with the


00:19:28.760 --> 00:19:30.310
ingredients of Life have been there for


00:19:30.320 --> 00:19:33.630
a long time um why aren't we seeing it


00:19:33.640 --> 00:19:37.070
and you've had my answer to this many


00:19:37.080 --> 00:19:39.549
times before that the the likelihood


00:19:39.559 --> 00:19:41.870
seems to be that that step we think


00:19:41.880 --> 00:19:44.669
microbial life might be might be common


00:19:44.679 --> 00:19:48.270
might be reasonably um something we we


00:19:48.280 --> 00:19:49.710
might even know that within the next


00:19:49.720 --> 00:19:53.149
decade Andrew I hope we do uh but um


00:19:53.159 --> 00:19:56.190
higher life forms even plants may not


00:19:56.200 --> 00:19:58.470
exist anywhere else except here on Earth


00:19:58.480 --> 00:20:00.909
or at least in our galaxy you know then


00:20:00.919 --> 00:20:02.830
given the number of galaxies in the


00:20:02.840 --> 00:20:07.789
universe um 200 billion it's um it's


00:20:07.799 --> 00:20:11.909
probably uh it seems likely that uh


00:20:11.919 --> 00:20:13.430
there might be something in other


00:20:13.440 --> 00:20:15.310
galaxies but the possibility is that we


00:20:15.320 --> 00:20:17.110
are it in our own Galaxy which is a


00:20:17.120 --> 00:20:19.909
phenomenal s yeah it's it's hard to


00:20:19.919 --> 00:20:22.230
comprehend given the size and scope of


00:20:22.240 --> 00:20:24.510
the universe and all the situations that


00:20:24.520 --> 00:20:27.830
exist that life couldn't exist somewhere


00:20:27.840 --> 00:20:30.870
else you just got to look how life grabs


00:20:30.880 --> 00:20:32.909
hole in the most hostile environments on


00:20:32.919 --> 00:20:34.990
Earth so it stands to reason that


00:20:35.000 --> 00:20:36.909
there's got to be some form of life


00:20:36.919 --> 00:20:39.350
beyond our planet possibly even in our


00:20:39.360 --> 00:20:44.310
solar system yeah uh but yeah as you say


00:20:44.320 --> 00:20:47.350
going from microbial to plant life is a


00:20:47.360 --> 00:20:51.110
giant leap and then going from microbial


00:20:51.120 --> 00:20:56.350
to intelligent life is a massive leap


00:20:56.360 --> 00:20:59.230
and I think


00:20:59.240 --> 00:21:01.710
it you could put it down to the fact


00:21:01.720 --> 00:21:05.029
that the formula has to be right the


00:21:05.039 --> 00:21:06.830
circumstances have to be right the


00:21:06.840 --> 00:21:08.750
environment has to be right all the


00:21:08.760 --> 00:21:12.070
things that created us have to exist


00:21:12.080 --> 00:21:15.789
somewhere else in some capacity for


00:21:15.799 --> 00:21:19.909
intelligent life to spawn and you know


00:21:19.919 --> 00:21:22.149
again you probably would say given the


00:21:22.159 --> 00:21:23.630
size of the


00:21:23.640 --> 00:21:27.710
universe it's got to exist somewhere but


00:21:27.720 --> 00:21:29.070
no evidence of it


00:21:29.080 --> 00:21:31.430
and even if it does exist we may never


00:21:31.440 --> 00:21:33.549
know about it because of the distances


00:21:33.559 --> 00:21:36.430
yeah I mean you know a big step with


00:21:36.440 --> 00:21:38.029
this will come with the James web Space


00:21:38.039 --> 00:21:39.470
Telescope one of the things that they're


00:21:39.480 --> 00:21:42.230
going to be doing is uh analyzing to


00:21:42.240 --> 00:21:44.190
death the atmospheres of


00:21:44.200 --> 00:21:46.630
exoplanets um and yeah as soon as


00:21:46.640 --> 00:21:48.630
something you know cfc's or something


00:21:48.640 --> 00:21:50.190
like that turn up in one of those then


00:21:50.200 --> 00:21:51.870
you've suddenly changed the whole name


00:21:51.880 --> 00:21:54.750
of the game unless it's some life form


00:21:54.760 --> 00:21:57.310
that's been created in a completely


00:21:57.320 --> 00:21:59.230
different yeah yeah


00:21:59.240 --> 00:22:01.269
ccum I think astrobiologists are pretty


00:22:01.279 --> 00:22:03.630
open-minded about that they look at all


00:22:03.640 --> 00:22:05.269
kinds of different chemical


00:22:05.279 --> 00:22:07.510
possibilities for for creating life ones


00:22:07.520 --> 00:22:09.669
that don't involve water at all I mean


00:22:09.679 --> 00:22:13.029
all life on Earth is waterbased but yeah


00:22:13.039 --> 00:22:16.029
no great question uh great question


00:22:16.039 --> 00:22:19.110
thank you Simon Let's uh go to our next


00:22:19.120 --> 00:22:24.070
question and this comes from Liz Hello


00:22:24.080 --> 00:22:26.870
Lord duntley and Professor Watson this


00:22:26.880 --> 00:22:28.590
is Liz from Florida and I have a


00:22:28.600 --> 00:22:30.549
question about Mars now this may be a


00:22:30.559 --> 00:22:34.269
more of a Sci-Fi question but


00:22:34.279 --> 00:22:37.310
nonetheless we know that the core is


00:22:37.320 --> 00:22:40.190
dead on planet Mars and as we know


00:22:40.200 --> 00:22:43.510
without an active core there is a lack


00:22:43.520 --> 00:22:46.549
of magnetic field which will essentially


00:22:46.559 --> 00:22:49.630
not be able to sustain an atmosphere now


00:22:49.640 --> 00:22:51.350
we can terraform an atmosphere all we


00:22:51.360 --> 00:22:54.230
want but over time that will essentially


00:22:54.240 --> 00:22:57.430
seep out through the cracks and there


00:22:57.440 --> 00:22:59.470
will be no more atmosphere


00:22:59.480 --> 00:23:02.750
now is it possible to harvest the sun's


00:23:02.760 --> 00:23:05.149
energy as we know the planet gets


00:23:05.159 --> 00:23:08.710
radiated quite a bit is it possible to


00:23:08.720 --> 00:23:11.590
harvest that energy in let's say some


00:23:11.600 --> 00:23:13.549
kind of towers or something that can


00:23:13.559 --> 00:23:16.230
then send the shock down through the


00:23:16.240 --> 00:23:18.870
planet down to the core and recharge the


00:23:18.880 --> 00:23:23.750
core so kind of act as a planetary


00:23:23.760 --> 00:23:26.190
defibrillator thank you for your time


00:23:26.200 --> 00:23:27.990
wow I I like the question I like the


00:23:28.000 --> 00:23:30.070
concept very sci-fi in fact they did


00:23:30.080 --> 00:23:32.350
make a movie called The Core because the


00:23:32.360 --> 00:23:34.269
core of the Earth was slowing down and


00:23:34.279 --> 00:23:36.630
threatening life on Earth as we know it


00:23:36.640 --> 00:23:39.710
so they they sent a crew down on a


00:23:39.720 --> 00:23:43.070
special drill ship to get to the core


00:23:43.080 --> 00:23:45.230
and fired nuclear charges into it to


00:23:45.240 --> 00:23:48.789
reignite it so um yeah that's been done


00:23:48.799 --> 00:23:50.990
in sci-fi what what happened Andrew what


00:23:51.000 --> 00:23:53.669
was the outcome of that oh they fixed it


00:23:53.679 --> 00:23:56.950
oh they fixed it of course spoiler alert


00:23:56.960 --> 00:24:00.510
yeah yes spoiler alert


00:24:00.520 --> 00:24:04.990
um yeah the planetary defi defibrillator


00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:07.990
I love the idea um or Packa whacker as


00:24:08.000 --> 00:24:09.950
we call him in Australia I should


00:24:09.960 --> 00:24:12.870
probably now explain that um K Kerri


00:24:12.880 --> 00:24:15.669
Packer was a media magnate uh in


00:24:15.679 --> 00:24:17.789
Australia very powerful very rich man


00:24:17.799 --> 00:24:19.990
Australia's richest man for a long time


00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:22.470
didn't take care of himself healthwise


00:24:22.480 --> 00:24:24.909
very well and had a heart attack one day


00:24:24.919 --> 00:24:28.470
and the ambulance uh used a


00:24:28.480 --> 00:24:31.470
defibrillator to save his life and he


00:24:31.480 --> 00:24:33.310
found out that there just weren't many


00:24:33.320 --> 00:24:35.909
of those MH so he paid for every


00:24:35.919 --> 00:24:38.510
ambulance in New South Wales to have a


00:24:38.520 --> 00:24:40.950
defibrillator uh so that they could save


00:24:40.960 --> 00:24:43.029
people's lives like they saved him uh


00:24:43.039 --> 00:24:46.310
which was a great great thing yeah and


00:24:46.320 --> 00:24:48.389
uh we affectionately referred them to


00:24:48.399 --> 00:24:50.590
them as Packa whackers as we do in this


00:24:50.600 --> 00:24:52.669
country we give everything a nickname so


00:24:52.679 --> 00:24:54.830
Packa whackers are what


00:24:54.840 --> 00:24:58.110
a that's fantastic I think I knew about


00:24:58.120 --> 00:24:59.710
the principle but I didn't know that's


00:24:59.720 --> 00:25:05.269
what they were called very yeah uh well


00:25:05.279 --> 00:25:06.510
that's probably the most interesting


00:25:06.520 --> 00:25:10.750
part of the answer to this question


00:25:10.760 --> 00:25:14.590
oh um look it it is yeah terraforming


00:25:14.600 --> 00:25:19.070
Mars is it's it's not possible because


00:25:19.080 --> 00:25:21.230
it's not just the atmospheric sorry the


00:25:21.240 --> 00:25:23.230
lack of a magnetic field that stops you


00:25:23.240 --> 00:25:26.110
holding on to an atmosphere uh it's the


00:25:26.120 --> 00:25:29.389
fact that the planet's too small it's um


00:25:29.399 --> 00:25:32.870
once again it's uh it's it's connected


00:25:32.880 --> 00:25:35.310
with the just simply the gravitational


00:25:35.320 --> 00:25:38.070
pull uh that is needed to hold on to an


00:25:38.080 --> 00:25:40.430
atmosphere like ours which mes doesn't


00:25:40.440 --> 00:25:43.269
have um it


00:25:43.279 --> 00:25:45.950
clearly an early stage in its life did


00:25:45.960 --> 00:25:47.310
have an atmosphere because we see


00:25:47.320 --> 00:25:49.750
evidence of water and that sort of thing


00:25:49.760 --> 00:25:51.750
and it may well be that the magnetism


00:25:51.760 --> 00:25:53.830
then was high enough to certainly to


00:25:53.840 --> 00:25:57.070
stop it being eroded away by uh by the


00:25:57.080 --> 00:25:59.750
solar wind and things that sort but um


00:25:59.760 --> 00:26:03.909
but the it's it's always going to be


00:26:03.919 --> 00:26:06.350
uh you know it's always going to be a


00:26:06.360 --> 00:26:08.510
negative answer to a longlasting


00:26:08.520 --> 00:26:10.710
atmosphere like the Earth because it


00:26:10.720 --> 00:26:13.549
just drifts off it's not not heavy


00:26:13.559 --> 00:26:15.070
enough in fact we see it happening


00:26:15.080 --> 00:26:19.029
there's um it's the Marvin spacecraft uh


00:26:19.039 --> 00:26:20.950
um a NASA spacecraft that that can


00:26:20.960 --> 00:26:22.830
actually that actually watches atoms


00:26:22.840 --> 00:26:25.470
leaving Mars's atmosphere um there's


00:26:25.480 --> 00:26:27.350
several images that show different


00:26:27.360 --> 00:26:30.789
species of atoms drifting off including


00:26:30.799 --> 00:26:33.669
carbon the carbon dioxide and oxygen and


00:26:33.679 --> 00:26:36.310
hydrogen which makes Marvin


00:26:36.320 --> 00:26:39.149
paranoid think about that


00:26:39.159 --> 00:26:41.870
one yes I like


00:26:41.880 --> 00:26:45.470
that yeah um I wish I could think of


00:26:45.480 --> 00:26:49.230
things like that anyway never mind um so


00:26:49.240 --> 00:26:50.750
stirring up the


00:26:50.760 --> 00:26:53.510
core um if you could do it and I think


00:26:53.520 --> 00:26:56.190
the answer to that is there's no known


00:26:56.200 --> 00:26:57.909
physical method that would let you do


00:26:57.919 --> 00:26:58.750
that


00:26:58.760 --> 00:27:00.750
uh what you'd have to do is heat it up


00:27:00.760 --> 00:27:04.430
so that it became uh more liquid there


00:27:04.440 --> 00:27:06.470
may be a bit of liquidity there now but


00:27:06.480 --> 00:27:08.470
there's not enough to create a Dynamo to


00:27:08.480 --> 00:27:10.070
generate the magnetic field yes it's


00:27:10.080 --> 00:27:12.549
it's possibly done a piston engine thing


00:27:12.559 --> 00:27:13.710
and


00:27:13.720 --> 00:27:16.630
seized seed that's right yeah in which


00:27:16.640 --> 00:27:20.269
case unseizing it um needn't necessarily


00:27:20.279 --> 00:27:22.549
start it spinning again so you might


00:27:22.559 --> 00:27:24.430
still wind up with no magnetic field


00:27:24.440 --> 00:27:27.149
even if you you you nuked it to boil to


00:27:27.159 --> 00:27:30.710
boil it up a bit H so um my answer to


00:27:30.720 --> 00:27:32.230
all that is to create artificial


00:27:32.240 --> 00:27:34.029
environments in space which you can


00:27:34.039 --> 00:27:36.149
control and you know with mega


00:27:36.159 --> 00:27:38.950
engineering live in bubbles yeah that's


00:27:38.960 --> 00:27:41.230
right yeah there you are thanks Liz for


00:27:41.240 --> 00:27:42.430
the question


00:27:42.440 --> 00:27:44.750
that's thanks for the question probably


00:27:44.760 --> 00:27:50.310
Beyond capability to fire up the core um


00:27:50.320 --> 00:27:53.389
yeah but you never know one day in years


00:27:53.399 --> 00:27:54.870
to come we might be able to harness the


00:27:54.880 --> 00:27:57.230
energy of the Sun and do all sorts of


00:27:57.240 --> 00:27:59.149
weird and wonderful things


00:27:59.159 --> 00:28:02.909
who


00:28:02.919 --> 00:28:06.990
knows and I feel fine Space Nuts hello


00:28:07.000 --> 00:28:09.070
again space Nutters this is Anna from


00:28:09.080 --> 00:28:11.350
astronomy daily the podcast stopping by


00:28:11.360 --> 00:28:12.870
again with a couple of the important


00:28:12.880 --> 00:28:14.669
stories we've been following over the


00:28:14.679 --> 00:28:17.470
past week we'll dive into spacex's


00:28:17.480 --> 00:28:19.549
upcoming Starship test flight with its


00:28:19.559 --> 00:28:21.750
first ever payload deployment and blue


00:28:21.760 --> 00:28:24.110
origin's highly anticipated new Glenn


00:28:24.120 --> 00:28:25.269
rocket


00:28:25.279 --> 00:28:27.630
debut let's get rolling with today's


00:28:27.640 --> 00:28:29.509
news


00:28:29.519 --> 00:28:31.950
SpaceX is gearing up for an exciting


00:28:31.960 --> 00:28:34.029
Milestone with their seventh Starship


00:28:34.039 --> 00:28:36.590
test flight marking the first time the


00:28:36.600 --> 00:28:38.789
massive rocket will attempt to deploy a


00:28:38.799 --> 00:28:41.710
payload in Space the mission will carry


00:28:41.720 --> 00:28:44.590
10 starlink satellite simulators


00:28:44.600 --> 00:28:46.470
designed to match the size and weight of


00:28:46.480 --> 00:28:48.549
their next Generation V3


00:28:48.559 --> 00:28:50.830
satellites these dummy satellites will


00:28:50.840 --> 00:28:53.350
follow the same suborbital trajectory as


00:28:53.360 --> 00:28:55.630
Starship with their Journey ending in a


00:28:55.640 --> 00:28:58.549
planned splash down in the Indian Ocean


00:28:58.559 --> 00:29:00.950
this test is crucial for spacex's future


00:29:00.960 --> 00:29:03.269
plans as they're developing Starship to


00:29:03.279 --> 00:29:05.470
carry their Advanced V3 starlink


00:29:05.480 --> 00:29:07.669
satellites which promis to deliver


00:29:07.679 --> 00:29:10.310
impressive gigabit internet speeds to


00:29:10.320 --> 00:29:12.430
subscribers the upcoming test flight


00:29:12.440 --> 00:29:14.710
will showcase a significantly upgraded


00:29:14.720 --> 00:29:17.269
version of Starship the new generation


00:29:17.279 --> 00:29:19.230
vehicle features important improvements


00:29:19.240 --> 00:29:21.669
to boost reliability and performance


00:29:21.679 --> 00:29:24.230
including a redesigned propulsion system


00:29:24.240 --> 00:29:27.149
and a 25% increase in propellant volume


00:29:27.159 --> 00:29:29.669
enabling the rocket to undertake longer


00:29:29.679 --> 00:29:31.870
missions one of the most challenging


00:29:31.880 --> 00:29:33.470
aspects of this Mission will be the


00:29:33.480 --> 00:29:35.430
attempted recovery of starship's


00:29:35.440 --> 00:29:38.509
reusable booster using a landing pad


00:29:38.519 --> 00:29:40.430
this maneuver which had to be canceled


00:29:40.440 --> 00:29:41.990
during the previous test flight in


00:29:42.000 --> 00:29:44.509
November could result in Sonic booms


00:29:44.519 --> 00:29:46.870
around the landing Zone as the booster


00:29:46.880 --> 00:29:49.750
decelerates from supersonic speeds if


00:29:49.760 --> 00:29:51.470
automated health checks indicate any


00:29:51.480 --> 00:29:53.509
concerns with the super heavy booster or


00:29:53.519 --> 00:29:55.870
Tower the backup plan involves a


00:29:55.880 --> 00:29:57.630
controlled splash down in the Gulf of


00:29:57.640 --> 00:29:59.110
Mexico


00:29:59.120 --> 00:30:00.630
the test flight is currently scheduled


00:30:00.640 --> 00:30:02.750
for January 10th though weather


00:30:02.760 --> 00:30:04.750
conditions could affect the launch date


00:30:04.760 --> 00:30:07.389
with FAA clearance already secured this


00:30:07.399 --> 00:30:09.310
Mission represents a significant step


00:30:09.320 --> 00:30:12.389
forward in spacex's ambitious plans to


00:30:12.399 --> 00:30:14.070
revolutionize satellite deployment


00:30:14.080 --> 00:30:16.830
capabilities and Advance their starlink


00:30:16.840 --> 00:30:19.870
Network another exciting launch On the


00:30:19.880 --> 00:30:22.710
Horizon Blue origin is on the verge of a


00:30:22.720 --> 00:30:24.269
historic moment as they prepare to


00:30:24.279 --> 00:30:26.830
launch their first new Glenn rocket from


00:30:26.840 --> 00:30:28.990
Cape Canaveral space force station in


00:30:29.000 --> 00:30:31.430
Florida after years of development since


00:30:31.440 --> 00:30:33.350
Jeff Bezos first announced the project


00:30:33.360 --> 00:30:36.310
in 2016 the company is finally ready to


00:30:36.320 --> 00:30:37.909
demonstrate their entry into the heavy


00:30:37.919 --> 00:30:40.110
lift launch market the launch window


00:30:40.120 --> 00:30:42.870
opens as early as January 6th at 1:00


00:30:42.880 --> 00:30:45.430
a.m. eastern time with multiple backup


00:30:45.440 --> 00:30:48.149
opportunities through January 12th the


00:30:48.159 --> 00:30:50.350
Rockets first stage booster cleverly


00:30:50.360 --> 00:30:51.950
named so you're telling me there's a


00:30:51.960 --> 00:30:54.509
chance will attempt a landing at Sea on


00:30:54.519 --> 00:30:56.710
their drone ship Jaclyn named after


00:30:56.720 --> 00:30:58.509
bezos's Mother


00:30:58.519 --> 00:31:00.310
new Glenn represents a significant


00:31:00.320 --> 00:31:02.870
advancement in launch vehicle capability


00:31:02.880 --> 00:31:04.549
Standing impressively Tall with a


00:31:04.559 --> 00:31:07.190
massive 23-ft payload fairing it offers


00:31:07.200 --> 00:31:08.990
more than double the volume of typical


00:31:09.000 --> 00:31:12.350
15ft fairings used by other Rockets this


00:31:12.360 --> 00:31:13.950
extra space gives customers


00:31:13.960 --> 00:31:15.870
unprecedented flexibility in how they


00:31:15.880 --> 00:31:18.509
package their payloads the Rocket's


00:31:18.519 --> 00:31:20.590
performance specifications are equally


00:31:20.600 --> 00:31:23.029
impressive capable of delivering up to


00:31:23.039 --> 00:31:26.430
45 metric tons to low earth orbit and 13


00:31:26.440 --> 00:31:29.310
metric tons to geostationary orbit like


00:31:29.320 --> 00:31:32.029
spacex's rockets new Glenn is designed


00:31:32.039 --> 00:31:34.350
for reusability with each booster


00:31:34.360 --> 00:31:37.190
projected to complete up to 25 flights


00:31:37.200 --> 00:31:40.350
for this debut Mission designated ng1


00:31:40.360 --> 00:31:41.990
the rocket will carry the blue ring


00:31:42.000 --> 00:31:45.710
Pathfinder a 45 0000 pound payload


00:31:45.720 --> 00:31:47.789
simulator this test article will


00:31:47.799 --> 00:31:49.669
validate crucial systems including


00:31:49.679 --> 00:31:52.350
Communications arrays Power Systems and


00:31:52.360 --> 00:31:54.310
flight computers that will be used in


00:31:54.320 --> 00:31:57.269
future operational missions blue origin


00:31:57.279 --> 00:31:58.789
already has an impressive lineup of


00:31:58.799 --> 00:32:00.990
customers waiting to fly on new Glenn


00:32:01.000 --> 00:32:03.350
including NASA's Escapade Mars probes


00:32:03.360 --> 00:32:05.269
Amazon's Kyper internet satellites and


00:32:05.279 --> 00:32:06.830
various commercial and government


00:32:06.840 --> 00:32:09.870
payloads if successful this first flight


00:32:09.880 --> 00:32:11.230
could count toward blue origin


00:32:11.240 --> 00:32:13.190
certification requirements for National


00:32:13.200 --> 00:32:15.389
Security launches with the US space


00:32:15.399 --> 00:32:17.509
force and that's it from me for this


00:32:17.519 --> 00:32:20.350
episode of Space Nuts I'm Anna don't


00:32:20.360 --> 00:32:22.750
forget to visit astronomy daily. for


00:32:22.760 --> 00:32:24.590
your daily fix of space and astronomy


00:32:24.600 --> 00:32:27.029
news updates we're constantly updating


00:32:27.039 --> 00:32:28.830
the site with the latest discoveries


00:32:28.840 --> 00:32:31.590
Mission updates and Cosmic wonders until


00:32:31.600 --> 00:32:33.750
our next adventure through the cosmos


00:32:33.760 --> 00:32:35.430
keep looking up and stay curious about


00:32:35.440 --> 00:32:37.029
the Mysteries that surround us in


00:32:37.039 --> 00:32:39.990
spaceace nuts you'll be listening to the


00:32:40.000 --> 00:32:41.990
Space Nuts


00:32:42.000 --> 00:32:45.070
podcast available at Apple podcasts


00:32:45.080 --> 00:32:48.070
Spotify ihart radio or your favorite


00:32:48.080 --> 00:32:50.310
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00:32:50.320 --> 00:32:53.029
demand at bites.com this has been


00:32:53.039 --> 00:32:55.430
another quality podcast production from


00:32:55.440 --> 00:32:58.279
bites.com