Antimatter’s Cosmic Clue, Dark Matter Detection Breakthrough

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is Spaceime Series 28 episode 42


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for broadcast on the 7th of April


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2025 coming up on Spaceime another clue


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helping to pry open the door to the


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antimatter universe a new technique to


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try and detect dark matter and what


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caused the Spectrum rocket to fail all


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that and more coming up on Spaceime


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welcome to Spaceime with Stuart


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Garry


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[Music]


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physicists have discovered a fundamental


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difference in the decay behaviors of


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ordinary matter particles and their


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antimatter counterparts this discrepancy


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is important because it could help bring


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scientists a step closer to


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understanding how everything in the


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universe came to be the findings by the


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LHCB detector at the Large Adron


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Collider reveals a significant


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difference in decay rates between the


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ordinary matter and antimatter versions


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of the beauty lambda baron lambda barons


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are a family of subatomic hydron


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particles containing an up quark a down


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quark and a third quark from a higher


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flavor generation in this case a bottom


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or beauty quark quarks are elementary


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subatomic particles and fundamental


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constituents of matter they're found


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inside larger particles like protons and


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neutrons which are the components of


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atomic nuclei quarks come in six types


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known as flavors these are the up down


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top bottom or beauty charm and strange


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the up and down quarks have the lowest


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masses and heavier quarks rapidly change


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into up and down quarks through a


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process of particle decay the authors


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studied the decay of a lambda b baron


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into a proton and three mison which are


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particles containing a quark and an


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anti-quark in this case the three mison


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consisted of a kon and two pions the


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authors found the rate of decay was


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slightly different compared to that of


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its antimatter counterpart now the


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probability of a significant discrepancy


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in decay rates between the ordinary


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matter and antimatter versions the


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beauty lambda barriion occurring just by


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chance are calculated to be less than 1


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in 3 million in other words this is the


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first result to cross a key statistical


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threshold for a discovery in physics


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known as five sigma the findings


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reported on the pre-press physics


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website archive.org or are based on an


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analysis of data collected by the LHCB


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detector between 2009 and 2018 it aligns


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with predictions from the standard model


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of particle physics the foundation stone


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for science's understanding of the


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universe and it offers a potential clue


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to the long-standing cosmic mystery of


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why the cosmos contains more matter than


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antimatter see the standard model


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suggests that antimatter is the same as


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ordinary matter but with opposite charge


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par and time so the antimatter


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equivalent of the positively charged


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proton is the negatively charged


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antiproton and the antimatter


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counterpart to the negatively charged


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electron is the positively charged


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positron the standard model also


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suggests that equal amounts of each were


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created during the birth of the universe


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in the big bang 13.8 billion years ago


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the trouble is we know ordinary matter


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and antimatter annihilate each other


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once they come into contact and that


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means the universe should have


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disappeared in a blast of purple gamma


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radiation virtually as soon as it formed


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and this clearly didn't happen now


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antimatter does occur through natural


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processes like cosmic ray collisions and


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some types of radioactive decay but only


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a tiny fraction of these have


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successfully been bound together in


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experiments to form antiatoms minuscule


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numbers of antiparticles can be


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generated in particle accelerators but


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total artificial antimatter production


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has so far only ever achieved a few


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nanogs so for some as yet unknown reason


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we live in a universe dominated by


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ordinary matter with antimatter only


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ever appearing very fleetingly before


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being annihilated but some particles


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disobey this matter antimatter symmetry


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it's a phenomenon known as charge par or


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CP violation previously scientists have


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only ever seen CP violation in mison


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therefore there's got to be some


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additional fundamental unknown


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differences between ordinary matter and


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antimatter which has allowed ordinary


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matter to come to dominate the cosmos


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and knowing this explains why we're here


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the Large Hadron Collider or LHC is


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located at CERN the European


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Organization for Nuclear Research it's a


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27 km long ring buried roughly 100 m


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beneath the Franco Swiss border near


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Geneva the L8C includes four massive


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underground caverns which house four


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primary detectors known as Atlas Alice


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CMS and LHCB


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packets of protons or rather subatomic


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particles are accelerated to within


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99.9999% the speed of light in opposite


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directions in two particle beam lines


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around the ring guided by cryogenically


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cooled superconducting magnets and the


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beam lines intersect at any of these


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four detectors colliding the particle


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packets at up to 13 terra electron volts


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in the process creating the sorts of


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conditions pressures and temperatures


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that occurred just after the big bang


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this is spacetime still to come a new


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technique to detect dark matter and we


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look at the possible causes for the


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spectrum rocket failure last week all


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that and more still to come on Spaceime


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[Music]




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scientists have developed a new


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innovative approach to try and uncover


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the secrets of dark matter using atomic


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clocks and cavity stabilized lasers dark


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matter is a mysterious invisible


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substance which makes up about 80% of


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all matter in the universe trouble is


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scientists have no idea what it is they


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know it exists because they can see its


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gravitational interaction with normal


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so-called barionic matter that's the


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stuff that stars planets trees cars


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houses dogs cats and people are made


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from one of the studies authors Ashley


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Cadell from the University of Queensland


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says that despite many theories and


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experiments scientists are yet to


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understand dark matter cadell says her


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new study reported in the journal


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Physical Review Letters uses a different


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approach analyzing the data from a


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network of ultrastable lasers connected


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by optical fiber cables as well as from


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two atomic clocks aboard GPS satellites


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she says in this case dark matter is


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acting like a wave because its mass is


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extremely low so Cadellan colleagues use


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the separator clocks to try and measure


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changes in the wave which would look


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like the clocks displaying different


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times or ticking at slightly different


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rates and this effect gets stronger as


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the clocks are further


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apart the authors were able to search


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for forms of dark matter that had been


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invisible in previous searches because


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it emits no light or energy i mean we


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still don't know what it is but at least


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we can see what it's doing she says that


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by comparing precision measurements


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across vast distances the team could


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identify the subtle effects of


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oscillating dark matter fields that


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would otherwise cancel themselves out in


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conventional setups they were able to


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search for signals from dark matter


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models that interact universally with


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all atoms something that's eluded


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traditional experiments cadill says the


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research means scientists will now be


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able to investigate a broader range of


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dark matter scenarios and perhaps even


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answer some very fundamental questions


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about the fabric of the universe so


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there have been like quite a lot of


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experiments to be honest for a while the


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type of dark matter that everyone was


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looking for was called wimps so it's


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weekly interacting massive particles and


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the way that you look for those is


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similar to the way that the older


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neutrino detector experiments work so


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the basic idea is like you can't see


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dark matter you can't hear it or


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anything like that but it's sort of the


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same idea as if you literally couldn't


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see anything you're just kind of feeling


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around in the dark and waiting for


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something to hit you it's pretty much


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the same idea for the experiments right


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so for the nutrino ones and also for the


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newer dark matter ones what they do is


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just get kind of just a big vat of


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liquid or a gas or even both sometimes


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and they just wait for things to hit it


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it's quite literally like you can't see


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anything so just sit and wait and if


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anything hits it then it might give you


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a little bit of light you got photo


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receptors which then pick that up yes


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yeah exactly usually you have a big


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array of photo detectors like on the top


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and bottom of these things and if you


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get that little bit of light it goes


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that was a photon so that's a detection


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but unfortunately none of those have


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really found anything so far anyway they


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kind of just keep building better and


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better ones because it could just be


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that we're just missing it or it's just


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not sensitive enough yet so there have


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been some other really cool experiments


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as well such as like if you're looking


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for axons you make this thing called a


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heliocope or a haloscope and it's sort


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of a similar principle but it's a little


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bit more complicated so axons they do a


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very odd thing where if they're exposed


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to like a I think a magnetic field or an


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electric field then you can see it but a


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lot of the there are so so many


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experiments to be honest people are very


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creative in this field course with axons


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is we still don't know whether they're


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real or not yeah yeah that's that's the


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problem with most of these particles to


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be honest we we do just kind of keep


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coming up with new dark matter models


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and trying to think up experiments for


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them it's honestly it's a very creative


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field to be honest but it is quite


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difficult and the problem is we know


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dark matter is real because we can see


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its influence on regular barionic matter


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so exactly it affects the way galaxies


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revolve it affects the way we can see


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more distant objects through


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gravitational lensing and that that


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raises an interesting point because it


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has gravity it must have mass and we


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know that mass slows down time yeah


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exactly so it's Yeah it's seen pretty


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much only through its effects through


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gravity so you know we don't see it in


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any telescopes no matter what wavelength


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we're looking at we only ever see it


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through how it affects other things and


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it's basically just galaxy glue right so


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if we didn't have any dark matter all of


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our spiral galaxies would just kind of


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be ripped apart because they seem to be


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moving a lot well rotating a lot faster


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than they should be for how much how


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many stars we can see in there so


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without dark matter it's all a bit of a


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mess this is where your research comes


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in yeah so we were kind of thinking um


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in a little bit of a different range


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than the usual dark matter experiments


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so people have been looking more towards


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some more interesting models in the last


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couple of years so people have been


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looking because the the WIMP models are


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usually quite high mass everyone's been


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sort of going down to the opposite mass


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scale so we were looking at ultra light


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dark matter which is so so lightweight


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that it starts to behave more like a


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wave than a particle because with really


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lightweight particles you have to still


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match the the amount of dark matter that


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we know is in the universe so if it's


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really lightweight that means there has


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to be way way more of it and so we kind


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of just get sort of I think of it as


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kind of like a a mesh over the entire


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universe that just has like little waves


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in it but to look for that is a little


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bit interesting so there are quite a few


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experiments using atomic clocks and


00:11:36.720 --> 00:11:39.269
stuff so what we were trying to do was


00:11:39.279 --> 00:11:40.710
essentially see if we could try to


00:11:40.720 --> 00:11:42.870
detect dark matter with two separated


00:11:42.880 --> 00:11:44.870
atomic clocks and what's cool about this


00:11:44.880 --> 00:11:48.230
is those already exist so there's a big


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fiber network in all of Europe so it


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starts in London at the National Physics


00:11:53.680 --> 00:11:57.509
Lab and it goes all the way to PTB in


00:11:57.519 --> 00:12:00.230
Germany and with that there's atomic


00:12:00.240 --> 00:12:02.310
clocks at each point along there and


00:12:02.320 --> 00:12:04.389
well a couple of them but the important


00:12:04.399 --> 00:12:06.550
ones are at the start and the end cuz


00:12:06.560 --> 00:12:08.350
that's where you get the maximum


00:12:08.360 --> 00:12:10.949
separation so biggest distance between


00:12:10.959 --> 00:12:13.509
them but what's cool also is that you


00:12:13.519 --> 00:12:15.110
probably know that there's atomic clocks


00:12:15.120 --> 00:12:17.190
on GPS satellites now they're not quite


00:12:17.200 --> 00:12:20.150
as accurate as the ones that NPL and PTV


00:12:20.160 --> 00:12:22.550
have but they are massive distances


00:12:22.560 --> 00:12:25.350
apart so we were trying to basically use


00:12:25.360 --> 00:12:27.829
these clocks to check if there was any


00:12:27.839 --> 00:12:29.430
ultra light dark matter because what it


00:12:29.440 --> 00:12:31.750
would look like is just these two clocks


00:12:31.760 --> 00:12:33.430
ticking at a different rate or just


00:12:33.440 --> 00:12:35.430
having a different time displayed on


00:12:35.440 --> 00:12:36.870
them so if there was a difference in


00:12:36.880 --> 00:12:39.509
that then it could be that dark matter


00:12:39.519 --> 00:12:42.310
was interacting with the atoms in these


00:12:42.320 --> 00:12:44.629
atomic clocks and what's happened so far


00:12:44.639 --> 00:12:46.230
what's happened so far is that we didn't


00:12:46.240 --> 00:12:48.389
see anything which pretty much is kind


00:12:48.399 --> 00:12:51.190
of the state of dark matter research is


00:12:51.200 --> 00:12:52.870
trying to figure out what dark matter


00:12:52.880 --> 00:12:54.790
isn't so you might have heard of like uh


00:12:54.800 --> 00:12:56.790
people saying constraints a lot and


00:12:56.800 --> 00:12:59.110
constraints just means we've kind of


00:12:59.120 --> 00:13:00.790
tightened the area that we're looking


00:13:00.800 --> 00:13:02.870
for with dark matter and we were looking


00:13:02.880 --> 00:13:06.310
for a slightly different uh coupling so


00:13:06.320 --> 00:13:08.389
a different type of interaction this


00:13:08.399 --> 00:13:11.269
time so we've got newer constraints on


00:13:11.279 --> 00:13:13.110
this type of interaction which is really


00:13:13.120 --> 00:13:14.710
quite cool because it just means that


00:13:14.720 --> 00:13:17.190
we're looking at a slightly different


00:13:17.200 --> 00:13:19.750
model to what you usually search for so


00:13:19.760 --> 00:13:21.430
unfortunately I can report that we


00:13:21.440 --> 00:13:23.190
haven't detected dark matter but what's


00:13:23.200 --> 00:13:24.389
actually really cool about this


00:13:24.399 --> 00:13:26.470
experiment is that it would be really


00:13:26.480 --> 00:13:29.190
useful in the case where dark matter is


00:13:29.200 --> 00:13:32.150
already detected so what's nice about


00:13:32.160 --> 00:13:34.790
having massively spatially separated


00:13:34.800 --> 00:13:36.949
atomic clocks is that you actually end


00:13:36.959 --> 00:13:40.069
up sensitive to spatial distribution of


00:13:40.079 --> 00:13:41.990
dark matter which means that like we


00:13:42.000 --> 00:13:43.750
know that dark matter exists but we


00:13:43.760 --> 00:13:45.990
don't actually know how it's distributed


00:13:46.000 --> 00:13:48.150
throughout any of the galaxies right so


00:13:48.160 --> 00:13:50.069
we don't know if it's I don't know if it


00:13:50.079 --> 00:13:51.750
clumped together we don't know if it's


00:13:51.760 --> 00:13:54.230
just completely uniformly spread out and


00:13:54.240 --> 00:13:56.310
what's really nice is that when you have


00:13:56.320 --> 00:13:58.790
an experiment that is both separated in


00:13:58.800 --> 00:14:01.509
space and time you can actually probe


00:14:01.519 --> 00:14:03.590
those differences so like you can try to


00:14:03.600 --> 00:14:05.509
work out what the spatial distribution


00:14:05.519 --> 00:14:07.829
is which would be useful in the case of


00:14:07.839 --> 00:14:10.389
say we had a terrestrial detection of


00:14:10.399 --> 00:14:11.910
dark matter but we want some more


00:14:11.920 --> 00:14:13.750
information we can then use these


00:14:13.760 --> 00:14:16.069
separated atomic clocks to figure out


00:14:16.079 --> 00:14:17.670
what that dark matter distribution


00:14:17.680 --> 00:14:19.509
actually looks like which is really


00:14:19.519 --> 00:14:21.269
quite cool in my opinion because that's


00:14:21.279 --> 00:14:22.629
one of the problems we don't know


00:14:22.639 --> 00:14:24.470
whether it's part of the actual fabric


00:14:24.480 --> 00:14:26.949
of spaceime or whether it's just in big


00:14:26.959 --> 00:14:28.790
clumps and that's where galaxies then


00:14:28.800 --> 00:14:30.629
form yeah yeah exactly like there's a


00:14:30.639 --> 00:14:32.870
lot of um well there's a lot of research


00:14:32.880 --> 00:14:35.269
into like large scale structure and it


00:14:35.279 --> 00:14:37.829
seems to be that like where dark matter


00:14:37.839 --> 00:14:40.710
forms on large scales is exactly where


00:14:40.720 --> 00:14:42.550
the galaxies end up but the problem is


00:14:42.560 --> 00:14:45.030
we don't know the the small scale


00:14:45.040 --> 00:14:47.990
structure stuff so how it settles in a


00:14:48.000 --> 00:14:50.230
galaxy we know that it settles where


00:14:50.240 --> 00:14:52.550
galaxies are so we will get a massive


00:14:52.560 --> 00:14:55.030
clump of dark matter and then the galaxy


00:14:55.040 --> 00:14:57.189
will form on top of that but how it's


00:14:57.199 --> 00:14:58.790
actually distributed when you look in


00:14:58.800 --> 00:15:01.269
way way closer inside the galaxy is more


00:15:01.279 --> 00:15:02.949
of a mystery there's a lot of there's a


00:15:02.959 --> 00:15:04.790
lot of theories and some people just


00:15:04.800 --> 00:15:07.590
kind of make uh assumptions to go with


00:15:07.600 --> 00:15:09.269
the most popular one but it is kind of


00:15:09.279 --> 00:15:12.150
an interesting field to really look into


00:15:12.160 --> 00:15:13.829
yeah because some of the observations


00:15:13.839 --> 00:15:15.350
have been counterintuitive too haven't


00:15:15.360 --> 00:15:16.870
they we for a while there there was a


00:15:16.880 --> 00:15:18.870
lot of talk about dark matter is more


00:15:18.880 --> 00:15:21.350
dominant in dwarf galaxies and yet when


00:15:21.360 --> 00:15:23.030
we look at dwarf galaxies some of them


00:15:23.040 --> 00:15:25.350
seem to be very breath of dark matter


00:15:25.360 --> 00:15:27.509
yeah there um honestly I usually look at


00:15:27.519 --> 00:15:30.310
like spiral galaxy stuff so I'm not the


00:15:30.320 --> 00:15:32.790
expert on different types of galaxies


00:15:32.800 --> 00:15:34.550
that's for sure but I do know that at


00:15:34.560 --> 00:15:36.230
least when I was doing a lot of my


00:15:36.240 --> 00:15:37.910
undergrad they teach us about different


00:15:37.920 --> 00:15:40.069
types of galaxies and there was one that


00:15:40.079 --> 00:15:41.750
I didn't really expect was that


00:15:41.760 --> 00:15:44.310
ellipsoid galaxies or like some type


00:15:44.320 --> 00:15:46.550
have are just like almost entirely dark


00:15:46.560 --> 00:15:48.069
matter which is which was a little bit


00:15:48.079 --> 00:15:50.629
insane to me so what's happening next


00:15:50.639 --> 00:15:52.790
where do we take this well I mean that's


00:15:52.800 --> 00:15:55.829
a good question there are basically just


00:15:55.839 --> 00:15:58.069
more atomic clocks to make like the more


00:15:58.079 --> 00:15:59.749
accurate that you get an atomic clock


00:15:59.759 --> 00:16:01.829
the better it will be at detecting these


00:16:01.839 --> 00:16:03.829
things so like atomic clocks are already


00:16:03.839 --> 00:16:06.470
extremely accurate if you know much


00:16:06.480 --> 00:16:08.230
about like the watch industry like


00:16:08.240 --> 00:16:10.470
quartz watches were kind of a big thing


00:16:10.480 --> 00:16:12.790
because they only lose like 1 second


00:16:12.800 --> 00:16:14.629
every couple of months or a couple of


00:16:14.639 --> 00:16:16.310
years if it's a really good one but the


00:16:16.320 --> 00:16:17.990
current atomic clocks the ones that are


00:16:18.000 --> 00:16:20.790
the best if they had been made at like


00:16:20.800 --> 00:16:22.389
the big bang at the start of the


00:16:22.399 --> 00:16:24.470
universe they wouldn't have lost a


00:16:24.480 --> 00:16:26.470
second yet which is really quite amazing


00:16:26.480 --> 00:16:29.829
so that affords a lot of accuracy but we


00:16:29.839 --> 00:16:31.590
can actually make them better if it just


00:16:31.600 --> 00:16:34.389
continues on atomic clocks are going to


00:16:34.399 --> 00:16:36.470
get much much better and when you have


00:16:36.480 --> 00:16:39.350
way more precise equipment it's just


00:16:39.360 --> 00:16:41.269
going to make the experiment better


00:16:41.279 --> 00:16:44.389
itself so the next stage I guess would


00:16:44.399 --> 00:16:47.269
be with one a better atomic clock and


00:16:47.279 --> 00:16:50.790
two even more spatially separated so


00:16:50.800 --> 00:16:52.310
what was something quite cool that we


00:16:52.320 --> 00:16:54.710
found in our experiment was that the


00:16:54.720 --> 00:16:57.430
signal strength actually was directly


00:16:57.440 --> 00:16:59.430
proportional to the distance between


00:16:59.440 --> 00:17:01.269
clocks which means that you can just


00:17:01.279 --> 00:17:03.189
scale this experiment up further and


00:17:03.199 --> 00:17:04.789
further by moving those clocks further


00:17:04.799 --> 00:17:06.949
and further apart that's Ashley Cadell


00:17:06.959 --> 00:17:09.510
from the University of Queensland and


00:17:09.520 --> 00:17:12.789
this is spacetime still to come we look


00:17:12.799 --> 00:17:14.309
at what could have caused the Spectrum


00:17:14.319 --> 00:17:16.470
rocket failure and later in the science


00:17:16.480 --> 00:17:18.470
report a new study shows that the


00:17:18.480 --> 00:17:20.309
Southern Ocean's warming may be


00:17:20.319 --> 00:17:21.909
affecting rainfall and drought


00:17:21.919 --> 00:17:24.150
conditions in the tropics all that and


00:17:24.160 --> 00:17:31.490
more still to come on Spaceime


00:17:31.500 --> 00:17:39.180
[Music]




00:17:42.240 --> 00:17:44.070
investigators are working to try and


00:17:44.080 --> 00:17:45.750
determine the cause of last week's


00:17:45.760 --> 00:17:48.390
launch failure of a Spectrum rocket the


00:17:48.400 --> 00:17:50.070
Spectrum was launched from the Andory


00:17:50.080 --> 00:17:52.150
Spaceport on Norway's northwestern coast


00:17:52.160 --> 00:17:53.830
on what should have been the first ever


00:17:53.840 --> 00:17:55.590
orbital rocket launch from mainland


00:17:55.600 --> 00:17:58.710
Europe the 28 m tall two-stage launch


00:17:58.720 --> 00:18:00.549
vehicle built by German company is


00:18:00.559 --> 00:18:03.350
Aerospace was on its first test flight


00:18:03.360 --> 00:18:05.110
the launch is designed to carry up to


00:18:05.120 --> 00:18:08.230
1,000 kg into low Earth orbit and 700


00:18:08.240 --> 00:18:10.150
kilos into the sun's synchronous polar


00:18:10.160 --> 00:18:12.710
orbits but there was no payload on this


00:18:12.720 --> 00:18:15.350
first test flight now as we've said


00:18:15.360 --> 00:18:18.789
previously on the show space is hard so


00:18:18.799 --> 00:18:20.710
while the investigation's continuing


00:18:20.720 --> 00:18:22.630
let's speculate as to what's likely to


00:18:22.640 --> 00:18:24.789
have gone wrong after watching the


00:18:24.799 --> 00:18:26.789
launch repeatedly both in regular and


00:18:26.799 --> 00:18:28.789
slow-mo speeds we can see that the


00:18:28.799 --> 00:18:30.870
rocket was already experiencing thrust


00:18:30.880 --> 00:18:32.789
vectoring oscillations from shortly


00:18:32.799 --> 00:18:35.669
after its launch and those oscillations


00:18:35.679 --> 00:18:38.150
appear to amplify as the engine's gimbal


00:18:38.160 --> 00:18:40.150
during the ascent roll over maneuver


00:18:40.160 --> 00:18:43.190
some 18 seconds after liftoff in fact if


00:18:43.200 --> 00:18:45.110
you look closely the oscillations appear


00:18:45.120 --> 00:18:47.110
to be generating a self-perpetuating


00:18:47.120 --> 00:18:49.350
amplifying loop increasing the problem


00:18:49.360 --> 00:18:51.270
and eventually leading to the vehicle


00:18:51.280 --> 00:18:53.350
tumbling and veing sideways out of


00:18:53.360 --> 00:18:56.950
control at an altitude of around 500 m


00:18:56.960 --> 00:18:58.870
now at this point mission managers


00:18:58.880 --> 00:19:00.950
terminated engine power there was no


00:19:00.960 --> 00:19:03.190
overall self-destruct system by


00:19:03.200 --> 00:19:05.350
terminating engine power it allowed the


00:19:05.360 --> 00:19:07.270
rocket to plummet back down and into the


00:19:07.280 --> 00:19:09.669
sea now the rocket didn't actually


00:19:09.679 --> 00:19:12.150
explode in the sky it only detonated


00:19:12.160 --> 00:19:14.870
once it hit the water now all this


00:19:14.880 --> 00:19:16.470
suggests some type of issue with the


00:19:16.480 --> 00:19:18.150
sensor inputs from the guidance system


00:19:18.160 --> 00:19:20.390
to the gimbals which were then amplified


00:19:20.400 --> 00:19:22.230
during the rollover maneuver well at


00:19:22.240 --> 00:19:24.470
least that's what it looks like needless


00:19:24.480 --> 00:19:26.710
to say we'll know more in the weeks to


00:19:26.720 --> 00:19:28.980
come this is


00:19:28.990 --> 00:19:43.789
[Music]


00:19:43.799 --> 00:19:46.150
spacetime and time now to take a brief


00:19:46.160 --> 00:19:47.510
look at some of the other stories making


00:19:47.520 --> 00:19:48.950
news in science this week with the


00:19:48.960 --> 00:19:51.350
science report there are new warnings


00:19:51.360 --> 00:19:53.669
today that the Southern Ocean's warming


00:19:53.679 --> 00:19:55.510
may have a more dramatic effect on


00:19:55.520 --> 00:19:57.430
rainfall and drought in the tropics than


00:19:57.440 --> 00:19:59.750
warming from the Arctic Ocean the


00:19:59.760 --> 00:20:01.510
findings reported in the journal Nature


00:20:01.520 --> 00:20:03.590
Communications are based on computer


00:20:03.600 --> 00:20:06.710
simulation climate models while Arctic


00:20:06.720 --> 00:20:08.870
warming has been studied extensively the


00:20:08.880 --> 00:20:10.549
Southern Ocean has been warming more


00:20:10.559 --> 00:20:13.190
slowly and is less well understood the


00:20:13.200 --> 00:20:15.909
authors found that just 1° C of Southern


00:20:15.919 --> 00:20:17.590
Ocean warming could affect tropical


00:20:17.600 --> 00:20:19.669
rainfall to the same extent as 1 and a


00:20:19.679 --> 00:20:22.630
half° C of Arctic Ocean warming the


00:20:22.640 --> 00:20:24.549
authors also investigated the effects of


00:20:24.559 --> 00:20:26.310
southern ocean warming on specific


00:20:26.320 --> 00:20:28.310
tropical regions finding that it could


00:20:28.320 --> 00:20:30.549
increase rainfall in northeastern Brazil


00:20:30.559 --> 00:20:32.549
while making drought risk worse in the


00:20:32.559 --> 00:20:35.789
Shahil region of subsaharan


00:20:35.799 --> 00:20:37.990
Africa scientists have developed the


00:20:38.000 --> 00:20:40.789
world's smallest temporary pacemaker a


00:20:40.799 --> 00:20:42.710
report in the journal Nature claims the


00:20:42.720 --> 00:20:44.390
device which is smaller than a grain of


00:20:44.400 --> 00:20:46.549
rice was capable of regulating a


00:20:46.559 --> 00:20:48.149
heartbeat during tests of its


00:20:48.159 --> 00:20:51.110
effectiveness in human heart tissue the


00:20:51.120 --> 00:20:53.430
tiny pacemaker incorporates electrodes


00:20:53.440 --> 00:20:55.510
that generate an electrical current when


00:20:55.520 --> 00:20:58.070
exposed to body fluids that eliminates


00:20:58.080 --> 00:20:59.909
the need for an external power source or


00:20:59.919 --> 00:21:02.149
lead wires and reduces the risks that


00:21:02.159 --> 00:21:04.070
come with external power supplies and


00:21:04.080 --> 00:21:07.190
invasive surgery once no longer required


00:21:07.200 --> 00:21:09.350
the device simply breaks down and is


00:21:09.360 --> 00:21:11.750
absorbed by the body the authors say


00:21:11.760 --> 00:21:13.590
this offers a safer alternative for


00:21:13.600 --> 00:21:15.590
smaller body sizes or for those who may


00:21:15.600 --> 00:21:17.750
not be able to handle invasive surgery


00:21:17.760 --> 00:21:20.830
such as fragile newborns with heart


00:21:20.840 --> 00:21:23.430
defects researchers have discovered that


00:21:23.440 --> 00:21:26.070
miso made in space has a nuttier more


00:21:26.080 --> 00:21:27.990
roasted flavor than when it's made on


00:21:28.000 --> 00:21:30.230
the Earth's surface the findings


00:21:30.240 --> 00:21:32.390
reported in the journal Ice Science are


00:21:32.400 --> 00:21:34.149
based on a study which sent a small


00:21:34.159 --> 00:21:36.149
container of fermenting soybeans and


00:21:36.159 --> 00:21:37.590
salt they're the ingredients of the


00:21:37.600 --> 00:21:39.669
traditional Japanese condiment miso to


00:21:39.679 --> 00:21:42.070
the International Space Station the


00:21:42.080 --> 00:21:43.830
ingredients then spent 30 days


00:21:43.840 --> 00:21:45.590
fermenting in space before being


00:21:45.600 --> 00:21:47.750
returned to Earth and it was then


00:21:47.760 --> 00:21:49.990
compared to two batches of miso made at


00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:52.549
the same time on the ground analysis


00:21:52.559 --> 00:21:54.390
found that the space miso fermented


00:21:54.400 --> 00:21:55.990
successfully but that there were notable


00:21:56.000 --> 00:21:57.909
differences in the bacterial communities


00:21:57.919 --> 00:22:00.390
present in the misos and that the space


00:22:00.400 --> 00:22:02.789
fermented miso had a more roasted nutty


00:22:02.799 --> 00:22:05.029
flavor than the earth miso while still


00:22:05.039 --> 00:22:07.270
maintaining its classic salty unami


00:22:07.280 --> 00:22:09.630
flavor that people know and


00:22:09.640 --> 00:22:12.149
love there's a growing trend in some


00:22:12.159 --> 00:22:14.070
parts of Indian culture promoting the


00:22:14.080 --> 00:22:16.710
consumption of bovine urine and feces as


00:22:16.720 --> 00:22:18.789
a form of alternative medicine for


00:22:18.799 --> 00:22:21.190
medicinal purposes the problem is


00:22:21.200 --> 00:22:23.110
there's no scientific evidence to


00:22:23.120 --> 00:22:24.870
support claims that consuming these


00:22:24.880 --> 00:22:28.070
items has any beneficial effect in fact


00:22:28.080 --> 00:22:29.750
the research suggests that it can


00:22:29.760 --> 00:22:31.750
introduce dangerous bugs toxins and


00:22:31.760 --> 00:22:33.750
other harmful substances potentially


00:22:33.760 --> 00:22:35.710
causing infections especially


00:22:35.720 --> 00:22:38.710
antibioticresistant bacteria tim Mendum


00:22:38.720 --> 00:22:40.310
from Australian Skeptics says that


00:22:40.320 --> 00:22:42.390
despite the dangers this practice is


00:22:42.400 --> 00:22:44.710
being strongly promoted by some dubious


00:22:44.720 --> 00:22:47.190
academics and politicians india's got a


00:22:47.200 --> 00:22:48.870
lot of alternative medicine things that


00:22:48.880 --> 00:22:50.630
that are sort of quite embedded in


00:22:50.640 --> 00:22:53.590
society ayurveda medicine is basically


00:22:53.600 --> 00:22:56.870
the herbal alternative medicine of India


00:22:56.880 --> 00:22:58.230
it's got a lot of different aspects to


00:22:58.240 --> 00:23:00.390
it and it's actually often endorsed by


00:23:00.400 --> 00:23:02.310
the World Health Organization the


00:23:02.320 --> 00:23:04.070
director of the Indian Institute of


00:23:04.080 --> 00:23:06.950
Technology in Madras has been saying


00:23:06.960 --> 00:23:09.270
that he drinks to urine and that it can


00:23:09.280 --> 00:23:11.430
cure ailments like fever and irritable


00:23:11.440 --> 00:23:13.190
bowel syndrome in fact they take it even


00:23:13.200 --> 00:23:14.789
further and say it can cure a whole


00:23:14.799 --> 00:23:16.070
range of different conditions the


00:23:16.080 --> 00:23:17.350
problem with cow urine it's got a lot of


00:23:17.360 --> 00:23:19.190
impurities in it it's probably got ecoli


00:23:19.200 --> 00:23:20.549
in it which can cause you a lot of


00:23:20.559 --> 00:23:22.070
problems starting with diarrhea and


00:23:22.080 --> 00:23:23.510
getting worse from there now they also


00:23:23.520 --> 00:23:25.510
say cow dung you know you mix a bit of


00:23:25.520 --> 00:23:28.230
cow urine and cow dung pats mix it up


00:23:28.240 --> 00:23:30.149
together and that can cause all sorts of


00:23:30.159 --> 00:23:31.430
disease there are things in cow dung


00:23:31.440 --> 00:23:33.190
course there's often lava in there you


00:23:33.200 --> 00:23:34.870
know of tapeworms and that sort of stuff


00:23:34.880 --> 00:23:36.710
and you're swallowing cow dung yes he's


00:23:36.720 --> 00:23:38.070
probably swallowing those as well so


00:23:38.080 --> 00:23:39.590
it's not going to do your body any good


00:23:39.600 --> 00:23:40.870
it probably can actually do your body


00:23:40.880 --> 00:23:42.789
major harm your brain your muscles your


00:23:42.799 --> 00:23:44.470
eyes all sorts of things but this has


00:23:44.480 --> 00:23:46.710
been endorsed by at least one director


00:23:46.720 --> 00:23:49.350
of a university and it's also endorsed


00:23:49.360 --> 00:23:51.110
by a lot of political leaders who are


00:23:51.120 --> 00:23:52.870
not necessarily medically trained or


00:23:52.880 --> 00:23:54.710
even medically literate but politicians


00:23:54.720 --> 00:23:56.230
within the Indian government a lot of


00:23:56.240 --> 00:23:58.549
them are promoting Ayda it's almost like


00:23:58.559 --> 00:23:59.990
being seen as an alternative to


00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:01.590
traditional Chinese medicine they're


00:24:01.600 --> 00:24:02.950
trying to get market share in other


00:24:02.960 --> 00:24:03.990
words there's a group called the


00:24:04.000 --> 00:24:06.230
doctor's association for social equality


00:24:06.240 --> 00:24:07.750
and there are other sort of doctor


00:24:07.760 --> 00:24:09.270
groups who are actually campaigning


00:24:09.280 --> 00:24:11.909
actively to say stop doing this it is


00:24:11.919 --> 00:24:13.909
dangerous that you are promoting this


00:24:13.919 --> 00:24:15.750
out there treatment for medical


00:24:15.760 --> 00:24:18.070
conditions which is purely based on some


00:24:18.080 --> 00:24:21.269
sort of uh spiritual healing techniques


00:24:21.279 --> 00:24:23.190
that have no bearing that that that


00:24:23.200 --> 00:24:25.430
don't work sorry Avita sorry you know of


00:24:25.440 --> 00:24:26.870
Indian population a lot of people sort


00:24:26.880 --> 00:24:29.830
of swear by it but these things are not


00:24:29.840 --> 00:24:32.149
only won't help you they very might harm


00:24:32.159 --> 00:24:34.149
you and that's the thing e coli will


00:24:34.159 --> 00:24:35.990
cause all sort of things these lava will


00:24:36.000 --> 00:24:37.830
cause all sorts of things drinking our


00:24:37.840 --> 00:24:40.230
urine chowing down on a on a cow pad is


00:24:40.240 --> 00:24:42.710
not advised that's tendum from


00:24:42.720 --> 00:24:45.560
Australian skeptics


00:24:45.570 --> 00:24:58.430
[Music]


00:24:58.440 --> 00:25:02.230
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