Ancient Martian Lakes, Quasar’s Cosmic Illumination, and Prober 3’s Daring Split: S28E11

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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this is spacetime series 28 episode 11


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for broadcast on the 24th of January


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2025 coming up on SpaceTime signatures


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of ancient ice free ponds and lakes


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found on Mars discovery of a quaza that


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might have helped turn on the lights for


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the entire universe and the European


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Space agency's proba 3 spacecraft quite


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literally splits in two all that and


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more coming up on


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SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with


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[Music]




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Gary scientists have discovered two sets


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of ancient wave ripples on Mars which


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are signatures of long dried up bodies


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of water preserved in the Rock record


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wave ripples are small undulations in


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Sandy Shores of Lake beds created as


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wind driven water laps back and forth


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the ripples were discovered by NASA's Ms


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Curiosity Rover as it was exploring the


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red planet scale crater the two sets of


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ripples indicate the former presence of


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shallow water that was open to the


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Martian air and not covered by Ice as


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some Martian climate models have


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suggested in fact the ripples are one of


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the clearest indicators of an ancient


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standing body of water that can be


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provided by the geological record


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scientist estimate that the ripples were


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formed around 3.6 7 billion years ago


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and that indicates that the Martian


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atmosphere and climate must have still


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been warm and dense enough back then to


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support liquid water in the open air and


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that's an important timeline for our


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understanding of Martian history and


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when the red planet went from being a


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warm wet world to the freeze-dried


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desert it's become today the study's


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lead author CLA mandro from Caltech says


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the shape of the ripples could only have


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been formed under water that was open to


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the atmosphere and acted upon by the


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wind the authors created computer models


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of the ripples in order to try and


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determine the size of the lake that


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created them the ripples are small only


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about 6 mm high and they're spaced 4 to


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5 cm apart now such small ripples in


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fine sand are formed by the actions of


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small waves and this constraint limits


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the original setting to a shallow leg


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less than around 2 m deep importantly


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the timing of the Ripple's formation


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around 3.7 billion years ago was a time


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in Martian history when scientists had


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assumed that the red planet was already


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becoming much drier mro says extending


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the length of time that liquid water was


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present on Mars also extends the


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possibilities for microbial habitation


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much later into Martian history one set


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of ripples the so-called prow outcrop


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was discovered in a region that once


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contained windblown sand Junes the other


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set found nearby in the empari marab


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band of rock suggest the presence of a


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lake up to 2 m deep slightly later in


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Martian history than the prow ripples


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this is spacetime still to come a quaza


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that might have helped turn on the


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lights of the universe and the European


00:03:05.239 --> 00:03:07.789
Space agency's proba 3 spacecraft quite


00:03:07.799 --> 00:03:10.229
literally splits in two all that and


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more still to come on


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[Music]


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SpaceTime astronomers have detected an


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intensely brightening and dimming quaza


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that may help explain how some objects


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in the early Universe grew at a highly


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accelerated rate as telescopes allow us


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to look further and further back in time


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we're seeing large galaxies and massive


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black holes which are simply so big we


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can't explain how they could have formed


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so early in the history of the universe


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and this new discovery announced at the


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American astronomical society's annual


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meeting is the most distant object ever


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detected by the new Star x-ray Space


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Telescope it's also one of the most


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highly variable quazar ever identified


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the study's lead author leam maali from


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M University says the quazar is very


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likely to be a super massive black hole


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with a jet pointed directly towards the


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Earth and it's being seen as it looked


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in the first billion years of the


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universe's existence quazar are


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fascinating they're among the oldest


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brightest objects in the universe as


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matter falls into a super massive black


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hole it initially forms an accretion


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disc around the black hole's Event


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Horizon the there material is crushed


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and torn apart at the subatomic level in


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the process releasing huge amounts of


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energy now most of this material


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eventually Falls Beyond The Event


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Horizon and disappears forever into the


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super massive black hole Singularity but


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some of the energy in material escapes


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this fate being transported along


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magnetic field lines and then shot deep


00:04:51.000 --> 00:04:53.230
into space in powerful Jets which we


00:04:53.240 --> 00:04:56.350
call quazar these are so bright they can


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be detected from the other side of the


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universe they shine right across the


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electromagnetic spectrum in radio


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infrared visible ultraviolet X-ray and


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gamma ray wavelengths in fact this


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visibility is made quazar a helpful


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proxy for trying to understand the


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structure and evolution of the cosmos


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for example astronomers looked quaz us


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to study the epoch of reionization


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that's a period less than a billion


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years after the big bang when the


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electrically neutral hydrogen atoms that


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filled the universe became charged in


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the process producing the first


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generation of stars


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which ionized the gas making the


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universe transparent for the first time


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this Epoch of reionization is considered


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the end of the universe's Dark Ages the


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precise timeline and Source class


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responsible for reionization is still


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hotly debated and actively accreting


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super massive black holes are one


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proposed


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culprit now for this study the authors


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compared Newar observations of a distant


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quazer designated AS j429 Plus 5447 with


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unrelated observation 4 months earlier


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by the Chandra x-ray Space Telescope and


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they found that the quaza X-ray


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emissions had doubled in that very short


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space of time now remember we're talking


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here about relativistic effects so 4


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months on Earth corresponds to only


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about 2 weeks for the quazar and this


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level of X-ray variability in such a


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short period of time in terms of both


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intensity and rapidity is Extreme it's


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almost certainly explained by a jet


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pointing directly towards the Earth a


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cone in which particles are being


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transported up to a million light years


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away from the central super massive


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black holes acction disc which created


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them and because these jets are moving


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at close to the speed of light effects


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of Einstein's theory of special


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relativity come to play speeding up and


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amplifying the variability the findings


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reported in the astrophysical journal


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letters are therefore offering crucial


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much needed new information for


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astronomers who are studying


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reionization and it may also Point


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astronomers towards other super massive


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black hole candidates from the early


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universe mul says finding more super


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massive black holes that are potentially


00:07:03.039 --> 00:07:05.469
hosting Jets raises the question of just


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how these super massive black holes grew


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so big in such a short time scale and


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what connection that may have to jet


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triggering mechanisms this is spacetime


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still to come the proba 3 spacecraft


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splits in two and later in the science


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report discovery of a blood vessel


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fingerprint in the back of your eye


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which could tell doctors whether or not


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you're at risk of a stroke all that in


00:07:29.520 --> 00:07:32.220
more still to come on


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[Music]




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SpaceTime a crucial step in the European


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space agency's Eclipse making proba 3


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mission has been successfully completed


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with a spacecraft separating into two


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vehicles the proba 3 spacecraft's been


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flying jointly since last month's launch


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aboard an Indian space research


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organization for stage PSL VXL rocket


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from the shatisha one Space Center in


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shiria Kota on the Bay of Bengal Coast


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the vehicle's deployment into two


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separate spacecraft leaves them ready to


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begin their Cosmic dance in the world's


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first ever Precision formation flying


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space mission Isa Mission managers in


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Belgian undertook the initial inorbit


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commissioning during the stage of the


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mission using four ground station


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antennas in Australia Chile and Spain


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the two spacecrafts successfully


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separated from each other while flying


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some 60,000 km above the Earth traveling


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at a speed of more than 1


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km/s the two platforms will now drift up


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to 50 km apart from each other but over


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the coming week Mission managers will


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determine their relative positions then


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use their propulsion systems to stop


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this drift and bring them back into a


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stable SE configuration in their most


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precise formation flying scheduled to be


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achieved initially in about 2 months


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time the two proba 3 spacecraft will be


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flying just 150 M apart and will need to


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maintain their relative positions down


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to a single millimeter for up to 6 hours


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at a time this stat will be maintained


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by a sophisticated set of propulsion and


00:09:09.040 --> 00:09:11.069
navigation systems working together


00:09:11.079 --> 00:09:13.710
using onboard autonomy the mission will


00:09:13.720 --> 00:09:15.710
demonstrate this level of precision by


00:09:15.720 --> 00:09:18.190
creating an artificial solar eclipse in


00:09:18.200 --> 00:09:20.910
orbit the so-called occulta satellite


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will cast a shadow onto the main Optical


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instrument of the chronograph satellite


00:09:25.240 --> 00:09:27.190
thereby allowing it to study the sun's


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elusive outer atmosphere Corona modable


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sensors including a laser base system


00:09:32.120 --> 00:09:34.470
will ensure that the shadow just 8 cm


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across created by the occulting disc


00:09:36.360 --> 00:09:38.110
will remain on the sensitive chronograph


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instrument positioned 150 M away in this


00:09:41.640 --> 00:09:43.829
precise configuration the two satellites


00:09:43.839 --> 00:09:46.630
will be mimicking a single much larger


00:09:46.640 --> 00:09:50.910
spacecraft this report from E TV prober


00:09:50.920 --> 00:09:54.550
from the Latin for let's try is EA's


00:09:54.560 --> 00:09:56.829
family of experimental small


00:09:56.839 --> 00:09:59.590
satellites over the last two decades


00:09:59.600 --> 00:10:01.230
probam missions have pushed forward


00:10:01.240 --> 00:10:03.470
spaceflight technology while Gathering


00:10:03.480 --> 00:10:06.630
valuable science data the next in the


00:10:06.640 --> 00:10:11.590
series proba 3 is the most ambitious yet


00:10:11.600 --> 00:10:14.230
two satellites will fly together as one


00:10:14.240 --> 00:10:16.470
with millimeter level control of their


00:10:16.480 --> 00:10:18.550
positions within a precise


00:10:18.560 --> 00:10:21.829
formation in the process one will


00:10:21.839 --> 00:10:25.269
eclipse or block the Sun for the other


00:10:25.279 --> 00:10:27.550
to reveal our star's faint surrounding


00:10:27.560 --> 00:10:30.710
coronal atmosphere for s scientific


00:10:30.720 --> 00:10:33.670
observation proba 3 requires a unique


00:10:33.680 --> 00:10:36.470
orbit the satellite's orbit is highly


00:10:36.480 --> 00:10:39.150
elliptical taking them to a maximum of


00:10:39.160 --> 00:10:42.269
60,000 km from


00:10:42.279 --> 00:10:45.150
earth gravitational magnetic and


00:10:45.160 --> 00:10:48.069
Atmospheric perturbations are much lower


00:10:48.079 --> 00:10:51.069
this far out this will make possible the


00:10:51.079 --> 00:10:53.269
precise positioning needed for formation


00:10:53.279 --> 00:10:55.670
flying and observing the sun's


00:10:55.680 --> 00:10:58.310
Corona at this stage it is important


00:10:58.320 --> 00:11:00.310
that the proba 3 satellites perform a


00:11:00.320 --> 00:11:02.150
series of Maneuvers to position


00:11:02.160 --> 00:11:04.269
themselves in relatively safe orbits


00:11:04.279 --> 00:11:06.990
with respective to each


00:11:07.000 --> 00:11:10.110
other achieving this nullifies any risk


00:11:10.120 --> 00:11:12.030
of the pair either drifting away from


00:11:12.040 --> 00:11:15.430
each other or


00:11:15.440 --> 00:11:17.750
colliding after all commissioning checks


00:11:17.760 --> 00:11:19.870
are complete the pair will be ready for


00:11:19.880 --> 00:11:22.710
their first flight in precise


00:11:22.720 --> 00:11:24.990
formation the separation between


00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:28.190
spacecraft will be as short as 25 M and


00:11:28.200 --> 00:11:31.829
as long as 200 150 M with a nominal


00:11:31.839 --> 00:11:36.389
separation of around 150 M the pair will


00:11:36.399 --> 00:11:38.670
determine their relative positions using


00:11:38.680 --> 00:11:41.389
a suite of metrologies including radio


00:11:41.399 --> 00:11:43.870
links satellite navigation and the


00:11:43.880 --> 00:11:45.990
visual based system with Optical


00:11:46.000 --> 00:11:48.310
tracking of blinking


00:11:48.320 --> 00:11:51.110
lights once sufficient accuracy has been


00:11:51.120 --> 00:11:53.389
achieved the final step will be to


00:11:53.399 --> 00:11:55.550
deploy the most precise measuring system


00:11:55.560 --> 00:11:58.910
of all the laser Metrology system known


00:11:58.920 --> 00:12:02.509
as the fine lateral and longitudinal


00:12:02.519 --> 00:12:05.350
sensor with this laser link the total


00:12:05.360 --> 00:12:07.389
three-dimensional formation can attain


00:12:07.399 --> 00:12:09.670
millimeter level


00:12:09.680 --> 00:12:12.670
control at this point the occulter with


00:12:12.680 --> 00:12:15.910
its 1.4 M diameter occulting disc which


00:12:15.920 --> 00:12:18.790
will observe the sun in Eclipse lined up


00:12:18.800 --> 00:12:21.389
with the sun will cast a perfect Shadow


00:12:21.399 --> 00:12:23.590
for sustained observation of the sun's


00:12:23.600 --> 00:12:25.910
otherwise invisible


00:12:25.920 --> 00:12:28.590
Corona once the Ulta Shadow is


00:12:28.600 --> 00:12:30.670
maintained in in just the right spot on


00:12:30.680 --> 00:12:33.269
the face of the other satellite it will


00:12:33.279 --> 00:12:35.590
be safe for the coronagraph to open its


00:12:35.600 --> 00:12:37.949
protective door and start scientific


00:12:37.959 --> 00:12:40.470
observations of the sun's


00:12:40.480 --> 00:12:43.350
Corona solar scientists travel the world


00:12:43.360 --> 00:12:46.310
to Glimpse brief solar eclipses but


00:12:46.320 --> 00:12:52.269
prober 3 will create eclipses on


00:12:52.279 --> 00:12:57.050
demand this is spacetime


00:12:57.060 --> 00:13:04.620
[Music]




00:13:10.959 --> 00:13:12.509
and time now to take another brief look


00:13:12.519 --> 00:13:13.949
at some of the other stories making use


00:13:13.959 --> 00:13:16.670
in science this week with a science


00:13:16.680 --> 00:13:19.030
report doctors have found that blood


00:13:19.040 --> 00:13:20.829
vessel fingerprints in the back of the


00:13:20.839 --> 00:13:22.829
eye could help tell if you're at risk of


00:13:22.839 --> 00:13:25.189
a stroke the authors looked into the


00:13:25.199 --> 00:13:26.990
complex network of blood vessels in the


00:13:27.000 --> 00:13:28.670
retina with some features of this


00:13:28.680 --> 00:13:31.389
network already linked to stroke risk


00:13:31.399 --> 00:13:33.310
using artificial intelligence the


00:13:33.320 --> 00:13:35.269
researchers analyzed retinar images from


00:13:35.279 --> 00:13:37.750
nearly 70,000 UK biobank study


00:13:37.760 --> 00:13:40.829
participants 749 of which wound up


00:13:40.839 --> 00:13:42.470
having a stroke during the study's


00:13:42.480 --> 00:13:44.710
monitoring period a report in the


00:13:44.720 --> 00:13:46.430
journal heart found the algorithm


00:13:46.440 --> 00:13:48.430
identified 29 new features of the


00:13:48.440 --> 00:13:51.110
retinor associated with stroke risk


00:13:51.120 --> 00:13:53.069
scientists say current ways of measuring


00:13:53.079 --> 00:13:55.030
stroke risk such as blood tests can be


00:13:55.040 --> 00:13:57.590
invasive expensive and inaccurate in


00:13:57.600 --> 00:14:00.310
some contexts and using the retina which


00:14:00.320 --> 00:14:03.670
can be imaged could be a practical


00:14:03.680 --> 00:14:06.470
alternative a new study claims species


00:14:06.480 --> 00:14:08.949
of early humans likely learned to live


00:14:08.959 --> 00:14:11.749
in desert-like conditions at least 1.2


00:14:11.759 --> 00:14:14.550
million years ago the findings reported


00:14:14.560 --> 00:14:16.269
in the journal Communications Earth and


00:14:16.279 --> 00:14:18.189
environment contradicts a previous


00:14:18.199 --> 00:14:20.509
belief that only Homo sapiens learn to


00:14:20.519 --> 00:14:23.310
adapt to extreme environments looking at


00:14:23.320 --> 00:14:25.509
archaeological data from Tanzania


00:14:25.519 --> 00:14:27.350
scientists found evidence that groups of


00:14:27.360 --> 00:14:29.749
homo erectus are now extin species of


00:14:29.759 --> 00:14:32.030
early human were living there at a time


00:14:32.040 --> 00:14:34.150
when the area was under semidesert


00:14:34.160 --> 00:14:36.590
conditions the researchers say that data


00:14:36.600 --> 00:14:37.910
suggest that these groups were


00:14:37.920 --> 00:14:39.949
repeatedly returning to locations that


00:14:39.959 --> 00:14:42.110
likely had fresh water in the form of


00:14:42.120 --> 00:14:44.110
ponds and they developed specialized


00:14:44.120 --> 00:14:45.910
stone tools that would have made


00:14:45.920 --> 00:14:48.870
Butchery easier they say this shows that


00:14:48.880 --> 00:14:51.310
homoerectus were likely more capable of


00:14:51.320 --> 00:14:52.749
adapting to their environment than


00:14:52.759 --> 00:14:54.590
previously thought which likely also


00:14:54.600 --> 00:14:56.430
helped them move into arid regions of


00:14:56.440 --> 00:14:59.389
Africa and Eurasia


00:14:59.399 --> 00:15:01.269
a new study has confirmed that Global


00:15:01.279 --> 00:15:04.189
Extremes in 2024 have wreaked havoc with


00:15:04.199 --> 00:15:06.670
global water cycles the study by the


00:15:06.680 --> 00:15:08.389
Australian National University found


00:15:08.399 --> 00:15:10.389
that 2024 was another year of


00:15:10.399 --> 00:15:12.350
record-breaking temperatures driving


00:15:12.360 --> 00:15:14.269
Global water cycles to new climate


00:15:14.279 --> 00:15:16.550
extremes and contributing to ferocious


00:15:16.560 --> 00:15:19.749
floods and crippling droughts the 2024


00:15:19.759 --> 00:15:21.829
Global Water monitoring report found


00:15:21.839 --> 00:15:23.870
Rising temperatures and changing the way


00:15:23.880 --> 00:15:25.870
water moves around the planet in the


00:15:25.880 --> 00:15:30.430
process wreaking havoc on water cycles


00:15:30.440 --> 00:15:32.550
a new study has found that Paleolithic


00:15:32.560 --> 00:15:34.670
humans probably never heard of the paleo


00:15:34.680 --> 00:15:37.230
diet this trendy diet is supposedly


00:15:37.240 --> 00:15:39.069
based on all sorts of foods your


00:15:39.079 --> 00:15:41.110
prehistoric ancestors would have eaten


00:15:41.120 --> 00:15:42.749
before the development of Agriculture


00:15:42.759 --> 00:15:45.670
and Industry 12,000 years ago but new


00:15:45.680 --> 00:15:47.829
research examining the eating habits of


00:15:47.839 --> 00:15:50.269
early humans suggest that the so-called


00:15:50.279 --> 00:15:52.230
paleo diet might not have been an


00:15:52.240 --> 00:15:54.189
accurate representation of what ancient


00:15:54.199 --> 00:15:56.829
hunter gatherers actually ate the study


00:15:56.839 --> 00:15:58.189
reported in the journal the proceedings


00:15:58.199 --> 00:15:59.870
of the National Academy of Sciences


00:15:59.880 --> 00:16:01.870
indicates that man's Paleolithic


00:16:01.880 --> 00:16:05.069
ancestors enjoyed carbs Tim menum from


00:16:05.079 --> 00:16:07.230
Australian skeptic says the research is


00:16:07.240 --> 00:16:09.350
based on archaeological finds at a dig


00:16:09.360 --> 00:16:11.430
site on the banks of the River Jordan in


00:16:11.440 --> 00:16:13.110
Northern Israel your Australian


00:16:13.120 --> 00:16:15.069
listeners will know Pete Evans or Pete


00:16:15.079 --> 00:16:16.710
paleo Evans who was promoting he's


00:16:16.720 --> 00:16:17.949
promoting a lot of different things he


00:16:17.959 --> 00:16:20.309
was a celebrity chef who got into the


00:16:20.319 --> 00:16:22.550
New Age movement he was promoting the


00:16:22.560 --> 00:16:24.230
paleo diet which has been around for a


00:16:24.240 --> 00:16:25.910
few years which is basically saying


00:16:25.920 --> 00:16:27.829
thick with your fruit and veg lean


00:16:27.839 --> 00:16:31.269
animal protein nuts and seeds and avoid


00:16:31.279 --> 00:16:32.350
nothing wrong with that nothing wrong


00:16:32.360 --> 00:16:33.949
with that but it also ignore or don't


00:16:33.959 --> 00:16:36.350
include grains and legumes and dairy


00:16:36.360 --> 00:16:37.389
dairy might have been hard for


00:16:37.399 --> 00:16:39.030
Paleolithic people anyway so it it's


00:16:39.040 --> 00:16:41.470
hard to collect but the whole thing was


00:16:41.480 --> 00:16:42.990
It was supposed to be because this was


00:16:43.000 --> 00:16:45.269
the way Stone AG people maintain their


00:16:45.279 --> 00:16:47.309
health now suggesting Stone AG people


00:16:47.319 --> 00:16:48.829
didn't live as long as we do certainly


00:16:48.839 --> 00:16:50.430
didn't have the health care we certainly


00:16:50.440 --> 00:16:52.430
had a lot more Predators out there who


00:16:52.440 --> 00:16:54.670
might s of shorten their lifespan but


00:16:54.680 --> 00:16:57.470
the question is was this diet real and


00:16:57.480 --> 00:16:59.590
the answer is no


00:16:59.600 --> 00:17:01.710
it doesn't seem to be there been studies


00:17:01.720 --> 00:17:04.189
of sites of ancient people suggesting


00:17:04.199 --> 00:17:06.710
that this grain products down in places


00:17:06.720 --> 00:17:08.590
where it's being ground up the grain's


00:17:08.600 --> 00:17:10.710
being Ground Up On Tools and that sort


00:17:10.720 --> 00:17:13.590
of stuff 780,000 years ago which is well


00:17:13.600 --> 00:17:15.829
before modern hum before civilization


00:17:15.839 --> 00:17:17.710
even then the suggestion therefore that


00:17:17.720 --> 00:17:19.470
people were eating grains which are


00:17:19.480 --> 00:17:21.549
readily collected if you got wild rice


00:17:21.559 --> 00:17:23.510
and and Wild Oats and that sort of stuff


00:17:23.520 --> 00:17:26.270
legumes the image of this paleo diet is


00:17:26.280 --> 00:17:28.309
portrayed in a certain way to make you


00:17:28.319 --> 00:17:30.350
healthier some aspects of it are the


00:17:30.360 --> 00:17:32.470
bits they say you should not do is not


00:17:32.480 --> 00:17:34.510
necessarily paleo but every diet is a


00:17:34.520 --> 00:17:36.430
bit sadish they come and they go and


00:17:36.440 --> 00:17:38.350
they someone suggest leading out a


00:17:38.360 --> 00:17:39.630
certain thing and concentrating on


00:17:39.640 --> 00:17:41.070
something else you have to take every


00:17:41.080 --> 00:17:43.230
diet that's portrays you with a a grain


00:17:43.240 --> 00:17:45.750
of salt that's Tim mum from Australian


00:17:45.760 --> 00:17:48.080
Skeptics


00:17:48.090 --> 00:18:01.990
[Music]


00:18:02.000 --> 00:18:04.870
and that's the show for now SpaceTime is


00:18:04.880 --> 00:18:06.789
available every Monday Wednesday and


00:18:06.799 --> 00:18:09.310
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00:18:21.360 --> 00:18:24.549
with Stewart gar.com space 's Also


00:18:24.559 --> 00:18:26.230
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00:18:58.080 --> 00:19:00.549
Gary this has been another quality


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