WEBVTT
1
00:00:03.200 --> 00:00:16.280
Kalaruga, Shark Media, February twenty second, nineteen eighty, Lake Placid,
2
00:00:16.640 --> 00:00:21.000
New York. Eight thousand, five hundred Americans packed into an
3
00:00:21.000 --> 00:00:25.120
arena built for seven thousand, seven hundred. With ten minutes
4
00:00:25.160 --> 00:00:28.719
left in the third period, Mike Eruzione fires a wrist
5
00:00:28.800 --> 00:00:33.920
shot past Vladimir Michigan. The crowd explodes. Al Michaels's voice
6
00:00:34.000 --> 00:00:38.920
cracks with emotion. Do you believe in miracles? Yes? A
7
00:00:38.960 --> 00:00:42.439
team of college kids has just defeated the Soviet hockey machine,
8
00:00:42.920 --> 00:00:46.039
the same team that had demolished the NHL All Stars
9
00:00:46.439 --> 00:00:50.520
six to zero just months earlier. But this wasn't really
10
00:00:50.560 --> 00:00:56.079
about hockey. This was about Afghanistan, about grain embargoes, about
11
00:00:56.200 --> 00:00:59.920
nuclear missiles, about a Cold War that had turned to Arctic.
12
00:01:00.880 --> 00:01:05.680
As American flags wave and grown men cry, something shifts
13
00:01:05.680 --> 00:01:09.200
in the American psyche. For the first time in years,
14
00:01:09.519 --> 00:01:12.760
we'd beaten them at their own game. We'd proven that
15
00:01:12.799 --> 00:01:18.200
their system wasn't invincible, that maybe, just maybe, we could
16
00:01:18.239 --> 00:01:22.359
win this thing. The Soviets left the ice in shock,
17
00:01:22.799 --> 00:01:26.599
their red jerseys soaked with sweat and failure. They'd learn
18
00:01:26.680 --> 00:01:31.159
that in America, narrative matters more than statistics, and this
19
00:01:31.280 --> 00:01:35.480
narrative David's slaying Goliath on Ice would echo through the
20
00:01:35.519 --> 00:01:42.159
next forty five years of conflict. Welcome back to feuds, power, pride,
21
00:01:42.359 --> 00:01:48.159
and payback. I'm Marcus Reid. Some feuds are fought with missiles,
22
00:01:48.519 --> 00:01:52.719
others with money, but sometimes the most meaningful battles are
23
00:01:52.760 --> 00:01:57.319
fought with sticks and pucks, with symbols and stories, with
24
00:01:57.400 --> 00:02:01.000
the kind of moments that make entire nations bel in miracles.
25
00:02:01.920 --> 00:02:04.719
This is the story of how a hockey game became
26
00:02:04.760 --> 00:02:11.000
a metaphor for everything that followed, forty five years of competition, confrontation,
27
00:02:11.639 --> 00:02:16.319
and the kind of rivalry that defines civilizations. This is
28
00:02:16.360 --> 00:02:20.919
Episode twenty six. Do You Believe in Miracles? Forty five
29
00:02:21.000 --> 00:02:27.400
years of Ice? Cold War Act One? The Miracle and
30
00:02:27.439 --> 00:02:32.159
its Aftermath nineteen eighty to nineteen eighty five. To understand
31
00:02:32.199 --> 00:02:35.599
why Lake Placid mattered so much, you need to understand
32
00:02:35.639 --> 00:02:39.840
the world. In February nineteen eighty, America was bleeding from
33
00:02:39.879 --> 00:02:44.800
one thousand cuts. Vietnam had shattered our confidence, leaving a
34
00:02:44.879 --> 00:02:50.840
generation questioning everything they'd been taught about American invincibility. The
35
00:02:50.879 --> 00:02:55.039
Iran hostage crisis played out nightly on television fifty two
36
00:02:55.080 --> 00:02:59.479
Americans held captive while the most powerful military in history
37
00:03:00.000 --> 00:03:05.599
good helpless gas lines stretched around blocks as Opek squeezed
38
00:03:05.599 --> 00:03:11.360
our economy inflation eight savings alive, and now, as if
39
00:03:11.400 --> 00:03:15.199
to add insult to injury, Soviet tanks were rolling through
40
00:03:15.240 --> 00:03:19.639
Afghanistan while we could do nothing but boycott grain sales
41
00:03:20.039 --> 00:03:24.800
and mumble about sanctions. The Soviet hockey team perfectly embodied
42
00:03:24.919 --> 00:03:29.719
everything Americans feared about the communist system. They weren't just good,
43
00:03:30.000 --> 00:03:34.599
they were mechanical perfection. Since nineteen sixty four, they'd won
44
00:03:34.759 --> 00:03:39.000
every Olympic gold medal, treating international hockey like a laboratory
45
00:03:39.039 --> 00:03:44.759
demonstration of socialist superiority. Their players trained eleven months a year,
46
00:03:45.240 --> 00:03:48.919
lived in barracks, and played with the emotionless efficiency of
47
00:03:48.919 --> 00:03:52.560
a Swiss watch. When they destroyed the NHL All Star
48
00:03:52.759 --> 00:03:56.159
six to zero in the nineteen seventy nine Challenge Cup,
49
00:03:56.719 --> 00:04:01.479
American commentators could barely hide their despair. If we couldn't
50
00:04:01.520 --> 00:04:04.280
beat them at our own game, with our own rules,
51
00:04:04.719 --> 00:04:08.000
on our own ice, what hope did we have anywhere else?
52
00:04:09.800 --> 00:04:13.360
Enter Herb Brooks and his team of college kids, average
53
00:04:13.400 --> 00:04:17.480
age just twenty one, wearing jerseys their girlfriends could have sown.
54
00:04:18.439 --> 00:04:21.879
Brooks had coached them into exhaustion, made them hate him
55
00:04:22.120 --> 00:04:25.639
more than they could ever hate any opponent. His practices
56
00:04:25.680 --> 00:04:29.879
were so brutal that playing the Soviets actually seemed like relief.
57
00:04:30.800 --> 00:04:32.720
The name on the front of the jersey is more
58
00:04:32.759 --> 00:04:35.560
important than the name on the back, he told them,
59
00:04:35.839 --> 00:04:41.079
creating unity through shared suffering. When Erusione scored that goal
60
00:04:41.160 --> 00:04:44.319
with ten minutes left, the arena erupted in a way
61
00:04:44.360 --> 00:04:49.600
that transcended sport. This wasn't just about hockey anymore. Every
62
00:04:49.639 --> 00:04:54.160
American in that building, everyone watching on television understood they
63
00:04:54.160 --> 00:04:58.759
were witnessing something bigger. When the final buzzer sounded and
64
00:04:58.839 --> 00:05:03.439
American players piled onto the ice in chaotic celebration, while
65
00:05:03.439 --> 00:05:06.920
the Soviets stood in stunned silence, it felt like the
66
00:05:07.000 --> 00:05:13.000
first American victory in years that actually mattered. Ronald Reagan,
67
00:05:13.240 --> 00:05:16.800
still just a candidate but already reading the national mood perfectly,
68
00:05:17.319 --> 00:05:22.360
immediately grasped the moment's propaganda value. This proves our way
69
00:05:22.399 --> 00:05:26.399
of life is superior, he would say, repeatedly, transforming a
70
00:05:26.480 --> 00:05:31.480
hockey game into ideological validation. The Soviets had been beaten
71
00:05:31.519 --> 00:05:37.839
by American heart, American determination, American freedom, or so the
72
00:05:37.879 --> 00:05:41.759
story went. The Soviet players were devastated in ways that
73
00:05:41.800 --> 00:05:46.480
went beyond losing a game. Victor Tikhanoff, their legendary coach,
74
00:05:47.000 --> 00:05:51.800
later admitted they'd been over confident, dismissive of the American amateurs.
75
00:05:52.279 --> 00:05:56.879
But more than tactical failure, they'd suffered narrative collapse. In
76
00:05:56.959 --> 00:06:01.519
a system built entirely on projecting strength and inevitable victory,
77
00:06:02.160 --> 00:06:05.439
They'd shown weakness on the world stage. The image of
78
00:06:05.519 --> 00:06:11.680
Soviet players standing helplessly as Americans celebrated would be replayed endlessly,
79
00:06:12.240 --> 00:06:16.800
each viewing another small humiliation. That hockey game became the
80
00:06:16.879 --> 00:06:19.199
opening shot in a new phase of the Cold War.
81
00:06:20.079 --> 00:06:23.439
Reagan rode the wave of renewed American confidence all the
82
00:06:23.439 --> 00:06:26.920
way to the White House, where his cowboy diplomacy replaced
83
00:06:26.959 --> 00:06:32.079
Carter's cautious moralizing. In March nineteen eighty three, he would
84
00:06:32.079 --> 00:06:36.360
stand before evangelical leaders and declare the Soviet Union an
85
00:06:36.480 --> 00:06:40.600
evil empire, words that would have seemed like dangerous provocation
86
00:06:40.920 --> 00:06:44.720
just three years earlier, but now felt like righteous truth telling.
87
00:06:45.560 --> 00:06:50.240
The Soviets responded to Lake Placid's humiliation with escalation everywhere else.
88
00:06:51.160 --> 00:06:55.000
In September nineteen eighty three, they shot down Korean Airlines
89
00:06:55.040 --> 00:06:59.279
Flight zero zero seven, killing two hundred sixty nine civilians,
90
00:06:59.480 --> 00:07:04.519
including a US congressman. When Reagan deployed Pershing missiles to Europe,
91
00:07:04.920 --> 00:07:09.199
they walked out of arms control talks. During NATO's Able
92
00:07:09.360 --> 00:07:14.079
Archer exercise in November nineteen eighty three, Soviet nuclear forces
93
00:07:14.120 --> 00:07:17.399
went to high alert, convinced the Americans were planning a
94
00:07:17.439 --> 00:07:21.600
first strike under cover of wargames. We came within hours
95
00:07:21.600 --> 00:07:25.360
of nuclear war, closer than any time since Cuba, and
96
00:07:25.439 --> 00:07:29.240
most Americans never knew. But it was in the cultural
97
00:07:29.279 --> 00:07:33.839
realm where the Lake Placid effect was most visible. Hollywood
98
00:07:33.920 --> 00:07:37.600
understood that Americans were hungry for stories of triumph over
99
00:07:37.680 --> 00:07:42.680
Soviet villains. Rocky four in nineteen eighty five literally had
100
00:07:42.680 --> 00:07:47.120
Sylvester Stallone punching Communism to death in the ring, ending
101
00:07:47.120 --> 00:07:50.480
with a speech about change that had Russian fans cheering
102
00:07:50.519 --> 00:07:55.560
for Rocky Balboa. Red Dawn showed American teenagers fighting Soviet
103
00:07:55.560 --> 00:08:00.600
invaders in Colorado. The message was consistent and unsubtle. We
104
00:08:00.600 --> 00:08:04.720
were back, we were strong, and this time we were winning.
105
00:08:07.319 --> 00:08:12.519
Act two Glass nost and the Great Deception nineteen eighty
106
00:08:12.560 --> 00:08:18.120
five to nineteen ninety nine. Then came Mikhail Gorbachev, and
107
00:08:18.199 --> 00:08:22.240
everything changed, or seemed to change. After a parade of
108
00:08:22.360 --> 00:08:28.720
dying Soviet leaders Brezhnev Andropov Chernenko, here was someone who smiled,
109
00:08:29.120 --> 00:08:31.360
who had a wife, who didn't look like a tractor,
110
00:08:31.759 --> 00:08:36.240
who spoke about openness and restructuring. The West was enchanted.
111
00:08:37.000 --> 00:08:42.240
The personal chemistry between Reagan and Gorbachev shocked everyone, especially
112
00:08:42.279 --> 00:08:45.919
their own advisors. These two men who should have been
113
00:08:45.960 --> 00:08:51.200
mortal enemies, discovered they actually liked each other. At Reikyevik
114
00:08:51.240 --> 00:08:54.080
in nineteen eighty six, they walked alone by the water
115
00:08:54.240 --> 00:08:58.159
and came within minutes of agreeing to eliminate all nuclear weapons.
116
00:08:58.600 --> 00:09:01.639
The deal collapsed over Star Wars, but the image of
117
00:09:01.759 --> 00:09:06.840
Ronnie and Mikhail strolling together like old friends suggested possibilities
118
00:09:06.840 --> 00:09:11.279
no one had imagined. By nineteen eighty nine, the impossible
119
00:09:11.360 --> 00:09:15.320
was happening everywhere. The Berlin Wall didn't fall, it was
120
00:09:15.399 --> 00:09:19.080
danced to death champagne, bottles and sledge hammers, turning the
121
00:09:19.120 --> 00:09:24.440
century's starkest symbol of division into history's biggest party. David
122
00:09:24.440 --> 00:09:29.080
Hasselhoff performed Looking for Freedom in a jacket covered in lights,
123
00:09:29.519 --> 00:09:33.919
while East and West Germans embraced on the rubble In Moscow,
124
00:09:34.399 --> 00:09:37.960
Boris Yeltsen climbed on a tank to face down hard
125
00:09:38.039 --> 00:09:42.399
line communists, his liquid courage turning him into an unlikely
126
00:09:42.480 --> 00:09:47.320
democratic hero. For a brief shining moment, it seemed like
127
00:09:47.360 --> 00:09:50.720
the feud was over. The Cold War hadn't just ended,
128
00:09:51.080 --> 00:09:55.159
it had been won decisively by the good guys. Francis
129
00:09:55.159 --> 00:09:59.840
Fukuyama declared it the end of history. Americans flooded into
130
00:09:59.840 --> 00:10:03.360
mon Oscow to teach Russians about democracy and free markets.
131
00:10:04.159 --> 00:10:07.840
McDonald's opened in Pushkin Square to lines that stretched for
132
00:10:07.919 --> 00:10:12.919
blocks each Big Mac a small victory for capitalism. Pizza
133
00:10:13.000 --> 00:10:16.320
Hut filmed Gorbachev in a commercial, the man who'd led
134
00:10:16.320 --> 00:10:21.000
the Soviet Union, now shilling for American fast food. But
135
00:10:21.120 --> 00:10:26.279
beneath the celebration, something darker was happening. Russia wasn't just
136
00:10:26.399 --> 00:10:31.039
losing a Cold War, it was losing everything. The economy
137
00:10:31.080 --> 00:10:35.960
collapsed so completely that teachers went unpaid for months, nuclear
138
00:10:36.039 --> 00:10:40.919
scientists sold secrets to survive, and grandmothers begged in the streets.
139
00:10:41.840 --> 00:10:48.120
Life expectancy plummeted, the ruble became worthless. When American advisers
140
00:10:48.159 --> 00:10:53.039
promised that shock therapy would lead to prosperity, Russians experienced
141
00:10:53.120 --> 00:10:57.480
only the shock. The expansion of NATO eastward felt like
142
00:10:57.519 --> 00:11:02.240
the ultimate betrayal. Gorbachev V insisted he'd been promised NATO
143
00:11:02.279 --> 00:11:07.279
wouldn't move one inch beyond Germany. American diplomats claimed no
144
00:11:07.399 --> 00:11:11.159
such promise was ever made. But as Poland, Hungary, and
145
00:11:11.279 --> 00:11:16.080
the Czech Republic joined the alliance, Russian saw encirclement disguised
146
00:11:16.120 --> 00:11:21.279
as liberation. Every new NATO member was another reminder that
147
00:11:21.360 --> 00:11:24.720
they'd lost not just the Cold War but their entire
148
00:11:24.759 --> 00:11:30.039
sphere of influence. When NATO bombed Yugoslavia in nineteen ninety
149
00:11:30.120 --> 00:11:35.840
nine without Yun approval, Russian rage exploded. Prime Minister Yevgeny
150
00:11:35.879 --> 00:11:39.440
Primakov was literally flying to Washington when he heard about
151
00:11:39.440 --> 00:11:43.039
the bombing. He ordered his plane to turn around mid Atlantic,
152
00:11:43.440 --> 00:11:48.039
a dramatic gesture that captured Russian humiliation and fury. They
153
00:11:48.039 --> 00:11:52.360
couldn't stop the bombing, couldn't protect their Serbian allies, couldn't
154
00:11:52.399 --> 00:11:56.840
do anything but watch as America acted with impunity. Boris
155
00:11:56.919 --> 00:12:00.519
Yeltsin once the democratic hero on the tank became a
156
00:12:00.519 --> 00:12:05.600
global embarrassment. He conducted an orchestra while visibly drunk in Berlin.
157
00:12:06.399 --> 00:12:08.919
He failed to get off a plane in Ireland, too
158
00:12:09.000 --> 00:12:12.600
intoxicated to meet the Prime Minister. When he visited the
159
00:12:12.600 --> 00:12:15.879
White House, aides had to stop him from wandering outside
160
00:12:15.879 --> 00:12:18.600
in his underwear, trying to hail a taxi to get pizza.
161
00:12:19.440 --> 00:12:23.679
Each incident was comedy for Americans, tragedy for Russians, who
162
00:12:23.720 --> 00:12:28.320
saw their country reduced to a punchline. In a dreary
163
00:12:28.399 --> 00:12:33.759
Saint Petersburg basement, a former KGB officer named Vladimir Putin
164
00:12:34.240 --> 00:12:39.120
watched it all. He'd served in Dresden, watched the Berlin wallfall,
165
00:12:39.799 --> 00:12:44.759
burned intelligence files as crowds surrounded the KGB building. He'd
166
00:12:44.759 --> 00:12:48.519
seen the Soviet Empire collapse from the inside. Now he
167
00:12:48.639 --> 00:12:53.039
watched as oligarchs carved up Russia's wealth while Americans lectured
168
00:12:53.080 --> 00:12:59.240
about democracy. He remembered every slight, every humiliation, every broken
169
00:12:59.320 --> 00:13:14.320
promise he would dedicate his life to revenge. Act three,
170
00:13:14.919 --> 00:13:22.240
the Putin Vendetta two thousand to two thousand fourteen. Putin's
171
00:13:22.279 --> 00:13:25.879
rise was no accident. He understood something that Western leaders
172
00:13:25.919 --> 00:13:31.279
had forgotten. For Russians, respect mattered more than prosperity. His
173
00:13:31.399 --> 00:13:35.919
mission was simple, restore Russian greatness by challenging America at
174
00:13:35.960 --> 00:13:39.759
every turn, but he would be smart about it, patient
175
00:13:40.320 --> 00:13:43.799
playing a long game while Americans focused on quarterly earnings
176
00:13:44.039 --> 00:13:49.120
and election cycles. His first master stroke was charm. When
177
00:13:49.120 --> 00:13:52.559
George W. Bush met Putin in two thousand one, he
178
00:13:52.639 --> 00:13:56.000
famously declared he'd looked into his soul and found a
179
00:13:56.039 --> 00:14:01.200
trustworthy partner. Putin had shown Bush across, claimed his mother
180
00:14:01.279 --> 00:14:04.279
had given it to him, played the role of Christian
181
00:14:04.360 --> 00:14:09.600
ally perfectly. After September eleventh, Putin was the first world
182
00:14:09.720 --> 00:14:13.320
leader to call with support. He opened Russian airspace for
183
00:14:13.360 --> 00:14:17.840
American military flights to Afghanistan, shared intelligence on Al Qaeda.
184
00:14:18.639 --> 00:14:21.720
For a moment, it seemed like shared enemies might create
185
00:14:21.799 --> 00:14:26.840
real partnership, But Putin was playing chess while Bush played checkers.
186
00:14:27.759 --> 00:14:31.960
Every gesture of cooperation came with a price. When America
187
00:14:32.000 --> 00:14:35.399
invaded a Rock in two thousand and three, Putin publicly
188
00:14:35.440 --> 00:14:41.200
warned Bush, you're making a mistake, George. The condescension was intentional.
189
00:14:41.840 --> 00:14:46.360
The former KGB officer lecturing the American president about understanding
190
00:14:46.360 --> 00:14:50.919
the Middle East. When the invasion became a quagmire, Putin's
191
00:14:50.960 --> 00:14:56.159
warnings seemed prophetic. The real break came in two thousand
192
00:14:56.200 --> 00:14:59.480
and eight during the Beijing Olympics. While the world watched
193
00:14:59.480 --> 00:15:04.000
opening so ceremonies, Russian tanks rolled into Georgia. It was
194
00:15:04.080 --> 00:15:07.480
perfectly timed. Bush was sitting next to Putin in the
195
00:15:07.519 --> 00:15:11.000
Olympic stadium when he got word of the invasion. The
196
00:15:11.039 --> 00:15:15.039
American president leaned over to confront his Russian counterpart, who
197
00:15:15.080 --> 00:15:20.080
simply smiled, what could America do? Start World War IIE
198
00:15:20.159 --> 00:15:25.799
over Georgia. Putin had calculated correctly, America would protest, but
199
00:15:26.000 --> 00:15:31.480
not act. Barack Obama tried to reset relations, literally presenting
200
00:15:31.559 --> 00:15:36.039
Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov with a red button labeled reset
201
00:15:36.159 --> 00:15:39.879
in Russian, except the State Department had mistranslated it to
202
00:15:39.919 --> 00:15:44.720
read overcharge. The gaff was prophetic. Obama thought he could
203
00:15:44.799 --> 00:15:49.559
charm Putin with intellect and reason. Putin saw weakness. The
204
00:15:49.600 --> 00:15:54.440
personal animosity between Obama and Putin was palpable. In their meetings,
205
00:15:54.720 --> 00:15:57.840
Putin would arrive late, spread his legs wide in a
206
00:15:57.919 --> 00:16:03.840
dominance display lecture Obama about American hypocrisy. Obama would purse
207
00:16:03.879 --> 00:16:09.559
his lips, give professorial responses and accomplish nothing. When Obama
208
00:16:09.559 --> 00:16:12.840
canceled a summit after Russia gave asylum to Edward Snowden,
209
00:16:13.360 --> 00:16:18.320
Putin smirked that it showed American pettiness. Syria became their
210
00:16:18.399 --> 00:16:23.120
proxy battleground. Obama drew a red line about chemical weapons,
211
00:16:23.480 --> 00:16:27.799
then watched helplessly as a sod crossed it. Putin swooped
212
00:16:27.840 --> 00:16:31.200
in as deal maker, forcing Obama to accept a face
213
00:16:31.240 --> 00:16:34.960
saving compromise that left a sod In power. The message
214
00:16:35.000 --> 00:16:40.919
was clear, America talks, Russia acts. But Putin's master stroke
215
00:16:41.080 --> 00:16:45.279
was the twenty fourteen Sochi Olympics, his fifty billion dollar
216
00:16:45.320 --> 00:16:49.799
attempt to showcase Russian resurgence. It was supposed to be
217
00:16:49.840 --> 00:16:53.279
his Lake Placid moment, proving Russia was back as a
218
00:16:53.320 --> 00:16:58.919
great power. The opening ceremony was spectacular, the facilities pristine,
219
00:16:59.440 --> 00:17:04.440
the organization flawless. For two weeks, Putin basked in global attention.
220
00:17:05.319 --> 00:17:10.720
Then Ukraine exploded pro Western protesters toppled Putin's ally in Kiev.
221
00:17:11.400 --> 00:17:16.759
In response, Putin annexed CRIMEA, sending little green men Russian
222
00:17:16.799 --> 00:17:22.960
soldiers without insignia to seize the peninsula. It was brazen, illegal,
223
00:17:23.240 --> 00:17:28.440
and brilliant. Obama's sanctions were supposed to cripple Russia. Instead,
224
00:17:28.920 --> 00:17:33.039
Putin's approval ratings soared. Russians would eat grass if it
225
00:17:33.119 --> 00:17:40.319
meant restoring greatness. Act four. The New Ice Age two
226
00:17:40.400 --> 00:17:47.839
thousand fourteen to now. If Lake Placid was about believing
227
00:17:47.880 --> 00:17:51.240
in miracles, the last decade has been about losing faith
228
00:17:51.279 --> 00:17:54.400
in everything we thought we knew. The old rules of
229
00:17:54.440 --> 00:18:01.319
superpower competition, proxy wars, diplomatic chess, ideological stu gave way
230
00:18:01.359 --> 00:18:06.160
to something messier and meaner. The twenty sixteen American election
231
00:18:06.319 --> 00:18:11.240
revealed Putin's new warfare. Not tanks or missiles, but trolls
232
00:18:11.359 --> 00:18:17.200
and hackers, fake news, and real division. Russian intelligence didn't
233
00:18:17.279 --> 00:18:23.119
just steal emails, They weaponized American democracy against itself. When
234
00:18:23.119 --> 00:18:27.680
Trump won, Putin had achieved something Soviet leaders never dreamed possible.
235
00:18:28.240 --> 00:18:32.480
An American president who praised him, defended him, even seemed
236
00:18:32.519 --> 00:18:36.559
to defer to him. The Trump Putin relationship defied all
237
00:18:36.599 --> 00:18:41.160
conventional understanding. Here was an American president who took Putin's
238
00:18:41.200 --> 00:18:45.039
word over his own intelligence agencies, who had private meetings
239
00:18:45.359 --> 00:18:49.000
with no American note takers, who tried to readmit Russia
240
00:18:49.039 --> 00:18:53.839
to the G seven, whether through compromise or conviction. Trump
241
00:18:53.880 --> 00:18:59.319
gave Putin victories that decades of Soviet power couldn't achieve. Meanwhile,
242
00:18:59.400 --> 00:19:05.200
Putin's desay domestic crackdown intensified. When Alexey Navalny exposed Putin's
243
00:19:05.240 --> 00:19:09.759
palace a billion dollar monument to corruption, Putin tried to