Feb. 8, 2026
"THE HEIRESS ON TRIAL: PATTY HEARST'S BRAINWASHING DEFENSE, TWO PRESIDENTIAL PARDONS & THE DOG SHOW REDEMPTION - PART 2"
Reid Carter concludes the Patty Hearst saga with the trial that captivated America. February 4, 1976: F. Lee Bailey argued brainwashing turned a kidnap victim into a bank robber. Prosecution played surveillance tapes and jail recordings proving she was a willing revolutionary. Hearst pleaded the Fifth forty-two times. Jury deliberated twelve hours - guilty. Sentenced to seven years. Served twenty-two months before Jimmy Carter commuted. Bill Clinton granted full pardon on his last day in office. The woman who robbed banks as "Tania" married her bodyguard, raised two daughters, acted in John Waters films, and won prizes at the Westminster Dog Show.
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Calaruga Shark Media. Good Morning, I'm Reed Carter, Sunday, February eighth,
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twenty twenty six. Yesterday we covered how Patty Hurst went
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from a nineteen year old college student to America's most
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wanted fugitive, kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army, locked in
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a closet for two months, sexually assaulted, threatened with death,
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then emerged calling herself Tanya robbing Banks with an M
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one carbine today the Reckoning. September eighteenth, nineteen seventy five,
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Patty Hurst arrested in a San Francisco apartment nineteen months
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after her kidnapping. When asked her occupation Urban Gorilla. When booked,
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she raised a clenched fist in solidarity with her SLA comrades.
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Her family hired f Lee Bailey, the most famous defeat
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dense attorney in America. His plan proved that Patty Hurst
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had been brainwashed, that she was a prisoner of war,
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that everything she did after being locked in that closet
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was the result of coercive persuasion so extreme it destroyed
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her free will. The prosecution had a different theory. Patty
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Hurst was a bored, rich girl, who found excitement and revolution,
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a willing convert who embraced the SLA's cause, robbed banks
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by choice, and fired automatic weapons to protect her new comrades.
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February fourth, nineteen seventy six, two years to the day
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after her kidnapping, the trial began in San Francisco. Judge
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Oliver J. Carter, presiding prosecutor James Browning, Defense f Lee Bailey,
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and Jay Albert Johnson. The trial lasted six weeks, featured
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over two hundred hours of psychiatric testimony. Had America divided
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into two camps. She was brainwashed, she was guilty, no
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middle ground. On March twentieth, nineteen seventy six, the jury decided,
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But the verdict wasn't the end, not even close, because
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what happened after the verdict is almost as extraordinary as
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the kidnapping itself. Two presidential commutations, a pardon, marriage to
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her bodyguard, acting in John Waters' films, and winning prizes
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at the Westminster Kennel Club dog show from bank robber
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to dog show champion. Only in America, I'm reed, Carter,
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this is celebrity trials today. The trial of Patty Hurst,
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the brainwashing defense that failed Prison Freedom and the strangest
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redemption arc in American criminal history, Part two of two,
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February fourth, nineteen seventy six, San Francisco, United States District
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Court Judge Oliver J. Carter presiding. The courtroom was packed
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media from around the world. The Hurst case had been
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on the cover of Newsweek seven times. This was, by
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any measure, the trial of the decade. And there sat
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Patty Hurst, twenty one years old, now no longer the
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revolutionary in the beret, looking small, thin, scared, the woman
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who had shouted profanity during a bank robbery, now barely
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whispered answers to her attorney's questions. The defense strategy brainwashing
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f lee. Bailey declared that for twenty months, Patty Hurst
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had been a prisoner of war whose actions were entirely
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governed by her desire to stay alive. She never voluntarily
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joined the SLA, She was coerced, terrorized, Her mind was
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broken and rebuilt by her captors. Bailey compared it to
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techniques used on American POWs in Korea isolation, sensory deprivation,
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physical abuse, sexual abuse, constant threat of death, total dependency
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on captors for survival, classic coercive persuasion, break the subject down,
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rebuild them in your image. He put Hurst on the
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stand against her private objections. She described her violent abduction,
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the closet, the blindfold, nearly two months in darkness, being
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sexually assaulted by DeFreeze and Wolf, the death threats, the indoctrination.
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DeFreeze told me that the War Council had decided or
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was thinking about killing me. She testified, I accommodated my
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thoughts to coincide with theirs. Bailey produced three psychiatric experts,
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Doctor Martin Orne, doctor Jolian West, doctor Robert J. Lifton,
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all testified that Hurst's behavior was the result of brainwashing
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coercive persuasion techniques identical to those used on prisoners of war.
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Her behavior was consistent with the traumas she had suffered.
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She was not acting freely. She was surviving, but the
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prosecution had weapons of its own, and they were devastating.
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First the tapes, all those audio tapes, the SLA had
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released Patty's own voice, declaring she joined voluntarily, calling the
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idea of brainwashing ridiculous, denouncing her family, embracing the revolution.
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Her own words played in the court room, contradicting everything
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her defense was arguing. Judge Carter ruled those tapes admissible,
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said the statements were made voluntarily. That ruling gutted Bailey's strategy.
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Every tape the jury heard was Patty Hurst's saying in
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her own voice that she was not brainwashed. Second, the
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jail recording after her arrest. Authorities recorded a conversation between
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Hurst and a visiting friend. On the tape, Hurst was confident, cursing,
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fully aware of her role with the SLA, not the broken,
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terrified hostage. Bailey was describing a woman who sounded perfectly
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in control. Third, the sporting goods store May sixteenth, nineteen
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seventy four, Hurst alone in a van while the Harrises
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were detained for shoplifting across the street, her chance to escape. Instead,
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she grabbed a carbine and emptied the magazine to help
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them flee. If she was a hostage, why didn't she run?
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Why did she save her captors? Fourth the Missing Year,
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the seventeen months between the bank robbery and her arrest,
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Hurst was on the run with SLA members, had multiple
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opportunities to leave, to contact her family, to turn herself in.
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She didn't. Prosecutor Browning wanted to introduce evidence from that
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entire missing year. Bailey objected, Judge Carter allowed it, another
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devastating ruling for the defense. The jury would hear about
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everything Hurst did while on the run, all of its
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suggesting she was a willing revolutionary. And then came the
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Fifth Amendment disaster. On cross examination, Browning peppered Hurst with
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questions about her actions after the bank robbery, her shooting
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at the Sporting Goods store, her time on the run,
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her relationships with SLA members, her continue participation in the
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group's activities. Hurst pleaded the Fifth Amendment forty two times.
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Forty two refused to answer on grounds of self incrimination
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because answering truthfully could have exposed her to additional criminal
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charges for the sporting Goods shooting and other crimes. But
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here's the problem in a criminal trial. When the defendant
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takes the stand and then refuses to answer questions, the
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jury notices they can't legally hold it against her, but
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they're human. Forty two refusals to answer looks like forty
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two things you're hiding. Bailey's decision to put Hurst on
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the stand was later heavily criticized by legal scholars. By
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other attorneys and eventually by Hurst herself. In her autobiography,
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she expressed disappointment with Bailey's lack of focus in the
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crucial final stage of the trial, described him as having
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the appearance of someone with a hangover spilling water down
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the front of his pants while making a disjointed closing argument.
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The prosecution brought its own psycheaatric experts to counter the
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brainwashing defense, and one of them changed everything. Doctor Joel
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Fort not a psychiatrist, but he testified in over two
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hundred criminal cases across the country. His testimony branded Hurst
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as a willing member of the SLA. Said she was
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a strong, wilful, independent person, bored, dissatisfied, in poor contact
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with her family, disliking them to some extent. Said the
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SLA offered her something that was missing excitement, purpose, a
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sense of meaning. Fort described her as a voluntary convert,
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not a brainwashing victim, a rebel in search of a cause.
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Doctor Harry Coozle, prosecution's second expert, was even more damaging.
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A Harvard trained psychiatrist who specialized in criminal behavior. His
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assessment was blunt. This was an act of her own
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free will. Over two hundred hours of psychiatric testimony, dueling experts,
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the jury listening to psychiatrists argue about the nature of
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free will, coercion, and the breaking point of the human mind.
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Even Judge Carter appeared to doze off during the weeks
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of analysis. Bailey's closing argument, there is not anything close
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to proof beyond a reasonable doubt that Patty Hurst wanted
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to be a bank robber. What you know and you
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know in your hearts to be true is beyond dispute.
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There was talk about her dying and she wanted to survive.
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Browning's closing methodically cataloged every action indicating Hurst's sympathy with
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the SLA, the gunfire at the sporting goods store, the audiotapes,
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the eulogies for dead SLA members, her keeping a trinket
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given to her by Willie Wolf, the man she claimed
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raped her piece by piece, building a portrait of a
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willing revolutionary. March twentieth, nineteen seventy six, the jury returned
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guilty bank robbery and use of a firearm in the
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commission of a felony. The jury, he deliberated approximately twelve hours,
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found that Patty Hurst acted intentionally and voluntarily in robbing
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the Hibernia Bank. She had been neither brainwashed nor forced
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to participate. Juror Carl Stahl later told reporters he was
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a con artist, referring to Bailey's strategy. Her whole conduct
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showed that she was a con artist. She had planned well,
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and she is above average intelligence. She had one thing
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on her mind, to satisfy her ego and to satisfy herself,
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and she didn't even think of anybody else. Judge Carter
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imposed the maximum preliminary sentence of thirty five years, later
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reduced at final sentencing on September twenty fourth, nineteen seventy
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six to seven years imprisonment. Seven years for a woman
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who was kidnapped at gunpoint, locked in a closet for
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two months, sexually assaulted, threatened with death, and whose free
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will was at minimum severely compromised. These secutors had actually
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offered Bailey a plea deal before trial, plead guilty to
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practically anything in exchange for a lenient sentence, possibly just
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probation as a first time offender. Bailey rejected it. He
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was confident in the brainwashing defense. He also held book
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rights to the Hurst story Brainwashing made for a better
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narrative his client went to prison because her lawyer wanted
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a good book deal. Make it make sense, We'll be
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right back with Patty Hurst in prison, Jimmy Carter's commutation,
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Bill Clinton's pardon, and the most extraordinary second act in
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American criminal history. Patty Hurst was sent to the Federal
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Correctional Institution in Pleasanton, California. She suffered a collapsed lung
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shortly after arriving emergency surgery, medical complications that would continue.
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She was held in solitary confinement for security reasons. A
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wealthy heiress convicted of bank robbery, neither the general population
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nor she herself would be safe in open housing. Meanwhile,
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the legal maneuvering continued. Hurst's cooperation with authorities began almost
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immediately after her conviction. She provided information about SLA activities,
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helped investigators testified against the Harrises. A California Superior Court
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judge gave her probation on the sporting goods store shooting charge.
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When she pleaded no contest, the judge said he believed
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she had been subject to coercion amounting to torture. So
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one judge believed she was coerced. The federal jury didn't.
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Two courts, two different conclusions, same evidence, same woman. In
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November nineteen seventy six, Hurst was released on bail while
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her appeal was pending. Her father hired dozens of bodyguards
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to protect her. One of those bodyguards was a San
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Francisco police officer named Bernard Shaw. The appeal was denied,
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Hurst went back to prison. She changed lawyers, fired Bailey.
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Her new attorney filed motions arguing Bailey hadn't defended her adequately,
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that he was preoccupied with writing a lucrative book about
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her case, that his strategy was flawed from the beginning.
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But by then, something extraordinary was happening outside the courtroom.
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Public opinion was shifting. The initial anger at Hurst for
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joining her captors was giving way to sympathy. People started
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to understand, or at least consider, what happens to a
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nineteen year old girl locked in a dark closet for
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two months, beaten, raped, told she's going to die unless
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she co operates. A campaign for executive clemency gathered momentum
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prominent supporters, legal scholars, mental health professionals, politicians, all arguing
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that Paddy Hurst had been punished enough that the criminal
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justice system had failed to account for the extraordinary circumstances
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of her coercion. February first, nineteen seventy nine, twenty two
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months into her seven year sentence, President Jimmy Carter commuted
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Patty Hurst's sentence to time served. She walked out of
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the Federal Correctional Institution in Pleasanton free. Two months later.
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April first, nineteen seventy nine, she married Bernard Shaw, the
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bodyguard the San Francisco police officer who had guarded her
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while she was on bail, traditional double ring ceremony on
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Treasure Island in San Francisco Bay. Her parents gave them
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a Seer's vacuum cleaner as a wedding present. They thought
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the marriage wouldn't last. Hurst later told Conan O'Brien that story,
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laughing about it. The joke was on them. The marriage
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lasted thirty four years until Shaw's death from cancer in
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twenty thirteen. They moved to Connecticut had two daughters, Gillian
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and Lydia. Patricia Hurst Shaw became a suburban mother charity work,
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fundraising events, social circles that included the children of Rita
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Hayworth and other American dynasties, but the conviction hung over her.
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She wasn't pardoned, she was commuted, Her record wasn't clean
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for twenty two years. Patty Hurst was a convicted felon,
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a bank robber, a woman with a federal criminal record.
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January twentieth, two thousand and one, President Bill Clinton's last
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day in office, in a flurry of controversial pardons and commutations,
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Clinton granted a full presidential pardon to Patricia Hurst Shaw.
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Two presidents Carter commuted her sentence. Clinton erased her conviction.
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The only person in American history to have her kidnapping, brainwashing,
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bank robbery conviction, imprisonment, commutation, and pardon become an arc
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that two different administrations felt compelled to address. California Attorney
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General Evel Younger had said something interesting after Hurst's sentencing.
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If there was a double standard for the wealthy, it
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was the opposite of what was generally believed. He argued,
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Hurst had received a stiffer sentence than a person of
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lesser means might have, that the Hurst name worked against her,
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not for her. Maybe or maybe being a hearst is
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why two presidents intervened. A poor woman convicted of the
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same crime wouldn't have gotten Carter's attention wouldn't have gotten
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Clinton's pardon. The Hurst name made her a target for kidnapping,
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made her trial a sensation, made her conviction harsher, and
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ultimately made her pardon possible. Wealth cuts both ways. It
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creates vulnerability and it creates opportunity. Patty Hurst experienced both.
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So what do you do after You've been kidnapped by revolutionaries?
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Locked in a closet, brainwashed, robbed a bank on camera,
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spent nineteen months as America's most wanted fugitive, been convicted,
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in prison, commuted and pardoned. Apparently you raised dogs and
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act in John Waters movies. In nineteen eighty eight, Hurst
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